1. ABOUT THE DATASET ------------ Title: Dynamics of cyprodinil and fludioxonil in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Creator(s): Fiona Gierer Organisation(s): University of Reading Rights-holder(s):University of Reading Publication Year: 2022 Description: The aim of the study was to investigate the pesticide residue profiles of the two active ingredients fludioxonil and cyprodinil in different sunflower matrices including pollen and nectar. Therefore, sunflower plants were sprayed during flowering and at different developmental stages to assess the influence of time on residue expression. Extrafloral nectar, pollen, anther, florets and leaf samples were taken daily over the course of 1-2 weeks. Samples were analysed for residues of both active ingredients using LC-MS/MS. Cite as: Gierer (2022): Dynamics of cyprodinil and fludioxonil in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). University of Reading. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.17864/1947.000378. Contact: fiona.gierer@outlook.com 2. TERMS OF USE ----------------- Copyright 2022 Fiona Gierer. This dataset is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. 3. PROJECT AND FUNDING INFORMATION ------------ Title: Improving our understanding of residues in bee important matrices Dates: September 2017 - November 2021 Funding organisation: University of Reading, Syngenta Ltd (Jeallot's Hill, Bracknell, UK) Grant no.: Not available 4. CONTENTS ------------ File listing ResidueData-Sunflower-Experiment1: Residues of cyprodinil or fludioxonil in pollen, anthers, florets, leaves and extrafloral nectar in sunflower sprayed during full flower. ResidueData-Sunflower-Experiment2: Residues of cyprodinil in pollen, anthers, florets, leaves in sunflower sprayed at different developmental stages. ResidueData-Sunflower-Experiment3: Residues of cyprodinil in pollen and floral nectar of sunflower after translocation within the plant (application to leaves only). Variables used: In all experiments: Sample (sample name), Repetition (treatment replicate), DAA (days after application sample was taken), DoseRate (in kg active ingredient/ha), Residues (in mg/kg), Matrix (plant matrix analysed), AI (active ingredient applied/analysed) For experiment 2 and experiment 3 only: Spraystate (Developmental stage when active ingredients were applied, full/yellow/green) PollenRelease (Days after application pollen was released the first time from plants and collected. Varies depending on the Spraystate) 5. METHODS -------------------------- A dwarf variety of sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) was grown in pots in the glasshouse. For the first experiment, sunflowers were sprayed at the beginning of the flowering period with fludioxonil (500g ai/ha) or cyprodinil (750g ai/ha) or were left untreated (control). The treated plants were gathered in a randomised block design with five replicate plots for each treatment, and each plot consisted of 10 plants. Samples of pollen, anthers, flowers and leaves were taken 0 days after application (0 DAA) from each plot, when the spray solution had dried, and on each subsequent day for 5 days. Extrafloral nectar (EFN) could be collected on some days but not in every plot. For the second experiment, sunflowers were grown in a similar way and sprayed when the first flowers opened and released flowers. Since the plant development was very heterogeneous, some plants were sprayed in full flower (BBCH 63), some flowers were just about to open (BBCH 59) and the yellow petals were visible, and some plants were still in the green bud stage (BBCH 56). The plants were randomly arranged in different plots according to the developmental stage they had been sprayed in. Each plot had five replicates. Samples of pollen, anthers, florets and leaves were collected in each plot from the first pollen release until the end of flowering (approx. 5 days). Due to the different developmental stages at application, this corresponds to a sample period from 0 -14 DAA. For the third experiment, sunflowers were grown as described above. Instead of an overhead foliar spray application, cyprodinil was applied to the leaves only using a small spray bottle when the plants were either in the green bud stage (BBCH 56) or just about to open (BBCH 59). Each plant received 0.96mL of spray solution with a concentration of 68 mg ai mL−1. Pollen and floral nectar were collected for approx. 7 days. For sample collection, pollen was carefully scaped off into a plastic funnel with attached Eppendorf tube using a paint brush. Anthers and florets were removed with forcepts. Leaves were randomly collected across the plot. EFN was removed from the center of the flowerhead using a plastic strip. Floral nectar was removed using microcapillary tubes. All samples were stored in plastic tubes or bags at -18 degree Celsius until analysis. Samples were extracted twice with acetonitrile/water (80/20, v/v) on a tissue homogeniser (FastPrep, MP Biomedicals), ultrasonicated and centrifuged. Analysis was performed using LC-MS/MS. Matrix-matched standards were used for calibration. At least one control, one reagent blank and two procedural recoveries at the LOQ (0.01mg/kg) and 10xLOQ were included in each run which were within 70-120% with and RSD<20%. Matrix effects and linearity (R2>0.99) were assessed. Control samples were free from contamination, but are not included in the dataset. -