Authors,Year,Title,Journal,Volume,Issue,DOI,URL,Abstract,Status,ExclusionReason
"Sreekumari, M.T., Jos, J.S., Nair, S.G.",1999,'Sree Harsha': A superior triploid hybrid in cassava,Euphytica,106,1,10.1023/A:1003473118487,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16812/,"In cassava triploids (2n = 54) were produced by crossing the cultivated diploids (2n = 36) with induced tetraploids (2n = 72). The triploids were characterised by vigorous growth, erect plant type, broad leaves and stout stem. Besides they were also found to be significantly higher yielders than the diploids and had higher starch content. For isolating high starch clones for use in industry, a wide range of triploids were produced and evaluated at the CTCRI. One of the triploids viz. 2–14 was proved to be superior in tuber yield, starch content and especially culinary quality. The Kerala State Variety Release Committee officially released the triploid variety under the name ‘Sree Harsha’ in 1996. This is the first triploid variety of cassava developed by polyploidy breeding and released for general cultivation.",Included,
"Melse-Boonstra, A., Talsma, E. F., Gomora, Z., Demir, A. Y., Brouwer, I. D., Zimmermann, M. B.",2015,A 4-Month Intervention with Daily Consumption of Yellow Cassava by Kenyan School Age Children Does Not Affect Thyroid Function Negatively,Faseb Journal,29,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11017/,"Cassava is a goitrogenous food due to the presence of cyanide, which interacts negatively with thyroid metabolism. Pro-vitamin A rich yellow cassava has recently been developed as a biofortification strategy to tackle vitamin A deficiency in poor resource areas. We assessed the effect of daily consumption of white or yellow cassava on thyroid function within a randomized controlled trial conducted among Kenyan school children in an area where cassava is not commonly consumed. School children (6-13 years) were randomized to three treatment groups: 1) White cassava and placebo supplement (n=113); 2) White cassava and β-carotene supplement (n=113); and 3) Yellow cassava and placebo supplement (n=109). Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was assessed at baseline; concentrations of thyrotropin (TSH), thyroglobulin (Tg) and free thyroxine (fT4) in serum were assessed before and after the study; and antibodies of thyroid peroxidase (TPO-Abs) were assessed after the study. At baseline, median UIC was 622 µg/L, 6% of the children had elevated concentrations of TSH (>5.6 mIU/L), 39% had low fT4 concentrations (<10 pmol/L), and 21% had high concentrations of Tg (>40 ng/L). This remained largely unchanged after the study. Serum concentrations of TSH, fT4 and Tg did not differ between groups after intervention. Only one child had raised TPO-Abs (>9 IU/ml). The children included in the study had excessively high iodine intake and were hypothyroidic at baseline. Thyroid function did not deteriorate further upon cassava intervention.",Included,
"Hart, R. D.",1975,"A Bean, Corn and Manioc Polyculture Cropping System, 1: The effect of Interspecific Competition on Crop Yield",Turrialba,25,3,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6978/,,Included,
"Anuebunwa, F. O.",2000,A Bio-Economic On-Farm Evaluation of the Use of Sweet Potato for Complementary Weed Control in a Yam/Maize/Egusi/Cassava Intercrop in Pigeon Pea Hedgerows in the Rain Forest Belt of Nigeria,Biological Agriculture and Horticulture,18,2,10.1080/01448765.2000.9754872,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1200/,"The bio-economic on-farm evaluation was conducted on resource-poor farmers' farms in the Orlu and Owerri Agricultural Zones in the rain forest belt of Nigeria in 1996 and 1997. It estimated the difference in profit or loss expected from the introduction of sweet potato at 6, 8 and 10 weeks after planting (WAP) as a complementary weed control measure to egusi in a yam/maize/egusi/cassava intercrop against the practice of two hand weedings (4 and 12 WAP). A randomized complete block design with five replications and forty farmers was used. Analysis of variance was used to assess the biological yields and partial budgeting used for the economic analysis while farmers' potential acceptability or rejection of the intervention was assessed by means of simple direct survey. The prevalent grass weeds were suppressed by the egusi and sweet potato although they later reappeared sparsely. The egusi acted as the early weed suppressant during the initial growth of the component crops. The sweet potato continued the ground cover provided by the egusi at different degrees. The yields of all the component crops except cassava were statistically similar. The yield of yam and cassava was higher where sweet potato was introduced at 10 WAP (9.4% and 7.6%, respectively) than with two hand weedings. It has both the highest combined monetary value of all the component crops (N234,752) and net benefit (N228,702). There were savings in labour in the use of the intervention and it offers an opportunity that can reduce production cost and drudgery.",Included,
"Goergen, G., Neuenschwander, P.",1992,"A Cage Experiment with 4 Trophic Levels - Cassava Plant-Growth as Influenced by Cassava Mealybug, Phenacoccus-Manihoti, Its Parasitoid Epidinocarsis-Lopezi, and the Hyperparasitoids Prochiloneurus-Insolitus and Chartocerus-Hyalipennis",Zeitschrift Fur Pflanzenkrankheiten Und Pflanzenschutz-Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection,99,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6381/,"Different combinations of insects belonging to three trophic levels were released in large cages with hydroponic cultures of cassava in a greenhouse. The cassava mealybug (CM) Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hom., Pseudococcidae) was applied at two initial infestation densities to cassava, some of which was grown at different fertilizer levels. Some cages received Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hym., Encyrtidae), the CM specific parasitoid, and/or the hyperparasitoids Prochiloneurus insolitus (Alam) (Hym., Encyrtidae) and Chartocerus hyalipennis Hayat (Hym., Signiphoridae). Plant survival and dry matter production were used to assess the hyperparasitoid's effect via the food chain. All plants infested with CM alone died, while their final dry weight was 34-65 % of the uninfested control. In the presence of E. lopezi, dry matter ranged from 59 to 100 % compared to uninfested plants and depending on the initial CM density. Adding either of the hyperparasitoids did not significantly reduce E. lopezi's efficiency in preventing plant damage. In the presence of both hyperparasitoids and at low initial CM infestation levels, however, dry matter was 58 % of the control, and plant survival was reduced from 93 % to 76 %. The generally mild impact of hyperparasitoids in the cage experiments confirms results from the field.",Included,
"Ojulong, H., Labuschangne, M. T., Fregene, M., Herselman, L.",2008,A cassava clonal evaluation trial based on a new cassava breeding scheme,Euphytica,160,1,10.1007/s10681-007-9590-4,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12809/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta) breeding at the earlier stages so far has been mainly based on a mass phenotypic recurrent selection, as little data is taken. This has resulted in a long breeding cycle and lack of organised information on the breeding values of parental lines used in the breeding programmes. The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) recently initiated a scheme to try and correct this, by introduction of replication and blocking in the clonal evaluation trial (CET) and collection of data on all genotypes at early stages of breeding. The aim of the study was to evaluate a CET using the new breeding scheme. Replicating and blocking of clones improved the accuracy of the data obtained. High broad-sense heritability values, comparable to those at advanced selection stages, were obtained, as environmental effects were minimised. The highest was for harvest index (HI) (0.80), followed by cassava frogskin disease (CFSD) (0.79), dry matter content (DMC) (0.75) fresh and dry root yields (DRY) (0.73), root weight (RtWt) (0.61), number of commercial roots (0.60) and roots per plant (RtPlt) (0.43). DMC, HI and RtWt were identified as important variables in selection and determination of economic yield at early stages of selection.",Included,
"Owolade, O. F., Dixon, A. G. O., Alabi, B. S., Akande, S. R., Olakojo, S. A.",2008,A combining ability analysis of cassava Manihot esculenta Crantz genotypes to anthracnose disease,"Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry",7,6,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13498/,"Cassava anthracnose disease (CAD) caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f sp manihotis has been recognized as one of the major economic disease of cassava in all the cassava growing regions of Africa. Little information is available on the resistance of cassava to C. gloeosporioides f sp manihotis. This study was conducted to determine the relative importance of general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability, maternal and non-maternal reciprocal effects on resistance to C. gloeosporioides f sp manihotis in selected cassava genotypes. A complete diallel mating scheme including reciprocals of nine resistant and susceptible genotypes of cassava were evaluated in the field over a period of two planting seasons. The combining ability analysis revealed that both the additive and nonadditive gene effects were present. Crosses between the resistant lines and susceptible genotypes showed intermediate disease reaction to CAD suggesting a polygenic system of resistance to the disease. The significant maternal and specific reciprocal differences among the parents and crosses indicated that maternal and/or cytoplasmic inheritance is involved in the reaction of cassava genotypes to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f sp manihotis. The significant genotype X environment interaction suggested lack of stability in the development of lesions/cankers on cassava stems. Therefore, recurrent selection would be appropriate for accumulating genes for resistance to CAD in cassava and progeny performance may not be based on their parents performance per se.",Included,
"Ellen, R., Soselisa, H. L.",2012,"A comparative study of the socio-ecological concomitants of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) diversity, local knowledge and management in Eastern Indonesia",Ethnobotany Research and Applications,10,,10.17348/era.10.0.015-035,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5151/,"We compare cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) diversity, local knowledge and management practices in two eastern Indonesian populations that differ both ecologically and socioculturally (Nuaulu on the island of Seram, and Debut in the Kei archipelago) and make some reference to a third population (Buano, west of Seram). The report is set within the wider problem of understanding the differences and similarities between M. esculenta in its homeland (South America) and in its diaspora, and specifically in island Southeast Asia. We show how under different conditions the importance of diversity and of toxicity varies, and how in particular this is related to environmental degradation and biocultural aspects of food ecology.",Included,
"Böhringer, A., Leihner, D. E.",1996,A comparison of alley cropping and block planting systems in sub-humid Bénin,Agroforestry Systems,35,2,10.1007/BF00122773,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2226/,"Alley cropping would be acceptable to farmers in West Africa, if the amount of tree-crop competition could be reduced and crop yields increased and stabilized. The importance of overall tree-crop competition in alley cropping was therefore quantified at three locations in the Republic of Bnin, by comparing the performance of a maize-cassava intercrop and mixed hedges of Gliricidia sepium and Flemingia macrophylla in an alley cropping system, where the tree-crop interaction was high, and in a cut and carry system with block plantings, where the interface was restricted to one face. The establishment and productivity of trees in both agroforestry systems depended strongly on the natural soil fertility of the site, K and Ca being critical for both species. Alley hedges produced progressively more cut dry matter with higher leaf proportions than tree blocks and hence yielded significantly higher nutrient masses. Overall, the cut dry matter from five cuttings per cropping season ranged among locations from 855 to 1651 kg ha-1 yr-1 for alley hedges and from 777 to 869 kg ha-1 yr-1 for tree blocks. Differences in yields of maize and cassava between both systems were insignificant in all three environments and all cropping years under observation. The results of this study suggest that the overall effect of tree-crop competition was unimportant, but that tree-tree competition was the decisive factor in determining the total system productivity.",Included,
"Uhl, C., Murphy, P.",1981,A comparison of productivities and energy values between slash and burn agriculture and secondary succession in the upper Rio Negro region of the Amazon Basin,Agro-Ecosystems,7,1,10.1016/0304-3746(81)90015-9,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18091/,"An analysis of the energy inputs and outputs for conuco agriculture (i.e., shifting cultivation) and a comparison of productivity between conuco crops and successional vegetation was undertaken near the town of San Carlos de Rio Negro in southern Venezuela. The main crop, yuca (Manihot esculenta, Crantz), yielded (m.t. = metric tonnes) 4.31 m.t. ha-1 wet weight in year one; production declined to 2.81 m.t. ha-1 in the second year. The infertile soils of the region are the major cause of these low yields. Although relatively unproductive, conuco agriculture is much more energy efficient than mechanized agriculture. The ratio of energy output, in the form of processed food, to energy input in the form of human labor, averaged 13.91 over two cropping periods. Slightly more energy was devoted to field activities than to processing activities. The conuco crops were more productive than the adjacent succession site vegetation (532 vs. 109 g m-2 dry weight) during the first year after cutting and burning; but in the second year the successional vegetation was more than twice as productive as the conuco crops (1446 vs. 529 g m-2 dry weight). This difference in second year production was attributable to greater resource allocation to leaves and longer leaf retention time for the successional vegetation. 1981.",Included,
"Muimba-Kankolongo, A., Terry, E. R., Adeniji, M. O.",1987,A disease-like injury on cassava caused by Pseudotheraptus devastans Dist. (Heteroptera: Coreidae),Tropical Pest Management,33,1,10.1080/09670878709371112,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11497/,"A disease-like injury on cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) due to feeding by Pseudotheraptus devastans Dist. is described. Experimental data reveal that cassava plants are more severely damaged by males than females. Observations indicate the existence of a preferential feeding habit of P. devastans for certain clones, and there were linear relationships between the number of lesions and the insect population, with some relationship to duration of feeding.",Included,
"Epidi, T., Njoku, G.",2010,A field bioassay of the biocidal potential of some plant extracts against a millipede species (Spirostreptus assiniensis) infesting cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Scientific Research and Essays,5,9,10.5897/SRE,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5227/,"A field bioassay was conducted at Ndashi Etche, Rivers State, Nigeria to evaluate the biocidal potential of selected plant extracts against a millipede species (Spirostreptus assiniensis (Diplopoda Spirostreptidae), infesting cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). The treatments comprised plant extracts from neem (Azadirachata indica), uziza (Piper guineense) and dragon tree (Dracenea arborea) and were arranged in a randomized complete block fashion. The cassava variety employed was Etche Local best. The plot size was 4 4 m and there were a total of 11 plots replicated three times including control. Cuttings treated with neem (A. indica) at 150 g/l and D. arborea at 150 g/l had fewer numbers of holes (2.5 - 6.0) compared with control (10.0). Similarly, treated cuttings significantly produced taller plants (30 - 44.5 cm) than untreated ones. Further more, mortality of the millipedes was highest among plants treated with neem (A. indica) (3.9), D. arborea (3.7) and uziza (P. gunineense) (3.4) in contrast to the control (0.0).",Included,
"Olorunsanya, Eniola Oluwatoyin",2014,A Gender based Economic Analysis of Cassava Production in North Central Nigeria: Implication for Poverty Alleviation in Nigeria,Albanian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,13,4,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12503/,"This study carried out a gender based economic analysis of cassava production with implication for poverty reduction among two hundred and ten rural farming households in north central Nigeria. Descriptive statistics, budgetary analysis and multiple regression model were the analytical tools. The results of the descriptive statistics show that the female-headed households had lower access to productive resources than their male-headed counterparts. The budgetary analysis shows that cassava production was a profitable enterprise in the study area with net-farm income of N73,100 and N58,035 and capital turn-over of 1.50 and 1.46 for the male and female-headed households respectively. This also suggests a lower level of welfare for the female-headed households. The production function estimates show farm size in hectare, family labour in manday, cassava stem in tonnes and fertiliser in kilogram were the significant variables in cassava production in the study area. The efficiency ratio analysis indicates that cassava stems were under-utilised while other significant variables were over-utilised. The study recommends that cassava production be used as a crop for poverty reduction among farming households in the study area judging from its profitability. The farmers were also advised to cut down on over-utilised resources and increase usage of under-utilised ones for optimal efficiency in production.",Included,
"Tan, S.L., Ambak, K.",1989,A lysimeter study on the effect of watertable on cassava grown on peat,MARDI Research Journal,17,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17309/,"The effect of static watertable on cassava planted on peat was studied in lysimeters. Highest dry root yield was recovered from the watertable fixed at 15 cm below the soil surface. This yield was significantly different from yields obtained at watertables fixed at 30, 45, 60 and 75 cm depths. Similarly, plant dry weight (minus storage roots) was significantly higher at the watertable fixed at 15 cm depth than all the other watertables. Harvest index was not affected by the depth of the watertable. It was also apparent that under these artificial conditions, subsidence of peat during the crop cycle increased with the depth of the watertable. Cassava shows adaptive ability to grow on peat with different depths of watertable. When watertable was high, the storage roots concentrated near the soil surface. When watertable was low, root growth extended downwards towards the water.",Included,
"Pacumbaba, R. P.",1987,A Method for Selection of Tolerance to African Cassava Mosaic Virus,Journal of Phytopathology,118,4,10.1111/j.1439-0434.1987.tb00461.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13604/,"Detopping hastened the appearance of mosaic symptoms in shoots of cassava cuttings infected with African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV). The degree of plant recovery from severe mosaic after each detopping was the basis for evaluation of ACMV tolerance. In field‐screening, detopping of cassava shoots infected with ACMV is recommended for selection of tolerance to the virus. One detopping of ACMV‐infected shoots was sufficient to analyze tolerance level reliably. Out of 521 lines only one was found tobe tolerant, while 144 lines were found to be moderately tolerant. These included the lines ‘Gimbi MA 235’, (02945S × 3119)S MA 219, and ‘Kadanga Malombe’ previously described as resistant to ACMV.",Included,
"Ceballos, H., Pérez, J. C, Calle, F., Jaramillo G., Lenis, J. I., Morante, N., López, J.",2007,A new evaluation scheme for cassava breeding at CIAT,Cassava Research and Development in Asia: Exploring New Opportunities for an Ancient Crop,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3172/,"One of the most important questions to be answered in plant breeding relates to the parents to be used in the generation of new germplasm. This is particularly true for cassava, given the time required to evaluate segregating progenies and the large genetic variation generated with each cross due to the highly heterozygous nature of the crop. In the past, cassava breeding at CIAT focused on properly identifying the best clones, from large, segregating progenies. However, the process was not designed to take advantage of all the potential information that could be generated. Significant steps have recently been taken at CIAT to modify the evaluation scheme, particularly during the first clonal evaluation stage, with the following objectives: a) obtain information that allows an approximation to the general combining ability of progenitors; b) shorten the length of the evaluation process; c) improve the probabilities of identifying superior germplasm; and d) detect new potential traits that can be incorporated into the selection criteria. The modifications have been implemented and improved during the past three years. The new breeding scheme has already produced important benefits. Parents are currently selected based on the quality of progenies they produce. Leaf retention at five month of age and in the absence of biotic or abiotic stresses, has proven to have a large effect on root yield. The evaluation cycle has been shortened by 16 months, and it is expected that the new scheme is more efficient in identifying superior germplasm.",Included,
"Drukker, B., Yaninek, J.S., Herren, H.R.",1993,A packaging and delivery system for aerial release of Phytoseiidae for biological control,Experimental & Applied Acarology,17,01-Feb,10.1007/BF00156949,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4758/,"A new packaging system for the aerial release of phytoseiids was designed and tested in the laboratory and in the field. The observed escapes before and after release, mortality during all stages of release, and fecundity after release indicated that the system was suitable for transporting and distributing phytoseiids. Other evaluated properties of the packaging system included container opening efficiency, container dispersion over the field at several fly-over altitudes, and the probability of containers to be lodged in the cassava canopy. Aerial release trials followed by recoveries of viable adult female phytoseiids from the target fields demonstrated the feasibility of aerial releases as a means for distributing phytoseiid natural enemies.",Included,
"Fargette, D., Fauquet, C.",1988,A preliminary study on the influence of intercropping maize and cassava on the spread of African cassava mosaic virus by whiteflies,Aspects of Applied Biology,17,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5538/,,Included,
"Pacumbaba, R. P.",1987,A Screening Method for Detecting Resistance against Cassava Bacterial Blight Disease,Journal of Phytopathology-Phytopathologische Zeitschrift,119,1,10.1111/j.1439-0434.1987.tb04378.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13605/,"Inoculation of the cassava bacterial blight (CBB) pathogen by using a modified pair of tongs on cassava shoots (1-month-old) in the glasshouse and in the field resulted in symptoms within 24‐48 h on susceptible cassava lines ‘02864’ and ‘M'pelolongi’. Gum exudates on inoculated young stems and die‐back appeared 7‐12 and 20‐25 days later, respectively. No symptoms of CBB were observed on cv. ‘Kadanga Malombe’. Symptom development and CBB ratings on 3-month-old cassava shoots in the glasshouse and in the field were not consistent. Inoculation of CBB pathogen on 521 cassava shoots (1-month-old) using the tongs method gave 81 and 82 resistant and moderately resistant plants to CBB, respectively. The tongs method is an excellent field-screening technique for detecting resistance to CBB on 1-month-old cassava shoots.",Included,
"Castaneda-Mendez, O., Ogawa, S., Medina, A., Chavarriaga, P., Selvaraj, M. G.",2017,A simple hydroponic hardening system and the effect of nitrogen source on the acclimation of in vitro cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Plant,53,2,10.1007/s11627-016-9796-z,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3126/,"Plant tissue culture technology is being widely used for large-scale, rapid, clonal multiplication and genetic transformation in cassava. The main limitation of this technology is the period of acclimation of the fragile in vitro plants after they have been multiplied or regenerated. Most losses of in vitro plants occur when the plantlets are moved directly from the test tubes to the ex vitro conditions. Our aim was to design a simple, rapid, low-maintenance hydroponic system to improve survival rate of transplanting to the ex vitro conditions through the rapid acclimation process of in vitro plants. In this paper, we have developed a simple hydroponic system to accelerate the cassava acclimation and multiplication process. This system considerably increased the survival percentage of in vitro and/or transgenic lines and reduces the time requirement for multiplication by hydroponic acclimation. In order to assess the effectiveness of the acclimation of seedlings on their establishment, we analyzed plant growth and field survival rate with response to different nitrogen (N) sources using different cassava accessions. Nitrogen sources of NO3- and NH4NO3 increased plant growth and root length compared to NH4+ alone, or water treatments. The greenhouse and field survivability of N-hardened plants, including transgenic lines, were significantly different in growth and development. We present a simple NO3- hydroponic acclimation system that can be quickly and cheaply constructed and used by the cassava community around the world. The efficiency of our proposed N hydroponic acclimation system is validated in the transgenic development pipeline which will enhance the cassava molecular breeding.",Included,
"Gupta, R.P., Abrol, I.P.",1993,A study of some tillage practices for sustainable crop production in India,Soil and Tillage Research,27,01-Apr,10.1016/0167-1987(93)90071-V,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6684/,"Soil tilth has been defined in terms of a ‘Physical Index’ based on the product of the ratings of eight physical properties — soil depth, bulk density, available water storage capacity, cumulative infiltration or apparent hydraulic conductivity, aggregation or organic matter, non-capillary pore space, water table depth and slope. The Physical Index and a tillage guide were used to identify the tillage requirements of different soils varying in texture from loamy sand to clay in the semi-arid tropics. The physical index was 0.389 for a loamy sand, 0.518 for a black clay loam and 0.540 for a red sandy loam soil and the cumulative rating indices in summer and winter seasons were 45 and 44 for loamy sand, 52 and 51 for red sandy loam and 54 and 52 for black clay loam soils, respectively. The compaction of the loamy sand by eight passes of a 490 kg tractor-driven roller (0.75 m diameter and 1.00 m length) increased the physical index to 0.658 and chiselling of the red sandy loam and black clay loam increased the physical indices to 0.686 and 0.729, respectively. The grain yields of rainfed pearl millet and guar and irrigated pearl millet, wheat and barley increased significantly over the control (no compaction) yields by compaction.

The chiselling of the soils varying in texture from loamy sand to clay at 50 to 120-cm intervals up to 30–40 cm depth, depending upon the row spacing of seedlines and depth of the high mechanical impedance layer, increased the grain yields of rainfed and irrigated maize on alluvial loamy sand, rainfed maize on alluvial sandy loam and red sandy loam, rainfed sorghum on red sandy loam and black clay loam, irrigated sorghum on black clay loam and rainfed black gram on red sandy loam, pod yield of rainfed groundnut, tuber yield of irrigated tapioca and fresh fruit yield of rainfed tomato on red sandy loam and sugarcane yield on black clay soil, significantly over the yields of no-chiselling systems of tillage such as disc harrow and country plough.",Included,
"Ilori, O. O., Adetan, D. A.",2013,A study of the peel penetration pressure of two cassava varieties,Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research,16,6,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7728/,"The pressure required to penetrate the peels of two cassava varieties (TMS 30572 and TMS 4(2)1425) of about 1.5 years old, using stainless steel knives was determined. A hand held penetrometer was calibrated, its conical head was replaced by knife-edges and it was used to determine the peel penetration force. The pressure required to penetrate the peels without damage to the tubers of the two cassava varieties increased as the peel thickness and tuber diameter increased. The study also showed that for TMS 30572 cassava variety, at knife-edge thickness 1.5 mm, the peel penetration pressure obtained ranged from 2.20 to 3.65 N/mm2. Also, for knife-edge thickness 2.0 mm, the peel penetration pressure obtained ranged from 2.0 to 2.64 N/mm2. Similar results were also observed for TMS 4(2)1425 cassava variety. There was no significant difference between the peel penetration forces for the two cassava varieties while using a knife edge of the same thickness.",Included,
"Bolhuis, G. G.",1956,A survey of some attempts to breed cassava-varieties with a high content of proteins in the roots,Euphytica,2,2,10.1007/BF00038909,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2390/,,Included,
"Odigboh, E. U.",1978,"A two-row automatic cassava cuttings planter: Development, design and prototype construction",Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research,23,2,10.1016/0021-8634(78)90042-2,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12613/,"The manual planting of cassava cuttings is an ardous back-breaking operation and constitutes one of the major factors limiting the development of large-scale cassava industries in Nigeria. The two-row cassava planter described in this paper is fully automatic. The planter prototype is trailed, tractor-drawn at speeds up to 10 km per hour. It is designed to plant the cassava cuttings at an inclination of up to 80° to the horizontal, depending on planter speed, and spaced 890 mm on small ridges which are 900 mm apart.",Included,
"Beyene, G., Chauhan, R. D., Ilyas, M., Wagaba, H., Fauquet, C. M., Miano, D., Alicai, T., Taylor, N. J.",2017,A Virus-Derived Stacked RNA Construct Confers Robust Resistance to Cassava Brown Streak Disease,Frontiers in Plant Science,7,,10.3389/fpls.2016.02052,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2202/,"Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) threatens food and economic security for smallholder farmers throughout East and Central Africa, and poses a threat to cassava production in West Africa. CBSD is caused by two whitefly-transmitted virus species Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) and Ugandan cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV) (Genus Ipomovirus, Family Potyviridae). Although varying levels of tolerance have been achieved through conventional breeding, to date, effective resistance to CBSD within East African cassava germplasm has not been identified. RNAi technology was utilized to integrate CBSD resistance into the Ugandan farmer-preferred cassava cultivar TME 204. Transgenic plant lines were generated expressing an inverted repeat construct (p5001) derived from coat-protein (CP) sequences of CBSV and UCBSV fused in tandem. Northern blots using probes specific for each CP sequence were performed to characterize 169 independent transgenic lines for accumulation of CP-derived siRNAs. Transgenic plant lines accumulating low, medium and high levels of siRNAs were bud graft challenged with the virulent CBSV Naliendele isolate alone or in combination with UCBSV. Resistance to CBSD in the greenhouse directly correlated to levels of CP-derived siRNAs as determined by visual assessment of leaf and storage root symptoms, and RT-PCR diagnosis for presence of the pathogens. Low expressing lines were found to be susceptible to CBSV and UCBSV, while medium to high accumulating plant lines were resistant to both virus species. Absence of detectable virus in the best performing p5001 transgenic lines was further confirmed by back-inoculation via sap or graft challenge to CBSD susceptible Nicotiana benthamiana and cassava cultivar 60444, respectively. Data presented shows robust resistance of transgenic p5001 TME 204 lines to both CBSV and UCBSV under greenhouse conditions. Levels of resistance correlated directly with levels of transgene derived siRNA expression such that the latter can be used as predictor of resistance to CBSD.",Included,
"Jouquet, P., Podwojewski, P., Bottinelli, N., Mathieu, J., Ricoy, M., Orange, D., Tran, T. D., Valentin, C.",2008,Above-ground earthworm casts affect water runoff and soil erosion in Northern Vietnam,Catena,74,1,10.1016/j.catena.2007.12.006,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8423/,"This manuscript focuses on the effects of above-ground earthworm casts on water runoff and soil erosion in steep-slope ecosystems in Northern Vietnam. We investigated the effects of Amynthas khami, an anecic species producing above-ground casts of prominent size, on water infiltration and soil detachment along a land-use intensification gradient a cultivation of cassava (Mahinot esculenta; CAS), a plantation of Bracharia (Bracharia ruzziziensis; BRA), a fallow (FAL), a fallow after a forest of Eucalyptus sp. (EUC) and a plantation of trees (Acacia mangium and Venicia Montana; FOR). Two scales of studies were considered (i) at the structure scale (cm2), a water runoff simulation was used to differentiate the effects of casts, free biogenic aggregates that previously belong to casts, and free physicogenic aggregates; (ii) at the station levels, 1-m2 plots were used to determine runoff and soil detachment rates during the rainy season in 2005. A. khami was sensitive to land-use management. Earthworm density was low in all the fields (0-1ind m- 2). The highest densities were found in EUC and FOR and no individual was found in CAS. As a consequence, soil surface in EUC and FOR was covered with casts and free biogenic aggregates (approximately 22 and 8kg m- 2, respectively). In FAL and BRA, casts covered the soil only sparsely with &lt; 3kg m- 2. In CAS, soil surface was characterized by free physicogenic aggregates that might be produced by human activity or endogeic earthworms through tillage (approximately 1kg m- 2). Water runoff simulation clearly showed an enhancement of water infiltration with earthworm casting activity. Water runoff was more decreased with casts (R2 = 0.26) than free biogenic aggregates (R2 = 0.49). Conversely, physicogenic aggregates were not associated with higher water infiltration. Analyses of runoff and soil detachment rates during the rainy season underlined that the more land-use type have aggregates on soil surface and the less important is surface runoff (R2 = 0.922). Conversely, no relation occurred between aggregates and soil detachment rate. While above-ground casting activity decreased surface runoff, they were not involved in soil detachment, and therefore soil erosion.",Included,
"R., Rudolph, Shirima, G., Daniel, Maeda, Edward, Kanju, Gloria, Ceasar, I., Flora, Tibazarwa, P., James, Legg",2017,Absolute quantification of cassava brown streak virus mRNA by real-time qPCR,,v. 245 (3,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14649/,"Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) is the most important virus disease of cassava and a major food security threat in Africa. Yearly economic losses of up to $100 million USD have been attributed to CBSD. The lack of information on plant-virus interactions has restricted progress in breeding for CBSD resistance. Virus quantification is becoming a major tool for the quick and reliable assessment of plant host resistance. Therefore, a protocol for specific absolute quantification of Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) and Ugandan cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV) was developed. CBSV and UCBSV coat protein (CP) specific standard templates CBSV (pFer2, 826bp) and UCBSV (pUF1-R1-1, 732) respectively were generated and maintained in a TA cloning vector. These were used to construct standard curves using a TaqMan qPCR assay. Standard curves with acceptable amplification efficiencies (90105%) and coefficients of determination (R2) greater than 0.99 were obtained. Infected cassava plants were sampled from a screenhouse and the field and used to validate this assay. Results obtained by testing several screenhouse and field samples revealed consistent absolute quantification assays for different CBSV and UCBSV isolates. This study presents the first protocol for absolute quantification of CBSVs and is expected to accelerate screening for CBSD resistance and hence breeding for CBSD resistance. The use of the method presented here should improve the clarity of virus quantification data as the results obtained are not influenced by varietal, host, seasonal or environmental conditions. Screening efficiency will also be greatly improved as there is no need for the use of reference genes consequently allowing for a larger number of samples to be analyzed. This will increase experimental precision in a timely and cost effective manner.",Included,
"dos Santos, N. S., Alves, J. M. A., Uchoa, S. C. P., de Oliveira, N. T., de Albuquerque, J. D. A.",2014,Absorption of macronutrients by cassava in different harvest dates and dosages of nitrogen,Revista Ciencia Agronomica,45,4,10.1590/S1806-66902014000400001,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/20282/,"A field experiment was carried out in 2010-2011 crop years in the experimental area of the Centro de Ciencias Agrarias of the Universidade Federal de Roraima, in Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of nitrogen availability on the concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in cassava, cultivar Aciolina, in different harvest times. A randomized block design was used in split-plot, with four replications. Dosages of N in cover were applied randomly on the plots (0, 30, 60, 150 and 330 kg ha(-1)), and in the subplot the harvest dates 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270 and 300 days after emergence (DAE). The vegetal material was collected, ground and then underwent an analysis for determination of nutrients concentrations in the leaves (N, P, K, Ca Mg and S). The harvest dates and dosages of N affect the nutrient concentrations in the cassava leaves, cv. Aciolina. The macronutrients dosage in the leaves, 120 DAE, is a good indicator of the nutritional status of the cassava plant. The dosage of 150 kg ha(-1) of N raises the tubers roots per plant. The sequence of the macronutrients concentration in the leaves of the cassava, cv. Aciolina is N>Ca>K>Mg>P>S.",Included,
"Badejo, M.A., Ola-Adams, B.A.",2000,Abundance and diversity of soil mites of fragmented habitats in a biosphere reserve in southern Nigeria,Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira,35,11,10.1590/S0100-204X2000001100001,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1715/,"Soil samples were collected from the top 7.5 cm of soil in a Strict Natural Reserve (SNR), a surrounding buffer zone, a cassava farm and matured plantations of Gmelina, teak, and pine, so as to determine if plantation establishment and intensive cultivation affect the density and diversity of soil mites. Altogether, 41 taxonomic groups of mites were identified. The diversity and densities of mites in within the SNR, the buffer zone and the Gmelina were more than the diversity and densities in the cassava farm, teak and pine plantations. Each plantation had its own unique community structure which was different from the community structure in the SNR plot. The SNR plot and Gmelina were dominated by detritivorous cryptostigmatid mites unlike teak and pine which were dominated by predatory mesostigmatid and prostigmatid mites respectively. Low cryptostigmatid mite densities in the plantations and cassava farm were seen as a consequence of low fertility status of the soil, the evidence of which was revealed by soil pH and organic matter data.",Included,
"Henrot, J., Brussaard, L.",1997,"Abundance, casting activity, and cast quality of earthworms in an acid Ultisol under alley-cropping in the humid tropics",Applied Soil Ecology,6,2,10.1016/S0929-1393(97)00007-3,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7087/,"The density of earthworms, their surface cast production and the composition of surface casts were studied on an acid Ultisol in S.E. Nigeria. Maize and cassava were grown as food crops, continuously or every other year in a maize/fallow rotation, in alley-cropping systems with Flemingia congesta or Dactyladenia barteri as hedgerow trees. Except in the unproductive Flemingia continuous cropping system, > 60 earthworms per square metre were recorded in spite of the low soil pH(H2O) of 4.1, but biomass was low (approximately 2 g m-2). Surface casts consisted of tubular, up to 3 cm high casts of Pontoscolex corethrurus and some other large earthworm species and small granular casts of Eudrilidae earthworms. The standing mass of casts after 5 months of activity (May-September) ranged between 260 and 570 kg ha-1. Tubular cast production between September and December dropped from 97-18 g m-2 day-1. In spite of the lower biomass than reported in literature for less acid soils, and in light of the low nutrient status of the soil, the estimated amounts of C and nutrients returned to the surface in casts were considerable 750 kg C, 51 kg N, 16 kg Ca, 2.5 kg Mg and 2 kg K per hectare per year on average.",Included,
"Chabi-Olaye, A., Nolte, C., Schulthess, F., Borgemeister, C.",2005,"Abundance, dispersion and parasitism of the stem borer Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in maize in the humid forest zone of southern Cameroon",Bulletin of Entomological Research,95,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3267/,"This study was conducted in the humid forest zone of Cameroon, in 2002 and 2003. The main objective was to investigate the effects of intercropping on infestation levels and parasitism of the noctuid maize stem borer Busseola fusca Fuller. Two trials were planted per year, one during the long and one during the short rainy season. Maize monocrops were compared with maize/legume or maize/cassava intercrops in two spatial arrangements: maize on alternate hills or in alternate rows. Spatial analyses showed that the stemborer egg batches were regularly dispersed in the maize monocrop and aggregated in the intercrops, as indicated by b, the index of dispersion of Taylor's power law. Depending on the crop association and planting pattern, intercrops reduced the percentage of plants with stem borer eggs by 47.4–58.4% and egg densities by 41.2–54.5% compared to monocropped maize. Consequently, larval densities were 44.4–61.5% lower in intercrops compared to monocrops. Intercropping maize with non-host plants did not affect larval parasitism. Up to two-fold higher levels of egg parasitism by scelionid Telenomus spp. were recorded in inter- compared to monocrops during the short rainy seasons of 2002 and 2003. No differences were found among the mixed cropping treatments and parasitism was lower during the long compared to the short rainy seasons. It was proposed that differences in levels of parasitism were due to density dependence effects rather than the effect of the presence of non-host plants in the system.",Included,
"Howeler, R. H., Cadavid, L. F.",1983,Accumulation and distribution of dry matter and nutrients during a 12-month growth cycle of cassava,Field Crops Research,7,C,10.1016/0378-4290(83)90017-5,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7384/,"Two cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) cultivars were planted in fertilized and non-fertilized plots to determine the accumulation and distribution of dry matter and nutrients in the plant and the effect on soil fertility. At monthly intervals eight plants were harvested and separated into four parts, the upper, middle and lower thirds of the aerial growth, and the roots, while each aerial part was divided into leafblades, petioles, and stem. These samples were analyzed for dry matter (DM) and nutrient content. Soil samples were also taken at monthly intervals and analyzed. Results indicated that in cassava DM accumulation was slow during the first 2 months, increased rapidly during the next 4 months and slowed down during the final 6 months as DM production was partly offset by leaf fall. At harvest (12 months) DM was present mainly in roots, followed by stem, leaves and petioles. Nutrient concentrations varied between plant parts and with the age of both the tissue and the plant. The concentration of most nutrients was highest between 2 and 3 months and then declined. Each nutrient had its own particular concentration profile within the plant. Thus, N, P and S concentrations tended to be high in the leaves, while those of K, Ca and Mg were high in petioles and stem; the Mn concentration was particularly high in petioles, whereas Fe concentration was low in petioles but high in roots. B and Cu were evently distributed within the plant. Most nutrients accumulated initially in leaves and stem, but were translocated to roots in the latter part of the growth cycle. Only Ca, Mg and Mn accumulated more in stems than roots. Removal of accumulated nutrients in the root harvest can seriously deplete nutrient reserves in the soil, particularly that of K, and to a lesser extent for N. Soil pH, exchangeable Al, Ca, Mg as well as available P were not greatly affected by plant growth, while exchangeable K decreased markedly during the crop cycle.",Included,
"Lahai, M. T., Ekanayake, I. J.",2009,Accumulation and distribution of dry matter in relation to root yield of cassava under a fluctuating water table in inland valley ecology,African Journal of Biotechnology,8,19,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9403/,"Cassava an important staple food is grown both in upland and inland valley in the tropics. A trial to assess dry matter production and partitioning in relation to root yield was conducted in 3 positions along inland valley toposequence using 4 x 4 Latin square design. Dry matter partitioning differed among cultivars, toposequence positions, sites and years due to differences in water table depth and weather conditions. High dry matter partitioning to leaves, stems, fibrous roots and rootstocks reduced yield, while high biomass allocation to storage roots increased yield. High dry matter partitioning to leaves reduced yield more in the landrace likely due to low sink capacity. Partitioning high dry matter to leaves reduced yield more at deep than shallow water table depth. Excess moisture stress increased dry matter accumulation in rootstock, fibrous and storage roots, but decreased partitioning to stems and leaves. Drought stress reduced dry matter allocation to storage roots, but increased partitioning to rootstocks, fibrous roots and stems. TMS 91/02324 and TMS 91/02327 with lowest dry matter accumulation in stems and fibrous roots and highest in storage roots had the highest yields and therefore better adapted to inland valley conditions.",Included,
"Handl, J., Sachse, R., Jakob, D., Michel, R., Evangelista, H., Goncalves, A. C., de Freitas, A. C.",2008,Accumulation of (CS)-C-137 in Brazilian soils and its transfer to plants under different climatic conditions,Journal of Environmental Radioactivity,99,2,10.1016/j.jenvrad.2007.07.017,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6895/,"The spatial distribution and behaviour of the global fallout Cs-137 in the tropical, subtropical and equatorial soil-plant systems were investigated at several upland sites in Brazil selected according to their climate characteristics, and to the agricultural importance. To determine the Cs-137 deposition density, undisturbed soil profiles were taken from 23 environments situated between the latitudes of 02 degrees N and 30 degrees S. Sampling sites located along to the equator exhibited Cs-137 deposition densities with an average value of 219 Bq m(-2). Extremely low deposition densities of 1.3 Bq m(-2) were found in the Amazon region. In contrast, the southern part of Brazil, located between latitudes of 20 degrees S and 34 degrees S, exhibited considerably higher deposition densities ranging from 140 Bq m(-2) to 1620 Bq m(-2). To examine the (CS)-C-137 soil-to-plant transfer in the Brazilian agricultural products, 29 mainly tropical plant species, and corresponding soil samples were collected at 43 sampling locations in nine federal states of Brazil. Values of the (CS)-C-137 concentration factor plant/soil exhibited a large range from 0.020 (beans) to 6.2 (cassava). Samples of some plant species originated from different collecting areas showed different concentration factors. The Cs-137 content of some plants collected was not measurable due to a very low Cs-137 concentration level found in the upper layers of the incremental soils. Globally, the soil-to-plant transfer of Cs-137 can be described by a logarithmic normal distribution with a geometric mean of 0.3 and a geometric standard deviation of 3.9.",Included,
"Buschmann, H., Rodriguez, M.X., Tohme, J., Beeching, J.R.",2000,Accumulation of hydroxycoumarins during post-harvest deterioration of tuberous roots of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Annals of Botany,86,,10.1006/anbo.2000.1285,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2766/,"The use of the root crop Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is constrained by its rapid deterioration after harvest. Chemical and spectroscopic examination revealed the accumulation of four hydroxycoumarins (esculin, esculetin, scopolin and scopoletin), compounds derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway, during the time course of post-harvest deterioration. Fluorescence-microscopy revealed their localization in the apoplast of the parenchyma. Scopoletin and scopolin showed the most dramatic increases in concentration, peaking by day 2 after harvesting. A smaller secondary peak of scopoletin tended to be more pronounced in cultivars showing lower susceptibility to deterioration. Evidence for the metabolism of scopoletin to an insoluble coloured product by means of a peroxidase is presented. This product may be the cause of the discolouration of the vascular tissue during storage.",Included,
"El-Swaify, S.A., Lo, A., Joy, R., Shinshiro, L., Yost, R.S.",1988,Achieving conservation-effectiveness in the tropics using legume intercrops,Soil Technology,1,,10.1016/S0933-3630(88)80002-3,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5104/,"The effects of plant canopy and legume intercropping on the yield, runoff and soil loss from maize and cassava were studied using runoff plots on an oxic Aridisol on Molokai, Hawaii. The use of legumes as ground covers reduced runoff and soil loss from maize. Similar beneficial effects were also gained from legume intercropping of cassava. Besides providing protection against runoff and erosion, legume intercrops also induced yield gains in succeeding crops due to nutritional contributions from their residues and added income in the case of groundnut. The observed short-term and longterm benefits indicate that legume intercropping should be favored as a strategy for sustaining the productivity and stability of cropping systems.",Included,
"Salam, A. K., Sutanto, E., Desvia, Y., Niswati, A., Dermiyati, Kimura, M.",1999,"Activities of soil enzymes in fields continuously cultivated with cassava, sugarcane, and pineapple in middle terrace areas of Lampung Province, South Sumatra, Indonesia",Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,45,4,10.1080/00380768.1999.10414329,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15649/,"Changes in the activities of soil enzymes (acid and alkaline phosphatases, beta-glucosidase, and arylsulfatase) associated with continuous cultivation of cassava, sugarcane, and pineapple were studied in middle terrace areas of Lampung Province, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Soil samples were collected from fields continuously cultivated with cassava for the period ranging from 0 to 10 y, with sugarcane from 0 to 20 y, and with pineapple from 0 to 10 y. Continuous cultivation did not show conspicuous effects on soil pH, and contents of total N, organic C, and available P as well as soil enzymatic activities. However, the changes in the activities of the soil enzymes generally showed a significant relationship with the contents of soil organic C and total N.",Included,
"Lima, A. B., Muniz, A. W., Dumont, M. G.",2014,Activity and abundance of methane-oxidizing bacteria in secondary forest and manioc plantations of Amazonian Dark Earth and their adjacent soils,Frontiers in Microbiology,5,,10.3389/fmicb.2014.00550,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9901/,"The oxidation of atmospheric CH4 in upland soils is mostly mediated by uncultivated groups of microorganisms that have been identified solely by molecular markers, such as the sequence of the pmoA gene encoding the b-subunit of the particulate methane monooxygenase enzyme. The objective of this work was to compare the activity and diversity of methanotrophs in Amazonian Dark Earth soil (ADE, Hortic Anthrosol) and their adjacent non-anthropic soil. Secondly, the effect of land use in the form of manioc cultivation was examined by comparing secondary forest and plantation soils. CH4 oxidation potentials were measured and the structure of the methanotroph communities assessed by qPCR and amplicon pyrosequencing of pmoA genes. The oxidation potentials at low CH4 concentrations (10 ppm of volume) were relatively high in all the secondary forest sites of both ADE and adjacent soils. CH4 oxidation by the ADE soil only recently converted to a manioc plantation was also relatively high. In contrast, both the adjacent soils used for manioc cultivation and the ADE soil with a long history of agriculture displayed lower CH4 uptake rates. Amplicon pyrosequencing of pmoA genes indicated that USC, Methylocystis and the tropical upland soil cluster (TUSC) were the dominant groups depending on the site. By qPCR analysis it was found that USC pmoA genes, which are believed to belong to atmospheric CH4 oxidizers, were more abundant in ADE than adjacent soil. USC pmoA genes were abundant in both forested and cultivated ADE soil, but were below the qPCR detection limit in manioc plantations of adjacent soil. The results indicate that ADE soils can harbor high abundances of atmospheric CH4 oxidizers and are potential CH4 sinks, but as in other upland soils this activity can be inhibited by the conversion of forest to agricultural plantations.",Included,
"Ogola, J. B. O., Mathews, C.",2011,"Adaptation of cassava (Manihot esculenta) to the dry environments of Limpopo, South Africa: Growth, yield and yield components",African Journal of Agricultural Research,6,28,10.5897/AJAR11.764,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8196/,"Cassava is considered one of the most productive tropical crops on marginal lands although high growth rates are achieved when it is grown under optimal conditions. This study assessed the growth and root yield of three cassava cultivars (LOCAL-MZINTI, LAL and I-89/00715) in the dry environments of Limpopo Province. A field experiment was undertaken in 2009/2010 at the University of Venda's experimental farm, Thohoyandou using a randomized complete block design. Cassava mosaic virus disease (CMVD) incidences were scored (on a scale of 0 to 9; 9 being severe infestation) regularly, root yield and yield components were determined at 6 and 12 months after planting (MAP), and canopy regrowth rate (%) was estimated between 38 and 49 weeks after planting (WAP). There was an increase in canopy regrowth (%) from 38 WAP in all the three genotypes but this increase was much lower in LAL compared with Local-Mzinti and I-89/00715 at all measurement dates. The incidence of CMVD was greater in LAL compared with Local-Mzinti and I-89/00715 both at 16 and 25 WAP. Cultivar did not affect fresh shoot biomass at 6 and 12 MAP (9.7 and 58.8 t ha-1, respectively), number of roots at 6 and 12 MAP (17 and 10.2, respectively), root length at 12 MAP (55 cm) and root yield at 6 and 12 MAP (38.4 and 52.7 t ha-1, respectively). Therefore cassava may be well adapted to the dry environments of the Limpopo river basin that experience terminal drought and low mid-season temperatures.",Included,
"Ospina, Bernardo, Smith, L., Bellotti, Anthony C.",1999,"Adapting participatory research methods for developing integrated crop management for cassava-based systems, Northeast Brazil",Systems and Farmer Participatory Research: Developments in Research on Natural Resource Management,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13412/,,Included,
"Aina, O. O., Dixon, A. G. O., Akirinde, E. A.",2007,Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) analysis for yield of cassava in Nigeria,Journal of Biological Sciences,7,5,10.3923/jbs.2007.796.800,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/617/,"The problem of genotype-by-environment (GE) interactions that often complicates the interpretation of multilocational trial analysis making the prediction of genotype performance difficult can be eased with the adoption of the Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model analysis. The AMMI model was used in this study to evaluate 20 broad based cassava genotypes established in eight environments in Nigeria in order to; identify stable and adaptable genotypes, determine the magnitude of GE interaction and identify factors contributing to the GE interaction pattern. Analysis of variance showed that the effects of environments, genotypes and GE were highly significant (p<0.001) for storage root yield. AMMI estimates ranked genotypes differently from unadjusted means producing sharper and more stratified rankings. Genotypes 4(2)1425 and 91/02324 was found to be stable and adaptable, 96/0326 was found to be unstable but high yielding, while 96/0590 was highly stable but low yielding. Genotypes 96/0529 and 96/0860 were specifically adapted to Zaria (Northern guinea savanna) and 96/0191 was adapted to Ibadan (forest savanna transition zone). High variation in soil moisture availability was identified as a major causal factor of the interaction observed. Ibadan and Mokwa were relatively stable environments but Mallamadori was highly unstable. Mokwa been highly stable could be considered as a good site for selection broad based improved cassava genotypes.",Included,
"Perez, J. C., Ceballos, H., Ramirez, I. C., Lenis, J. I., Calle, F., Morante, N., Jaramillo, G., Lentini, M.",2010,Adjustment for missing plants in cassava evaluation trials,Euphytica,172,1,10.1007/s10681-009-0039-9,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14021/,"Evaluations with a uniform plant stand are fundamental for efficient selections in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) breeding. However, it is difficult to correct data of missing plants. The overall objective of this study was to analyze yield losses in agronomic trials and to develop a function that satisfactorily adjusts plot yields affected by a varying number of missing plants. Eight clones were initially evaluated in different locations for five consecutive years. For every genotype, mean plot yields decreased as the number of missing plants increased. Average losses ranged from 10.6 to 78.8% by removing from one to eight plants, respectively. Yields per plant increased significantly when more than four plants were removed due to a compensatory growth effect. Graphic analyses showed that the power function was the best explaining the relationship between fresh root yield and number of harvested plants. A model that properly adjusted yield for all varieties but one is proposed. Hopefully, this formula to adjust yields will help to improve the quality of cassava trials worldwide.",Included,
"Omonona, B. T., Oni, O. A., Uwagboe, A. O.",2006,"Adoption of improved cassava varieties and its welfare impact on rural farming households in Edo State, Nigeria",Journal of Agricultural and Food Information,7,1,10.1300/J108v07n01_05,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13150/,"Poverty in Nigeria is an overwhelmingly grave problem and has been on the increase for many decades, being endemic to rural areas where the main occupation is farming. In recent times, technological advancement-especially in agriculture-has been very instrumental in reducing the poverty problem through the development of genetically modified crop varieties such as cassava. It is a crop of long history and has been acknowledged as a food security crop. This study examines the various factors influencing the adoption of improved cassava varieties and its impact on the welfare of rural farmers in Edo State, Nigeria. The study utilizes cross-sectional data collected through personal interviews of 150 farmers from the three territorial districts in Edo State. The personal interviews were conducted with the aid of a structured questionnaire. The Foster, Greer, and Thorbecke (FGT) class of measures was used to determine the incidence, depth, and severity of poverty among farming households who are adopters and non-adopters of improved cassava varieties. The results showed that the incidence, depth, and severity of poverty were higher amongst households who are non-adopters of improved cassava varieties. The Tobit regression model was used to determine the factors that affect adoption and poverty. The results showed that sex, age, access to extension agents, access to inputs, and crop yield were significant variables positively influencing adoption of improved cassava varieties. The results of the determinants of household poverty revealed that age, household size, years of education, and extent of commercialization were significant variables. Age, years of education, and extent of commercialization influenced household poverty in the negative direction, implying that a unit increase in any of the variables will lead to a decrease in household poverty. Household size, on the other hand, moved in a positive direction, implying that a unit increase in that factor will lead to an increase in household poverty. Implicit in these results is that, in order for poverty alleviation to be effective, human capital such as education should be emphasized. Extension services should also reach greater depths in which campaigns are staged to promote the relevance of new innovations, which are labour-saving and cost-effective. 2006 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Tumapon, A.S., Dumayaca, C.A., Lapoot, C.R., Salvani, J.B., Department of Agriculture-Regional Field Unit 10-Northern Mindanao Integrated Agricultural Research Center, Dakwangan, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon (Philippines)",2009,Advance yield trial on cassava,,v. 34,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17968/,"Yield trial on cassava was conducted at the NOMIARC, Dalwangan, Malaybalay City on 2006-2007 to evaluate promising cassava cultivars for food, feed, starch and, alcohol; to identify high yielding cassava varieties with acceptable dry matter content; and to monitor pest incidence. Sixteen lines/varieties were evaluated for yield, processing. Hydrocyanic (HCN) content and pest resistance. The trial was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replicates. Results showed that KU50, (check for processing) out yielded all lines tested which exhibited highest total root tubers of 47.50 tons/ha followed by OMR 40-36-21 and Lakan 1 (check for food) with same total root yields of 44.14 tons/ha. Lakan 1 obtained the longest peduncle length of 3.34 centimeters and is identified as the best variety for food with longest HCN content of 1-4. Most of the entries evaluated obtained high DMC ranging from 38 percent to 46 percent of which the highest was obtained by CG-01-02-01 followed by MOP 43-34 and KU 50 with 46%, 44.55% and 44.25%, respectively. Lines/varieties with highest DMC consistently have highest sugar content of 38%, 36.3%, and 36%, respectively. It was also observed that lines/varieties tested were resistant to pests. Moreover, economic analysis showed that KU 50, OMR 40-36-21 and Lakan obtained the highest net returns of PhP 35,670.00/ha, PhP 29,810.00 and PhP 27,710.00. Recommended varieties for food and processing are Lakan 1 and KU 50.",Included,
"Nyiira, Z.M.",1976,Advances in research on the economic significance of the green cassava mite (Monoychellus tanajoa) in Uganda,"The International Exchange and Testing of Cassava Germ Plasm in Africa: Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Workshop held at IITA, lbadan, Nigeria, 17-21 November 1975",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19826/,,Included,
"Fauquet, C., Fargette, D.",1990,"African cassava mosaic virus: etiology, epidemiology, and control",Plant Disease,74,6,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5580/,,Included,
"Christopher  AOmongo, Robert  Kawuki, Antony  C Bellotti, Titus  Alicai, Yona  Baguma, M  N Maruthi, Anton  Bua , John  Colvin, ()",2012,"African Cassava Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, Resistance in African and South American Cassava Genotypes",Journal of Integrative Agriculture,11,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3699/,"The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, is a major pest of cassava, particularly in Africa where it is responsible both for the transmission of plant viruses and, increasingly, for direct damage due to feeding by high populations. To date, there have been no practical solutions to combat this emerging problem, due to the inability of the subsistence farmers that grow cassava to afford expensive inputs such as insecticides. A programme of research was carried out linking institutes in Africa, the UK and South America, to identify possible resistance sources in cassava to the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. The South American genotype MEcu 72 and several Ugandan cassava landraces including Ofumba Chai, Nabwire 1 and Mercury showed good levels of resistance to B. tabaci. Field and screen-house experiments showed that all of the improved, high-yielding cassava mosaic disease (CMD) resistant cassava genotypes assessed were highly susceptible to B. tabaci and supported high populations of all life stages. These data support the hypothesis that the continuing high populations of cassava B. tabaci in Uganda are due, in part, to the widespread adoption of CMD-resistant cassava varieties during the CMD pandemic. They also show that the whitefly, Aleurotrachelus socialis, resistance present in the South American cassava genotypes could have broader applicability in the Old World.",Included,
"Cenpukdee, U., Fukai, S.",1992,Agronomic modification of competition between cassava and pigeonpea in intercropping,Field Crops Research,30,01-Feb,10.1016/0378-4290(92)90062-E,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3192/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan [L.] Millsp.) are long-season crops and are highly competitive in intercropping. This work was undertaken to examine such competition, using two cassava cultivars of contrasting canopy size and pigeonpea sown at two different times at two plant densities. In all intercropping treatments, radiation interception by the combined canopy increased rapidly, and full ground cover was maintained up to pigeonpea harvest (ca 100 days). However, the proportion of ground area covered by each component species (canopy width) varied greatly among treatments. When pigeonpea was planted simultaneously with cassava, it became taller than cassava and its canopy occupied most of the cassava interrow space. When it was sown 35 days later than cassava, then cassava cultivars MCol 1468, which was tall and had a large canopy, dominated pigeonpea almost completely, whereas the smaller cultivar MAus 19 occupied up to only about half the total interrow area. Pigeonpea at high plant density (based on four rows between cassava rows) had similar height to that at low density (based on two rows), but its canopy occupied more interrow space and enhanced its competitiveness. The canopy width during the time of the complete ground cover was directly related to total dry-matter production and partial land equivalent ratio (LER) for economic yield of each component crop. However, cassava LER was more sensitive to reduced cassava canopy width than was pigeonpea LER, and higher total LER was obtained when a large cassava canopy width was maintained. It is therefore concluded that a vigorous cassava cultivar and late sowing of pigeonpea at a low density can sustain the desirable canopy width and competitiveness for high productivity of cassava/pigeonpea intercropping.",Included,
"Adjebeng-Danquah, J., Gracen, V. E., Offei, S. K., Asante, I. K., Manu-Aduening, J.",2016,Agronomic performance and genotypic diversity for morphological traits among cassava genotypes in the guinea savannah ecology of Ghana,Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology,19,1,10.1007/s12892-015-0095-8,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/431/,"We evaluated the agronomic performance and diversity for morphological traits among a collection of local and exotic cassava genotypes in the Guinea Savannah agroecology of Ghana. One hundred and fifty cassava genotypes were assessed using 28 agro-morphological (18 qualitative and 10 quantitative) traits recorded from three months after planting until harvesting at 12 months after planting. There was significant genetic variability among the genotypes for most of the traits evaluated. High broad sense heritability was observed for most of the traits. Principal component analyses of the traits indicated that the first three principal component axes which accounted for more than 55% of the variation for 10 quantitative traits included storage root yield, number of leaves, harvest index, height at first branching, and plant height as the most important traits. A greater proportion of the phenotypic variances of plant height, height at branching, and harvest index were accounted for by genetic variances indicating that progress could made with selection. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that a number of traits were related to growth and yield of cassava in the Guinea Savanna ecology, making indirect selection for root yield possible. The study revealed ample genotypic variation in these morphological and agronomic traits to support selection for improved varieties.",Included,
"de Carvalho, M. D. D., de Oliveira, E. J., Souza, A. D., Alves, L. B., Venturini, M. T.",2017,Agronomic Performance of Cassava Genotypes from the in Vitro Shoot Tip Culture Submitted to Clonal Cleaning,Bioscience Journal,33,5,10.14393/BJ-v33n5a2017-36585,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/20193/,"This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of cassava genotypes from the in vitro shoot tip culture to eliminate the cassava frogskin disease for several root and aerial part characteristics. Cassava plants from accessions BGM0315, BGM0464 and BGM0841 infected with cassava frogskin disease were grown in a greenhouse after clonal cleaning. Cuttings from the three accessions were subjected to tetracycline concentrations (0, 5, 10 and 15 mg L-1) for three minutes, and then maintained in an acclimatized chamber (35 +/- 1 degrees C and 16 hour photoperiod). Shoots were disinfected for excising shoot tips (0.2 mm and 0.4 mm) and inoculated in a culture medium containing the same concentrations of tetracycline used in the cuttings. After 60 days of cultivation, the explants were transferred to medium without antibiotic, 30 days later they were acclimatized for a period of 70 days for subsequent planting in the field. Seven months after planting, agronomical evaluation was held for root and aerial part characteristics. No influence of isolated shoot tip size was noticed on agronomic characteristics, while the addition of tetracycline in the culture medium, specifically at the concentrations of 5 mg L-1 and 15 mg L-1, was favorable to the development of the root system of plants in the field. The results revealed that the agronomic performance of cassava plants derived from in vitro cultivation are higher for the production of basic propagation material for the following production cycles, as well as root production for commercial use with subsequent generation of income.",Included,
"Howeler, Reinhardt H.",2007,Agronomic practices for sustainable cassava production in Asia,Cassava Research and Development in Asia: Exploring New Opportunities for an Ancient Crop,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7423/,"The paper describes research results obtained in the development of improved cultural practices, such as time and method of planting, weed control, fertilization, intercropping and erosion control. Experiments have shown that cassava yields are seriously reduced if either low rainfall or low temperatures are limiting growth during the period of 3-5 months after planting; that planting vertically or inclined produces higher yields than planting horizontally, especially during periods of drought; that planting on ridges is better in the rainy season but planting on the flat is better in the dry season; that high and sustainable yields can be maintained either with the application of 5-10 t/ha of animal manure supplemented with 50-100 kg/ha of N and/or K2O as chemical fertilizers (depending on soil fertility characteristics), or by the application of chemical fertilizers alone with a ratio of N:P2O5:K2O of 2:1:2 or 2:1:3, but not by organic or green manures alone; that intercropping with peanut generally increases total income and protects the soil from erosion; and that fertilization, intercropping, contour ridging and contour hedgerows of grasses are simple but effective ways to reduce erosion.",Included,
"Yebo, B., Dagne, Y.",2015,Agronomic research achievements and findings of taro and cassava crops in ethiopia: A review,Journal of Agronomy,14,1,10.3923/ja.2015.1.5,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19698/,"Integration of root crops in the food system of Ethiopian people is an indispensable approach to achieve food self sufficiency and food security. In addition, with improved production and productivity, the sector can deliver high potential impact on the improvement of the livelihood of farmers. The high productivity per unit time and area for most root and tuber crops and their uses as food, feed and industrial row material sources are great promises for continued effort in research and development. Root and tuber crops research was started at Southern Agricultural Research Institute (SARI) of different Research Centers as component of the crop researches. The major research areas since the inception of the program were germplasms collection and/or introduction, maintenance, variety screening for better adaptation, yield and agronomic performance. Apart from developing and recommending different variety of root and tuber crops such as cassava, taro and yam, improved cultural practices such as suitable spacing/plant population and best types of planting material were also identified and recommended for the producers. This review, therefore, tries to present the effort that were made in the area of crop management so as to solve important production constraints of root and tuber crops (taro and cassava) in the farming system of Southwestern and Southern Ethiopia thereby assisting the ongoing food security endeavor. To exploit the food and income generating potential of these crops effectively, all research and development partners should enhance their joint efforts to strengthen the ongoing improved technology development endeavors to boost production, productivity and quality of these crops.",Included,
"Lal, R.",1993,Agronomic Sustainability of Different Farming Systems on Alfisols in Southwestern Nigeria,Journal of Sustainable Agriculture,4,2,10.1300/J064v04n02_05,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9440/,"A longterm experiment was conducted on Alfisols at Ibadan, Nigeria, to assess agricultural productivity and sustainability of different farming systems. The experiment, conducted for a 10 year period from 1979 to 1988, was implemented in two phases. The effects of methods of land clearing on crop growth-yield were evaluated during Phase I from 1979 to 1982. Effects of different farming systems on agronomic productivity were evaluated in Phase II from 1983 to 1988. Six land clearing-cum-tillage treatments evaluated in Phase I were (i) manual clearing with no-till, (ii) manual clearing with plow-till, (iii) shearblade clearing with no-till, (iv) treepusher/rootrake clearing with no-till, (v) treepusher/rootrake clearing with plow-till, and (vi) traditional farming. Similarly, six farming systems evaluated in Phase II were (i) alley cropping with Leucaena leucocephala, (ii) Mucuna fallowing on severely degraded soils (iii) Mucuna fallowing on moderately degraded soil, (iv) ley farming on severely degraded soil, (v) ley farming on moderately degraded soil, and (vi) natural fallow control. In Phase I, yields of maize (Zea mays), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and cassava (Manihoc esculenta) were higher on manually cleared with no-till and shearblade cleared with no-fill treatments than on other treatments. In Phase II, maize growth was higher on plots with Mucuna fallowing than in alley cropping or ley farming treatments. In contrast, cowpea growth was higher on alley cropped plots. Regardless of the farming system, maize grain yield declined with the cultivation duration. The relative decline in cowpea grain yield with cultivation duration was less than that of maize.",Included,
"Raji, A. A., Ladeinde, T. A. O., Dixon, A. G. O.",2007,Agronomic traits and tuber quality attributes of farmer grown cassava landraces in Nigeria,Journal of Tropical Agriculture,45,01-Feb,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14785/,"Eleven Nigerian cassava landraces with desirable pest and disease resistance were evaluated for 18 agronomic and tuber quality traits along with two popularly grown cultivars including an improved genotype. The improved cultivar TMS 30572 gave the highest yield, but had certain undesirable quality attributes such as high cyanogenic potential (12.86 mg HCN equivalent/100g fresh tuber weight) and low mealiness (non-poundable). Conversely, the landraces had lower cyanogenic potential (1 to 5 mg HCN equivalent/100g fresh tuber weight, considered non-toxic) and high mealiness (2.0 to 2.5 scored on a scale of 0 to 3) of boiled tubers. All cultivars exhibited relatively high dry matter percentage (33.2 to 39.2%). Taste, colour, and fibre content of boiled tubers were generally sweet to bland, white to cream, and low to moderate respectively for all cultivars. Although the landraces gave less yield than the elite cultivars, they carried genes for adaptation to local conditions, and have preferred tuber quality attributes that can be introgressed into elite germplasm development.",Included,
"Baafi, E., Safo-Kantanka, O.",2008,"Agronomy and processing attributes of some cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) genotypes as affected by location and age at harvest in Ghana",International Journal of Agricultural Research,3,3,10.3923/ijar.2008.211.218,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1684/,"The influence of age on tuber yield, dry matter content, cooking quality and flour, gari and starch yield were studied on 4 cassava accessions (DMA-002, WCH-037, NKZ-009 and NKZ-015) at six selected locations in the Forest and the Transition ecozones of Ghana in 2004/2005. The aim was to determine the effect of age, variety and location on agronomic and processing characteristics of cassava genotypes at the Forest and the Transition ecozones of Ghana. Data were collected for the tuber yield, dry matter content, cooking quality, flour, gari and starch yields. Planting was done at 1x1 m with each genotype occupying half of an acre to facilitate continuous harvesting and for large tuber samples of 25 kg to be processed into flour, gari and starch. Harvesting which began at 12 months after planting was continued monthly until 15 months of age. Tuber yield of the genotypes was generally higher in the Transition than the Forest. In addition, DMA-002 and WCH-037 produced the higher tuber yield than the NKZ-lines in the Transition belt but not in the Forest ecozone. Genotypes did not only vary in dry matter content at the two ecozones but also the age at harvest. Cooking quality of the DMA-002 and WCH-037 was better than the NKZ-lines. Obtained results revealed that the optimum age for root tuber yield did not coincide with that of the flour, gari and starch. Similar observation was made between the starch flour and gari.",Included,
"Kaewkamthong, Y., Thanachit, S., Anusontpornperm, S., Wiriyakitnateekul, W.",2014,"Alleviation of soil compaction problem for growing cassava on a Typic Paleustult, Northeast Thailand",Asian Journal of Crop Science,6,4,10.3923/ajcs.2014.334.344,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8535/,"The combination effect of tillage and soil conditioner on the alleviation of soil compaction problem for growing cassava on a Typic Paleustult was conducted from May 2009 to March 2011. Deep tillage with soil conditioner applied had no effect on increased cassava yield in both years. Deep tillage practice together with the application of chicken manure gave the highest yield in the first year (19.88 t ha-1) and with gypsum (23.13 t ha-1) in the second year but with no statistical difference in both years. Both soil conditioners significantly induced the plant to have the lowest starch percentage of 21.7 and 24.6%, respectively. Ground limestone, gypsum and no amendments with and without deep tillage significantly gave the highest starch percentage in the first year while in the second year ground limestone, chicken manure and no amendment with conventional tillage had the same effect. Chicken manure highly significantly gave the highest above ground biomass by increasing stem, leaves and branches weight in the second year. There was no change of soil properties as the soil still containing very low amounts of organic matter and plant nutrient even though soil conditioner had been applied for two consecutive years. Chicken manure was the most efficient soil conditioner in increasing soil pH and enhancing plant nutrients availability while gypsum was the most effective source for alleviating soil compaction problem particularly more evidently at the depth between 20-30cm. Nevertheless, soil compaction still remained after two-year application as shown by soil physical properties measured.",Included,
"Akondé, T. P., Kühne, R. F., Steinmller, N., Leihner, D. E.",1997,"Alley cropping on an Ultisol in subhumid Benin Part 3: nutrient budget of maize, cassava and trees",Agroforestry Systems,37,3,10.1023/A:1005863818511,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/752/,"An alley cropping experiment was conducted from 1986 to 1992 near Cotonou, Benin Republic on a field previously used as four-year bush-fallow. A no-tree control was compared with Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit and Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. grown in 4 m distant hedgerows. In the same experiment, application of 90-39-75 kg ha-1 NPK fertiliser vs. no fertiliser and maize-cassava intercropping vs. rotation of sole crops was also tested. Topsoil samples (0-30 cm) were taken initially and again after four and six years. Alley cropping enhanced nitrogen recycling relative to the no-alley control by 253 kg ha-1 yr-1 for Leucaena and 131 kg ha-1 yr-1 for Cajanus in the overall average but a maximum of 22 kg N ha-1 yr-1 was recovered in total crop exports. Apparent fertiliser-N recovery increased from a low average of 14% in the first year to 66% in the second year up to a maximum of 109% in the no-tree control in the last year. Soil nutrient depletion during the six years was significant for all nutrients except P, K falling from 0.5 to 0.1 cmolc kg-1 soil and N from 0.08 to 0.05%. Hedgerow accumulation of N in the topsoil-plant system calculated as difference to a no-tree control was only 18 to 37 kg ha-1 yr-1 during the first four years after clearing, increasing to 208 kg in Leucaena and 111 kg ha-1 yr-1 in Cajanus without NPK during the last two years. During the first four years, average N, K, Ca and Mg losses from the topsoil-plant system of 223 kg, 160 kg, 176 kg and 80 kg ha-1 yr-1 were high but probably stored in the subsoil because corresponding leaching losses were only 10, 1, 15 and 6 kg ha-1 yr-1 at 150 cm depth during the second to fourth cropping year. Beyond the fourth year, markedly reduced nutrient losses from the topsoil and stable food crop yields in no-tree plots suggest that continuous maize-cassava cropping using balanced rates of mineral fertiliser is producing sustainable yields with almost closed nutrient cycles of the soil-plant system on our site.",Included,
"Akonde, T. P., Leihner, D. E., Steinmuller, N.",1996,"Alley cropping on an Ultisol in subhumid Benin. Part 1: Long-term effect on maize, cassava and tree productivity",Agroforestry Systems,34,1,10.1007/BF00129628,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/753/,"In southern Benin, West Africa, two alley cropping systems were studied from 1986 to 1992. Yield development was followed in a maize and cassava crop rotation vs. intercropping system, with alleys of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit and Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. vs. a no-tree control, with and without NPK fertiliser. Without alleys, NPK fertilisation maintained high yield levels of 2-3 t maize dry grain plus 4-6 t ha(-1) cassava root DM in intercropping, 3-4 t ha(-1) maize and 6-10 t ha(-1) cassava in solecropping. Without NPK, final yields seemed to stabilise at about 1 t maize plus 2 t cassava in intercropping and twice as much in each solecrop. Alley cropping induced significant yield increases by about 50% with both tree species in unfertilised, intercropped maize, and with Cajanus in fertilised, solecropped cassava. In monetary terms, the NPK-fertiliser response of stabilised yields was significant for all treatments except the solecropped Leucaena alleys. It is concluded that on Ultisols with low nutrient status in the upper rooting zone, alley cropping with low-competitive tree species may improve food crop yields but the greatest monetary output is achieved by intercropping with mineral fertiliser independent of the presence or absence of an agroforestry component.",Included,
"Leihner, D. E., ErnstSchaeben, R., Akonde, T. P., Steinmuller, N.",1996,Alley cropping on an Ultisol in subhumid Benin. Part 2: Changes in crop physiology and tree crop competition,Agroforestry Systems,34,1,10.1007/BF00129629,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9689/,"From 1986–92 alley cropping with Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit and Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. was compared to a no-tree control, and fertilisation with 90, 39 and 75 kg ha−1 N, P and K vs. no fertilisation were studied in maize and cassava grown intercropped or in rotation. Light transmission measurements and row position effects on food crop yield did not indicate any decisive shading effect in tree-crop competition when trees were pruned 2–3 times a year. In the last three years, with NPK in solecropping the crop growth rates (CGR) of maize reached a peak of 100 g m−1 wk−1 around 70 days after planting (DAP). CGR in unfertilised Cajanus alleys was as high as in corresponding fertilised treatments but delayed by one month. For cassava, the highest growth rates of 60–130 g m−1 wk−1 lasted from 60 to 190 DAP with NPK in solecropping. The harvest index (HI) of cassaca reached 40–50% in all intercropping and unfertilised solecropping treatments. The HI in solecropping was reduced by fertilisation to 30–40% due to excessive leaf growth at 60–190 DAP. The increase in number of thickened roots starting at 30 DAP in solecropping was delayed by one month in intercropping. The reason for significantly higher cassava root yields in Cajanus alleys as compared to no trees in the fertilised solecrop was attributed to the enhanced root formation at 85 DAP due to a slower release of nutrients subject to leaching such as N and K from tree prunings than from mineral fertiliser.",Included,
"Nizar, R., Nurwati, N., Masjkur, A.",2017,"Allocative Efficiency Analysys Production Function Of Cassava Farming (Manihot, Sp.) In Tenayan Raya Sub-District Of Pekanbaru City",IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science,,,10.1088/1755-1315/97/1/012012,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/20319/,"Cassava (Manihot sp) has long been known and cultivated by Indonesian farmers. The economic and social potential of cassava aside from foodstuffs can also be used as raw materials for industrial use and animal feed. In Riau Province, Cassva has the potential to be developed considering Cassva is a plant that can easily grow on low altitude to high altitude lands. Cassava does not need a complex maintenance. Conventionally, this plant can be planted and left alone by itself. Cassava roots can be developed to be a processed products that society needs as main foodstuffs ingredients. This research is done in three months and the purpose is to know the influence of input use (pesticide, seeds, fertilizers and labor) on cassava farming to cassava farming by the model of cobb-douglas. Other than that is also the effect on economical efficiency. The method used in this research is a quantitative research by using Cobb-Douglas Function Model. This research was done in the Tenayan Raya sub-district with 55 farmer samples. This research shows Cobb-Douglas Production Function can be used as the predictor for Cassava production function in Tenayan Raya Sub-district of Pekanbaru City. Altogether the production factor used by farmers influence production. Partially only usage of organic fertilizer that does not affect production, while other production factor such as, seeds, pesticides, an-organic fertilizer (urea) and labor affect production by quite a bit. Usage of production factor seeds, urea and pesticides is not yet efficient while usage of organic fertilizer is not efficient and usage of labor on cassava agriculture by respondent farmers is relatively efficient",Included,
"Nassar, N. M. A., Fernandes, P. C., Melani, R. D., Pires, O. R.",2009,Amarelinha do Amapá: a carotenoid-rich cassava cultivar,Genetics and Molecular Research,8,3,10.4238/vol8-3gmr625,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11906/,"Eight cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars, of which four are indigenous to the Amazon region, along with an interspecific hybrid, were assessed for their carotenoid content. They were propagated and are maintained in the living Manihot collection at the University of Brasilia. The cultivar ""Amarelinha do Amapa"", which was collected from the State of Amapa, was found to have a very high content of beta-carotene 27 mg per 100 g, which is more than 50-fold higher than in other cassava cultivars. This cultivar, which also has excellent palatability, could be an important source of beta-carotene for cassava breeding.",Included,
"Kang, B. T., Salako, F. K., Akobundu, I. O., Pleysier, J. L., Chianu, J. N.",1997,Amelioration of a degraded Oxic Paleustalf by leguminous and natural fallows,Soil Use and Management,13,3,10.1111/j.1475-2743.1997.tb00572.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8634/,"The restorative ability of herbaceous (Psophocarpus palustris, Pueraria phaseoloides) and woody (Leucaena leucocephala, Senna siamea, Acacia leptocarpa, Acacia auriculiformis) legume species and of natural regrowth was studied on an eroded and compacted Oxic Paleustalf in southwestern Nigeria. Compared to the control treatment that was continuously cropped for 15 years, four years of fallowing significantly improved test crop yields. However, fallowing with the above species did not substantially improve soil properties, particularly soil bulk density. A longer fallow period may be needed to amend soil physical conditions of this degraded Alfisol. Soil chemical properties were greatly improved following land clearing and plant biomass burning in 1993. However, the residual effect of burning on soil fertility was insignificant in the second cropping year. Among the fallow species, P. palustris and natural fallow showed the best residual effect on test crop performance. Despite the high biomass and nutrient yields of S. siamea and A. auriculiformis, test crop yields on these plots were low due to the border effects from the uncleared and fallowed subplots.",Included,
"Nassar, N.M.A., Sousa, M.V.",2007,Amino acid profile in cassava and its interspecific hybrid,Genetics and Molecular Research,6,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11899/,"Cassava roots have a low-protein content (0.7-2%). Amino acids such as lysine and methionine are also low, and some research reports have indicated the absence of methionine. The amino acid profiles of a common cassava cultivar and an interspecific hybrid, namely ICB 300, were determined using the computerized amino acid analyzer Hitachi L-8500. The interspecific hybrid has 10 times more lysine and 3 times more methionine than the common cassava cultivar: lysine content was 0.010 g per 100 g in the common cassava cultivar while it reached 0.098 in the interspecific hybrid. Methionine in the common cassava cultivar was 0.014 g per 100 g whereas it reached 0.041 g per 100 g in the interspecific hybrid. Total amino acid content in the common cassava cultivar was 0.254 g per 100 g viz. a viz. 1.664 g per 100 g in the interspecific hybrid. The genetic variability of the profile and quantity of amino acids indicate the feasibility of selecting interspecific hybrids that are rich in both crude protein and amino acids. This is the first report of high true protein in cassava root.",Included,
"Rogers, D. J., Milner, M.",1963,Amino acid profile of manioc leaf protein in relation to nutritive value,Economic Botany,17,3,10.1007/BF02859438,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15287/,"Leaves of 20 cultivars of manioc (Manihot escutenta) from Jamaica and Brazil were analyzed for 18 amino acids. The essential amino acid profile indicated a definite deficiency in methionine only, while the high lysine value suggests that this protein might be a useful supplement to certain cereal diets. Rats rejected diets coataining the lyophilized uncooked leaf at protein levels as low as 10%, but this rejection was apparently not related to the cyanide content of manioc leaf.",Included,
Sholihin,2011,AMMI Model for Interpreting Clone-Environment Interaction in Starch Yield of Cassava,HAYATI Journal of Biosciences,18,1,10.4308/hjb.18.1.21,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16319/,"The aim of the study was to analyze the interaction between clone and environment for starch yield in six month-old plants of cassava clones based on additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model. The experiments were conducted on mineral soil in four different locations Lumajang (inceptisol), Kediri (entisol), Pati (alfisol), and Tulangbawang (ultisol). The experiments were carried out during 2004-2005, using a split plot design withthree replications. The main plots were the simple and the improved technology. The clones used were fifteen clones. Parameter recorded was starch yield (kg/ha) of the 6 month old plants. The data were analyzed using the AMMI model. Based on the AMMI analysis, environmental factors being important in determining the stability of the starch yield were soil density for subsoil, pH of topsoil, and the maximum air humidity four months after planting. The clones of CMM97001-87, CMM97002-183, CMM97011-191, CMM97006-44, and Adhira 4 were identified as stable clones in starch yield within 6 month-old plants. CMM97007-235 was adapted to maximum relative humidity 4 months after planting and to lower pH of topsoil, whereas, MLG 10311 was adapted to lower bulk density. The mean starch yield of MLG 10311 was the highest six months after planting.",Included,
"Adjebeng-Danquah, J., Manu-Aduening, J., Gracen, V. E., Asante, I. K., Offei, S. K.",2017,AMMI Stability Analysis and Estimation of Genetic Parameters for Growth and Yield Components in Cassava in the Forest and Guinea Savannah Ecologies of Ghana,International Journal of Agronomy,2017,,10.1155/2017/8075846,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/432/,"Twenty cassava genotypes were arranged in a randomised complete block design with three replications and assessed for growth and yield stability using the additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis. Highly significant (P<0.001) effects of genotype, environment, and genotype environment interaction were observed for all traits studied. The AMMI analysis of variance indicated that genotype accounted for 51% of the total sum of squares for height at first branching followed by environment (33%) and interaction (15%). For fresh root yield, environment effects accounted for 37% of the total sum of squares, whilst genotype and interaction accounted for 32% and 29%, respectively. Genotypic variances for harvest index (HI), plant height, storage root yield, and dry matter content contributed a greater proportion of the phenotypic variance indicating stronger genetic control. This suggests better chance of progress in the genetic improvement of these traits. Genotype MM96/1751 combined high yield with stability according to the yield stability index ranking across environments. On the other hand genotypes UCC 2001/449 and 96/1708 though high yielding were unstable according to AMMI stability value scores. However they can be tested further in more environments to ascertain their specific adaptability for release to farmers for cultivation to boost cassava production and ensure food security.",Included,
"Whitmore, A.P., Cadisch, G., Toomsan, B., Limpinuntana, V., van Noordwijk, M., Purnomosidhi, P.",2000,An analysis of the economic values of novel cropping systems in N. E. Thailand and S. Sumatra,NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences,48,,10.1016/S1573-5214(00)80008-1,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18925/,"The use of food-crop intercropping, hedgerow intercropping and secondary or cover cropping to increase incomes of resource-poor farmers in South East Asia was investigated. Since all systems improve conservation of nutrients and most give extra marketable produce, they were expected to increase farm profitability. On upland farms in Lampung, South Sumatra, both inter- and secondary crops were found to improve yields compared with cassava monocropping and thus the income derived from growing cassava or rice with maize. These increases were equivalent to between 70 and 440 US dollars per hectare. An economic analysis of the lowland rice-producing systems in North East Thailand suggested that with the exception of growing cowpea, the use of pre-rice cover crops was not profitable despite a substantial increase in rice yield, because the additional labour cost more than the additional income was worth. A benefit of leguminous crops, however, can be the extra marketable product. Groundnut in Indonesia and cowpea in Thailand gave an attractive extra US$ 400-1150 total income increase per hectare per year (i.e. extra yield of the main food crop plus extra marketable produce from the secondary crop) even after the additional costs were deducted. Hedgerow intercropping gave smaller profit margins of about US$ 90. Although both hedgerow intercropping and secondary cropping represent a considerable investment of labour by farmers, this investment may be more feasible than paying for fertilizer on credit. On balance the most attractive option tested was the use of a leguminous secondary crop, e.g. groundnut or multipurpose cowpea, within the food crop cycle.",Included,
"Fondufe, E.Y., Eneji, A.E., Agboola, A.A., Yamamoto, S., Honna, T.",2001,An assessment of some fertilizer recommendations under different cropping systems in a humid tropical environment,Tropicultura,19,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5797/,"Studies were carried out to determine the effects of four fertilizer recommendation systems (blanket recommendation, soil test recommendation, recommendation based on nutrient supplementation index and unfertilized control) on five cropping systems (sole cassava, maize, melon, cassava + maize and cassava + maize + melon). The experiment was a split-plot in randomised complete block design, with fertilizer recommendation systems in main plots and cropping systems in sub-plots. Observations were made on plant growth and yield. Plant samples were also analyzed for N, P and K uptake. Cassava and melon gave higher yields in sole cropping than intercropping while maize yield under intercropping exceeded that under sole cropping by 17%. Cassava root yield was significantly reduced by 24 and 35% in cassava + maize and cassava + maize + melon plots. Fertilizer recommendation based on nutrient supplementation index (NSI) gave the highest crop yield 41, 31, and 27 t/ha of maize in sole maize, maize + cassava and maize + cassava + melon and 0.6 and 0.2 t/ha of sole melon and intercropped melon respectively. Nitrogen uptake by cassava and maize was highest under NSI, but fertilizer recommendation based on soil test gave the highest crop yield and monetary returns per unit of fertilizer used.",Included,
"Galinato, M.I., Sajise, P.E.",1981,An ecological survey of the weed flora in the major root crop areas in the Philippines,Annals of Tropical Research,3,3,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6062/,"Different root crop-growing areas in the Philippines were surveyed during the wet season to determine the weed species associated with different root and tuber crops, namely, sweet potato, cassava, yam and white potato. Wet season quantitative vegetation analysis of weed species associated with root crops in the Philippines has shown the existence of 8 weed community types, namely Cyperus rotundus, Paspalum conjugatum, Ageratina adenophora, Pennisetum polystachyon, Digitaria sanguinalis, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Eragrostis tenalla, and Desmodium triflorium. A total of 70 weed species was encountered in the quantitative vegetation analysis. Some environmental factors such as pH, climatic type, soil type, weed control practices and elevation were determined to explain the community patterns.",Included,
"Osemeobo, G.J.",1993,An evaluation of smallholder land use for cassava production in southern Nigeria,"Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment",43,,10.1016/0167-8809(93)90118-9,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13373/,"Cross-sectional data from Edo and Ogun States in 1989-1990 were used to examine smallholder cassava production in two different ecological zones in southern Nigeria. Using a combination of gross margin, benefit-cost analysis, land-use intensity and plant diversity index, the economic and ecological implications of cassava production were evaluated. The results provide evidence for desirable financial returns from cassava production but at great risk to the stability of woody plants and the environment. However, data on the incidence of land tenure support the view that property rights under the traditional land-tenure system are a constraint to the farming system.",Included,
"Padmavathiamma, Prabha K., Li, Loretta Y., Kumari, Usha R.",2008,An experimental study of vermi-biowaste composting for agricultural soil improvement,Bioresource Technology,99,6,10.1016/j.biortech.2007.04.028,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13635/,"Vermitechnology was investigated as a means of reducing organic waste materials. Vermicomposting conditions were optimized to convert the biowastes to nutritious composts for amending agricultural soil. Studies were undertaken to select the most suitable earthworm species for vermicomposting, to enrich vermicompost by inoculation with beneficial microbes, to standardize an economically feasible method of vermicomposting, to achieve nutrient economy through vermicompost application in acid soils (pH 4.5), and to assess the performance of vermicompost as a bioinoculant in cow-pea, banana, and cassava. Earthworm species Eudrillus eugineae, Eisenia foetida, Perionyx sansibaricus, Pontoscolex corethrurus and Megascolex chinensis were compared for their efficiencies in biodegrading organic wastes. E. eugineae was found to be a superb agent. As a bioinoculant, vermicompost increased nitrogen and phosphorous availability by enhancing biological nitrogen fixation and phosphorous solubilisation. Vermicompost-amended acid-agriculture-soil significantly improved the yield, biometric character and quality of banana, cassava and cow-pea. Vermicompost application stimulated root growth, facilitating nutrient absorption and thereby favouring higher yield.",Included,
"Tian, G., Kolawole, G.O., Salako, F.K., Kang, B.T.",1999,An improved cover crop-fallow system for sustainable management of low activity clay soils of the tropics,Soil Science,164,9,10.1097/00010694-199909000-00007,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17694/,"The potential of planted leguminous cover crop fallow as an alternative to the natural regrowth fallow for sustaining the productivity of low activity clay (LAC) soils in the tropics as the fallow period shortens was tested at Ibadan in the forest-savanna zone of southwestern Nigeria. The study, initiated in 1990, compared an improved system (cover crop-fallow) and a traditional system (natural fallow), with the aim of developing an improved cover crop-fallow system for sustainable management of LAC soils of the tropics. Pueraria phaseoloides, an herbaceous, N-fixing, perennial legume with a slow initial growth habit, was selected as a test cover crop. Pueraria was sown with a maize-cassava intercrop at the same season. In a 2-year cycle, 1 year of cropping was followed by 1 year fallow with pueraria for the cover crop-fallow system or with natural regrowth (mainly Chromolaena odorata) for the natural fallow system. Maize-cassava intercropping without a fallow period (continuous cropping) was included as a control. No fertilizer was applied throughout the experimental period. Pueraria produced 253 kg N ha−1 after the fallow period, compared with 109 kg N ha−1 for chromolaena; pueraria was also better in recycling P (11 kg P ha−1) than was chromolaena (9 kg P ha−1). Natural fallow for 1 year increased the maize yield from 75 to 350% from 1992 to 1996, and the cassava yield from 9 to 130% compared with continuous cropping. Cover crop-fallow resulted in a 22 to 72% higher maize yield than the natural fallow from 1992 to 1996. Although in 1992 and 1994 cassava tuber yield was lower with the cover crop-fallow than with the natural fallow, with better pueraria husbandry in 1996, cover crop-fallow increased the cassava tuber yield by 41%. With residue burning, the N balance was 27 kg N ha−1 yr−1 for the pueraria cover crop-fallow system and −15 kg N ha−1 yr−1 for the chromolaena natural fallow system. Cover crop-fallow maintained soil organic carbon status better than the natural fallow. Integration of a pueraria legume cover crop did not affect soil pH. Results indicate cover crop-fallow with pueraria could be a better alternative to traditional natural fallow under shortened fallow periods for raising or maintaining productivity of LAC soils of the humid tropics.",Included,
"Bradbury, J.H., Egan, S.V., Lynch, M.J.",1991,Analysis of cyanide in cassava using acid hydrolysis of cyanogenic glucosides,Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,55,2,10.1002/jsfa.2740550213,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2548/,"Guided by the results of NMR experiments on the reactivity of linamarin in alkali and acid, an acid hydrolysis method was developed for cyanide analysis in cassava. Hydrolysis in 2·0 M H2SO4 at 100°C for 50 min of a cassava extract produced cyanohydrins which rapidly decomposed to cyanide ion in alkali. Excess pH 6 buffer was added, followed by chloramine‐T and pyridine/barbituric acid (König reaction) to produce a purple solution which was measured spectrophotometrically at 583 nm. The colour intensity depended on pH and phosphate concentration, hence accurate results required similar solution conditions for KCN standards. The method gave reasonable agreement with results obtained by the use of linamarase, and adequate recoveries of added linamarin (70–95% dependent on conditions). Acid hydrolysis is cheaper than the enzymic method using linamarase, which is expensive. Also the pyridine/barbituric acid reagent used in the acid hydrolysis method is cheaper and more stable than the pyridine/pyrazolone normally used in the enzymic method. Six locally grown cultivars gave <30 mg HCN kg−1 fresh tuber, and one cultivar (SM 1–150) contained only 4 mg HCN kg−1 fresh weight. Analyses of the same cultivar grown more recently gave values of 13–27 mg HCN kg−1, showing the need for a study of the environmental factors influencing the cyanide content of cassava tubers.",Included,
"Rojas, M. C., Prez, J. C., Ceballos, H., Baena, D., Morante, N., Calle, F.",2009,Analysis of inbreeding depression in eight S1 cassava families,Crop Science,49,2,10.2135/cropsci2008.07.0419,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15308/,"Inbreeding offers numerous advantages but also presents some problems for the genetic improvement of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). One of the concerns is that inbreeding depression (ID) may be too drastic for (even partially) inbred materials to survive. A large experiment was conducted to quantify ID in cassava. S1 families from eight elite cultivars, each represented mostly by over 90 cloned genotypes, were produced and evaluated in a replicated trial at one location. The results from this evaluation allowed measurement of ID levels for key traits such as fresh root yield (63.9%), fresh foliage yield (37.9%), harvest index (26.5%), plant height (10.1%), and dry matter content in the roots (5.3%). Results also indicated (as expected) that ID, for a given trait, was not uniform among the eight families evaluated. For reasons provided in the article, the ID levels measured in this study may have been overestimated. Compared with the first experiences introducing inbreeding in temperate and tropical maize (Zea mays L.), we concluded that the use of homozygous progenitors in future cassava genetic enhancement is feasible. The average ID and frequency distributions within S1 families for different traits correlated well with the relative importance of nonadditive genetic effects controlling their inheritance as reported in the literature.",Included,
"Ndyetabula, I. L., Merumba, S. M., Jeremiah, S. C., Kasele, S., Mkamilo, G. S., Kagimbo, F. M., Legg, J. P.",2016,Analysis of Interactions Between Cassava Brown Streak Disease Symptom Types Facilitates the Determination of Varietal Responses and Yield Losses,Plant disease,100,7,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11982/,"Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD), caused by cassava brown streak viruses, is recognized as one of the most important plant disease threats to African food security. This study describes the incidence and severity of the different symptom types caused by CBSD, derived from extensive surveys in the country most severely affected by the disease Tanzania. Total plant incidence and mean root severity of CBSD, recorded from 341 farmers fields, were both greater in the Coast Zone (49.5% and 3.05), than in the Lake Zone (32.7% and 2.57). Overall, the differing incidences recorded declined in the following order total plant incidence (39.1%), plant shoot incidence (33.4%), plant root incidence (19.3%), root incidence (10.5%), and unusable root incidence (5.4%). The much lower-than-anticipated loss due to the root necrosis that is characteristic of CBSD was offset by large reductions of root number in plants expressing foliar symptoms of CBSD (15.7% in the Coast Zone and 5.5% in the Lake Zone). These data suggest that the effects of CBSD on the growth of affected plants are greater than those due to root spoilage. Based on these two factors, annual losses due to CBSD in the parts of Tanzania surveyed were estimated at >860,000 t, equivalent to more than U.S.$51 million. A novel approach to using farm-derived data on the responses of the most frequently cultivated varieties to CBSD infection allowed the grouping of the varieties into four categories, based on their relative resistance or tolerance to infection. This tool should be of value to breeders in identifying and selecting for sources of resistance or tolerance in both local and exotic germplasm, and should ultimately contribute to enhancing the management of one of Africas most damaging crop diseases.",Included,
"Nduwumuremyi, A., Melis, R., Shanahan, P., Theodore, A.",2017,Analysis of phenotypic variability for yield and quality traits within a collection of cassava (Manihot esculenta) genotypes,South African Journal of Plant and Soil,,,10.1080/02571862.2017.1354406,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11981/,"Genetic diversity is essential for crop improvement and knowledge of the genetic variability within a breeding population facilitates its future exploitation. This study examined the phenotypic and genetic variability for specific cassava key traits in a collection of 30 genotypes at five environments in Rwanda. Seventy-three percent of the variation in dry matter content (DMC) and 98% of the variation in total carotene (TC) content was explained by genotypes. The broad-sense heritability (Hbs) of TC was high (99.2%) and the predicted genetic advance (GA; %) from selection was 159.7%. The phenotypic variance coefficients for all traits were higher than the genotypic variance coefficients. The highest Hbs (%) and GA for carotenoids was an indication that conventional breeding could improve carotenoid content in cassava using simple recurrent selection. The postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD) showed significant (p &lt; 0.05) negative correlation and interrelation with TC and DMC, indicating that the high-TC and low-DMC cultivars could have delayed PPD. The higher-TC genotypes could be used to improve TC in the cassava population and consequently could contribute to the development of delayed-PPD cultivars. The results confirm that there is useful variation for key traits within the collection that could be indicative of a broad range of useful variability in natural populations, landraces and cultivars that could be exploited for breeding. 2017 Southern African Plant & Soil Sciences Committee",Included,
"Chen, Xin, Fu, Yuhua, Xia, Zhiqiang, Jie, Li, Wang, Haiyan, Lu, Cheng, Wang, Wenquan",2012,Analysis of QTL for yield-related traits in cassava using an F1 population from non-inbred parents,Euphytica,187,2,10.1007/s10681-012-0662-8,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3489/,"A cassava F1 population raised from the cross SC6Mianbao was used to construct a genetic linkage map. The map incorporated 200 polymorphic amplified fragment length polymorphism, sequence-related amplified polymorphism, simple sequence repeat (SSR), and expressed sequence tag (EST)SSR markers which fit a 11 segregation ratio. It comprised 20 linkage groups (LGs) and spanned a genetic distance of 1645.1cM with an average marker interval of 8.2cM. Fifty-seven repeatedly detected QTLs (rd-QTLs) for three phenotypic traits (fresh root yield, root dry matter content, and root starch content) were identified in the F1 population in four trials of year 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2008 by inclusive composite interval mapping. Among the 57 rd-QTLs, 25 rd-QTLs were linked to SSR/ESTSSR markers, which will help to facilitate marker-assisted selective breeding in cassava, and 15 marker intervals on ten LGs showed pleiotropic effects.",Included,
"Dung, N. V., Vien, T. D., Lam, N. T., Tuong, T. M., Cadisch, G.",2008,Analysis of the sustainability within the composite swidden agroecosystern in northern Vietnam: 1. Partial nutrient balances and recovery times of upland fields,Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,128,01-Feb,10.1016/j.agee.2008.05.004,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4818/,"Composite swiddening is defined as an agroecosystem that integrates upland rotating crop/fallow plots and downstream permanent wet rice fields into a single household resource system. Analyses of partial N, P, K nutrient balances in upland fields were followed over a 5-year period in northern Vietnam comparing two shifting cultivation intensities (4-year rice (Oryza sativa)-rice-cassava-cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), and 2-year rice-cassava cropping cycles) and a secondary forest. Nutrient inputs by forest burning, seeds, atmospheric deposition and output by erosion, runoff, leaching, rice straw burning and off-take in crop produce were determined. Burning of a 12-year fallow plot resulted in only moderate nutrient recycling via ashes and unburned plant materials (12.5, 2.8 and 29.8 kg ha(-1) of N, P, and K, respectively) but losses (off-take and atmospheric) from the field of 91, 82 and 70% of N, P, and K, respectively of nutrients contained in plant biomass. Economic yields of rice and cassava declined rapidly with successive cropping cycles. Average yearly atmospheric depositions amounted to 29, 7, and 37 kg ha(-1) of total N, P, and K, respectively. Yearly runoff and erosion (7-23 Mg ha(-1) year(-1)) were significantly higher from cropping systems than from secondary forest plots (0-3 Mg ha(-1) year(-1)). Yearly nutrient balances in the experimental upland fields were negative for total N, P, and K during the cropping period but on average positive for N (7 kg ha(-1) year(-1)) and P (4.1 kg ha(-1) year(-1)) in the secondary forest. In the more intensively managed upland fields about 139, 11, and 1600 kg ha(-1) of N, P, K, respectively were lost during 4 years of cropping, with less losses occurring in the 2-year cropping cycle. If nutrient losses from forest burning were also taken into account, the cumulative nutrient losses over 5 years were 247 N ha(-1) and 23 kg P ha(-1) in the 4-year cropping system. The main pathway of total nutrient losses was erosion during cropping cycles but runoff during fallow periods. Soil analysis confirmed declining organic matter and N contents with increasing cropping cycles and partial recovery during fallow phases. It was estimated that fallows lasting up to 37 (incl. recovery of N losses from burning) years would be needed to restore N, and up to 6 years to restore P balances. With current fallow periods being mostly substantially shorter (about 4-6 years) the negative nutrient balances and soil erosion pose a serious threat to long-term sustainability of these upland fields.",Included,
"Wechkrajang, S., Vichukit, V., Toonkool, P., Nakasathien, S.",2006,Anatomical characterization and protein profiles in adventitious and storage roots of two commercial Thai cassava varieties,Kasetsart Journal - Natural Science,40,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18816/,"Anatomical changes and protein expression patterns were examined in adventitious and storage roots of two commercial varieties of cassava grown in Thailand, namely Rayong 1 (R1) and Kasetsart 50 (KU50). Both storage and adventitious roots were harvested consecutively every 7 days after planting for a period of 9 weeks. Adventitious and storage roots were collected separately, cross-sectioned to observe anatomical changes under light microscopy. Iodine-stain, indicating starch accumulation revealed that starch accumulation started 35 days after planting in both varieties. Total protein in adventitious and storage roots were extracted in ice-cold saline buffer and analyzed for protein profile using SDS-PAGE. Similar to the anatomical changes, SDS-PAGE revealed unique protein bands in the cassava roots from 35 days after planting onward. Further analysis will be carried out to investigate and differentiate the unique protein patterns between adventitious roots and storage roots using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis technique.",Included,
"Jos, Teixeira, Aldo, Silva, da, Erika, Valente, Medeiros, de, Jssica, Morais, Silva, da, Dyana, A., de, Tenrio, Keila, Aparecida, Moreira, Talita, Evaristo, Camila, Nascimento, da Silva, Cristina, Souza-Motta",2017,Antagonistic activity of Trichoderma spp. against Scytalidium lignicola CMM 1098 and antioxidant enzymatic activity in cassava,Phytoparasitica,45,2,10.1007/s12600-017-0578-x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8401/,"Trichoderma spp. are used as antagonists against different pathogens. Despite many possibilities of using Trichoderma as an antagonist, there are gaps in the knowledge of the interaction between Trichoderma, cassava and Scytalidium lignicola. This fungus causes cassava black root rot and is an inhabitant of the soil, so it is difficult to control. Antagonists may contribute to the possible induction of resistance of plants because, when exposed to such pathosystems, plants respond by producing antioxidative enzymes. The test for potential inhibition of growth of S. lignicola CMM 1098 in vitro was performed in potato-dextrose-agar with two Trichoderma strains T. harzianum URM3086 and T. aureoviride URM 5158. We evaluated the effect of the two selected Trichoderma to reduce the severity of cassava black root rot and shoots. Subsequently, the production of enzymes (ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase) was evaluated in cassava plants. All two Trichoderma strains show an inhibition of the growth of S. lignicola CMM 1098. The most efficient was T. harzianum URM 3086, with 80.78% of mycelial growth inhibition. T. aureoviride URM 5158 was considered the best chitinase producer. All treatments were effective in reducing severity, especially treatments using Trichoderma. Cassava plants treated with T. aureoviride URM 5158 had the highest enzyme activity, especially peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase. Trichoderma harzianum URM3086 and Trichoderma aureoviride URM 5158 were effective in reducing the severity of cassava black root rot caused by S. lignicola CMM 1098.",Included,
"Wobeto, C., Correa, A. D., de Abreu, C. M. P., dos Santos, C. D., Pereira, H. V.",2007,Antinutrients in the cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaf powder at three ages of the plant,Ciencia E Tecnologia De Alimentos,27,1,10.1590/S0101-20612007000100019,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19030/,"In Brazil, the cassava leaf meal (CLM) has been used to strive against undernourishment because it is a high source of vitamins and minerals. However, the wide variation in the chemical composition of the different cultivars, as well as their antinutritional substances may be a restriction to their uses. The levels of some antinutrients in CLM from five cultivars at three ages of the plant (TAP) were investigated, in order to select the cultivars and plant ages that would be more appropriate for human consumption. The lowest contents of antinutrients were observed in the 12-month old plants, except for nitrate and hemagglutinin from which the lowest contents were found for the 17 month old ones. The cultivar IAC 289-70 had the lowest antinutrient levels, except for saponin and oxalate. Thus, the cultivar LAC 289-70 at 12 months is the most appropriate for human consumption.",Included,
"Tertuliano, M., Dossougbete, S., Leru, B.",1993,Antixenotic and antibiotic components of resistance to the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) in various host-plants,Insect Science and Its Application,14,05-Jun,10.1017/S1742758400018087,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17506/,"Antixenotic and antibiotic components of resistance to the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matt. Ferr. were evaluated in different varieties of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), in Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Wild), Talinum (Talinum triangulare Jack) and Faux-caoutchouc (hybrid of M. esculenta and M. glaziovii Mull. Arg.). Resistance, was estimated in the field on 25 varieties of cassava by means of varietal screening. Although we were unable to identify varieties of cassava totally resistant to P. manihoti, there was evidence of partial resistances. Thus the Incoza variety is the most resistant. followed by the Moudouma and Zanaga varieties. On the other hand we found very susceptible varieties, such as Dikonda, Kataoli, 3M8 and 1M20. Laboratory evaluations of the antibiotic component of resistance, made by estimating the intrinsic capacity for increase r(c), showed that the host-plants have a considerable effect on the multiplying capacity of the mealybug. Indeed r(c) ranges from 0.038 (Poinsettia) to 0.160 (Ganfo cassava variety), i.e. a ratio of 1 to 4 between the two extreme values. If the cassava varieties alone are considered, the percentage of maximum variation is 20 % between the Incoza (r(c) = 0.133) and Ganfo (r(c) = 0.160) varieties. The Incoza cassava variety is the most resistant, in terms of both antixenosis and antibiosis. Classification of the other cassava varieties, from the most to the least resistant, differs according to the resistant component under consideration. Poinsettia and Talinum both have a very strong antixenotic component, but their antibiotic component differs (r(c) = 0.038 and 0.150 respectively). Our results suggest that the resistance mechanisms of the host-plants of P. manihoti intervening in the fixation of the pest (antixenosis), are different from those acting on the development of the mealybug (antibiosis). We established significant correlations between the size of the mealybugs and their demographic characteristics for all the plants studied the duration of the prereproductive period is shorter and the net reproduction rate is higher when the mealybugs are large-sized. These results are discussed in the context of an integrated monitoring programme.",Included,
"Delabie, J. H. C., Crghino, R., Groc, S., Dejean, A., Gibernau, M., Corbara, B., Dejean, A.",2009,Ants as biological indicators of Wayana Amerindian land use in French Guiana,Comptes Rendus - Biologies,332,7,10.1016/j.crvi.2009.01.006,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4460/,We examined the ecological impact of traditional land use by Wayana Amerindians in French Guiana using ants as bio-indicators. Ants were sampled through a rapid assessment method and the core results analyzed using Kohonen's self-organizing maps (SOM). Our sample sites included (1) a Wayana village; (2) a cassava plantation; (3) an abandoned cassava plantation; (4) a forest fragment near the village; (5) a riparian forest; and (6) a primary terra firma forest. The ant diversity decreases according to the degree to which the habitat is disturbed. The SOM allowed us to compare the ecological succession between the six habitats. The protocol used is robust since the same conclusions were drawn using partial data.,Included,
"Wilson, W. M., O'Brien, G. M., Dufour, D. L.",2000,Application of a picrate semi-quantitative screening assay for the cyanogenic potential of cassava roots at a remote field site,Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,80,5,10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(200004)80:5<590::AID-JSFA577>3.0.CO;2-J,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18999/,"The purpose of this research was to test the accuracy of the picrate screening assay (PSA) in the evaluation of the cyanogenic potential of cassava roots at a remote field site under conditions of unusual difficulty. To do this, a PSA was conducted in the field and compared to data collected previously on five of the same cassava varieties using the Cooke colorimetric enzymic assay. PSA data were collected for 10 different cassava varieties in the Tukanoan Indian village of Yapu in the Colombian Amazon region. The PSA results agree with Tukanoan classifications of cassava; that is, those classified as 'sweet' by the Tukanoans generally had low-to-moderate parenchymal cyanogenic potential (0-50 mgkg-1 fwb of HCN), while those that they classify as 'bitter' had high parenchymal, cyanogenic potential ( 100 mgkg-1 fwb of HCN). The PSA results also agree with the data collected using the Cooke colorimetric enzymic assay. The data suggest that the PSA is an appropriate test of the cyanogenic potential of cassava roots in remote field sites.",Included,
"Afoakwa, Emmanuel Ohene , Budu, Agnes Simpson, Asiedu, Clement, Chiwona-Karltun, Linley, Nyirenda, Drinah B",2011,Application of Multivariate Techniques for Characterizing Composition of Starches and Sugars in Six High Yielding CMD Resistant Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Varieties,Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences,1,4,10.4172/2155-9600.1000111,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12770/,"High yielding and cassava mosaic disease (CMD) resistant cassava varieties have been developed by the Crop Research Institute of Ghana with varying compositions and concentrations of starches and sugars. This study characterized four of these improved cassava varieties (Ampong, Broni bankye, Sika and Otuhia) together with two traditional varieties (Amakuma and Bankye fitaa) for their composition of starches and sugars using principal component and cluster analyses. The concentration of total sugars, reducing and non-reducing sugars, sucrose, starches, amylose and amylopectin were determined using standard analytical methods. Results obtained were total sugar (4.04-18.47%), non-reducing sugar (2.08-16.21%), sucrose (1.98-15.40%), starch (15.39-31.07%) and amylose (30.57-40.33%) and these were significantly different (p < 0.05) amongst the studied cassava varieties. The improved varieties (Ampong, Broni bankye, Sika and Otuhia) had high total sugar levels ranging from 7.19 to 18.47 %. With the exception of Broni bankye (improved variety) all the improved and traditional varieties were high starch and amylose containing varieties. These differences in the biochemical composition of the traditional and improved cassava varieties could be used in their selection for specific food and industrial processing applications.",Included,
"Iulianelli, Gisele C. V., Tavares, Maria Inês B.",2016,Application of solid-state NMR spectroscopy to evaluate cassava genotypes,Journal of Food Composition and Analysis,48,,10.1016/j.jfca.2016.02.009,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7942/,"Cassava is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia and Latin America and is the third most important source of calories in the tropics, after rice and maize. Cassava is mainly composed of starch, fibre, proteins, lipids and essential minerals. However, the nutrient composition differs according to the variety. Despite the large number of cassava genotypes, studies involving both chemical composition and structural aspects through molecular dynamic behaviour are scarce. The present study investigated six cassava genotypes with respect to chemical composition and molecular dynamic behaviour, employing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The samples were characterized by high-field NMR and low-field NMR techniques, namely cross-polarization magic-angle spinning, variable contact time, proton spin-lattice relaxation time in rotating frame, spin-spin relaxation time and NMR measurements of lipid fraction. The combined use of solid-state NMR techniques was shown to be a powerful tool for characterizing foods such as cassava. The main results revealed that the six cassava genotypes differ in the chemical composition of the starch, as well as the minor components, such as fibre and oil. These differences influence structural aspects; thus changes in the molecular dynamic behaviour can be observed.",Included,
"Zimmer, J. S., Ferreira, S. D., Ramella, J. R., Rodrigues-Costa, A. C. P., Costa, N. V.",2015,Application of sulfentrazone in stages of germination of IAC 90 cassava cuttings in clay soils and sandy,Planta Daninha,33,2,10.1590/0100-83582015000200016,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/20105/,"Weeds interfere dramatically in the productive potential of cassava; however, information regarding herbicides that are selective to crops is still scarce. Thus, the aim in this study was to assess the initial growth of IAC 90 cassava plants after the application of sulfentrazone at different stages of germination of cassava in clayey and sandy soils. Three experiments were simultaneously deployed the first experiment consisted in the application of sulfentrazone in the non-germinated stage of cassava cuttings; the second one in the stage of germinated cassavas cuttings (0.9 cm shoots); and the third one in applications in the stage of cassava cuttings with buds emerging (6.5 cm shoots and emerging from the soil). For each experiment the experimental design in randomized blocks was used in the 2 x 5 factorial arrangement with four replications. The factors were composed of two soils (sandy and clayey) and five doses of sulfentrazone (0, 250, 500, 750 and 1,000 g ha-1). It was found that depending on the herbicide dose, development stage of the buds of cassava cuttings and the type of soil, damage can occur in the initial development of the IAC 90 cassava plants. The greatest potential of sulfentrazone selectivity has occurred in applications in the non-germinated cassava cuttings stage and in doses lower than 500 g ha-1 in the clayey soil.",Included,
"Tucker, B.",2007,"Applying behavioral ecology and behavioral economics to conservation and development planning An example from the Mikea Forest, Madagascar",Human Nature,18,3,10.1007/s12110-007-9017-x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17955/,"Governments and non-govermental organizations (NGOs) that plan projects to conserve the environment and alleviate poverty often attempt to modify rural livelihoods by halting activities they judge to be destructive or inefficient and encouraging alternatives. Project planners typically do so without understanding how rural people themselves judge the value of their activities. When the alternatives planners recommend do not replace the value of banned activities, alternatives are unlikely to be adopted, and local people will refuse to participate. Human behavioral ecology and behavioral economics may provide useful tools for generating and evaluating hypotheses for how people value economic activities in their portfolios and potential alternatives. This is demonstrated with a case example from southwestern Madagascar, where plans to create a Mikea Forest National Park began with the elimination of slash-and-burn maize agriculture and the encouragement to plant labor-intensive manioc instead. Future park plans could restrict access to wild tuber patches, hunting small game, and fishing. The value of these activities is considered using observational data informed by optimal foraging theory, and experimental data describing people's time preference and covariation perception. Analyses suggest that manioc is not a suitable replacement for maize for many Mikea because the two crops differ in terms of labor requirements, delay-to-reward, and covariation with rainfall. Park planners should promote wild tuber foraging and stewardship of tuber patches and the anthropogenic landscapes in which they are found. To conserve small game, planners must provide alternative sources of protein and cash. Little effort should be spent protecting lemurs, as they are rarely eaten and never sold.",Included,
"Straker, C. J., Hilditch, A. J., Rey, M. E. C.",2010,Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in South Africa,South African Journal of Botany,76,1,10.1016/j.sajb.2009.09.005,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16934/,"The rhizospheres of cassava (Manihot esculenta) plants growing in Limpopo and Mpumulanga provinces in South Africa were sampled for the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The two provinces corresponded to high input commercial and low input subsistence agricultural soils, respectively. The Limpopo soils yielded Acaulospora scrobiculata, Glomus rubiforme and Gigaspora sp.1 whereas the Mpumulanga soils yielded Acaulospora scrobiculata, Acaulospora mellea, Acaulospora tuberculata, Glomus etunicatum, Glomus rubiforme, Gigaspora sp. 2 and Scutellospora sp., a total of eight species. The higher diversity in the Mpumulanga sites corresponded with lower soil nitrogen and total and available phosphorus levels. Descriptions of the species are given and the results are discussed in relation to AMF diversity found in other parts of Africa.",Included,
"Carretero, C.L., Cantos, M., Garcia, J.L., Azcon, R., Troncoso, A.",2008,Arbuscular-Mycorrhizal Contributes to Alleviation of Salt Damage in Cassava Clones,Journal of Plant Nutrition,31,,10.1080/01904160802043296,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3060/,"This study determined how arbuscular-mycorrhizal (AM) colonization by Glomus intraradices affected plant biomass and salt tolerance (in terms of growth) of three cassava clones (SOM-1, 05, and 50). Survival, root, stem and leaf production, and nutrient accumulation were determined in AM-inoculated and non-inoculated cassava clones under a range of sodium chloride (NaCl) levels (0, 68.4, or 136.8 mM) in the medium. The AM colonization stimulated plant growth and increased survival at 136.8 mM of salt. Clone SOM-1 showed to be the most salt tolerant of the three clones tested. G. intraradices-inoculation was important not only for growth promotion, but also played a crucial role in protecting cassava clones against salt (particularly the most salt sensitive clones). Mycorrhizal clones growing under 136.8 mM of NaCl showed greater dry weight than non-mycorrhizal clones growing without salt. Results show that AM-colonization provides a biological mechanism by which cassava clones increased plant biomass and salt tolerance being required for the best cassava clone development under non-stress and stress conditions.",Included,
"De Moura, F. F., Palmer, A. C., Finkelstein, J. L., Haas, J. D., Murray-Kolb, L. E., Wenger, M. J., Birol, E., Boy, E., Pea-Rosas, J. P.",2014,Are biofortified staple food crops improving vitamin A and iron status in women and children? New evidence from efficacy trials,Advances in Nutrition,5,5,10.3945/an.114.006627,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4390/,"Biofortification is the breeding of crops to increase their nutritional value, including increased contents of micronutrients or their precursors. Biofortification aims to increase nutrient levels in crops during plant growth rather than during processing of the crops into foods. Emerging research from 8 human trials conducted in the past decade with staple food crops that have been biofortified by traditional plant breeding methods were presented in this symposium. Specifically, data from 6 efficacy and 2 effectiveness trials were discussed to assess the effects of regular consumption of these enhanced staple crops on improving population vitamin A and iron status and reducing the burden of micronutrient deficiencies in targeted populations living in South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America. Biofortified food crops appear to have a positive impact on nutritional and functional health outcomes, as the results from the trials suggest. Additional implementation research will be needed to ensure maximization of the beneficial impact of this intervention and a smooth scaling up to make biofortification a sustainable intervention in public health. The challenge for the global health community remains how to take this efficacious intervention and implement at large scale in the real world.",Included,
"Wei, Maogui, Zhu, Wanbin, Xie, Guanghui, Lestander,  Torbjörn A., Wang, Jishi, Xiong, Shaojun",2014,"Ash Composition in Cassava Stems Originating from Different Locations, Varieties, and Harvest Times",Energy Fuels,28,8,10.1021/ef5009693,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18836/,"The influence of growth location, variety, and harvest time on ash composition and calorific value of cassava stems was evaluated using 180 samples from a full factorial-designed experiment (three locations three varieties five harvest times) in Guangxi, China. The calorific value of cassava stems showed only small variations (<3%). However, the ash content and ash-forming elements, such as P, Cl, S, K, Ca, and Mg, varied significantly with location, variety, and harvest time. A ternary diagram analysis of major elements indicated cassava stems had rather high ash-fusion temperatures (>1500 C), which was consistent with our published results18,19 and suggested limited sintering during combustion, if any. K and Cl contents varied the most and did so significantly between locations (growth environments), which was attributed to differences in soil composition. On the basis of theoretical and empirical indices of molar ratios, cassava stems across all treatments generally exhibited a risk of particle emissions when combusted but stems from one location (Heng) could have much better combustion behavior than those from others in terms of slagging and corrosive Cl-rich deposit tendencies indicated by the indices K/(Ca + Mg) and combinations of S/Cl and Cl/(K + Na), respectively. Stems from Wuming showed a higher risk for the induction of particle emission, according to the index (K + Na + Ca + Mg)/(P + Si), while biomass from Longan and the variety Xinxuan048 tended to show risk of forming corrosive Cl-rich deposits.",Included,
"Feleke, S., Manyong, V., Abdoulaye, T., Alene, A. D.",2016,Assessing the impacts of cassava technology on poverty reduction in Africa,Studies in Agricultural Economics,118,2,10.7896/j.1612,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5615/,"In Africa, there have been successes in cassava research in terms of the development of production technologies, particularly improved varieties with high yield potential. The study addresses the question of whether and to what extent adoption of improved cassava varieties has led to rural poverty reduction in four African countries, namely Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sierra Leone and Zambia. Data for the study come from a household survey conducted in the above-mentioned countries through a multinational-CGIAR support to agricultural research for development of strategic crops (SARD-SC) project in Africa. Given the observational nature of the data, a parametric approach (endogenous switching regression model) is applied. The results indicate that the model detects selectivity bias. Accounting for the bias, we find that adoption of cassava technology has resulted in an approximately 10 percentage point reduction in the poverty rate. Given an adoption rate of 34 per cent and a 10 percentage point reduction in the poverty rate, an estimated 24,309 households (equivalent to 194,469 individuals) have managed to move out of poverty in these four countries as a result of adoption of the technology. We also find that adoption of the technology has benefitted non-poor and female-headed households, relative to poor and male-headed households. The results present important evidence in favour of promoting cassava technology in a targeted fashion as part of an effective poverty reduction and sustained agricultural growth strategy in Africa. Considering the large realised and even more pronounced potential impacts of the adoption of cassava technology on poverty reduction, it is vital that regional and global development organisations should continue supporting the existing cassava improvement programme to sustain the technology development efforts in the continent.",Included,
"Mtunguja, M. K., Thitisaksakul, M., Muzanila, Y. C., Wansuksri, R., Piyachomkwan, K., Laswai, H. S., Chen, G., Shoemaker, C. F., Sinha, N., Beckles, D. M.",2016,"Assessing variation in physicochemical, structural, and functional properties of root starches from novel Tanzanian cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) landraces",Starch/Staerke,68,05-Jun,10.1002/star.201500179,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11471/,"Cassava is an ideal ""climate change"" crop valued for its efficient production of root starch. Here, the physicochemical properties and functionality of starches isolated from six cassava landraces were explored to determine how they varied from each other and from those previously described, and how they may be potentially used as value-added foods and biomaterials. Among genotypes, the parameters assayed showed a narrower range of values compared to published data, perhaps indicating a local preference for a certain cassava-type. Dry matter (30-39%), amylose (11-19%), starch (74-80%), and reducing sugar contents (1-3%) differed most among samples (p 0.05). Only one of the six genotypes differed in starch crystallinity (41.4%; while the data ranged from 36.0 to 37.9%), and mean starch granule particle size, (12.5 m instead of 13.09-13.80 m), while amylopectin glucan chain distribution and granule morphology were the same. In contrast, the starch functionality features measured swelling power, solubility, syneresis, and digestibility differed among genotypes (p 0.05). This was supported by partial least square discriminant analysis, which highlighted the divergence among the cassavas based on starch functionality. Using these data, suggestions for the targeted uses of these starches in diverse industries were proposed.",Included,
"McQuate, Grant T.",2011,"Assessment of attractiveness of cassava as a roosting plant for the melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae, and the Oriental fruit fly, B. dorsalis",Journal of Insect Science,11,30,10.1673/031.011.0130,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10959/,"Application of bait spray to crop borders is a standard approach for suppression of melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera Tephritidae) populations and may also be of value for suppression of oriental fruit fly, B. dorsalis (Hendel) populations. Establishment of preferred roosting hosts as crop borders may help to improve suppression of both fruit fly species by providing sites for bait spray applications. In an area-wide B. cucurbitae suppression trial, the question was raised as to whether cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiales Euphorbiaceae), could be used as a B. cucurbitae roosting host. M. esculenta was of interest as a roosting host because, in contrast to many other identified preferred roosting hosts, it would also be a crop potentially increasing the productivity of the crop production system overall. As a short-lived and shrubby perennial, M. esculenta potentially constitutes a crop with more persistent roosting foliage than an annual crop such as corn, Zea mays L. (Cyperales Poaceae), that has often been planted as a roosting host for B. cucurbitae control. Using protein-baited traps set amidst potted plants placed adjacent to a papaya Carica papaya L. (Violales Caricaceae) orchard known to have established populations of B. cucurbitae and B. dorsalis, the effectiveness of M. esculenta as a roosting host was assessed by comparing its attractiveness to that of castor bean, Ricinus communis L (Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae), previously identified as one of the most attractive roosting hosts for B. cucurbitae, and to corn, a crop which has been planted as a roosting host for help in B. cucurbitae control. The results showed that use of M. esculenta as a roosting host is comparable to use of R. communis by both B. cucurbitae and B. dorsalis. These results provide encouragement to incorporate M. esculenta on a farm as a trap crop (i.e. site for bait spray application). This has the advantage of having the trap crop be a crop on its own (as opposed to castor bean) and, among prospective crops that could be used as a trap crop, has foliage more persistent than an annual trap crop such as corn.",Included,
"A., P., Agre, R., Bhattacharjee, A., Dansi, L., A., Lopez-Lavalle, Becerra, M., Dansi, A., Sanni",2017,"Assessment of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) diversity, loss of landraces and farmers preference criteria in southern Benin using farmers participatory approach",,v. 64 (2,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/77/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is one of the highly produced and consumed food crops in Benin Republic. Through the application of participatory research appraisal tools and techniques, such as direct observations, group discussions and field visit, cassava production constraints, the diversity at the community level and farmers varieties preference criteria were assessed in southern Benin. Base on national statistic cassava production fifty five (55) villages were selected and surveyed in the southern Benin. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data collected. About 11 constraints were listed by farmers, and the most important were low productivity, low post-maturity underground storage capacity of the roots of some cultivars, viral disease (cassava mosaic disease), susceptibility to high soil moisture, and lack of early maturing cultivars, which together accounted for 68.02% of the total responses. Additionally, a total of 125 existing landraces were recorded. The distribution and extent pattern revealed 59 elites cultivars (cultivated by many households and on large areas) that were further grouped into 23 categories based on their agronomic, technological and culinary characteristics. In most of the villages, the farmers perception of cultivar loss was based on abandonment of some cultivars due to their poor agronomic (69.12% of responses) and culinary and/or technological attributes (30.88% of responses). Within the existing diversity, cultivar choice or preferences are based on 22 culinary, technological, agronomic and economic criteria and their importance vary across the different department. Among these criteria, the most important were high productivity, good quality of the gari, early maturity and good friability accounted together for 48.12% of the total responses. The presence of duplicates or synonyms was also observed and it is suggested that both morphological and molecular characterization and classification be carried out for better identification of cultivars.",Included,
"Oyolu, C.",1981,Assessment of cassava cultivars for extension work,"Tropical root crops: Research strategies for the 1980s proceedings of the first triennial root crops symposium of the international society for tropical root crops Africa branch, 8-12 September 1980, Ibadan, Nigeria",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13546/,"The vegetative qualities of TMX 30395 and Nwugo cassava cultivars planted in November 1978 were observed, and the root and gari yields determined when the plants were 12 months old. TMX 30395 was free of any disease symptoms and produced a close canopy that completely covered the ground at a spacing of 1 x 1 m by the time the crop was 6-7 months old. Nwugo had less than 10% CBB infection and the canopy was not as close as that of TMX 30395. TMX 30395 yielded more roots than did Nwugo with calculated yield of 21.4 t/ha against 17.8 t/ha. It also had thinner peel but higher lignification than did Nwugo. The lignification of TMX 30395 ultimately lowered the amount of gari that could be produced from this cultivar. The result spotlights the importance of assessing not only the disease resistance or tolerance and root yield but also the extraction rate of the directly consumable product of cassava roots before cassava cultivars are considered suitable to be released for extension work.",Included,
"Banito, A., Kpemoua, K. E., Bissang, B., Wydra, K.",2010,Assessment of Cassava Root and Stem Rots in Ecozones of Togo and Evaluation of the Pathogen Virulence,Pakistan Journal of Botany,42,3,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1873/,"Among the diseases of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), root and stem rots are important in different ecozones of West Africa. This study on the prevalence of cassava root and stem rot diseases was carried out in forest and wet savanna ecozones of Togo and the causing pathogens were isolated, identified and pathologically characterized. Cassava rots were found in both the ecozones, but were more frequently observed in the forest than in the wet savanna zone. A total of 39 fungal strains were isolated from diseased root and stem samples collected from cassava fields. Botryodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium sp., Sclerotium rolfsii and Pythium sp. were the fungi isolated from the rotted cassava roots and stems. B. theobromae was the most frequently isolated fungus (51.3% of the isolated root rot pathogens), followed by Fusarium sp. (33.3% of the isolates), while S. rolfsii and Pythium sp., were less frequently found. Virulence tests on cassava stem cuttings and on cassava roots of field plants revealed only B. theobromae strains extremely virulent when inoculated into stem cuttings, whereas most of the fungi were highly virulent when inoculated into both cassava stem cuttings and roots of field plants, except S. rolfsii strains, which were less virulent when inoculated into stem cuttings. A pathogenic specialization of strains for roots or stems seemed to occur.",Included,
"Nnaji, J. C., Iwe, C. K.",2015,"Assessment of heavy metal contamination of agricultural soils and cassava leaves along Umuahia - Ikot-Ekpene Highway, Abia State","Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences",6,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12253/,"The study was conducted to determine the contamination of soils and cassava (Manihot esculentus) leaves by heavy metals from automobile sources within Umuahia-Umudike-Ndoro axis of Umuahia-Ikot-Ekpene Federal Highway, Abia State. The concentrations of Cr, Fe and Pb were determined using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS) technique. Samples of soil and cassava leaves were collected from sites located at a maximum of 5-16 m from the highway while control samples were collected on sites located 480-550 m from the highway. Mean Pb contents in roadside and control soil samples had ranges of 0.31-0.66 and 0.28 -0.36 mg/kg, respectively. Mean Cr and Fe concentrations in roadside soil samples had ranges of 0.20 -0.62 and 260.10 - 365.21 mg/kg, respectively. Range of values for mean Cr and Fe concentrations in the control samples were; 0.12 - 0.29 and 118.39 - 160.70 mg/kg, respectively. Ranges for mean Pb, Cr and Fe concentrations in roadside cassava leaf samples were 0.20 - 0.39, 0.01 - 0.12 and 4.33 -27.80 mg/kg, respectively while the control leaf samples had 0.10 - 0.17 and 4.11 - 5.86 mg/kg as range of values for Pb and Fe concentrations, respectively. Cr was not detected in control leaf samples. Fe concentrations in agricultural soil and cassava leaf samples from all the sites were significantly higher (P<0.05) than the concentrations of other heavy metals. There were significantly higher (P<0.05) levels of Pb, Cr and Fe in roadside soil and cassava samples compared to control samples. Metal levels in both soil and cassava leaf samples were lower than UNEP/BMFT and FAO/WHO recommended limits, respectively.",Included,
"Lojka, B., Krausov, J., Kubík, S., Polesný, Z.",2011,Assessment of insect biological diversity in various land use systems in the Peruvian Amazon,"Amazon Basin Plant Life, Wildlife and Environment",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10047/,"The Amazonian rain forest forms one of the most precious ecosystems and provides a habitat for more than 50% of described plant and animal species. This unique ecosystem is highly disturbed by human activities, which causes biodiversity losses. Biodiversity monitoring and conservation are among the most important roles in tropical environment protection. This study is focused on the assessment of species diversity and species richness in various land use systems around the city of Pucallpa in the Peruvian Amazon. The biodiversity indicative group class Insecta was chosen. Insects were collected in six localities (a secondary forest, two types of agroforestry systems, a cassava monoculture and two deforested and degraded sites covered by weed vegetation) using 24h-pitfall traps and sweeping net. Our presumptions were that the species richness and diversity of secondary forest and agroforestry systems are higher than in monoculture cropping and degraded sites. We also supposed that in secondary forest and agroforestry systems there are fewer pest species. The insect morphological species were determined and data evaluated according to standard methods and indexes. Our hypotheses were fully confirmed by our study, excluding the biodiversity indexes. The species richness was highest in the secondary forest and agroforestry, but the values for biodiversity index were highest in the secondary forest and, surprisingly, on degraded sites. The lowest values for biodiversity index were calculated for both agroforestry systems. The values were probably distorted by the dry season and higher occurrence of antropo-tolerant and pest species on degraded soils. Those species can survive the dry season without high losses and also produce more generations. According to the index of similarity, the species composition of secondary forest is highly similar to the agroforestry systems. The composition of ant species is also helping to control the pest in the agroforestry systems. Based on our results, we conclude that agroforestry systems can form an insect species reservoir after forest disturbation, which is very important for overall biodiversity conservation. 2010 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.",Included,
"Onyeka, T.J., Dixon, A.G.O., Ekpo, E.J.A.",2005,Assessment of laboratory methods for evaluating cassava genotypes for resistance to root rot disease,Mycopathologia,159,3,10.1007/s11046-004-6156-z,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13257/,"Field evaluation of six cassava genotypes for resistance to root rot disease was compared with three rapid laboratory methods (whole root inoculation, root slice inoculation, and stem inoculation) for resistance screening. Both the field evaluation and the three laboratory methods separated the varieties into resistant and susceptible groups. Genotypes 30572 and 91/02324 were resistant while 92/0247, 92/0057 and TME-1 were susceptible. One genotype (30001) was not consistent in its reaction between field evaluation and laboratory assays. In the laboratory assays with three fungal pathogens, different pathogens varied in their levels of virulence on host genotypes. With the most virulent pathogen (Botryodiplodia theobromae), the majority of the genotypes reacted in the same way across trials with the root slice and whole root assays. Due to the good correlation between the whole root assay and the field results, we recommend this for the routine assessment of cassava resistance to root rot disease and for the analysis of virulence of pathogen isolates. However, because of the advantages in terms of economy of labour, space, time, quantity of root and inoculum required, the root slice assay could be used for the preliminary screening of large cassava accessions. The selected genotypes can then be further screened with the whole root inoculation method.",Included,
"Gnahoua, J. B. G., Ettien, D. J. B., N'Zue, B., De Neve, S., Boeckx, P.",2016,Assessment of low-input technologies to improve productivity of early harvested cassava in Côte d’Ivoire,Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems,40,9,10.1080/21683565.2016.1209610,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6344/,"In Côte d’Ivoire, smallholder farmers cultivate cassava on poor, highly weathered soils without improved varieties or fertilizer inputs. Land pressure combined with high demand result in premature harvests and low yields. Furthermore, subsistence agriculture limits the adoption of input-intensive technologies. This study aimed at identifying integrated soil fertility management systems for increasing cassava productivity and profitability in two locations in southern Côte d’Ivoire. The integrated technical interventions included improved cassava genotypes and modified spacing, legume intercropping, and application of fertilizer at moderate doses. Overall, an improved cassava variety (Yavo) generally out-yielded the other varieties at both sites. Legumes performed better at the higher soil fertility site and gave higher grain yield and biological nitrogen fixation in a 2 × 0.5 m cassava spacing compared to 1 × 1 m. The response of cassava to nutrient amendments varied between sites, suggesting the need for site-specific adaptations. Fertilizer application was essential to avoid cassava yield reduction upon legume intercropping as a result of competition for nutrients and N immobilization and delayed re-mineralization of legume residues. Growing legumes, however, substantially increased profitability. Hence, better synchronization of legume sowing, legume residue and fertilizer application in relation to cassava growth phases is needed.",Included,
"Banito, A., Verdier, V., Kpemoua, K. E., Wydra, K.",2007,Assessment of major cassava diseases in Togo in relation to agronomic and environmental characteristics in a systems approach,African Journal of Agricultural Research,2,9,10.5897/AJAR,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1870/,"A cassava disease survey was conducted in four agroecological zones of Togo. High incidences of cassava bacterial blight, cassava mosaic disease and cercosporioses were observed across ecozones, while anthracnose disease was rare. Bacterial blight field incidences of 90.5% in the dry savanna zone, 70% in the forest savanna transition zone, 64% in the wet savanna zone and 52.6% in the forest zone, were recorded, with plant incidences ranging from 27.4% in the forest zone to 72.7% in the dry savanna zone. Mosaic disease field incidences were nearly 100% in all the ecozones and high plant incidences up to 86.9% were found. Cercospora leaf diseases - brown leaf spot, blight leaf spot and white leaf spot - occurred in all the ecozones with incidences ranging from 68 to 100%. Negative correlations between bacterial blight and mosaic disease, and between mosaic disease and white leaf spot were found, while brown leaf spot and blight leaf spot, brown leaf spot and white leaf spot, and blight leaf spot and white leaf spot were positively correlated. Field incidence of bacterial blight was positively correlated with plant age, ecozones - higher severity in dryer ecozones (P < 0.01), and weed density (P < 0.05). Further significant, but negative correlations occurred between bacterial blight and cercospora brown leaf spot on the other hand and vegetation type in the surroundings field (number of trees) (P < 0.05). Cercospora brown leaf spot was also significantly negatively associated with the number of crops in a field (intercropping) (P < 0.05), and Cercospora white leaf spot with sandy soils (P < 0.01). Results indicate that agroecological factors such as ecozone, plant age, weed density, vegetation type, intercropping and soil type and moisture influence disease occurrence and should be considered when developing integrated control measures.",Included,
"Sumithra, R., Thushyanthy, M., Srivaratharasan, T.",2013,Assessment of soil loss and nutrient depletion due to cassava harvesting: A case study from low input traditional agriculture,International Soil and Water Conservation Research,1,2,10.1016/S2095-6339(15)30041-1,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17073/,"Cassava is a major food crop for farmers and especially small holder farmers and cultivated under low input other than the irrigation. It is cultivated as mono crop or intercrop at early stage and cultivating throughout the year. It is harvested carefully because of cyanogenic glucosides and consumed with in day. Easy and un-damageable uprooting of the tuber mainly depends on soil moisture, texture and agronomic practices. The study was focused with the objectives of the assessment of soil loss due to the harvesting of cassava roots tubers under low input agriculture, and to estimate the amount of plant nutrients loss due to crop harvest for cassava. Also the observation was made the correlation between the soil loss and physical characters of the tuber, soil texture and agronomic practices. Average plant specific soil loss due to crop harvesting was 80. 7 g root1 and crop specific soil loss due to crop harvesting was 7. 64 kg ha1 harvest1 loss in Valliagmam area in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Soil moisture content at harvesting time was a significant factor that explained the variations in the soil lost at cassava harvesting. Soil moisture has linear positive relationship with average plant specific soil loss due to crop harvesting. Soil nutrient loss during cassava harvesting by removal of adhering soil with root tuber was 1. 15 kg of N, 1. 99 kg of P and 2. 91 kg of K ha1 harvest1. Application of fertilizer is important since considerable amount nutrient loss was observed due to soil loss due to crop harvest.",Included,
"Eze, S. O., Azubuike, A.",2010,Assessment of the physicochemical properties and applications of some cassava varieties,Research Journal of Applied Sciences,5,4,10.3923/rjasci.2010.309.314,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5355/,"Sequel to the importance of cassava as a staple food for many and a source of starch and gums with widening applications in many domestic and in industrial operations, the physico-chemical assessment and applications of some common cassava varieties Manihot esculenta (T. MS 3055), Manihot esculenta (T. MS 30572) and Manihot utilissima (tree cassava) were undertaken. Results were obtained for percentage starch yield, fat content, ash, moisture and amylose content of the cassava varieties using standard methods. Gums produced from the starch of the three varieties were examined for adhesive strength and drying time and compared with commercial gums as standard. The results show that manihot utilissima showed better industrial potentials than the other two varieties T.MS 3055 and T.MS 30572 which gave better nutritive value indices.",Included,
"Agahiu, A. E., Udensi, U. E., Tarawali, G., Okoye, B. C., Ogbuji, R. O., Baiyeri, K. P.",2011,Assessment of weed management strategies and intercrop combinations on cassava yield in the middle belt of Nigeria,African Journal of Agricultural Research,6,26,10.5897/AJAR11.428,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/474/,"This study assessed the determinants of weed management strategies on yield of cassava in Kogi State, Nigeria using the ordinary least square regression analysis. A multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 450 cassava farmers in the state in 2009. The result showed that there was a significant difference in the yield of cassava between plots applied with herbicides and plots without herbicide application. The common herbicides used by the farmers were Primextra Gold(Atrazine 370 g + S-metolachlor 290 g per litre), Galex (Metobromuron 250 g + Metolachlor 250 g per litre), Cotoran multi 500EC (Fluometuron 250 g + metolachlor 250 g per litre), Codal Gold 412.5DC (250 g prometryn + 162.5 g per litre) and Fusilade Forte 150 EC (150 g Fluazifop-p-butyl per litre) and Dual Gold (960 g S-metolachlor per litre). Except Fusilade Forte that was applied post-emergence to the weeds, the herbicides were mostly applied preemergence to both crops and weeds. Mean yield of cassava for plots applied with herbicides was 8,199 kg/ha and 6,999 kg/ha for plots with zero herbicide application. The study found a significant (p 0.05) negative relationship between age of farmer and cassava yield. Education, use of herbicides, hand weeding, slashing and intercrop with melon had a significant (p 0.01) positive relationship with cassava yield. The coefficients for household size, farming experience and intercrop with okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) were positively associated with cassava yield at 10.0% level of probability. Implicit in these results is that weed management strategies should be aimed at the use of herbicides, subsequent hand weeding or slashing, as well as intercrop with crop such as okra and melon (Colocynthis citrullus L.). Also to encourage experienced farmers to remain in production, there should be policy advocacy on free education and intensification of extension education to farmers.",Included,
"Okpara, D. A., Mbah, E. U., Ojikpong, T. O.",2014,Association and Path Coefficients Analysis of Fresh Root Yield of High and Low Cyanide Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Genotypes in the Humid Tropics,Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology,17,2,10.1007/s12892-013-0085-7,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12937/,"Thirty-eight high- and low-cyanide cassava genotypes were examined in the 2004 and 2005 cropping seasons at Umudike, southeastern Nigeria using RCBD with three replications. Simple correlation associations and path coefficients analyses were computed among agronomic characters with the aim of understanding the interrelationships of these characters and the extent of their contribution to the root yield of cassava. There was a significant (P 2 0.05) positive correlation between root yield and number of roots plant-1 with correlation coefficients (r) of 0.57, average weight of root (r = 0.58) in high-cyanide cassava genotypes, while in low cyanide cassava genotypes, fresh root yield was highly significantly (P 2 0.01) correlated with average weight of root (r = 0.74). Path analysis showed that average weight of root had the highest direct effect in high (0.66) and in low cyanide (0.67) cassava genotypes. Also, the number of roots plant-1 in both types of cassava exerted a positive direct effect on fresh root yield, however, a minimum effect was obtained by number of leaves plant-1 (0.22) in high-cyanide cassava and number of stems plant-1 (-0.13) in low-cyanide cassava genotypes. Average weight of roots in high- and low-cyanide cassava genotypes had 98 and 89% direct effects, respectively, on yield of cassava. The results indicated the importance of average weight of roots and other characters such as number of roots plant-1, plant height, and number of leaves plant-1 in determining increased yield hence priority must be accorded it during selection aimed at increasing cassava root yield.",Included,
"Freitas, M. A., Medeiros, F. H. V., Carvalho, S. P., Guilherme, L. R. G., Teixeira, W. D., Zhang, H., Par, P. W.",2015,Augmenting iron accumulation in cassava by the beneficial soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis (GBO3),Frontiers in Plant Science,6,AUG,10.3389/fpls.2015.00596,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5907/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta), a major staple food in the developing world, provides a basic carbohydrate diet for over half a billion people living in the tropics. Despite the iron abundance in most soils, cassava provides insufficient iron for humans as the edible roots contain 312 times less iron than other traditional food crops such as wheat, maize, and rice. With the recent identification that the beneficial soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis (strain GB03) activates iron acquisition machinery to increase metal ion assimilation in Arabidopsis, the question arises as to whether this plant-growth promoting rhizobacterium also augments iron assimilation to increase endogenous iron levels in cassava. Biochemical analyses reveal that shoot-propagated cassava with GB03-inoculation exhibit elevated iron accumulation after 140 days of plant growth as determined by X-ray microanalysis and total foliar iron analysis. Growth promotion and increased photosynthetic efficiency were also observed for greenhouse-grown plants with GB03-exposure. These results demonstrate the potential of microbes to increase iron accumulation in an important agricultural crop and is consistent with idea that microbial signaling can regulate plant photosynthesis.",Included,
"Lozano, J. C., Sequeira, L.",1974,Bacterial Blight of Cassava in Colombia: Epidemiology and Control,Phytopathology,64,1,10.1094/Phyto-64-83,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10148/,"Dispersal by splashing raindrops is the most important means of dissemination of the cassava blight bacterium (a possible strain of Xanthomonas manihotis) within localized areas in Colombia. Dissemination from one area to another occurs through propagation of infected plant parts and by means of infested tools. In controlled inoculation experiments in the field, plant-to-plant spread occurred in the direction of prevailing winds, and disease incidence was correlated with amount of rainfall. However, no dissemination occurred when host plants were located at least 15 m away from the inoculum source. Satisfactory disease control was obtained by excising upper portions of infected plants and allowing the stumps (20-30 cm) to resprout. Effectiveness of this control method was reduced when treating highly susceptible, severely infected cultivars. Rooting excised buds was an efficient method of obtaining healthy planting stock from infected cultivars. Eight out of 1,293 cassava cultivars tested under greenhouse conditions were resistant to bacterial blight. Resistance was dependent on restriction of penetration and systemic invasion by the pathogen; two cultivars (‘M. Col. 647’ and ‘M. Col. 667’) exhibited a hypersensitive response which limited the size of leaf lesions. The use of resistant cultivars remains the most promising method of control of the disease in the tropics.",Included,
"Taketani, R. G., Lima, A. B., Jesus, E. D., Teixeira, W. G., Tiedje, J. M., Tsai, S. M.",2013,Bacterial community composition of anthropogenic biochar and Amazonian anthrosols assessed by 16S rRNA gene 454 pyrosequencing,Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology,104,2,10.1007/s10482-013-9942-0,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17271/,"Biochar (BC) is a common minor constituent of soils and is usually derived from the burning of wood materials. In the case of Amazonian dark earth (ADE) soils, the increased amount of this material is believed to be due to anthropogenic action by ancient indigenous populations. In this study, we use 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing to assess the bacterial diversity observed in the BC found in ADEs as well as in the dark earth itself and the adjacent Acrisol. Samples were taken from two sites, one cultivated with manioc and one with secondary forest cover. Analyses revealed that the community structure found in each sample had unique features. At a coarse phylogenetic resolution, the most abundant phyla in all sequence libraries were Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Verrucomicrobia and Proteobacteria that were present in similar relative abundance across all samples. However, the class composition varied between them highlighting the difference between the Acrisol and the remaining samples. This result was also corroborated by the comparison of the OTU composition (at 97 % identity). Also, soil coverage has shown an effect over the community structure observed in all samples. This pattern was found to be significant through unweighted UniFrac as well as P tests. These results indicate that, although the ADEs are found in patches within the Acrisols, the contrasting characteristics found between them led to the development of significantly different communities.",Included,
"Godfrey-Sam-Aggrey, W., Garber, M.J.",1979,Bark analysis as a guide to cassava nutrition in Sierra Leone,Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,10,8,10.1080/00103627909366964,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18580/,Cassava main stem barks from two experiments in which similar fertilizers were applied directly in a 25 confounded factorial design were analyzed and the bark nutrients used as a guide to cassava nutrition. The application of multiple regression analysis to the respective root yields and bark nutrient concentrations enable nutrient levels and optimum adjusted root yields to be derived. Differences in bark nutrient concentrations reflected soil fertility levels. Bark analysis and the application of multiple regression analysis to root yields and bark nutrients appear to be useful tools for predicting fertilizer recommendations for cassava production.,Included,
"Greenfield, Melinda, Gómez-Jiménez, María I., Ortiz, Viviana, Vega, Fernando E., Kramer, Matthew, Parsa, Soroush",2016,Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae endophytically colonize cassava roots following soil drench inoculation,Biological Control,95,,10.1016/j.biocontrol.2016.01.002,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6572/,"We investigated the fungal entomopathogens Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae to determine if endophytic colonization could be achieved in cassava. An inoculation method based on drenching the soil around cassava stem cuttings using conidial suspensions resulted in endophytic colonization of cassava roots by both entomopathogens, though neither was found in the leaves or stems of the treated cassava plants. Both fungal entomopathogens were detected more often in the proximal end of the root than in the distal end. Colonization levels of B. bassiana were higher when plants were sampled at 79days post-inoculation (84%) compared to 4749days post-inoculation (40%). In contrast, the colonization levels of M. anisopliae remained constant from 79days post-inoculation (80%) to 4749days post-inoculation (80%), which suggests M. anisopliae is better able to persist in the soil, or as an endophyte in cassava roots over time. Differences in colonization success and plant growth were found among the fungal entomopathogen treatments.",Included,
"Colvin, J., Fishpool, L.D.C., Fargette, D., Sherington, J., Fauquet, C.",1998,Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) trap catches in a cassava field in Côte d'Ivoire in relation to environmental factors and the distribution of African cassava mosaic disease,Bulletin of Entomological Research,88,4,10.1017/S0007485300042127,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3875/,"African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), vectored by the whitefly, Bermisia tabaci (Gennadius), is considered the most damaging pathogen of any African crop. Information about vector movement is important for understanding the epidemiology of this disease and the experiments reported here were designed to examine B.tabaci flight activity both in and around a cassava crop in relation to time of day, crop growth stage, wind direction and speed, and to the resulting pattern of infected plants within the field at harvest. At wind speeds of <0.4 ms−1 adult B. tabaci approached the yellow traps by flying upwind. At greater wind speeds, significantly fewer B. tabaci adults approached the traps from downwind, thus reversing the directionally of the catch. When the direction of the prevailing south-west wind reversed, so did the directionality of the catch. Bemisia tabaci adults were flight active throughout the day and the greatest percentage were caught above the canopy between 06.00–08.00 h, when wind speeds were lowest. Trap height and position significantly affected catch with the greatest numbers caught on the lowest traps. More than three times as many B. tabaci adults were caught on traps situated downwind from the field compared to those upwind. Suggesting that the field was acting as a source of whiteflies. In both years, Africa cassava mosaic disease (ACMD) incidence was highest and lowest, respectively, on the edges and in the middle of the trials, with the highest incidence occuring on the edges facing the prevailing wind direction. These results are discussed in relation to the epidemiology of ACMD and to potential cultural control methods such as the use of ACMD-resistant guard rows to protect a mainly susceptible crop.",Included,
"Azcn-Aguilar, C., Cantos, M., Troncoso, A., Barea, J. M.",1997,Beneficial effect of arbuscular mycorrhizas on acclimatization of micropropagated cassava plantlets,Scientia Horticulturae,72,1,10.1016/S0304-4238(97)00120-9,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1612/,"Survival and development of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) plantlets has been increased by modifying tissue culture protocols and by mycorrhizal inoculation. About 90% of plantlets were successfully rooted in vitro and 75% survived after the acclimatization phase. Inoculation with Glomus deserticola early in the post vitro weaning stage enhanced percent survival and improved tolerance to the transplanting stress. Shoot, root and tuber development of the micropropagated plants was increased following inoculation with different arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Growth responses were dependent on both the cultivar (clone) and the AM fungi involved. G. deserticola was very effective in improving growth of both clones, the effectivity of G. clarum and G. fasciculatum being dependent on the cultivar. These results emphasize the need for selection trials before appropriate plant cultivar/AM fungi combinations can be recommended.",Included,
"Wannawong, S., Belt, G.H., McKetta, C.W.",1991,Benefit-cost analysis of selected agroforestry systems in Northeastern Thailand,Agroforestry Systems,16,1,10.1007/BF00053198,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18775/,"Potential productivity and financial returns from selected agroforestry systems and traditional monocrops located in the Phu Wiang watershed were estimated from limited trials of cropping alternatives using cost-benefit analysis. The agroforestry systems studied consisted of combinations of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), or Acacia (Acacia auriculiformis) inter-cropped with cassava (Manihot esculenta) or mungbean (Vigna radiata). Evidence from trials at short, 3-year rotations, demonstrate that early supplementary and complementary relationships between some system components can imply synergistic financial gains. Although these biological interactions turn competitive over time, in this case, the gains should be sufficient to make early adopters consider the agroforestry systems financially preferable to traditional monocrops.",Included,
"Haggar, J., Rheingans, R., Arroyo, P., Alvarado, B.",2003,Benefits and costs of intercropping reforestation in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica,New Forests,25,1,10.1023/A1022341222592,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6782/,"Agroforestry options as a means of promoting reforestation were tested by establishing with 10 farmers simple comparisons between pure plantations and timber trees with annual or perennial intercrops. Two year-old intercropped trees on-farm had 22-48% greater height and 24-38% greater diameter than trees in pure plantations. The exception was Cordia alliodora that did not respond significantly to intercropping with cassava (Manihot esculenta). Only intercrops with the most valuable crops on agricultural soils produced a return to labour above the daily wage rate. On non-agricultural soils, farmers only intercrop a small area of their plantations with subsistence crops to meet home consumption needs. In the context of Costa Rica intercropping appeared to have a limited potential to finance the reforestation costs of farmers.",Included,
"Islami, T., Guritno, B., Basuki, N., Suryanto, A.",2011,"Biochar for sustaining productivity of cassava based cropping systems in the degraded lands of East Java, Indonesia",Journal of Tropical Agriculture,49,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7914/,"Field experiments were carried out to explore the beneficial effects of biochar on the productivity of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) based cropping system in the degraded uplands of East Java, Indonesia from September 2009 to May 2011. Two cropping systems namely cassava + maize (Zea mays L.) and cassava + peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) and five organic amendments, namely farm yard manure (FYM) applied once at the start of the experiment, FYM applied every year, biochar from FYM, biochar from cassava stem, and no FYM as control were evaluated. With no FYM addition, yield of cassava and maize during the succeeding year declined from 17.1 to 13.7 Mg ha-1 and from 3.6 to 2.7 Mg ha-1 respectively. Organic amendments improved soil fertility and crop yields. For cassava + maize intercropping, the beneficial effects of FYM (20 Mg ha-1), however, lasted for only one year; nonetheless for cassava + peanut intercropping it persisted for two years. Increases in cassava and maize yield following biochar application (15 Mg ha-1), however, continued for two years after planting, implying its potential for sustaining crop production over longer periods. Soil organic matter content in the FYM treatment also was high for a year, whereas in the biochar treatment it remained high well after the harvest of the second year cassava crop (20.3 to 25.8 g kg-1 soil C as against 10.3 to 11.2 g kg-1 for treatments without organic amendments), implying the profound potential of biochar for soil carbon sequestration owing to its recalcitrant nature.",Included,
"Junqueira, M. D., Simoes, A. D., Sediyama, T., Correa, P. C., Puschmann, R.",2014,Biochemical and bioactive phytonutrients changes in tissues of two cultivars of fresh-cut cassava in stick form under refrigerated storage,Ciencia Rural,44,7,10.1590/0103-8478cr20120141,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8447/,"The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of fresh-cut in stick form of two cassava cultivars on their biochemical and antioxidant characteristics, at two harvest times. The fresh cut cassava sticks were packaged in polypropylene, maintained at 5 +/- 1 degrees C, with 90 +/- 5% relative humidity for 12 days. The concentration of carotenoids, total soluble phenolic compounds and the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase and antioxidant capacity were significantly higher for the sticks of cultivar 'Amarela' cassava than for the sticks of cultivar 'Cacau'. The concentrations of carotenoids, total soluble phenolic compounds, and the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase and antioxidant capacity were all significantly greater when harvested at 14-month of age. There was a significant increase in the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase during the 12 days of storage at 5 degrees C. However; there was a decrease in total carotenoids, soluble phenolic compounds, and in the antioxidant capacity of the two cultivars.",Included,
"Abodjo Kakou, C., Tagro Guehi, S., Olo, K., Akissi Kouame, F., Koffi Nevry, R., Marina Koussemon, C.",2010,"Biochemical and microbial changes during traditional spontaneous lactic acid fermentation process using two varieties of cassava for production of a ""Alladjan"" starter",International Food Research Journal,17,3,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/153/,"Cassava roots are used as human food in many processed forms and products. Fermentation is the initial step needed in the development of various flavour precursors in the cassava and generally conducted as traditional, indigenous processes leading sometimes to the undesirable quality of final products depending probably on the variety (bitter or sweet) of cassava. Both sweet and bitter varieties were purchased from Abidjan and then used for preparation of an Ivorian traditional starter. Lactic acid fermentation was carried out to investigate which variety between sweet and bitter ones is the best raw material for the best quality of starter. During fermentation, progressive acidification was observed in the pulp of both of sweet and bitter cassava varieties. At the beginning of fermentation process total reducing sugars content in bitter cassava pulp is higher than in sweet cassava. Total reducing sugars content decreased and reached the relatively same value of 0.7% in both sweet and bitter cassava. After 48 hours of fermentation, counts of most of micro organisms increased and reached 8-10 log10 CFU/g and the lowest increase was recorded in the population of Enterococci. Among anaerobic fermenting bacteria, lactic acid bacteria were predominant. Among coliforms, thermotolerant counts population decreased significantly and reached 610 log CFU/g in the final stage. Yeast and moulds counts decreased slightly to 6.86 - 7.321 log10 CFU/g at the end of fermentation. The extensive scrutiny of microbial population revealed that micro flora consisted of Aerobic mesophilic counts, coliforms, lactic acid bacteria, enterococci, yeast and moulds in both of varieties.",Included,
"Oboh, G., Oladunmoye, M.K.",2007,Biochemical changes in micro-fungi fermented cassava flour produced from low- and medium-cyanide variety of cassava tubers,Nutrition and Health,18,,10.1177/026010600701800405,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12576/,"Comparative studies were carried out on the ability of pure strain of Rhizopus oryzae and Saccharomyces cerevisae to alter the nutritional quality of cassava flour produced from low-and medium-cyanide variety of cassava tuber. Low- and medium-cyanide variety of cassava tubers were collected from International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria. These tubers were washed, peeled, grated and aseptically inoculated with pure strains of Rhizopus oryzae and Saccharomyce cerevisae in nutrient solution respectively, before allowing them to ferment aerobically for 3 days. The fermented mash was subsequently dried and milled into cassava flour. Subsequently, the proximate, mineral and the antinutrinet composition of the cassava flour were determined. The results of the study revealed that the unfermented flour from low-cyanide cassava variety had higher protein, fibre, ash, fat, Ca, Na and K; while those produced from medium-cyanide variety, had higher antinutrinet (tannin, cyanide & phytate), Zn, Mg and Fe content. However, solid substrate fermentation of the cassava mash using Rhizopus oryzae and Saccharomyces cerevisae respectively caused a significant (P<0.05) increase in the protein and fat content. The nutrient enrichment was significantly higher (P<0.05) in flour produced from low-cyanide cassava variety. In addition, Saccharomyces cerevisae fermentation brought about a higher increase in the nutrient content than Rhizopus oryzae fermentation. Conversely, fermentation of the cassava caused a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the antinutrient content of the flour; although, the level of decrease was more in the flour produced from low-cyanide variety than medium-cyanide variety. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the ability of the fungi to decrease the antinutrient (except phytate) of the cassava flour. Furthermore, micro-fungi fermentation did not cause a significant change (P<0.05) in mineral content (except Mg and K) of the fermented cassava flour. In conclusion, unfermented cassava flour produced from low-cyanide cassava tubers had high nutrient composition and low antinutrient content and more susceptible to micro-fungi nutrient enrichment and detoxification than medium-cyanide variety. Furthermore, Saccharomyces cerevisae was more efficient in the nutrient enrichment of the cassava flour than Rhizopus oryzae.",Included,
"Hernandez, J.M., Laberry, R., Lozano, J.C.",1988,Biocontrol of cassava (Manihot esculenta) root rots by fluorescent Pseudomonas,"VIIth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, Gosier (Guadeloupe), 1-6 July 1995",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7119/,"Forty isolates of fluorescent Pseudomonas were isolated from the plants growing in 5 different ecosystems. Thirty-four of these isolates inhibited Ervinia carotovora pv. carotovora, in vitro, the causal agent of cassava stem rot. One month old plantlets, produced by rooting the shoots of a cultivar in distilled water, were inoculated with suspensions (1 x 109 cells/ml) of each Pseudomonas. Some isolates were able to increase root weight up to 96 per cent over uninoculated controls three months after planting when the inoculation was at planting, 15 and 30 days. Inoculated plants were free from symptoms of root pathogens and roots swelled earlier than controls. Microbial deterioration of bulked swollen roots was also reduced up to 60 per cent when roots were dip treated in a bacterial suspension (1 x 10 9 cells/ml) of the above isolates and stored for 15 days in polyethylene bags. Taxonomic studies showed that these bacterial isolates were either Pseudomonas putida (90 per cent) or P. fluorescens (10 per cent).",Included,
"Chau, L. H.",1998,Biodigester effluent versus manure from pigs or cattle as fertilizer for production of cassava foliage (Manihot esculenta),Livestock Research for Rural Development,10,3,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9597/,"A field experiment was conducted during five months from 1 December 1997 to 30 April 1998) in the University of Tropical Agriculture on the College of Agriculture and Forestry Campus, Thu Duc, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The experimental soil was grey podzolic. The trial was laid out in a randomized block design, replicated three times with a plot size of 4 x 2.5m and four treatments of organic fertilizer application to cassava grown for forage. The treatments arranged in a 2*2 factorial were Animal species (cows vs pigs) Biodigestion (fresh manure vs effluent derived from the same manure after being fermented in a biodigester) The fresh manure was applied before planting and after the first harvest (at three months). The effluent was applied every three days. Thus the effect of biodigestion was confounded wiith the method of application. Quantities of each source were estimated to provide 200 kg nitrogen/ha/year. The cassava was harvested for forage (cutting height 70 cm above ground level) after 3 months and again 2 months later. The foliage was separated into stem and leaf + petiole and analyzed for dry matter and nitrogen. Soil analysis was done before planting and again 5 months later. Effluent was significantly better than raw manure in supporting a higher biomass yield and protein content of the foliage. The source of the manure did not affect these parameters. Yields of fresh leaf plus petiole were 6.45 and 5.16 tonnes/ha/harvest for effluent and manure, respectively (SE0.15; P=0.001). Protein percentages in dry matter of leaf and petiole were 27.6 and 24.2 (SE0.165; P=0.001). There were marked improvements in soil fertility parameters as a result of applying either manure or effluent.",Included,
"Bouis, H. E., Welch, R. M.",2010,Biofortification-A Sustainable Agricultural Strategy for Reducing Micronutrient Malnutrition in the Global South,Crop Science,50,2,10.2135/cropsci2009.09.0531,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2506/,"Minerals and vitamins in food staples eaten widely by the poor may be increased either through conventional plant breeding or through use of transgenic techniques, a process known as biofortification. HarvestPlus seeks to develop and distribute cultivars of food staples (rice [Oryza sativa L.], wheat [Triticum aestivum L.], maize [Zea mays L.], cassava [Manihot esculenta Crantz], pearl millet [Pennisetum americanum Leeke], beans [Phaseolus vulgaris L.], sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas L.]) that are high in Fe, Zn, and provitamin A through an interdisciplinary global alliance of scientific institutions and implementing agencies in developing and developed countries. Biofortified crops offer a rural-based intervention that, by design, initially reaches these more remote populations, which comprise a majority of the undernourished in many countries, and then penetrates to urban populations as production surpluses are marketed. Thus, biofortification complements fortification and supplementation programs, which work best in centralized urban areas and then reach into rural areas with good infrastructure. Initial investments in agricultural research at a central location can generate high recurrent benefits at low cost as adapted biofortified cultivars; become widely available in countries across time at low recurrent costs. Overall, three things must happen for biofortification to be successful. First, the breeding must be successful-high nutrient density must be combined with high yields and high profitability. Second, efficacy must be demonstrated - the micronutrient status of human subjects must be shown to improve when consuming the biofortified cultivars as normally eaten. Third, the biofortified crops must be adopted by farmers and consumed by those suffering from micronutrient malnutrition in significant numbers.",Included,
"La Frano, M. R., Woodhouse, L. R., Burnett, D. J., Burri, B. J.",2013,Biofortified cassava increases beta-carotene and vitamin A concentrations in the TAG-rich plasma layer of American women,British Journal of Nutrition,110,2,10.1017/S0007114512005004,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9382/,"Biofortification of cassava with the provitamin A carotenoid beta-carotene is a potential mechanism for alleviating vitamin A deficiency. Cassava is a staple food in the African diet, but data regarding the human bioavailability of beta-carotene from this food are scarce. The objective of the present study was to evaluate provitamin A-enhanced cassava as a source of beta-carotene and vitamin A for healthy adult women. The study was a randomised, cross-over trial of ten American women. The subjects consumed three different porridges separated by 2 week washout periods. Treatment meals (containing 100 g cassava) included biofortified cassava (2 mg beta-carotene) porridge with added oil (15 ml peanut or rapeseed oil, 20 g total fat); biofortified cassava porridge without added oil (6 g total fat); unfortified white cassava porridge with a 0.3 mg retinyl palmitate reference dose and added oil (20 g total fat). Blood was collected six times from -0.5 to 9.5 h post-feeding. TAG-rich lipoprotein (TRL) plasma was separated by ultracentrifugation and analysed using HPLC with coulometric array electrochemical detection. The AUC for retinyl palmitate increased after the biofortified cassava meals were fed (P<0.05). Vitamin A conversion was 4.2 (SD 3.1) and 4.5 (SD 3.1) mu g beta-carotene 1 mu g retinol, with and without added oil, respectively. These results show that biofortified cassava increases beta-carotene and retinyl palmitate TRL plasma concentrations in healthy well-nourished adult women, suggesting that it is a viable intervention food for preventing vitamin A deficiency.",Included,
"Talsma, E. F., de Kok, B. P. H., Mbera, G. N. K., Mwangi, A. M., Melse-Boonstra, A., Brouwer, I. D.",2013,Biofortified Cassava with Pro-Vitamin a Is Sensory and Culturally Acceptable for Consumption by Primary School Children in Kenya,PLoS ONE,8,9,10.1371/journal.pone.0073433,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17287/,"Background
Biofortification of cassava with pro-vitamin A can potentially reduce vitamin A deficiency in low-income countries. However, little is known about consumer acceptance of this deep yellow variety of cassava compared to the commonly available white varieties. We aimed to determine the sensory and cultural acceptability of the consumption of pro-vitamin A rich cassava in order to identify key factors predicting the intention to consume pro-vitamin A rich cassava by families with school-aged children in Eastern Kenya.

Methods
Sensory acceptability was measured by replicated discrimination tests and paired preference tests among 30 children (7–12 yr) and 30 caretakers (18–45 yr) in three primary schools. Cultural acceptability was assessed with a questionnaire based on the combined model of The Theory of Planned Behavior and The Health Belief Model in one primary school among 140 caretakers of children aged 6 to 12 years. Correlations and multivariate analyses were used to determine associations between summed scores for model constructs.

Results
Caretakers and children perceived a significant difference in taste between white and pro-vitamin A rich cassava. Both preferred pro-vitamin A rich cassava over white cassava because of its soft texture, sweet taste and attractive color. Knowledge about pro-vitamin A rich cassava and it's relation to health (‘Knowledge’ ((β = 0.29, P = <.01)) was a strong predictor of ‘Health behavior identity’. Worries related to bitter taste and color (‘Perceived barriers 1’ (β = −0.21, P = .02)), the belief of the caretaker about having control to prepare cassava (‘Control beliefs’ (β = 0.18, P = .02)) and activities like information sessions about pro-vitamin A rich cassava and recommendations from health workers (‘Cues to action’(β = 0.51, P = <.01)) were the best predictors of intention to consume pro-vitamin A rich cassava.

Conclusions
Pro-vitamin A rich cassava is well accepted by school children in our study population.",Included,
"Talsma, E. F., Brouwer, I. D., Verhoef, H., Mbera, G. N. K., Mwangi, A. M., Demir, A. Y., Maziya-Dixon, B., Boy, E., Zimmermann, M. B., Melse-Boonstra, A.",2016,Biofortified yellow cassava and Vitamin A status of Kenyan children: a randomized controlled trial,American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,103,1,10.3945/ajcn.114.100164,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17290/,"Background: Whereas conventional white cassava roots are devoid of provitamin A, biofortified yellow varieties are naturally rich in β-carotene, the primary provitamin A carotenoid.

Objective: We assessed the effect of consuming yellow cassava on serum retinol concentration in Kenyan schoolchildren with marginal vitamin A status.

Design: We randomly allocated 342 children aged 5–13 y to receive daily, 6 d/wk, for 18.5 wk 1) white cassava and placebo supplement (control group), 2) provitamin A–rich cassava (mean content: 1460 μg β-carotene/d) and placebo supplement (yellow cassava group), and 3) white cassava and β-carotene supplement (1053 μg/d; β-carotene supplement group). The primary outcome was serum retinol concentration; prespecified secondary outcomes were hemoglobin concentration and serum concentrations of β-carotene, retinol-binding protein, and prealbumin. Groups were compared by using ANCOVA, adjusting for inflammation, baseline serum concentrations of retinol and β-carotene, and stratified design.

Results: The baseline prevalence of serum retinol concentration <0.7 μmol/L and inflammation was 27% and 24%, respectively. For children in the control, yellow cassava, and β-carotene supplement groups, the mean daily intake of cassava was 378, 371, and 378 g, respectively, and the total daily supply of provitamin A and vitamin A from diet and supplements was equivalent to 22, 220, and 175 μg retinol, respectively. Both yellow cassava and β-carotene supplementation increased serum retinol concentration by 0.04 μmol/L (95% CI: 0.00, 0.07 μmol/L); correspondingly, serum β-carotene concentration increased by 524% (448%, 608%) and 166% (134%, 202%). We found no effect on hemoglobin concentration or serum concentrations of retinol-binding protein and prealbumin.

Conclusions: In our study population, consumption of yellow cassava led to modest gains in serum retinol concentration and a large increase in β-carotene concentration. It can be an efficacious, new approach to improve vitamin A status. This study was registered with clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01614483.",Included,
"Guerrero, José María, Flechtmann, Carlos Holger Wenzel, Duque, E., Myriam Cristina, Gaigl, Andreas, Bellotti, Anthony C., de Moraes, Gilberto José, Braun, Ann R.",1993,Biogeography and taxonomy of Mononychellus species associated with Manihot esculenta Crantz in the Americas,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8041/,"We mapped the distribution of Mononychellus spp. associated with cassava based on survey of 1264 fields in thirteen Central and South American countries. We collected M. tanajoa (Bondar) in Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Brazil and Paraguay, but not north of Panama, nor south of Colombia in the Andean region. M. tanajoa was primarily associated with humid to seasonally dry lowlands except in northeast Brazil, where the ecological range extends to semiarid lowland areas. M. caribbeanae (McGregor) was the most geographically widespread species, and was the predominant species of Mononychellus on cassava in semiarid lowland areas, except in northeast Brazil, Peru or Paraguay where it does not occur.",Included,
"Silva, I. F., De Arajo Neto, S. E., Kusdra, J. F.",2014,"Biological activity of soils under systems of organic farming, agroforestry and pasture in the Amazon",Revista Ciencia Agronomica,45,3,10.1590/S1806-66902014000300001,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16425/,"The aim of this work was to evaluate biological indicators of soils used under the systems of organic farming, agroforestry and pasture in the south western part of the Amazon region of Brazil. The experiment was carried out at the Serid Ecological Site, located in Rio Branco, in the state of Acre, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomised, with five treatments (land-use systems) and six replications, with each replication consisting of four single samples. The systems of land use evaluated were 1) native forest (control); 2) agroforestry (AFS); 3) pasture; 4) intercropped passion fruit, maize, cassava, pineapple and forage peanut; and 5) intercropped passion fruit, maize, cassava, pineapple and tropical kudzu. It was found that organic farming systems intercropped with kudzu resulted in smaller losses of C-CO2 through edaphic respiration, and a greater accumulation of microbial biomass carbon. The intercropped organic farming system which included the forage peanut resulted in a greater loss than retention of carbon in the soil at a depth of 5-10 cm. Soil under the agroforestry system was equivalent to the soil of the control (native forest) in relation to the release and retention of carbon through biological activity. At a depth of 5-10 cm, soils under pasture presented similar microbial biomass to those under organic cultivation intercropped with tropical kudzu. However, at that depth, soils under pasture presented greater microbial biomass than those under natural forest, agroforestry or organic cultivation intercropped with forage peanut.",Included,
"Lozano T, J.C., Laberry, R.",1993,Biological control of cassava diseases using fluorescent pseudomonads,"Proceedings of the First International Scientific Meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology Network, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, 25-28 August 1992",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10144/,"Recent investigations on cassava and its relationships with Pseudomonas fluorescens and P. putida have shown (a) Isolates with none or very mild inhibition of pathogenic bacteria and fungi; (b) isolates that strongly inhibit pathogenic bacteria, with none or very mild inhibition of fungi; (c) isolates causing very strong inhibition of fungi, with none or very mild inhibition of bacteria; and (d) isolates inducing strong inhibition of both fungi and bacteria. There were more isolates able to inhibit pathogenic bacteria than fungi and P. fluorescens showed broader in vitro inhibition of the bacterial and fungal species tested than P. putida. There was also found the following in relation to the ability of these two species to promote root system growth of plantlets as related to pathogen inhibition in vitro: (a) Isolates that did not inhibit cassava pathogens in vitro or increased root growth of cassava plantlets; (b) strains showing a high inhibitory effect in vitro of cassava pathogens, but did not promote an increase in foliage or root system inoculated clones; (c) strains that did not inhibit cassava pathogens, but increased both the foliage and root systems of inoculated clones; and (d) strains that induced a strong inhibitory effect on cassava pathogens and a significant increase in the aerial parts and roots of inoculated plantlets. As a result of the aforementioned the following practical applications have been envisaged at various steps in systems of cassava aimed at increasing production: (a) Biological control of foliar pathogens; (b) biological control of preharvest root rots; (c) biological control of postharvest root rots: and (d) using strains as root promotors, i.e. to speed up and increase the root system of cassava plantlets in rapid multiplication systems. The effectiveness of the above depends upon the selection of appropriate strains or strain improvement by genetic manipulation.",Included,
"Neuenschwander, P., Borowka, R., Phiri, G., Hammans, H., Nyirenda, S., Kapeya, E.H., Gadabu, A.",1991,"Biological control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom., Pseudococcidae) by Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym., Encyrtidae) in Malawi",Biocontrol Science and Technology,1,4,10.1080/09583159109355209,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12039/,"From 1985 to 1989 five large scale surveys were made to document the spread of the cassava mealybug (CM) Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hom., Pseudococcidae) and the releases and successful establishment of its exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hym., Encyrtidae) through most cassava-growing areas of Malawi. In a multiple regression analysis involving 29 meteorological, agronomic and plant variables from 476 fields, the duration of E. lopezi's presence was the major factor influencing CM population densities. In the first year the CM was recorded in a particular place, 25% of all tips had more than 100 CM. Wherever E. lopezi had been present for two years or more, CM populations were reduced on average seven times and tips infested with more than 100 CM became rare (1%). In parallel, damage on cassava tips stabilized at a low level. Similarly, along Lake Malawi, 84.9% of all tips had more than 10 CM in 1986; this value stabilized at 3.3%-4.0% in 1988-1989. Indigenous coccinellids were often abundant in the first year of the CM infestation, but their populations collapsed later, while the frequency of fields with E. lopezi increased. In 1987, farmers abandoned 28.4% of all fields where E. lopezi was just introduced as compared with 2.7% where the parasitoid had been present for two years or more. Overall, satisfactory control was achieved by E. lopezi in all but a few fields concentrated on extremely poor soils characterized by sand dune vegetation. The socioeconomic implications of this ongoing and apparently successful biological control program are discussed.",Included,
"Neuenschwander, P., Hammond, W. N. O., Ajuonu, O., Gado, A., Echendu, N., Bokononganta, A. H., Allomasso, R., Okon, I.",1990,"Biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom., Pseudococcidae) by Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym., Encyrtidae) in West Africa, as influenced by climate and soil",Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,32,01-Feb,10.1016/0167-8809(90)90122-T,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12038/,"Population data concerning the cassava mealybug (CM) Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero, the introduced parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis), and indigenous antagonists were collected, together with ecological and plant growth variables, during a survey of 414 fields covering all ecological zones of Nigeria and Benin, for evaluation in multiple regression analyses. The choice of fields was unbiased, and insect populations were estimated from large random samples. Seven years after the first release of E. lopezi, the entire area, with the exception of an isolated CM population near Lake Chad, had been colonized by the parasitoid. Within the area of distribution of E. lopezi, average CM populations were very low (1.6 CM per shoot tip), highest densities being found in the forest transition zone. The mean tip damage score on a scale from 1 to 5 was only 1.2. Only 3.2% of all tips were strongly stunted, the same percentage had more than 10 CM, and no tip had over 1000 CM. However, significant tip damage persisted on the 4.8% of fields with unmulched, sandy soils in the forest zone. In these fields, 3.3 times fewer CM were needed to cause heavy stunting than on less stressed plants on soils with mulch, or clay, or less rain. This deleterious effect of leaching and lack of crop rotation was alleviated completely in the fields which had a small amount of mulch. Thus, agronomic factors, mediated through the condition of the plant, influenced biological control.",Included,
"Chakupurakal, J., Markham, R. H., Neuenschwander, P., Sakala, M., Malambo, C., Mulwanda, D., Banda, E., Chalabesa, A., Bird, T., Haug, T.",1994,"Biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), in Zambia",Biological Control,4,3,10.1006/bcon.1994.1032,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3290/,"Surveys were carried out in Zambia twice yearly from 1986 to 1990, to assess the impact of a biological control campaign against the cassava mealybug (CM), Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr., throughout the infested area. From 1984 onward, the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hym., Encyrtidae) and some exotic coccinellid predators were released on 54 occasions along the spreading front of CM infestation. E. lopezi established in every release site, spread, and covered the entire infested area, but the exotic coccinellids did not establish. Between 1986 and 1990, CM populations declined on average 5.8 times. In a multiple regression analysis involving meteorological, agronomic, plant, and entomological variables, from a total of 4804 cassava fields, nine variables had a significant influence on the CM population density, which in turn was the main factor influencing tip damage scores. The duration of E. lopezis presence in an area was the most important factor in the year the CM was recorded for the first time in a particular district, more than 20% of all cassava fields had an average of 10 or more CM/tip (a few having as many as 1000). This percentage was gradually reduced to 0% in Year 5. The condition of the plant, its age, rainfall, and water retention capacity of the soil were also important. Where CM populations were lower, damage by the cassava green mite, Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) (Acari, Tetranychidae), appeared more severe. The frequency of ants increased with the CM population density. In conclusion, biological control of the CM in Zambia was successful.",Included,
"Karlström, A., Calle, F., Salazar, S., Morante, N., Dufour, D., Ceballos, H.",2016,Biological implications in cassava for the production of amylose-free starch: Impact on root yield and related traits,Frontiers in Plant Science,7,,10.3389/fpls.2016.00604,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8695/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) is an important food security crop, but it is becoming an important raw material for different industrial applications. Cassava is the second most important source of starch worldwide. Novel starch properties are of interest to the starch industry, and one them is the recently identified amylose-free (waxy) cassava starch. Waxy mutants have been found in different crops and have been often associated with a yield penalty. There are ongoing efforts to develop commercial cassava varieties with amylose-free starch. However, little information is available regarding the biological and agronomic implications of starch mutations in cassava, nor in other root and tuber crops. In this study, siblings from eight full-sib families, segregating for the waxy trait, were used to determine if the mutation has implications for yield, dry matter content (DMC) and harvest index in cassava. A total of 87 waxy and 87 wild-type starch genotypes from the eight families were used in the study. The only significant effect of starch type was on DMC (p < 0.01), with waxy clones having a 0.8% lower content than their wild type counterparts. There was no effect of starch type on fresh root yield (FRY), adjusted FRY and harvest index. It is not clear if lower DMC is a pleiotropic effect of the waxy starch mutation or else the result of linked genes introgressed along with the mutation. It is expected that commercial waxy cassava varieties will have competitive FRYs but special efforts will be required to attain adequate DMCs. This study contributes to the limited knowledge available of the impact of starch mutations on the agronomic performance of root and tuber crops.",Included,
"Lal, R., Ghuman, B.S.",1989,"Biomass burning in windrows after clearing a tropical rainforest: Effects on soil properties, evaporation and crop yields",Field Crops Research,22,4,10.1016/0378-4290(89)90025-7,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9438/,"Burning is a widely used practice to clear fields of felled vegetation after forest clearing. Effect of vegetation-burning on soil properties and crop yields, however, has received limited attention. Two months after clearing a rainforest by the shear-blade method, dry-biomass was windrowed (4 windrows per plot) and burnt. Changes in soil properties, evaporation and crop productivity in windrows (burnt area) one year after burning the felled biomass were investigated. There were considerable increases in the amounts of exchangeable cations in the top 30-cm soil layer after burning. Consequently, soil pH increased from 5.7 to 7.0 in the 0–10-cm layer, from 5.6 to 6.5 in the 10–20-cm layer, and from 5.4 to 5.9 in the 20–30-cm layer. Burning and conversion of biomass to ash increased the availability of major nutrient elements. Bulk density was lower in the burnt area. The equilibrium infiltration rate was 106 and 13 cm h−1 in the burnt and unburnt areas, respectively. The rate of water evaporation and, thus, cumulative evaporation was higher from the burnt area. Rice (cultivar UPL-Ri-5) and plantain yielded significantly more in the burnt compared with the unburnt sites. Corn and cassava also yielded more in the burnt area, though differences were not significant. Growth and yield of cowpea was not affected. The results indicated that biomass should not be burnt in windrows in order to avoid introducing fertility variation in otherwise uniform fields.",Included,
"Budiadi, Ishii, H. T., Sabarnurdin, M. S., Suryanto, P., Kanazawa, Y.",2006,"Biomass Cycling and Soil Properties in an Agroforestry-based Plantation System of kayu putih (Melaleuca leucadendron LINN) in East Java, Indonesia",Agroforestry Systems,67,2,10.1007/s10457-005-1108-2,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2714/,"We investigated age-related changes in biomass cycling and soil properties in a kayu putih (Melaleuca leucadendron LINN, Myrtaceae) with improved shifting cultivation system in East Java, Indonesia, to design better management plans for sustainable kayu putih oil production and crop yield. Harvested biomass of kayu putih increased markedly from 7- to 15-year-old stands, but did not increase further in older stands averaging 2.41 Mg ha−1 yr−1. Kayu putih contributed 1.9–31.0% of total biomass production. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) tuber was the largest component of biomass cycling. Harvested biomass of cassava decreased with increasing stand age and there was a trade-off between above- and below-ground biomass productions. Harvested biomass of maize (Zea mays L.) grain was constant throughout stand growth, whereas returned biomass fluctuated. With increasing stand age, soil organic matter (SOM) accumulated in soil indicating that returned biomass was decomposing slowly. Content of primary nutrients did not change with stand age. The contribution of cassava to harvested biomass was considerably larger than that of kayu putih. For this reason, selection of cassava as a single companion crop may not be suitable for sustaining kayu putih oil production. Maize may be a good companion crop for kayu putih because it produces a constant grain yield throughout stand growth and its contribution to harvested biomass is comparable to that of kayu putih. In addition, maize is shallow-rooted and causes less below-ground competition with deep-rooted kayu putih trees.",Included,
"Roca, W.M., Henry, G., Angel, F., Sarria, R.",1992,Biotechnology research applied to cassava improvement at the International Center of Tropical Agriculture (CIAT),AgBiotech News and Information,4,10,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15222/,"CIAT activities in developing biotechnology applications to cassava in the last decade are described. The strategies to identify research topics and implement in house capabilities and an international cooperative effort in cassava biotechnology are emphasized. Successful integration of selected biotechniques into the research on cassava germplasm conservation, characterization, and propagation at CIAT and national programs in developing countries is highlighted, and progress in developing advanced biotechnology tools for genetic mapping and manipulation at CIAT is presented. The CIAT efforts are oriented to link modern biological research with the needs of cassava farmers through the generation of low input, environmentally friendly, germplasm-based technologies.",Included,
CIAT,1985,Biotechnology Research Unit Annual Report 1985,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19173/,,Included,
"Chiwona-Karltun, L., Brimer, L., Saka, J.D.K., Mhone, A.R., Mkumbira, J., Johansson, L., Bokanga, M., Mahungu, N.M., Rosling, H.",2004,Bitter taste in cassava roots correlates with cyanogenic glucoside levels,Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,84,6,10.1002/jsfa.1699,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3644/,"Cassava roots contain cyanogenic glucosides. Malawian farmers classify cultivars into two groups based on the perceived danger of eating raw roots that they associate with bitterness. In the vernacular, cultivars that produce roots with bitter taste are called vyakubaba (bitter), whereas those yielding non-bitter roots are called vyakuzizra (cool). In the scientific literature they are distinguished as 'bitter' or 'sweet'. Roots from 'bitter' cultivars are processed prior to consumption. We studied the ability of farmers to predict the cyanogenic glucoside levels of 492 roots from the 10 most commonly grown cultivars. Twenty-eight farmers predicted the taste of each of the cultivars that they grew, and scored bitterness on a five-point scale by tasting the root tip. Thereafter cyanogenic glucosides were determined on half of the root, while a taste panel scored the taste of the other half. The mean cyanogenic glucoside level in 132 roots from 'cool' cultivars was 29 mg HCN eq kg-1 fresh weight (CI 25-33, range 1-123) and in 360 roots from bitter cultivars was 153 mg HCN eq kg-1 fresh weight (CI 143-163, range 22-661). Farmers' distinction of 'cool' and 'bitter' cultivars predicts glucoside levels. The tasting of the tip of the root improved the farmers' prediction of toxicity. Scoring of bitterness by a trained taste panel showed a stronger correlation with glucoside levels (r2 = 0.67). This suggests that cyanogenic glucosides confer the bitter taste, notwithstanding the probability of additional modifying intrinsic factors.",Included,
"Hanna, R., Fotso Kuate, A., Nanga Nanga, S., Tindo, M., Nagel, P.",2015,Boric acid for suppression of the ant Anoplolepis tenella and effects on an associated scale insect pest Stictococcus vayssierei in cassava fields in the Congo Basin,Crop Protection,74,,10.1016/j.cropro.2015.04.016,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6914/,"The scale insect, Stictococcus vayssierei, is one of the major pests and constraints to cassava production in the Congo Basin. It is frequently found associated with the ground nesting ant, Anoplolepis tenella, under cassava plant. Amdro fire ant bait granules (contains 7.3 g/kg Hydramethylnon), borax and boric acid solution were evaluated in the laboratory for toxicity against A. tenella colonies. Workers were exposed to bait for ten days during primary screening and colonies for six weeks during secondary screening. Mortality was recorded daily for each toxicant. In a field experiment, the effect of a 1% boric acid-sucrose solution was evaluated on A. tenella and its impact on the density of S. vayssierei on cassava. Each of the three toxicants displayed delayed toxicity with less than 15% mortality after the first day. In comparison to Amdro and borax, the 1% boric acid-sucrose solution was more effective in killing ant workers. The boric acid-sucrose solution reduced the numbers of workers and brood by 90% within 6 weeks. In the field experiment, monthly ant and scale sampling showed significant reductions in ant density in treated fields which resulted in a reduction of scale infestation on cassava. We recorded a 16% yield increase in treated plots compared to control plots. These results outline the dependence of S. vayssierei survival on A. tenella attendance and demonstrate that control of the ant in cassava fields can help in developing control options for the scale insect pest in the Congo Basin.",Included,
"Otim-Nape, G.W.",1984,Botryodiplodia stem rot of cassava and methods of selecting varieties for resistance,Tropical Root Crops: Production and Uses in Africa,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13463/,"After Botryodiplodia stem rot of cassava (CSR) was observed for the first time in Africa (in Uganda) in 1981, a series of experiments were initiated to determine the effects of stem maturation on infection; to identify suitable methods of screening for field resistance; and to screen varieties for sources of resistance to the disease. Four cassava varieties were planted in a split-plot experiment, with varieties as the main plots and heights as the subplots. At maturity, the stems were harvested, and the number of B. theobromae pustules counted. The number of pustules was directly related to maturity of the stem. Two methods of screening for resistance were compared: scoring for rot severity on a 0—5 scale and counting rot pustules per unit area. Scoring for severity was deemed most suitable for resistance screening, and counting of pustules had advantages for epidemiological and pathogenicity studies. In screening tests of eight families, four: IYT (OP) 1979; PYT (OP) 1980; 30555 (OP) 1979; and 30572 (OP) 1980 exhibited some resistance to the disease.",Included,
"Lian, T. S., Cock, J. H.",1979,Branching habit as a yield determinant in cassava,Field Crops Research,2,,10.1016/0378-4290(79)90029-7,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9862/,Cassava was grown in the field and the ability of the roots to accept extra carbohydrate and the effects of branching habit on yield were observed. Apex and root were competing sinks; roots accepted more carbohydrate than was available in normal situations. Reduced sink did not limit total growth. Yield was increased by 75% by branch control. Good yields can be obtained by either late-branching types or continuous branching types with two branches at each branch level. Late-branching types appear to be the easiest to obtain in a breeding program.,Included,
"Limsila, Jarungsit, Limsila, Atchara, Watananonta, Watana, Kawano, Kazuo",1998,Breeding and varietal improvement in Thailand,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Farmer Participatory Research in Asia: Proceedings of the Fifth Regional Workshop held in Danzhou, Hainan, China, Nov 3-8, 1996",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9915/,"In Thailand cassava breeding is the responsibility of the Rayong Field Crops Research Center of the Department of Agriculture (DOA), and of Kasetsart University (KU). From 1975 to 1992, six cultivars have been released for industrial use, i.e. Rayong 1, Rayong 3, Rayong 60, Rayong 90, Sri Racha 1 and Kasetsart 50. All these recommended cultivars are widely adopted by farmers, but the area planted with improved cultivars was increasing only slowly due to the low multiplication rate of cassava. Therefore, in 1992 the Government approved the allocation of 1 1 million US dollars for the DOA and the Department of Agricultural Extension (DOAE) to rapidly multiply stakes of those cultivars and distribute those to the farmers, in order to replace about 240,000 ha of Rayong 1 with new high-yielding cultivars by the year 1996. According to the most recent survey by DOAE, this target has been well accomplished before the end of the project period. During the past three years, the cassava breeding program in Thailand continued to emphasize selection for high yield and high dry matter content, as well as some other desirable traits, especially high total plant weight and harvest index, and good plant type, germination and survival under stressful conditions. One of our successes has been the release of another industrial cultivar, Rayong 5, in October 1994. Rayong 5 is superior to Rayong 1 in many aspects. It has been well adopted and is spreading rapidly in many parts of the country. For Thai cassava breeders it seems to be increasingly more difficult to produce new clones that can surpass the exellent cultivars KU 50 and Rayong 5; however, some of our new clones, such as CMR33-57-81 and CMR33-53-181 appear quite promising, and CMR33-57-81 may be released as Rayong 7 in the next 2-3 years.",Included,
"Hershey, C., Kawano, K., Lozano, J.C.",1988,Breeding cassava for adaptation to a new ecosystem: a case study from the Colombian Lianos,"VIIth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, Gosier (Guadeloupe), 1-6 July 1985",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7146/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) has often been described as a rustic crop which suffers little damage from pests and diseases. More recent evidence has shown that taking cassava clones from their native habitat, or submitting them to intensified cultural practices, can result in high and unstable pest and pathogen populations. A case study is presented for a breeding program carried out over a ten-year period at the Carimagua experiment station in the middle of the Colombian llanos. Breeding methodology is described and the dynamics of pest and pathogen fluctuations are traced. Significant genetic advance over selection cycles is observed through comparison with standard checks. General principles are suggested for breeding cassava for new ecosystems created by introduction of the crop to new areas, through changes in cultural practices, or by introduction of new pests or diseases into an area.",Included,
"Hahn, S.K., Terry, E.R., Leuschner, K.",1980,Breeding cassava for resistance to cassava mosaic disease,Euphytica,29,3,10.1007/BF00023215,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6799/,"Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) is one of the most serious and widespread diseases throughout cassava growing areas in Africa, causing yield reductions of up to 90%. Early research on breeding of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) for resistance to CMD in Africa is reviewed. Changes in population size and in activity of the white-fly vector to CMD (Bemisia tabaci Genn.) in relation to changes in environmental conditions such as amount and distribution of rainfall, light intensity and temperature are discussed in relation to screening for resistance to CMD. Over the past eight years, significant progress has been made at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). Resistance to CMD has been successfully incorporated into high yielding cultivars of acceptable quality. The CMD resistant material has been evaluated and many promising clones have been selected in various countries in tropical Africa and India. The resistance has been effective in those countries.",Included,
"Singh, T.P.",1981,Breeding cassava resistant to pests and diseases in Zaire,Tropical Root Crops: Research Strategies for the 1980s,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16485/,"Cassava in Zaire is attacked by three major diseases, namely mosaic, bacterial blight, and anthracnose. Recently two pests, mealybug and green spider mite, have attained considerable importance in cassava production. Stem dieback observed in 1978 is now becoming important with some varieties at M'vuazi. The causal agent for the disease is not yet known. Keeping in mind the sequential appearance of the diseases and pests in cassava and the factors favouring their development, I developed a procedure for a thorough screening of the breeding material. The results obtained with this procedure allowed the identification of clones with tolerance to diseases. Some plants showing least damage by mealybug have been identified and are again being screened to confirm the results. Resistance to mealybug appears to be very low in the population tested. Success in artificial hybridization between wild cassava plants possessing genes for resistance and cultivated types has been obtained.",Included,
CIAT,2002,Breeding for insect and other arthropods resistance and development of alternative methods for their control,Project IP-3 Improved cassava for the developing world Annual Report 2002,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19379/,,Included,
"Jennings, D.L.",1976,Breeding for resistance to African cassava mosaic disease: progress and prospects,"African Cassava Mosaic: Report of an interdisciplinary workshop held at Muguga, Kenya, 19-22 February 1976",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8216/,,Included,
"Kang, M. S., Priyadarshan, P. M.",2008,Breeding Major Food Staples,Breeding Major Food Staples,,,10.1002/9780470376447,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8631/,"As the world's population increases the need to produce greater quantities of major staple crops such as wheat, rice, maize, potato, cassava, soybean, sweet potato, barley, and banana in order to sufficiently feed the people of the world continues to grow. Breeding Major Food Staples covers improving yields and quality of these crops through breeding and the use of molecular biology tools such as gene transfer, genome mapping, biofortification, and bioinformatics. This book will be an important reference for anyone working in crop breeding.",Included,
"Akinbo, Olalekan, Labuschagne, Maryke T., Ospina, Csar, Marn, Jaime Alberto, Gutirrez A., Janeth Patricia, Fregene, Martin A.",2008,Bringing wild alleles back into the primary gene pool,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/694/,,Included,
"Chellappan, P., Masona, M.V., Vanitharani, R., Taylor, N.J., Fauquet, C.M.",2004,Broad spectrum resistance to ssDNA viruses associated with transgene-induced gene silencing in cassava,Plant Molecular Biology,56,4,10.1007/s11103-004-0147-9,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3462/,"Geminiviruses are ssDNA viruses that infect a range of economically important crop species. We have developed a pathogen-derived transgenic approach to generate high levels of resistance against these pathogens in a susceptible cultivar of cassava (Manihot esculenta). Integration of the AC1 gene (which encodes the replication-associated protein) from African cassava mosaic virus imparted resistance against the homologous virus and provided strong cross-protection against two heterologous species of cassava-infecting geminiviruses. Short-interfering RNAs specific to the AC1 transgene were identified in the two most resistant transgenic plant lines prior to virus challenge. Levels of AC1 mRNA were suppressed in these plants. When challenged with geminiviruses, accumulation of viral DNA was reduced by up to 98% compared to controls, providing evidence that integration of AC1 initiates protection against viral infection via a post-transcriptional gene silencing mechanism. The robust cross-resistance reported has important implications for field deployment of transgenic strategies to control geminiviruses.",Included,
"Vieira, E. A., Fialho, J. D., Silva, M. S., de Paula-Moraes, S. V., de Oliveira, C. M., dos Anjos, J. D. N., Rinaidi, M. M., Fernandes, F. D., Guimaraes, R.",2011,BRS Japonesa: new sweet cassava cultivar for the Distrito Federal region,Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology,11,2,10.1590/S1984-70332011000200014,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18444/,"The sweet cassava cultivar BRS Japonesa was selected by the cassava breeding program of Embrapa Cerrados in 25 participatory evaluations conducted in the region of the Distrito Federal, Brazil. The cultivar was well-accepted by producers, and the probability of being ranked among the top four cultivars is 80 %.",Included,
"Olasanmi, B., Akoroda, M. O., Okogbenin, E., Egesi, C., Kahya, S. S., Onyegbule, O., Ewa, F., Guitierrez, J., Ceballos, H., Tohme, J., Fregene, M.",2014,Bulked segregant analysis identifies molecular markers associated with early bulking in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Euphytica,195,,10.1007/s10681-013-0991-2,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12994/,"Late root bulking is a major factor leading to rejection and abandoning of improved cassava genotypes in sub-Saharan Africa. Early bulking (EB) varieties shorten the growth period from planting to harvesting, better fit into environments with short rainy season, and reduce exposure to biotic and abiotic stresses thereby increasing productivity. This study was carried out to identify molecular markers linked to EB in cassava. Nine cassava hybrid populations (COB-1COB-9) were developed using six elite varieties (TMS 30572, TMS 97/2205, TMS 98/0505, TMS 30555, NR 8212 and NR 8083) from the African cassava germplasm as parents. The progeny in each of the nine populations (101272 genotypes per population) were evaluated for EB at 7 months after planting at seedling, clonal, and preliminary stages of breeding evaluation at Umudike. The parameters measured are fresh root yield, harvest index, fresh shoot weight and number of storage roots per plant. The progeny in each of the nine populations were genotyped at 542 simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker loci. Bulked segregant analysis was used to identify the SSR markers associated with EB in the populations. Nine SSR markers (SSRY 106, (ESTs)SSRY 292, SSRY 239, (ESTs)SSRY 7, NS 194, (ESTs)SSRY 47, SSRY 63, SSRY 250, and NS 323) were found to be closely linked (r = 0.30.5; p < 0.05) to EB in six of the nine hybrid populations. Seven of the markers with 10 % or more coefficient of determination (R) were linked to major quantitative trait loci associated with EB in cassava. The molecular markers identified in this study provide useful materials to select for EB in cassava and for further target-traits-improvement by pyramiding.",Included,
"Cimpaye, D.",1982,Burundi,"Root Crops in Eastern Africa: Proceedings of a workshop held in Kigali, Rwanda, 23-27 November 1980",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3755/,"Cassava and sweet potatoes are the most important root crops grown in Burundi; cush-cush and yams are also grown. Current production levels and the constraints to production are outlined, the main constraints being land availability, trained personnel, soil fertility, and diseases and pests. Plans are under way to establish a research program on the crops.",Included,
"Francesconi, W., Nair, P. K. R., Levey, D. J., Daniels, J., Cullen Jr, L.",2013,Butterfly distribution in fragmented landscapes containing agroforestry practices in Southeastern Brazil,Agroforestry Systems,87,6,10.1007/s10457-013-9640-y,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5838/,"Agroforestry practices, such as Shaded Coffee and Homegardens, may provide habitat for forest butterflies and contribute to their conservation in fragmented agricultural landscapes. To determine the influence of agroforestry practices in an agricultural mosaic, the distribution of fruit-feeding butterflies was studied using a systematic approach that compared butterfly species richness in six land-use practices (Eucalyptus [Eucalyptus spp.], Shaded Coffee, Homegardens, Secondary Growth, Pastures, and monocultures of Cassava [Manihot esculenta] and Sugarcane [Saccharum officinarum]), and in natural habitat (secondary Forest Edge and Interior) in two study areas (agricultural landscapes). In each study area, Van Someren-Rydon butterfly traps were placed as a grid every 150 m, creating quadrants of 2.2 and 2.4 km2 that encompassed the different land-use practices. Land-use, plot area, number of traps and distance to the forest were set as covariates to compare species richness values. Butterfly species composition was compared using linear discriminant analysis (LDA). With the exception of Pastures, Cassava and Sugarcane, significant differences were not identified between the rest of the agricultural land-use practices and the forest habitats (edge and interior). The species composition in the agricultural practices was however, different to that found in forest habitats. Overall, Shaded Coffee practices that represent long-term mixed tree and crop stands have a better potential of conserving forest butterfly species compared to monoculture practices.",Included,
"Pfeiffer, H. J., Lyonga, S. N.",1980,Cameroon,"Root Crops in Eastern Africa: Proceedings of a workshop held in Kigali, Rwanda, 23-27 November 1980",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14081/,"This paper describes the cropping systems found in the different zones in Cameroon and relates them to the ecological and sociological conditions of the regions. A large variety of soils and ecological zones characterize the country, and the potential for root-crop production ranges from poor to excellent.",Included,
"Cruz, J. L., Mosquim, P. R., Pelacani, C. R., Araujo, W. L., DaMatta, F. M.",2003,Carbon partitioning and assimilation as affected by nitrogen deficiency in cassava,Photosynthetica,41,2,10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011952.77340.53,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4035/,"Plants of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) were raised in a sand root medium watered with nutrient solutions, under greenhouse conditions. As the N-supply increased, shoot dry mass was enhanced to a greater extent than root dry mass, thus leading to an increased shoot to root ratio. In leaves, contents of total soluble saccharides, non-reducing saccharides, and inorganic phosphate increased linearly with increasing N-supply. An opposite response was found for reducing saccharides and starch. In general, content of non-reducing saccharides was considerably greater than starch content. Activity of sucrose synthase was not detected, regardless of the N-treatments; by contrast, activity of neutral and acid invertases increased with increasing N-availability. Roots accumulated more total soluble saccharides, but less reducing saccharides and starch, as the N-supply increased. Photosynthetic rates decreased with increasing N-deficiency. Such a decrease was circumstantially associated to reducing saccharide, but not starch, accumulation. Results suggest a limited capacity for carbon export from source leaves under N-limitation.",Included,
"Moresco, R., Uarrota, V. G., Pereira, A., Tomazzoli, M., Nunes, E. C., Peruch, L. A. M., Costa, C., Rocha, M., Maraschin, M.",2015,Carotenoid Analysis of Cassava Genotypes Roots (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) Cultivated in Southern Brazil Using Chemometric Tools,9th International Conference on Practical Applications of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics,375,,10.1007/978-3-319-19776-0_2,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11393/,"Manihot esculenta roots rich in β-carotene are an important staple food for populations with risk of vitamin A deficiency. Cassava genotypes with high pro-vitamin A activity have been identified as a strategy to reduce the prevalence of deficiency of this vitamin, In this study, the metabolomics characterization focusing on the carotenoid composition of ten cassava genotypes cultivated in southern Brazil by UV-visible scanning spectrophotometry and reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography was performed. The data set was used for the construction of a descriptive model by chemometric analysis. The genotypes of yellow roots were clustered by the higher concentrations of cis-β-carotene and lutein. Inversely, cream roots genotypes were grouped precisely due to their lower concentrations of these pigments, as samples rich in lycopene differed among the studied genotypes. The analytical approach (UV-Vis, HPLC, and chemometrics) used showed to be efficient for understanding the chemodiversity of cassava genotypes, allowing to classify them according to important features for human health and nutrition.",Included,
"Adewusi, S.R.A., Bradbury, J.H.",1993,Carotenoid profile and tannin content of some cassava cultivars,"Proceedings of the First International Scientific Meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology Network, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, 25-28 August 1992",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/387/,"The carotenoid content of cassava leaves and tubers has been determined by open column chromatography. Mature leaves contain more carotenoids than immature leaves. Lutein is present in the greatest amount (86-239) followed by beta-carotene (13-78 mg/kg FW) with small amounts of carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin in some cases. With cassava tubers, the content of beta-carotene (0.1-14) exceeded that of lutein (0.1-0.5 mg/kg FW) with only traces of other carotenoids present. A deep yellow cultivar (V-2) from Vanuatu gave the highest amount and would be useful for further genetic studies. The content of tannin and iron binding phenolics in cassava leaves showed a range of values with Ceiba and SM1-150 having a low content. SM1-150 cultivar is useful because of the low cyanide and average carotenoid content of its tubers and the high carotenoid and low tannin content of its leaves.",Included,
"Champagne, Antoine, Bernillon, Stephane, Moing, Annick, Rolin, Dominique, Legendre, Laurent, Lebot, Vincent",2010,"Carotenoid profiling of tropical root crop chemotypes from Vanuatu, South Pacific",Journal of Food Composition and Analysis,23,8,10.1016/j.jfca.2010.03.021,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3297/,"Tropical root and tuber crops are staple foods in developing countries where they are the main source of carbohydrates and a potential source of secondary metabolites such as carotenoids. Enhancing carotenoid content has considerable potential for improving human nutrition in these areas. Except for cassava and sweet potato, carotenoid content has not been evaluated in large germplasm collections. We describe a simple HPLC-DAD-based protocol for the reliable characterization of carotenoids in root crops. Less than 5% variation in carotenoid content was found among samples collected from tubers of the same plant or from clones of the same genotype. Carotenoids were evaluated in 153 accessions representing 10 different species. Each species had a specific profile of carotenoids, and accessions of the same species differed greatly in their individual content. The database assembled during this study represents a useful tool for nutritionists and breeders working on biofortification of root crops with carotenoids.",Included,
"Nassar, Nagib M. A., Barbosa, Ionara Souza, Haridassan, M., Ortiz, Rodomiro, Gomes, Pollyanna T. C.",2010,Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genetic resources: a case of high iron and zinc,Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution,57,2,10.1007/s10722-009-9469-4,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11917/,"Cassava hybrids from interspecific crosses with Manihot caerulescens Pohl, M. pseudoglaziovii Pax and Hoffmann and M. dichotoma Ule showed a very high iron and zinc content in both roots and leaves, e.g. 98.15 mg kg in roots of the interspecific hybrid cassava-M. caerulescens versus 12.17 mg kg in a cassava cultivar. This promising results show the potential of wild Manihot species for micronutrient enhancement of cassava.",Included,
"Lahai, M.T., George, J.B., Ekanayake, I.J.",1999,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) growth indices, root yield and its components in upland and inland valley ecologies of Sierra Leone",Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science,182,,10.1046/j.1439-037x.1999.00299.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9402/,"Cassava is predominantly an upland crop that is also cultivated in inland valley swamps (IVS). Identifying physiological traits that can withstand excess moisture stress can aid in the selection and use of stable cassava cultivars in IVS. Three cassava cultivars were evaluated for growth and yield in the upland and IVS ecologies in the 1993-94 crop seasons using a randomized complete block design. In the upland, 80/40 outyielded 87/29 and 'coco', while in the IVS, 87/29 had the highest yield. Highest yielding cultivars in each ecology also had the highest tuberous root bulking rate (TBR), dry matter (DM) production, crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate, net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area index, leaf production rate and leaf life. Positive correlations between these parameters and tuberous root yield were noted. High yield of 87/29 in IVS was partly due to its low tuberous root rotting. High root rotting in 80/40 was partly as a result of the greater depth of tuberous roots in the soil (0.3-0.6 m) as compared to the other cultivars (0.15-0.3 m) where roots were in contact with stressful water levels earlier than others. The yield and yield components, growth and leaf characters were all drastically reduced when the cultivars were grown in IVS as com-pared to upland. For example, root yields of 'coco', 87/29 and 80/40 were reduced by 53 %, 60 % and 92 %, respectively, in IVS. Selection of cassava cultivars with longer leaf life and leaf area maintenance leading to high CGR, TBR, NAR and harvest index (in IVS and upland), coupled with a shallow tuberous root formation zone (in IVS) can give higher root and leaf yields in the two ecologies",Included,
"Uwah, D. F., Effa, E. B., Ekpenyong, L. E., Akpan, I. E.",2013,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) performance as influenced by nitrogen and potassium fertilizers in Uyo, Nigeria",Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences,23,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18191/,"Large scale cassava production is today being carried out season after season repeatedly on the same piece of land leading to decline in soil fertility and yield overtime. Research information to guide farmers on appropriate fertilizer management under such continuous cropping are few and poorly documented in south eastern Nigeria. A two-year field experiment was conducted during 2007 - 2009 at Uyo, a humid forest agro-ecology of south eastern Nigeria to assess the growth and yield response of cassava. Treatments included four rates each of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg/ha) in all possible factorial combination replicated thrice in a randomized complete block design. Application of N at the highest rate significantly (P = 0.05) increased plant height, produced higher number of leaves and branches/plant, stem girth, number and weight of tubers/plant and total fresh tuber yield compared with other treatments. The fresh tuber yield at 120 kg N/ha was however, comparable with that at 80 kg N/ha rate. Cassava growth, fresh tuber yield and all yield attributes peaked at 80 kg K/ha rate. The 120 kg N/ha and 80 kg K/ha rates increased fresh tuber weight by 48 and 45% and total fresh tuber yield by 36 and 27% respectively, compared with the control plots. The application of N between 80 and 120 kg/ha and K at 80 kg/ha appeared appropriate for optimum yield in our study area and are thus recommended.",Included,
"Pengthamkeerati, P., Senkaew, S., Modtad, A., Prueksasit, T.",2014,"Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) Yields, Soil Nitrous Oxide Emission, and Soil Nitrogen Transformation Affected by Nitrification Inhibitors in Loamy Sand Soil in Thailand",Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,45,12,10.1080/00103624.2014.907912,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13957/,"The effects of nitrification inhibitors (NIs) on soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emission, soil ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−), and cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) yields were investigated in a loamy sand soil in eastern Thailand. Treatments were chemical fertilizer (CF) and CF plus dicyandiamide (DCD) or neem (Azadirachta indica) oil at two rates of 5% and 10%. DCD had a greater reduction of soil N2O flux than the neem oil (P<0.10). DCD and neem oil retained NH4+-N in the soil by 79% and 63% (P ≤ 0.10), respectively. The NI effect on soil NO3−-N was small due to a low N fertilizer rate. The cassava root yield and N uptake were increased 4–11% and 2–18%, respectively, by use of NIs, but they were only significant for DCD (P ≤ 0.10). These findings suggest that NIs application may be a promising method for minimizing nitrogen loss and enhancing crop yields in a tropical cassava field.",Included,
"Khumaida, Nurul, Ardie, SinthoWahyuning, Dianasari, Mita, Syukur, Muhamad",2015,Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz.) Improvement through Gamma Irradiation,Procedia Food Science,3,,10.1016/j.profoo.2015.01.003,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8984/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz., Euphorbiaceae) is an important dietary carbohydrate source for approximately 800 million people in the tropics. Cassava breeding through conventional approaches are hampered with some limitations which resulted in a low number of superior varieties. The objective of this research was to generate several mutant lines with higher yield and starch content. According to field studies it was found that several cassava mutant lines have higher yield (root fresh weight >10-20kg plant-1). Two mutant lines has a high starch content (>39%). However, diversity on some variables are still found in M1V2 generation of cassava.",Included,
"Makus, D.J.",1996,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) establishment and adaptability in the Rio Grande Valley",Subtropical Plant Science,48,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10535/,"Cassava, (Manihot esculenta, Crantz), a low input, drought-tolerant plant, may have potential in the Lower Rio Grande Valley as a bio-fuel source. To evaluate this possibility, four cassava accessions were received from the USDA, ARS Plant Introduction Station in Mayaguez, PR on 16 Jan. 1996. Cuttings, 15 to 20 cm long, were subsequently propagated In 3.7 L pots containing Metro Mix No. 4 for 10 weeks before field setting in a transition Hidalgo-McAllen fine sandy loam soil at a USDA, APHIS site near McCook, TX. Three plant establishment methods, control (no soil amendment), addition of 15 Mt bagasse*ha-1, or 50 kg cross-linked polyacrylamide*ha-1 into the planting trench were evaluated. The 2 x 1.2 m spacings on 15 cm high beds provided 4036 plants*ha-1. Plants received a total of 35.8 cm of water between field planting and harvest (230 days). As the growing season progressed, plants grown in bagasse experienced lower soil moisture (in kg*m3 at the 38 cm depth compared to the other establishment methods. Establishment method had little or no effect on plant size, leaf nutrients, leaf pigment concentrations, root dry matter or root yield. Accessions differed in many of these attributes except root yield, the means of which ranged from 5 to 9 Mt*ha-1. Winter temperatures as low as -5.4 °C resulted in accession spring survival rates between 40 and 72%.",Included,
"Rosenthal, D. M., Slattery, R. A., Miller, R. E., Grennan, A. K., Cavagnaro, T. R., Fauquet, C. M., Gleadow, R. M., Ort, D. R.",2012,Cassava about-FACE: Greater than expected yield stimulation of cassava (Manihot esculenta) by future CO2 levels,Global Change Biology,18,8,10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02726.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15364/,"Globally, cassava is the second most important root crop after potatoes and the fifth most important crop overall interms of human caloric intake. In addition to its growing global importance for feed, fuel, and starch, cassava haslong been vital to food security in Sub-Saharan Africa. Climate change is expected to have its most severe impact oncrops in food insecure regions, yet little is known about how cassava productivity will respond to climate change.The most important driver of climate change is globally increasing atmospheric CO2concentration ([CO2]). However,the potential for cassava to enhance food security in an elevated [CO2] world is uncertain as greenhouse and opentop chamber (OTC) study reports are ambiguous. Studies have yielded misleading results in the past regarding theeffect of elevated [CO2] on crop productivity, particularly in cases where pots restricted sink growth. To resolve theseconflicting results, we compare the response of cassava to growth at ambient (ca. 385 ppm) and elevated [CO2](585 ppm) under field conditions and fully open air [CO2] elevation. After three and half months of growth at ele-vated [CO2], above ground biomass was 30% greater and cassava root tuber dry mass increased over 100% (freshweight increased 89%). High photosynthetic rates and photosynthetic stimulation by elevated [CO2], larger canopies,and a large sink capacity all contributed to cassava’s growth and yield stimulation. Cassava exhibited photosyntheticacclimation via decreased Rubisco capacity early in the season prior to root tuber initiation when sink capacity wassmaller. Importantly, and in contrast to a greenhouse study, we found no evidence of increased leaf N or total cya-nide concentration in elevated [CO2]. All of our results are consistent with theoretical expectations; however, themagnitude of the yield increase reported here surpasses all other C3crops and thus exceeds expectations.",Included,
"Weite, Zhang, Xiong, Lin, Kaimian, Li, Jie, Juang, Yinong, Tian, Jun, Lee, Quohui, Fu",1998,Cassava agronomy research in China,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Farmer Participatory Research in Asia: Proceedings of the Fifth Regional Workshop held in Danzhou, Hainan, China, Nov 3-8, 1996",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18849/,"Through cooperation with CIAT, national programs in China have paid more and more attention to cassava agronomy research and a lot of progress has been made. This paper describes briefly the most common cropping systems and production practices presently used by farmers. It also reviews the results of research on soil/crop management, with emphasis on soil fertility maintenance and soil erosion control, during the past decade. In China, cassava is usually planted from Jan-May, while it is harvested from Nov-Mar. The plant population is about 10,000-12,000 plants/ha under normal conditions, while the population could increase to 15,000-18,000 plants/ha in poor soils. Results of soil erosion control trials showed that two treatments, i.e. no-tillage but making a planting hole (30x30 cm) by hoe, or complete land preparation followed by contour ridging, not only increased cassava yields, but also decreased soil erosion. However, soil loss was very serious with complete land preparation but without ridging. Long-term fertilization trials conducted in CATAS, GSCRI and UCRI, indicate that cassava yields increased significantly with the application of N and K. Increasing the N application from 50 to 200 kg/ha while maintaining a constant rate of 100 kg K2O and 50 kg P2Os/ha, cassava yields increased significantly, but the root starch content decreased. In contrast, both cassava yield and root starch content increased with an increase in K application from 50 kg to 200 kg K2O/ha, while maintaining a constant rate of 100 kg N and 50 kg P2Os/ha. Cassava intercropped with watermelon produced the highest economic returns, but soil erosion was controlled most efficiently by intercropping with peanut.",Included,
"Sinthuprama, S.",1979,Cassava and cassava-based intercrop systems in Thailand,"Intercropping with cassava: Proceedings of an international workshop held at Trivandrum, India, 27 Nov-1 Dec 1978",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16513/,,Included,
"Potty, V.P.",1985,Cassava as an alternate host for multiplication of VAM fungi,Plant and Soil,88,1,10.1007/BF02140672,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14368/,"Cassava tuber skin contained VAM fungal spores, mycelial bits which embedded in between the layers and the cassava root system are non-specific to native or non-indigenous mycorrhizal fungus. Hence, an efficient strain of a VAM fungus can be multiplied in cassava and the cassava skin can be used for propagating VA-mycorrhizae in the field for crop production.",Included,
"Barratt, N., Chitundu, D., Dover, O., Elsinga, J., Eriksson, S., Guma, L., Haggblade, M., Haggblade, Steven, Henn, T.O., Locke, F.R., O'Donnell, C., Smith, C., Stevens, T.",2006,Cassava as drought insurance: Food security implications of cassava trials in Central Zambia,Agrekon,45,,10.1080/03031853.2006.9523737,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1925/,"Wide, weather-induced fluctuations in maize production lead to recurrent food shortages in Zambia's maize consuming regions, while the cassava-growing regions of the north enjoy stable food production, even in drought years. Noting this striking correlation between drought vulnerability and the prevalence of maize as a staple food, a growing array of agencies in Zambia has begun introducing highly productive new cassava varieties, developed in the north, to more central and southerly regions in an effort to provide low-cost food security during drought years. Yet agro ecological conditions in these drought-prone regions differ significantly from the northern research stations where Zambian scientists developed the new cassava varieties. So it is not clear that the varieties or management practices that work well in the north will prove optimal in other regions. In order to assist farmers and agencies interested in expanding cassava as a food security crop in central Zambia, we have conducted cassava trials in central Zambia over the past three years. Concurrently, we have engaged in regular on-farm discussions with early adopting farmers. Results from these investigations suggest that, with some modification of management practices recommended in the north, many of the new cassava clones offer a feasible means of mitigating lean season hunger and providing low-cost, in-kind drought insurance for rural households in central Zambia.",Included,
"Persley, Gabrielle, Terry, Eugene R., MacIntyre, Reginald",1977,"Cassava bacterial blight: report of an interdisciplinary workshop held at IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 1-4 November 1976","Cassava bacterial blight: report of an interdisciplinary workshop held at IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 1-4 November 1976",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/20294/,"Report of a workshop on the cassava bacterial blight (CBB) plant disease in Africa south of Sahara - discusses the diagnosis and geographic distribution of CBB, influence of shade and intercropping on its incidence; plant breeding for disease resistance; disease control efforts in Nigeria, Zaire and Ghana. Includes country statements from Benin PR, Congo PR, Ghana and Togo.",Included,
"Barandica, O. J., Perez, J. C., Lenis, J. I., Calle, F., Morante, N., Pino, L., Hershey, C. H., Ceballos, H.",2016,Cassava Breeding II: Phenotypic Correlations through the Different Stages of Selection,Frontiers in Plant Science,7,,10.3389/fpls.2016.01649,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1901/,"Breeding cassava relies on a phenotypic recurrent selection that takes advantage of the vegetative propagation of this crop. Successive stages of selection (single row trial-SRI; preliminary yield trial-PYT; advanced yield trial-AYT; and uniform yield trials UYT), gradually reduce the number of genotypes as the plot size, number of replications and locations increase. An important feature of this scheme is that, because of the clonal, reproduction of cassava, the same identical genotypes are evaluated throughout these four successive stages of selection. For this study data, from 14 years (more than 30,000 data points) of evaluation in a sub-humid tropical environment was consolidated for a meta-analysis. Correlation coefficients for fresh root yield (FRY), dry matter content (DMC), harvest index (HIN), and plant type score (PTS) along the different stages of selection were estimated. DMC and PTS measured in different trials showed the highest correlation coefficients, indicating a relatively good repeatability. HIN had an intermediate repeatability, whereas FRY had the lowest value. The association between HIN and FRY was lower than expected, suggesting that HIN in early stages was not reliable as indirect selection for FRY in later stages. There was a consistent decrease in the average performance of clones grown in PYTs compared with the earlier evaluation of the same genotypes at SRTs. A feasible explanation for this trend is the impact of the environment on the physiological and nutritional status of the planting material and/or epigenetic effects. The usefulness of HIN is questioned. Measuring this variable takes considerable efforts at harvest time. DMC and FRY showed a weak positive association in SRI (r = 0.21) but a clearly negative one at UYT (r = -0.42). The change in the relationship between these variables is the result of selection. In later stages of selection, the plant is forced to maximize productivity on a dry weight basis either by maximizing FRY or DMC, but not both. Alternatively, the plant may achieve high dry root yield by simultaneously attaining ""acceptable"" (but not maximum) levels of FRY and DMC.",Included,
"Abok, E. O., Ooko, G. A., Okoth, M. W.",2016,"Cassava chips quality as influenced by cultivar, blanching time and slice thickness","African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development",16,4,10.18697/ajfand.76.16855,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/154/,"Cassava forms part of diets in Kenya with both the roots and leaves being consumed as food. The short shelf-life of 72 hours and cyanogenic glucosides limit the extent of utilization. Currently, fried cassava chips and crisps are increasingly being consumed as snacks; and fried cassava chips are produced by street processors. The quality and safety of these products is not known, therefore, the current study was to establish the influence of cassava cultivar, blanching time and slice thickness on quality of fried cassava chips. Moisture, vitamin C and cyanide content in the raw cassava cultivars were determined before processing. The three raw cassava cultivars coded as MH95/0183, MM96/2480 and Fumba chai were washed, peeled and sliced into thickness of 6 mm, 10 mm and 20 mm. Equal groups of the slices were blanched at 95C for 0 minutes, 5 minutes and 10 minutes each and then subjected to frying temperature of 170C. The physico-chemical and sensory properties of fried cassava chips were determined. Dry matter content, vitamin C content and cyanide levels significantly (p < 0.05) differed among the three raw cultivars except in MH95/0183 and MM96/2480. A strong positive relationship (r = 0.98) existed between moisture and cyanide contents in the raw cultivars. Mean cyanide levels in the three roots was 37.04 mg/kg, 16.37 mg/kg and 48.48 mg/kg in MH95/0183, MM96/2480 and Fumba chai, respectively. Dry matter content was 36.79 %, 37.69 % and 30.42 % in MH95/0183, MM96/2480 and Fumba chai. The physico-chemical and sensory properties significantly (p < 0.05) differed within and across the cultivars as affected by processing conditions. Mean cyanide range was 1.4 - 11 mg/kg, oil content ranged 3.78 - 18.48 % and vitamin C content ranged 7.59 - 50.48 mg/100 g. Significant (p < 0.05) relationship (r = 0.707) existed between slice thickness and the redness color parameter. Cultivar, slice thickness and blanching time form important yardsticks in processing fried cassava chips. Proper choice of these parameters is, therefore, important in processing quality and safe cassava fries. Slice thickness of 6 mm combined with long blanching time of 10 minutes result in fried cassava chips with low and acceptable cyanide content as well as satisfactory consumer preference based on color, texture, oiliness and overall acceptability.",Included,
"Tran, Ngoc Ngoan, Tran, Ngoc Quyen, Hoang, Kim, Kawano, Kazuo",1996,Cassava cultivars and breeding research in Vietnam,"A Benchmark Study on Cassava Production, Processing and Marketing in Vietnam: Proceedings of a Workshop held in Hanoi, Vietnam Oct 29-31, 1992",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17862/,"The results of a cassava cultivar survey revealed a certain regional trend in farmer's use of cultivars. However, four cultivars, i.e. Xanh Vinh Phu, HL-23, HL-20 and HL-24, are widely grown in nearly all parts of the cassava producing regions from the North to the South. One important feature for successful cultivars appears to be the storability of planting material. The evaluation of indigenous cultivars confirmed the superior yielding ability of HL-20, HL-23, HL-24 and Xanh Vinh Phu over other local cultivars. HL-20, HL-23, HL-24 and Xanh Vinh Phu are all ""sweet"" cultivars. A collaborative varietal improvement program with CIAT start in 1988 and clonal and seedling selections of the materials introduced from Thailand and Colombia are now centered at the Hung Loc Research Center of the Institute of Agricultural Science (IAS) in the South and at the Agricultural College No. 3 (AC no.3) in Bac Thai in the North. A network of on-farm trials was established by IAS in the South and a similar network is being established in the North jointly by AC no.3, the Food Crop Reseach Institute (FCRI) and the Potato and Vegetable Research Center (PVRC) of INSA. Initial results are highly promising in that some advanced Thai clones are showing yielding ability and root starch content far superior to the best local cultivars, both in the experiment stations and in farmers' fields. It is important to determine whether the Vietnamese cassava production is ready to adopt highly efficient but ""bitter"" cultivars, which can be selected more readily than dual purpose ""sweet"" cultivars.",Included,
"Olasantan, F.O.",2005,Cassava cultivation management for sustainable vegetable production in intercropping with okra,Journal of Sustainable Agriculture,27,2,10.1300/J064v27n02_05,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13007/,"A five-year field experiment evaluated the effects of growing okra Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench in inter-row spaces of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and at three sowing dates on yield of both crops. Two contrasting cassava cultivars (TMS 30572-early maturing, short with full-branch and dense canopy and Odongbo-late maturing, tall with less-branch and sparse canopy) were evaluated. In the first experiment, okra was sown on 30 July, 20 August and 3 September as a late-season crop in 1999 and on 27 May, 10 June and 24 June as an early-season crop in 2000. In the second experiment, okra was sown on 29 May, 21 June and 12 July as an early-season crop in 2001 and on 13 August, 29 August and 12 September as a late-season crop in 2002. Leaf area index (LAI), days to 50% flowering and first pod harvest, yield and yield components of okra in mixed stands were the same as in monoculture in both experiments. However, cassava Odongbo/okra intercrop resulted in an increase in fresh pod yield and economic returns of okra by 19-21% and 20-26%, respectively, compared with monoculture and cassava TMS 30572/okra intercrop. LAI of okra was significantly increased by 20-45% in the first and second sowing dates, but it took 2-10 days longer for the first and second-sown okra plants to reach 50% flowering and first pod harvest over those of the third-sowing date in any experiment. Mean increase in okra fresh pod yield with first and second sowing dates was 2.4-5.6 t ha(-1) over the third sowing date in either experiment. The mean economic returns with the first and second sowing dates were 105% and 50% in the first experiment and 125% and 50% in the second experiment, respectively, over those of the third sowing date regardless of cropping system. The cassava yields were not affected by cropping system and okra sowing date. For sustainable okra production in wide inter-row spaces of cassava, growing both crops in May for the earlyseason crops and in early August for the late-season crops and using tall, sparse canopy cassava is recommended.",Included,
"Ellen, R., Soselisa, H. L.",2012,"Cassava Diversity and Toxicity in Relation to Environmental Degradation: A Feature of Food Security in the Moluccas, Indonesia",Environmental Uncertainty and Local Knowledge: Southeast Asia as a Laboratory of Global Ecological Change,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5150/,,Included,
"Nassar, N., Vizzotto, C. S., Schwartz, C. A., Pires Jr, O. R.",2007,Cassava diversity in Brazil: The case of carotenoid-rich landraces,Genetics and Molecular Research,6,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11896/,"In Brazil, the center of cassava origin, cassava landraces have acquired through their domestication a large diversity in relation to many economic traits such as high content of carotenoids and excellent palatability among other characters. One of these clones, which has been grown by indigenous Brazilian farmers and is now being maintained in the University of Braslia gene bank, showed a high level of lycopene content (5 mg/kg viz. a viz. zero in common cultivars, and 12-20 mg/kg in tomato, a lycopene-rich vegetable). A second landrace called UnB 400 had a high content of -carotene, which reached 4 mg/kg. FUNPEC-RP.",Included,
CIAT,1992,Cassava entomology and acarology,Cassava Program Annual Report 1990,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19233/,"Results are presented of entomology and acarology research conducted in cassava to develop effective, cost-efficient, environmentally sound crop protection methodologies which stabilize production and thus eliminate the need for pesticide use. Emphasis was made on biological control, host plant resistance, and agricultural practices. Pests cited include Phenacoccus manihoti, P. herreni, Pseudococcus mandio, Erinnyis ello, Bemisia tabaci, B. tuberculata, Aleurotrachelus socialis, Trialeurodes variabilis, Cyrtomenus bergi, and Amblystira machalana. Among mites are Mononychellus tanajoa and Oligonychus gossypii. Information is also provided on the geographical distribution of pests, geographic association among mites, phytoseiid diet analysis (acarine food types, nonacarine food types, cannibalism), and alternative biological control agents.",Included,
"Gomez, G., Valdivieso, M.",1984,Cassava for animal feeding: Effect of variety and plant age on production of leaves and roots Author links open overlay panel,Animal Feed Science and Technology,11,1,10.1016/0377-8401(84)90053-1,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6025/,"Two cassava varieties, CMC-40 (low-cyanide) and CMC-84 (high-cyanide), were grown under similar edaphoclimatic conditions and evaluated monthly at four plant ages (months 9–12) for their production of leaves and roots as animal feeds. Sample areas of 560 m2 per variety were harvested at each plant age. Maximum leaf production occurred at 11 months and reached 1.17 and 1.85 t DM ha−1, with average crude protein contents of 27.4 and 25.1% on DM basis, for varieties CMC-40 and CMC-84, respectively. Whole roots were processed and chips were sun-dried. Dry matter content of whole roots and estimated total dried chip production was lower from variety CMC-40 (33.2% DM; 8.9 t ha−1) than for variety CMC-84 (38.9% DM; 10.1 t ha−1). Plant age had little effect on dried chip production of CMC-40, but production of variety CMC-84 increased with age, reaching a maximum of 12 t ha−1 with one-year-old plants. The average chemical composition of dried chips is presented.",Included,
"Ceballos, H., Fregene, M., Pérez, J. C., Morante, N., Calle, F.",2008,Cassava Genetic Improvement,Breeding Major Food Staples,,,10.1002/9780470376447.ch12,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3175/,,Included,
CIAT,1992,Cassava germplasm resource development,Cassava Program Annual Report 1990,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19235/,,Included,
"Weber, E. J., Cock, J. H., Chouinard, A.",1978,"Cassava harvesting and processing: proceedings of a workshop held at CIAT, Cali, Colombia, 24-28 April 1978","Cassava harvesting and processing: proceedings of a workshop held at CIAT, Cali, Colombia, 24-28 April 1978",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18811/,"Cassava is a very efficient producer of carbohydrates even where soil is poor and rainfall uncertain; millions of people in many parts of the world grow it and depend on it as a major source of energy. Yet, until recent years, little research had been carried out to improve the crop. In the early 1970s, two international agricultural research centres - Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) in Colombia and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in Nigeria - identified cassava as a major research focus. Subsequently, the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) of Canada has collaborated with both of these institutions to promote the development and utilization of cassava through jointly sponsored workshops, studies, and publications; this report is the latest in the series. It is based on a workshop held at CIAT 24-28 April 1978.",Included,
"Ezumah, H.C.",1981,Cassava improvement in the Programme National Manioc in Zaire: objectives and achievements up to 1978,Tropical Root Crops: Research Strategies for the 1980s,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5392/,"The Programme National Manioc (PRONAM) is a research and training project in cassava established by a cooperative arrangement between the government of Zaire and IITA. Progress made by PRONAM to assemble cassava germ plasm, to screen it for resistance to prevailing diseases and pests in Zaire, and to identify and multiply high-yielding, disease-resistant cultivars is reported in this paper.",Included,
"Aye, Tin Maung, Howeler, Reinhardt H.",2008,Cassava in Laos: Enhancing sustainable production and utilization through farmer participatory research,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1586/,,Included,
"Porto, M. C. M., de Almeida, P. A., de Mattos, P. L. P., Souza, R. F.",1979,Cassava intercropping in Brazil,"Intercropping with cassava: Proceedings of an international workshop held at Trivandrum, India, 27 Nov-1 Dec 1978",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3088/,,Included,
"Chew, W.Y.",1979,Cassava intercropping patterns and practices in Malaysia,"Intercropping with cassava: Proceedings of an international workshop held at Trivandrum, India, 27 Nov-1 Dec 1978",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3559/,,Included,
"Zandstra, H.G.",1979,Cassava intercropping research: agroclimatic and biological interactions,"Intercropping with cassava: Proceedings of an international workshop held at Trivandrum, India, 27 Nov-1 Dec 1978",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19880/,,Included,
"Gomes, P. T. C., Nassar, N. M. A.",2013,Cassava interspecific hybrids with increased protein content and improved amino acid profiles,Genetics and Molecular Research,12,2,10.4238/2013.April.12.8,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6422/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a principal food for large
populations of poor people in the tropics and subtropics. Its edible roots
are poor in protein and lack several essential amino acids. Interspecific
hybrids may acquire high protein characteristics from wild species.
We analyzed 19 hybrids of M. esculenta with its wild relative, M.
oligantha, for crude protein, amino acid profile, and total cyanide. Some
hybrids produced roots with high protein content of up to 5.7%, while
the common cultivar that we examined had just 2.3% crude protein.
The essential amino acids alanine, phenylalanine, and valine were
detected in the hybrids. The sulfur-containing amino acids cysteine and
methionine were found at relatively high concentrations in the roots of
4 hybrids. The proportion of lysine in one hybrid was 20 times higher
than in the common cultivar. The levels of total cyanide ranged from
19.73 to 172.56 mg/kg and most of the roots analyzed were classified
as “non-toxic” and “low toxic”. Furthermore, 2 progenies showed
reasonable levels of cyanide, but higher protein content and amino acid
profile more advantageous than the common cassava.",Included,
"Ekandem, M.J.",1965,Cassava investigations carried out in northern Nigeria 1958-62,International Journal of Pest Management B,11,3,10.1080/05331846509432190,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5022/,,Included,
"Lutaladio, N.B., Ezumah, H.C.",1981,Cassava leaf harvesting in Zaire,Tropical Root Crops: Research Strategies for the 1980s,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10261/,"In Zaire, harvesting cassava leaves for use as a vegetable could increase the total revenue (leaf and root) from the crop by 1.5-6 times, depending on cultivar and on frequency of leaf harvesting. Frequent removal of leaves results in high incidence of cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and reductions in root and leaf yields. Harvesting leaves once a month provides a high leaf production and returns with low losses in root yield.",Included,
"Carsky, R.J., Toukourou, M.A.",2003,Cassava leaf litter estimation in on-farm trials,Experimental Agriculture,40,3,10.1017/S0014479703001625,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3068/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta) returns organic matter and nutrients to the soil through leaf litter and these amounts need to be quantified to help understand and design sustainable cropping systems. Our objectives were to estimate dry matter and nutrient contents in cassava leaf litter and to derive relationships between litter fall and easily measurable cassava yield components. Litter traps (1 m2) were placed in farmers' fields for monthly monitoring during a three year period. Maximum monthly leaf litter production ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 t ha-1, and occurred at the end of the first rainy season and at the onset of the next rainy season. In the first year, the mean dry matter of leaves collected during 12 months of growth was 3.4 t ha-1 for the unamended treatment, and 4.1 t ha-1 when N-P-K fertilizer was applied. The totals were 2.4 and 3.0 t ha-1 in 2000-2001 and 1.6 and 2.5 t ha-1 in 2001-2002, respectively. Annual differences were apparently related to rainfall. The relationship with fresh root yield was best described using one slope and yearly intercepts giving an r2 of 0.63. This relationship can be exploited for estimating litter dry matter in agronomic experiments when rough estimates are sufficient, keeping in mind that the relationship may not be the same for cultivars of differing architecture. Otherwise, the use of litter traps gives the best estimate of annual litter production.",Included,
"Limsila, Atchara, Tungsakul, Saowaree, Sarawat, Peaingpen, Watananonta, Watana, Boonsing, Atapon, Pichitporn, Somyot, Howeler, Reinhardt H.",2007,Cassava leaf production research in Thailand,Cassava Research and Development in Asia: Exploring New Opportunities for an Ancient Crop,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9916/,"The unlignified upper part of the cassava plant is potentially a good source of protein for animal feed rations because of its high yield and nutritive value. Several experiments have revealed that the dry matter of these plant tops contains 20-32% crude protein, which consists of various essential amino acids in proportions close to those of soybean meal. Most research conducted in Thailand in the past focussed mainly on the utilization of cassava foliage to partially substitute for soybean meal in the feeding of different types of animals, such as cows, pigs, and poultry, in order to reduce the import of soybean meal. If only 10% (0.14 million tonnes) of soybean meal in animal feed is substituted by cassava leaf meal, the country would be able to save 900 million baht or 21 million U.S. dollars per year. According to previous research conducted in Thailand, the annual yield of dry cassava foliage varied from 3.6 to 12.6 t/ha. Both yield and nutritive value depend to a large extent on both genetics and the environment. Hence, factors affecting yield and protein content of cassava foliage are presently being researched at different locations in order to determine the appropriate practices in cassava foliage production for each part of the country. A preliminary trial conducted in 2001/02 at Rayong Field Crops Research Center indicates that the total cassava dried foliage yields from 3 cuttings of 16 varieties and their protein contents were in the range of 4.0 to 7.7 t/ha and 19.7 to 26.8%, respectively, while root yields and starch contents at 12 months after planting ranged from 11.9 to 29.1 t/ha and 19.0 to 26.4%, respectively. A similar trial conducted at TTDI in Nakhon Ratchasima province resulted in total dry foliage yields of 2.6 to 8.2 t/ha with 11.5 to 34.3% protein, and 6.77 to 22.7 t/ha of fresh roots with 11.3 to 29.1% starch.",Included,
"Nassar, N. M. A., Marques, A. O.",2006,Cassava leaves as a source of protein,"Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment",4,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11892/,Analysis of cassava cultivars and interspecific hybrids leaves revealed a protein percentage ranges from 21 to 32%. Polyploid types did not show significant increase. Varieties with low HCN content can be selected to enrich flour of cassava and other grain crops. Interspecific hybrids with very vigorous vegetative growth are good sources of protein. They can be used for raising animals in Brazilian semi-arid region.,Included,
"Adjata, K. D., Tchacondo, T., Tchansi, K., Banla, E., Gumedzoe, Y. M. D.",2012,Cassava mosaic disease transmission by whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci Genn.) and its development on some plots of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) clones planted at different dates in Togo,American Journal of Plant Physiology,7,5,10.3923/ajpp.2012.200.211,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/427/,"A study was carried out to determine the effect of planting date on Cassava Mosaic Disease (CMD) transmission by white flies (Bemisia tabaci) and its development in a population of cassava clones selected at Lomé Agricultural Experimental Station (LAES) of the High School of Agriculture, University of Lomé in order to contribute in the search of a strategy of effective control of CMD in Togo. To achieve this goal, cassava clones resulting from seeds of the third generation (F3) were planted at different dates on plots P1, P2 and P3 with the interval of 21 days. Three weeks after the establishment of the planted seedlings, data assessment was initiated weekly during twenty weeks. And the measured parameters were: (i) weekly counting of whitefly population on seedlings per plot of 114 m2 and (ii) weekly visual observation to quantify the diseased seedlings according to an assessing note on the severity of the disease ranging from 1 to 5. The results obtained from the visual observations made during this study, revealed that the propagation of the disease on each plot of the evaluated clones is proportional to the size of the population of vectors in presence. Thus, three months after plantation, it was numbered 53% diseased individuals (p<0.05) among the population of cassava clones; at the same time, the population of whiteflies reached an average 1.49±5.23 to 7.83±12.81 individuals by cassava seedlings under the conditions of this work. It was observed that the most significant number of whiteflies was noted on the plots P2 and P3. It was noticed that the plot P3 which was installed six weeks after plot P1, 41% of the seedlings died (p<0.05) due to the infestations of eggs and the larvae of whiteflies.",Included,
"Tembo, M., Mataa, M., Legg, J., Chikoti, P. C., Ntawuruhunga, P.",2017,Cassava mosaic disease: incidence and yield performance of cassava cultivars in Zambia,Journal of Plant Pathology,99,3,10.4454/jpp.v99i3.3955,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10354/,"Cassava is the main food crop for an estimated 30% of the population in Zambia where yields of 5.8 t/ha are some of the lowest of any major cassava-producing country. A study was conducted to characterize yield responses of Zambian cassava genotypes to cassava mosaic disease (CMD), as well as the relative susceptibilities to the causal viruses. CMD-free planting material of four improved cultivars (Mweru, Chila, Tanganyika and Kampolombo), four officially-promoted landraces (Nalumino, Kapumba, Bangweulu and Katobamphunta) and a locally popular landrace (Manyopola) were evaluated at a field site in Rufunsa District, Lusaka Province (central-eastern Zambia). Manyopola and Bangweulu were found to be susceptible and had high foliar incidences of CMD (97.5% and 74.7%, respectively) based on visual CMD symptoms with high severity scores (3.5, 3.5), whilst cv. Kampolombo was resistant (incidence 0.7%, severity 2.0). Mweru had the highest root yield (17.6 t ha-1 ) while Kapumba, the second most susceptible cultivar, had the lowest root yield (3.2 t ha-1 ). Significant inverse regression 2 relationships were demonstrated between CMD incidence and CMD severity with root yield. Using these regressions together with published data on cassava production and countrywide CMD incidence in Zambia, it was possible to estimate annual losses due to CMD at ca. US$ 51.7 million. Evidence for resistance to CMD amongst several of the improved cassava cultivars tested suggests that there is great potential for the effective control and management of CMD in Zambia, if these materials could be widely disseminated.",Included,
"Sseruwagi, P., Okao-Okuja, G., Kalyebi, A., Muyango, S., Aggarwal, V., Legg, J.P.",2005,Cassava mosaic geminiviruses associated with cassava mosaic disease in Rwanda,International Journal of Pest Management,51,1,10.1080/09670870400016750,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16883/,"Cassava mosaic disease (CMD), and cassava mosaic geminiviruses (CMGs), were investigated in a country-wide survey conducted in six cassava-producing prefectures (administrative regions) of Rwanda in 2001. CMD occurred throughout the country at an average incidence of 30%. Incidence was highest in Kigali (44%) and lowest in Butare (11%). Cutting infection resulting from the use of CMD-affected planting material was the main type of infection. Disease symptoms were generally severe, with little difference between cultivars or locations. Most affected plants lacked the ‘candle-stick’ symptoms characteristic of severe CMD associated with infection by the ‘Uganda Variant’ of East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV-UG2). PCR analysis detected two viruses in CMD-affected plants: African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and EACMV-UG2. ACMV predominated and occurred throughout the surveyed areas, whereas EACMV-UG2 was restricted to the prefectures of Byumba, which border south-western Uganda and Kibungo in south-eastern Rwanda. No dual infections were detected.",Included,
"Kaweewong, J., Tawornpruek, S., Yampracha, S., Yost, R., Kongton, S., Kongkeaw, T.",2013,Cassava nitrogen requirements in Thailand and crop simulation model predictions,Soil Science,178,5,10.1097/SS.0b013e31829a283f,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8792/,"While cassava is an important crop in diverse regions of Thailand, little information is available to compare sites, select planting dates, and determine nitrogen (N) requirements. In recent years, the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) has been used to develop this information. In order to use DSSAT, the cassava model, namely, CSM-CSCRP-Cassava, needs to be calibrated and validated. A cassava response to nitrogen study was conducted in Thailand during the 2011–2012 growing season. The data were also utilized to calibrate the DSSAT cassava model on cultivar Kasetsart 50. The model could be calibrated to predict the first branching date at 116 days, when it actually occurred at 117 days after planting. The overall average top dry weight and dry root yield were 7.39 and 15.69 t ∙ ha−1 , which were predicted with a root mean square error of 0.496 and 0.702, respectively. Maximum leaf area index, leaf N (%), and harvested root N (%) were also adequately simulated. Validation experiments were conducted at the diverse Lopburi, Supanburi, and Chonburi sites. Top dry weight and dry root yield were predicted with indexes of agreement of 0.86 and 0.95 in Lopburi, 0.82 and 0.95 in Supanburi, and 0.83 and 0.55 in Chonburi. Nitrogen requirements for maximum yield were overpredicted by the model, indicating additional work is needed to account for negative effects of excessive N. Effects of regional weather conditions and soil types appeared to be adequately predicted by the calibrated model. Improved planting dates were suggested with the calibrated model.",Included,
CIAT,1992,Cassava pathology and virology,Cassava Program Annual Report 1990,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19236/,,Included,
"Jørgensen, K., Bak, S., Busk, P. K., Sørensen, C., Olsen, C. E., Puonti-Kaerlas, J., Møller, B. L.",2005,"Cassava plants with a depleted cyanogenic glucoside content in leaves and tubers. Distribution of cyanogenic glucosides, their site of synthesis and transport, and blockage of the biosynthesis by RNA interference technology",Plant Physiology,139,1,10.1104/pp.105.065904,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8387/,"Transgenic cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz, cv MCol22) plants with a 92% reduction in cyanogenic glucoside content in tubers and acyanogenic (<1% of wild type) leaves were obtained by RNA interference to block expression of CYP79D1 and CYP79D2, the two paralogous genes encoding the first committed enzymes in linamarin and lotaustralin synthesis. About 180 independent lines with acyanogenic (<1% of wild type) leaves were obtained. Only a few of these were depleted with respect to cyanogenic glucoside content in tubers. In agreement with this observation, girdling experiments demonstrated that cyanogenic glucosides are synthesized in the shoot apex and transported to the root, resulting in a negative concentration gradient basipetal in the plant with the concentration of cyanogenic glucosides being highest in the shoot apex and the petiole of the first unfolded leaf. Supply of nitrogen increased the cyanogenic glucoside concentration in the shoot apex. In situ polymerase chain reaction studies demonstrated that CYP79D1 and CYP79D2 were preferentially expressed in leaf mesophyll cells positioned adjacent to the epidermis. In young petioles, preferential expression was observed in the epidermis, in the two first cortex cell layers, and in the endodermis together with pericycle cells and specific parenchymatic cells around the laticifers. These data demonstrate that it is possible to drastically reduce the linamarin and lotaustralin content in cassava tubers by blockage of cyanogenic glucoside synthesis in leaves and petioles. The reduced flux to the roots of reduced nitrogen in the form of cyanogenic glucosides did not prevent tuber formation.",Included,
"Bien, Pham Van, Kim, Hoang",1992,Cassava production and research in Vietnam: historical review and future direction,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Utilization Research in Asia: Proceedings of the Third Regional Workshop held in Malang, Indonesia, Oct. 22 -27 1990",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2250/,"Cassava is grown in almost every province of Vietnam. It has been grown predominantly on poor soils without fertilizers and its yield has declined due to nutrient depletion and soil erosion. This is one of the most important constraints to its development. There are various local cv. Du, Xanh, Nep, Canh Nong in the north; Mi Xu, Mi Gon, and several hybrids in the south. The planting time is usually from Jan. to April and the harvesting time at the end of the year. The planting density is 10,000-12,000 plants/ha. Farmers practice various cassava-based cropping systems with maize, peanut, soybean, mungbean, pearl-millet, sugar-cane, etc. Exptl. results indicate cassava is best combined with groundnut, mungbean or maize. Fresh roots have been traditionally consumed as human food. There are other processed products of cassava such as flour, chips, starch, pellets for animal feed, noodles, alcohol, monosodium glutamate, etc. In the past, some cassava research has been conducted on cultural practices and on-farm trials. Recently, the National Root Crops Program has established collaboration with CIAT in the areas of a general production and utilization survey, var. improvement, agronomic research, processing and utilization.",Included,
"Thun Than, U.",1992,"Cassava production, processing, utilization and research in Myanmar","Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Utilization Research in Asia: Proceedings of the Third Regional Workshop held in Malang, Indonesia, Oct. 22 -27 1990",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18021/,"Cassava was introduced into Myanmar in the middle of the 19th century and was 1st grown in the coastal and river delta regions of the country, where it still grows widely till today. The area, yield and production for the last 27 yr are given in the text. The cv., grown for so long in the region, are traditionally known to be native ones. There are 6 cv. widely grown in the major cassava areas. Planting seasons, planting methods, processing and use of the crop in different regions are discussed. Cassava is mainly used for producing starch by small private factories and it is also used as a snack food, flavoring agent (MSG) and as animal feed. No major attention has been given to the crop in the past because of its modest acreage, production and economic importance. Recently it is considered to be one of the new potential crops, which may give higher outputs per unit area as a possible export crop. For that reason, cassava was recently included in our research program as the Root Crops Research Working Group of the Myanmar Agriculture Service. RCRWG began base-line studies on cassava in 1988, recording traditional cultural practices and identifying the characteristics of existing cv. The research group continues working on var. improvement and crop management in collaboration with CIAT. One important research objective is to develop short season cv. that can be incorporated in double cropping schemes by the farmers.",Included,
"Okeke, J.E.",1984,Cassava productivity in intercropping systems,"Proceedings, Sixth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops / hosted by CIP in Lima, Peru, 21-26 February 1983",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12855/,"Performance of cassava in various associations with maize, cowpea, yam and upland rice was evaluated in two ecological zones of Nigeria to determine suitable food crops(s) for intercropping with cassava. Fresh root tuber yields of sole cassava were significantly higher than the yields under the various mixtures. Cassava/cowpea and cassava/maize gave the lowest cassava yield reduction of 11% and 15% respectively. Cassava intercropped with maize, however, gave the highest energy yield which was significantly higher than the returns from cassava/maize/cowpea/rice polyculture. The highest LER was observed with cassava/maize inter crop. Planting cassava in double rows between two rows of maize, cowpea or yam significantly improved cassava productivity over cassava monocrop. Choice of adequate planting time and plant densities could further improve efficiency of the double-row system.",Included,
CIAT,1980,Cassava Program 1979 Annual Report,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2856/,,Included,
CIAT,1992,Cassava Program 1987-1991,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2860/,,Included,
CIAT,1982,Cassava Program Annual Report 1981,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2858/,,Included,
CIAT,1988,Cassava Program Annual Report 1985,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3216/,,Included,
"Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali (Colombia).",1992,Cassava Program Annual Report 1990,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3227/,,Included,
CIAT,1992,Cassava Program Annual Report 1992,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19244/,,Included,
CIAT,1993,Cassava Program Annual Report 1993,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19267/,,Included,
"Wheatley, C.",1992,Cassava quality research at CIAT,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Utilization Research in Asia: Proceedings of the Third Regional Workshop held in Malang, Indonesia, Oct. 22-27, 1990",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2842/,"As a multi-end use crop, cassava can enter a variety of markets for human and animal consumption and for industrial use. The ability of cassava to realize these potential markets to the maximum extent depends mainly on price and quality. The Cassava Program at CIAT is therefore giving increased attention to quality research issues. End product quality is a function of the raw material, the process used and the product storage conditions. CIAT's research concentrates on providing a high quality raw material (fresh roots) for specific uses and in optimizing product quality through process improvements. The important quality characteristics of the fresh root are dry matter, starch and cyanide contents, and for human consumption organoleptic properties (taste, texture, etc.). Additionally, starch quality is becoming increasingly important for industrial users. To ensure high-quality fresh roots, research is in progress, both on genetic and environmental quality effects. Basic research, in collaboration with other institutions, has the aim of increasing our understanding of the physico-chemical properties of cassava starch and other root components in order to better design new cultivars and improve processing methods.",Included,
"Wounuah, D.D.",1988,Cassava research and production constraints in Liberia,"Biotechnology and the improvement of cassava, yams and plantain in Africa",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4087/,,Included,
"Umanah, E.E.",1977,Cassava research in Nigeria before 1972,Tropical Root Crops Symposium,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18115/,"This review of cassava research achievements in Nigeria over a period of 20 years pays particular attention to plant breeding, agronomy, chemical analysis, physiology, pests and diseases, and cytogenetics. Breeding objectives and varieties recommended for the various ecological areas of the country are discussed. A package of management practices as recommended from research results is given. On basic research, the karyotypes of some Manihot species including cassava were determined, and it was suggested that cassava is an allopolyploid with chromosome number of 2n = 36 and a basic chromosome number of X = 9.",Included,
"Thamburaj, S.",1998,Cassava research program at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) in India,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Farmer Participatory Research in Asia: Proceedings of the Fifth Regional Workshop held in Danzhou, Hainan, China, Nov 3-8, 1996",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17562/,"Cassava is cultivated in Tamil Nadu in an area of 85,983 ha with an annual production of about 2.5 million t of roots (1993-94). At the world level, Tamil Nadu ranks first in yield, with 28.7 t/ha, as compared to the Indian average of 22.8 and a world average of 9.6 t/ha. In Tamil Nadu cassava is grown mainly in Salem and Kanyakumari districts located in the dry western zone (60% irrigated and 40% rainfall) and the high rainfall southern zone (mostly rainfed), respectively. The area under cassava is increasing in other districts of Tamil Nadu as well. With respect to varieties, about 50% of the total area is grown with high-yielding varieties, like H-226 and MVD-1 in most areas of Salem district, and with Co-1, Co-2, Co-3 in different parts of Tamil Nadu. Locally adapted and traditional varieties, like Burma and Malabar, are still under cultivation, but they are low yielding and susceptible to cassava mosaic disease. The cassava germplasm collection has now increased to 480 accessions, including some CIAT clones. Two early maturing clones were identified, i.e., H-1 19 from CTCRI, Trivandrum, and Co-3 developed by Tamil Nadu Agr. Univ. in Coimbatore. The crop duration is 7 1/2 to 8 months with a high yield of 32 and 35 t/ha, respectively, and a starch content of about 30 % . For the high rainfall zone of Kanyakumari district, the local clone Adukkumuttan performs well, giving a 15 to 28% increase in yield compared to the released varieties. For coastal areas of South Arcot district, two clones, i.e. ME-46 and ME-10, were shown to be better, with a yield of 44 t/ha; these are now under further evaluation. Under the Asian cassava breeding network a total number of 85 hybrid progenies were received from CIAT/Colombia and the Thai-CIAT program. Preliminary evaluation has indicated that a few clones have high root yields of more than 5 kg/plant, high starch content of over 35%, field tolerance to mosaic virus and a shorter crop duration of 7 to 8 months. The optimum fertilizer rate for Co-3 cassava under irrigated conditions was found to be 60:60:120 kg N-P2O5-K:O/ha, which increased the yields by 36% over the control. For the recently developed short-duration clones, like H-1 19, CI-590and S-856, under irrigated conditions the optimum spacing and fertilizer requirements are 75 x 75 cm and 75:25:75kg N-P2O5-K2O/ha, respectively. Application of Azospirillum inoculum at 2 kg/ha as basal dressing with recommended fertilizers, combined with three foliar sprays of zinc sulfate (0.5%) and iron sulfate (1.0%) at 60, 75 and 90 days after planting, increased the root yield and starch content of Co-1 and Co-2 varieties. Under abundant water supply, cassava intercropped with groundnut can be irrigated at 0.6 IW/CPE ratio with an interval of 12 days and the application at 10 t/ha of coconut husk waste. Under limited water supply, irrigation may be reduced to 0.45 IW/CPE ratio with an interval of 16 days.",Included,
"Ngeve, Jacob M.",2003,Cassava root yields and culinary qualities as affected by harvest age and test environment,Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,83,4,10.1002/jsfa.1307,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12083/,"Five cassava genotypes were grown at five contrasting sites in Cameroon, and their roots were harvested 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 months after planting, to determine the effects of growing environment and harvest age on storage root yields and culinary qualities. The highest root yields were obtained at Ekona (26.3 t ha−1), whereas the highest root counts were recorded at Bertoua (33 roots per 10 m2). Root yields were lowest (2.9 t ha−1) when roots were harvested at 6 months, but continued to bulk up to 18.5 t ha−1 at 16 months. The greatest root increase (9.3 t ha−1) was observed between 8 and 12 months. Improved and local varieties had comparable dry matter contents (39%). All clones cooked when harvested at 6 and 8 months; thereafter, improved clones did not cook, and cooking duration continued to increase even for the local variety, accounting for the difficulty seen in disseminating these newly developed clones to growers. Cooking durations of roots were longer at Nkolbisson, Bertoua and Ebolowa than at Ekona and Yoke. Soil carbon content was negatively correlated (r = −0.999***) with mealiness but not with cooking duration. Cooking quality appears to be under genetic and environmental control. Further studies to elucidate the role of the environment on cookability should concentrate on duration of the rainy and dry seasons, soil physical and chemical properties, and starch chemistry of the genotypes. Suggestions for further research are discussed.",Included,
"Delgado, G.E., Rojas, C.",1993,Cassava seed production program by meristem culture in UNPRG - Lambayeque (Peru),"Proceedings of the First International Scientific Meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology Network, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, 25-28 August 1992",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5994/,"The cassava seed production program by meristem culture at UNPRG, Lambayeque began in 1986 with CIAT and IBPGR/FAO collaboration. Many cassava cultivars collected in Peru were transferred to CIAT as in vitro cultures. These materials were processed through thermotherapy and meristem-tip cultured and indexed for known viruses. IBPGR/FAO provided support to implement a tissue culture laboratory. The Peruvian germplasm, after cleaning and testing for freedom of viruses, were returned from CIAT and added to the germplasm collection maintained in vitro at UNPRG. The entire process for clean cassava ""seed"" production involved five steps; clonal selection in the field, treatment of stakes with thermotherapy (40 degress C day/35 degrees C night) for three weeks, meristem-tip culture, node cutting in vitro propagation, potting and field propagation and distribution of clones to farmers. Between 1986 and 1990, farmers from 10 northern coast and northeastern sites in Lambayeque received 20 cassava cultivars each, comprising 50-100 stakes per cultivar. Fresh root yields of micropropagated clones in farmer's fields were 2.5 to 3.5 ton/ha higher than clones propagated conventionally, without changing the farmer's agronomic and cultural practices. Currently, the program received financial support from the CONCYTEC Project PCT/UNPRG, 002-91, CONCYTEC, Peru.",Included,
"Sriroth, K., Santisopasri, V., Petchalanuwat, C., Kurotjanawong, K., Piyachomkwan, K., Oates, C.G.",1999,Cassava starch granule structure-function properties influence of time and conditions at harvest on four cultivars of cassava starch,Carbohydrate Polymers,v. 38,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16849/,"Impact of environmental conditions on cassava starch variability was examined by studying four commercially important cultivars, Rayong 1, Rayong 60, Rayong 90, and Kasetsart 50 (KU 50). Age of the root and environmental conditions at harvest influenced granule structure and hydration properties. All cultivars were grown under identical field conditions, and harvested at different times. Starches extracted from cassava roots harvested at different times were characterised by unique starch granule structure and function. Apparent amylose size of starches from all cultivars did not change significantly during the trial period. However, apparent amylose content of starches changed, decreasing in the older roots. Granule size distribution was affected by age of the root, gradually changing from normal to bimodal distribution when harvested very late during the trial. The integrity and crystalline structure of starch granules also depended on the environmental conditions, evidenced as a change in peak profile obtained by thermal analysis. This can result in the difference in water uptake of starches, and their consequent swelling power and gelatinization. Pasting temperature of all starches increased during the dry period, and was lowered during the wet period. Peak and final viscosity of starch decreased from early to mid-harvest time when environmental conditions became drier, and increased close to or greater than the original value when conditions became wet again. Breakdown and setback also followed a similar trend to viscosity. This study suggests an impact of time and conditions of harvest on the structural and functional properties of all cassava cultivars, and based on this study, it is recommended that starch should be extracted from either early or very late harvested roots.",Included,
"Caveness, F.E.",1984,Cassava storage root yield losses from root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica) parasitism,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3157/,,Included,
"Balagopalan, C., Anantharaman, M.",1995,Cassava technology transfer and utilization in India,"Cassava breeding, Agronomy Research and Technology Transfer in Asia. Proceedings of the fourth regional workshop held in Trivandrum, Kerala, India, Nov 2-6, 1993.",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2844/,"The average cassava yield of 21 t/ha in India compares favorably with a world average of 10 t/ha. On-farm trials have revealed that it is possible to increase yields to more than 30 t/ha through more intensive management. The Cassava Technology Transfer Programme (CTTP) in India has passed through various phases, concentrating mainly on production technologies and of late on processing technologies. CTTP started in the early 1970s with the release of high-yielding varieties of cassava (HYVC) and by conducting National Demonstrations in farmers' fields. These indicated that HYVC with intensive management could produce yields of more than 35 t/ha.",Included,
"F., Delange, R., Ahluwalia",1983,"Cassava toxicity and thyroid research and public health issues. Proceedings of a workshop held in Ottawa, Canada, 31 May - 2 June 1982",,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5424/,"This publication reports on the proceedings of a meeting that represents the culmination of long-term support, provided by the Health Sciences Division of the IDRC, for research on the relationship between the consumption of cassava and thyroid condition in humans. The workshop brought together scientists from the medical, agricultural, and public health sectors, as well as IDRC staff. The objectives of the meeting were to 1. review results of IDRC supported studies on the role of cassava in the etiology of endemic goitre and cretinism; 2. review research activities on agricultural aspects of cassava; 3. exchange information on methodologies and findings of other related studies; and 4. identify specific priorities for research and make recommendations for public health programs. It is hoped that the deliberation of the meeting will serve as a catalyst for promoting collaborative research efforts aimed at preventing and controlling endemic goitre and its accompanying developmental abnormalities, which remain a major public health problem for populations in developing countries.",Included,
"Kim, Hoang, Quyen, Tran Ngoc, Pham, Van Bien, Kawano, Kazuo",1998,Cassava varietal dissemination in Vietnam,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Farmer Participatory Research in Asia: Proceedings of the Fifth Regional Workshop held in Danzhou, Hainan, China, Nov 3-8, 1996",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9018/,"Before 1985, Gon, H34 and Xanh Vinh Phu were the most popular cassava varieties in Vietnam. From 1986 to 1993, HL20, HL23 and HL24 were selected from the local variety collection by Hung Loc Agricultural Research Center (HARC) and were grown extensively in South Vietnam with annual areas of about 70,000 to 80,000 ha planted to these varieties. More recently (1993-1996) the Vietnam Root Crops Program in cooperation with CIAT, selected and recommended two new cassava varieties, KM60 (Rayong 60) and KM94 (MKUC 28- 77-3); these were recognized and released for production by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD). The two varieties are now widely grown in an area of about 15,000 ha in 1996. The report presents the linkage between cassava research and extension activities in Vietnam. Experiences and methods of cassava varietal dissemination include ten mutual link-up activities (ten Ts). The most important one was the establishment of the Vietnam Cassava Research and Extension Network (including advanced cassava farmers, researchers, extensionists, managers of cassava research and development projects, cassava trade and processing companies), and the establishment of on-farm research and demonstration fields (Farmer Participatory Research - FPR). The Vietnam Cassava Research and Extension Network obtained good results during the period of 1993-1995. Advanced fanners who obtained high yields and high profits due to the growing of improved cassava varieties, became attractive models for other cassava growers, resulting in the expansion of new varieties. In Tay Ninh province, for example, in 1990 the cassava growing area was 3,350 ha, with an average yield of 10.8 t/ha and a total production of 36,200 tons. With the planting of new high-yielding varieties and new cultivation techniques, in 1995 the cassava growing areas had increased to 18,870 ha with an averaged yield of 20.5 t/ha and a total production of 386,900 tons. Six essential conditions for the successful cassava varietal dissemination in Vietnam include: Materials, Markets, Management, Method, Manpower and Money (six Ms). However, other problems should be taken into account: Crop competition (especially between cassava and sugarcane); soil fertility degradation and erosion; and decreasing varietal diversity.",Included,
"Yinong, Tian, Jun, Lee",1998,Cassava varietal improvement and dissemination in Guangxi,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Farmer Participatory Research in Asia: Proceedings of the Fifth Regional Workshop held in Danzhou, Hainan, China, Nov 3-8, 1996",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17705/,"The Guangxi Subtropical Crops Research Institute (GSCRI) began their cassava varietal introduction and improvement program in 1981. Since 1985, GSCRI has introduced cassava hybrid seeds as well as promising clones by tissue culture from CIAT/Colombia, from the Thai-CIAT program, as well as from other institutes. Through continuous selection and experiments, several promising clones, such as SM1113-1, SM1600-1, CM5443-1, SM1741-8 etc. have been identified, and these have been tested to a certain extent in on-farm trials. Since their release and dissemination these clones have awakened great interest by both farmers and starch factories. Some of them have now spread to other provinces. In China, high yield and high starch content of cassava varieties are still the most important factors in raising the comprehensive benefits resulting from cassava production. This is also the only way to change the stagnated position of cassava production, which in the past increased mainly by increasing the area planted. At the moment, many local governments of the principal cassava growing areas are conscious of this and have started to spend money on the introduction and dissemination of new higher-yielding varieties.",Included,
CIAT,1995,Cassava varietal improvement for Asia,Cassava Program Annual Report 1994,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19321/,,Included,
"Ngoan, Tran Ngoc, Quyen, Tran Ngoc, Loan, Trinh Phuong, Kawano, Kazuo",1998,Cassava varietal improvement in Vietnam,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Farmer Participatory Research in Asia: Proceedings of the Fifth Regional Workshop held in Danzhou, Hainan, China, Nov 3-8, 1996",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12098/,"In recent years (1990-1995) the cassava area in Vietnam has remained stable, or has increased slightly in the south due to the new demand for cassava roots used for starch processing. Therefore, our cassava breeding program, in collaboration with CIAT, has put a high priority on developing new varieties with high yield potential and high dry matter and starch content in the roots. Due to the particular agro-climatic conditions in Vietnam the country can be divided into two large regions. The south is characterized by a tropical climate, while the north has a sub-tropical climate. So, new varieties adapted to these specific environments are also needed. Out of the 29 promising clones introduced from the Thai-CIAT program in 1989 and 1990, two best selections, KM60 and KM94, have been giving 17 to 112% higher dry root yields and 10 to 103% higher fresh root yields compared to the local cultivars at research stations, and 30 to 47% higher fresh root yields in cassava production zones. Both KM60 and KM94 were officially released early in 1995. They were grown over 7000 ha in 1995 and are expected to be planted in about 30,000 ha in the 1996/97 crop year. The additional economic benefit resulting from adoption of the new cultivars was estimated to have reached 0.95 million US dollars in 1995 and is expected to reach 5 million US dollars in 1996. Some promising clones may be adapted to specific locations. Clone SM937-26 gave very good yields at Lam Dong and Khanh Hoa provinces, CMR29-60-15 and SMI 157-3 in Ha Tay province, while SMI 157-3 and SM981-3 were best in Bac Thai province. These clones are now included in Regional Trials and in the On-farm Evaluation Network in 1996. Follow-up selection of genotypes adapted to our cassava production conditions started in 1990. Some promising clones, like OMR33-17-15 in the south and CM4955-7 in the north, are being evaluated on farmer's fields this year. They are both the result of intensive selection by HARC and the Agro-forestry College in Bac Thai from hybrid seeds provided by CIAT/Colombia and the Thai-CIAT program. Although the rate of selection with CIAT/Colombia materials is not quite as high as those from the Thai-CIAT program, the greater genetic diversity of this material is playing an important role in cassava breeding and genetic improvement in Vietnam. Results from our current selection will identify new high-yielding cultivars and bring economic benefits for growers and processors; they may also open up new export opportunities by greater product competitiveness in international markets.",Included,
"Pellet, D.M., El-Sharkawy, M.A.",1997,Cassava varietal response to fertilization: growth dynamics and implications for cropping sustainability,Experimental Agriculture,33,3,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13943/,"Four contrasting varieties of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) were grown for ten months over two consecutive seasons in hillside Colombia with or without nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization. Sequential harvests were every two months. The two varieties well adapted to acid soils (CM 489-1 and CM 523-7) had higher yields and exhibited the strongest response to fertilization, highest solar radiation use efficiency, earlier canopy ground cover and higher leaf litter accumulation. The export of potassium, however, was no higher than in the other genotypes, mainly as a consequence of higher potassium use efficiency in the adapted varieties. Significant amounts of total calcium, magnesium and nitrogen accumulated in the whole plant were recycled in the leaf litter during growth. High-yielding varieties adapted to acid soils did not exacerbate soil fertility problems of cassava crops; rather, they were beneficial. Certain growth parameters could be used to select for varieties with low impact on soil fertility.",Included,
"Pellet, D. (Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (USA). US PLant Soil, Nutrition Lab.), El-Sharkawy, M.A.",1993,Cassava varietal response to phosphorus fertilization. 2. Phosphorus uptake and use efficiency,,v. 35,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13941/,,Included,
"Pellet, D., El-Sharkawy, M.A.",1993,"Cassava varietal response to phosphorus fertilization. I. Yield, biomass and gas exchange",Field Crops Research,35,1,10.1016/0378-4290(93)90131-6,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4134/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) yield can be limited by phosphorus (P) supply. Previous trials conducted at CIAT indicated a wide range of response to P fertilization in cassava germplasm. The purpose of this study was to elucidate possible mechanisms and morphological traits underlying cassava's differential response to P fertilization. Four contrasting varieties were grown under rainfed conditions for 10 months in the field for two consecutive seasons under four fertilizer treatments. There were three dosages of P fertilizer at 0, 50 and 100 kg P ha−1 with 100 kg NK ha−1, plus a control with no fertilizer. Sequential harvests that included biomass determination were conducted. Single-leaf gas exchange was monitored by portable infrared gas analysis systems.

All varieties showed a significant positive response in total and aerial biomass as well as mean leaf area index (LAI) to P fertilization, at least in the second year. The variety M Col 1684 was the only one that did not significantly respond in terms of dry root yield and number of storage roots to P fertilization over the years. This variety was among the most responsive for peak LAI, number of aerial apices and reproductive organs (flowers and fruits). Yield and storage root number correlated positively with net photosynthetic rates and negatively with reproductive organs. Variety M Col 1684 could not maintain a high harvest index with increasing aerial growth. In contrast, CM 489-1 balanced aerial growth enhancement with intensive root formation, augmenting root sink strength and yield. It is concluded that yield response to P fertilization depended upon the balance between aerial growth potential of varieties and storage root sink strength.",Included,
"Kintché, K., Hauser, S., Mahungu, N.M., Ndonda, A., Lukombo, S., Nhamo, N., Uzokwe, V.N.E., Yomeni, M., Ngamitshara, J., Ekoko, B., Mbala, M., Akem, C., Pypers, P., Matungulu, K.P., Kehbila, A., Vanlauwe, B.",2017,Cassava yield loss in farmer fields was mainly caused by low soil fertility and suboptimal management practices in two provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo,European Journal of Agronomy,89,,10.1016/j.eja.2017.06.011,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8517/,"A better understanding of the factors that contribute to low cassava yields in farmers’ fields is required to guide the formulation of cassava intensification programs. Using a boundary line approach, we analysed the contribution of soil fertility, pest and disease infestation and farmers’ cultivation practices to the cassava yield gap in Kongo Central (KC) and Tshopo (TSH) provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Data were obtained by monitoring 42 and 37 farmer-managed cassava fields during two cropping cycles in KC and one cropping cycle in TSH, respectively. Each field was visited three times over the cassava growing period for the observations. Logistic model was fitted against the observed maximum cassava root yields and used to calculate the achievable yield per field and for individual factor. At field level, the factor that led to the lowest achievable yield (Yup(i)1) was considered as the dominant yield constraint. Cassava yield loss per field was expressed as the increase in the maximal root yield observed per province (Yatt- attainable yield) compared to Yup(i)1. Yatt was 21 and 24 t ha−1 in TSH and KC, respectively. With the cassava varieties that farmers are growing in the study areas, pests and diseases played a sparse role in the yield losses. Cassava mosaic was the only visible disease we observed and it was the dominant yield constraint in 3% and 12% of the fields in KC and TSH, respectively. The frequent yield constraints were suboptimal field management and low soil fertility. Cultivation practices and soil parameters led to Yup(i)1 in 47% and 50% of the fields in KC, and in 47% and 41% of those in TSH, respectively. Individual soil parameters were the yield constraint in few fields, suggesting that large-scale programs in terms of lime application or recommendation of the blanket fertilisers would result in sparse efficacy. In KC, yield losses caused by low soil fertility averaged 6.2 t ha−1 and were higher than those caused by suboptimal field management (5.5 t ha−1); almost nil for cassava mosaic disease (CMD). In TSH, yield losses caused by low soil fertility (4.5 t ha−1) were lower than those caused by suboptimal field management (6.5 t ha−1) and CMD (6.1 t ha−1). Irrespective of the constraint type, yield loss per field was up to 48% and 64% of the Yatt in KC and TSH, respectively. Scenario analysis indicated that the yield losses would remain at about two third of these levels while the dominant constraint was only overcome. We concluded that integrated and site-specific management practices are needed to close the cassava yield gap and maximize the efficacy of cassava intensification programs.",Included,
"Teri, J.M., Mtakwa, P.W., Mshana, D.",1984,Cassava yield losses from brown leaf spot induced by Cercosporidium henningsii,"Tropical root crops production and uses in Africa ; proceedings, 2nd Triennial Symp., Internatl. Society for Tropical Root Crops, Africa Branch, Douala, Cameroon, 14-19 Aug 1983",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17486/,"We studied progress of cassava brown leaf spot (BLS) and its effects on yield of five cassava cultivars Aipin Valenca, F279, Mzungu, Tanga, and T27. Field plots of each cultivar were established in an area where BLS is endemic, and half the plots were sprayed with the fungicide benomyl. We recorded disease progress in the plots by counting the number of lesions per plant and by recording percent defoliation. Disease intensity was highest between 3 and 6 months after planting. In 1981-82, the epiphytotic reached a peak 3 months after planting; in 1982-83, there was a low peak 3 months after planting and a higher peak at 5 months. All variables were subjected to analysis with Duncan's new multiple range test. The independent t-test showed very highly significant differences between sprayed and unsprayed plots. Root yield from fungicide sprayed plots was compared with that from corresponding diseased plots.",Included,
"Lose, S. J., Hilger, T. H., Leihner, D. E., Kroschel, J.",2003,"Cassava, maize and tree root development as affected by various agroforestry and cropping systems in Benin, West Africa",Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,100,02-Mar,10.1016/S0167-8809(03)00182-8,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10116/,"Soil fertility levels, climate, aboveground interaction for light in plant canopies, and belowground interactions of the root systems for nutrients and water have an important influence on the performance of cropping systems. This study aims at identifying the impact of agroforestry treatments and fertilizer application on the root development of cassava-based cropping systems. At three sites in southern Benin, the root development of intercropped maize (Zea mays) and cassava (Manihot esculenta) vs. sole-cropped cassava was monitored in an NPK fertilizer treatment and a no-fertilizer and no-mulch treatment. The latter represented local farmers' practice. In addition, root development of sole-cropped cassava in three agroforestry systems was recorded at the same sites consisting of (i) annually planted Cajanus cajan, (ii) perennial alleys, and (iii) a tree block of a Gliricidia sepium, Flemingia macrophylla, Parkia biglobosa, Millettia thonningii mixture. Soil monolith sampling was used to extract roots and generate data on the morphological development of root systems and their interactions. In general, intercropping reduced cassava root length density (RLD). Fertilizer applications significantly increased (P less than or equal to 0.05) the RLD of intercropped maize and intercropped cassava at all sites. Annual alleys of C cajan developed smaller RLD and root weight densities (RWD) than the perennial tree mixture, leading to less interference with cassava. Block arrangement of the tree mixture had detrimental effects on the cassava growth in the adjacent rows, indicated by high RLD and RWD of the tree mixture. However, the overall effect on cassava yield was positive, when the crop yield is calculated on an entire field basis.",Included,
"Iijima, M., Izumi, Y., Yuliadi, E., Sunyoto, S., Ardjasa, W.S.",2004,"Cassava-based intercropping systems on Sumatra Island in Indonesia: Productivity, soil erosion, and rooting zone",Plant Production Science,7,3,10.1626/pps.7.347,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7660/,"In Gunung Batin, the southern end of Sumatra Island, Indonesia, cassava is widely cultivated on gently sloping areas for starch materials. The monoculture system and/or the intercropping system without legume plants commonly adopted in this region may tend to accelerate soil degradation. The objective of this study is to compare the productivity among several cassava cropping patterns to propose the most beneficial one in this region. A field experiment of five cropping patterns {cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) single-cropping, three cassava-based intercropping patterns, and a crop rotation} was conducted for three years. The cropping pattern that recorded the highest net income varied with the year. In 1997, the driest year of the past several decades, cassava single-cropping was the highest in income. The proposed intercropping system {cassava/(maize ơ soybean ơ cowpea)} was the highest in 1998, a year with moderate rainfall. In 1999, when severe insect damage occurred to legume crops, the farmersżconventional intercropping was the highest. In an average of the three years, the proposed intercropping pattern was same as cassava single-cropping, although cowpea cultivation as the dry season cropping was not possible in this region. The amount of soil erosion was relatively high in cassava monoculture in comparison with the other intercropping and crop-rotation systems. Cassava roots penetrated to only 0.5 m deep and extended 1 to 2 m in a horizontal direction depending on the planting density. These results lead to the conclusion that the proposed cassava cropping system would be the most beneficial in terms of economy and control of soil erosion.",Included,
IITA,1987,Cassava-groundnut intercropping has potential to improve the nutritional quality of the diet in Zaire,IITA Annual Report and Research Highlights 1986,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7798/,,Included,
"Lozano, J.C., Byrne, D., Bellotti, A.",1980,Cassava/ecosystem relationships and their influence on breeding strategies,Tropical Pest Management,26,2,10.1080/09670878009414391,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7995/,"The influence of ecosystems on cassava (Manihot escutenta Crantz) cultivars and the possible reasons for this are discussed, as well as the effect of distinct negative production factors, i.e., edaphic and climatic constraints, and disease and pest stresses, on regional and introduced varieties. Decentralised improvement programmes in different ecosystems based on 10 years research are suggested, and are selected according to socioagro-economic studies related to actual and/or potential production of cassava.",Included,
"Cenpukdee, U., Fukai, S.",1992,Cassava/legume intercropping with contrasting cassava cultivars. 1. Competition between component crops under three intercropping conditions,Field Crops Research,29,2,10.1016/0378-4290(92)90082-K,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3195/,"Seven contrasting cassava cultivars were grown in sole-cropping and in intercropping with soybean and with pigeonpea to examine how associated crop species affect the performance of intercropping. In cassava/pigeonpea intercropping, time of pigeonpea sowing and plant density were altered in two experiments. In Experiment 1, four rows of pigeonpea were sown between cassava rows at cassava planting. In Experiment 2, two rows of pigeonpea or soybean were sown at 35 days after cassava planting. In Experiment 1, cassava emerged later than pigeonpea. Canopy width of cassava did not increase once the cassava interrow was occupied by pigeonpea. Total dry-matter production of all cassava cultivars was severely affected in intercropping by the time of pigeonpea harvest. Subsequent recovery was slow and final tuber yield in all cultivars was less than 25% of the corresponding yield in solecrop. When the competitive ability of pigeonpea was reduced in Experiment 2, only a short cassava cultivar was affected severely by pigeonpea, and its recovery was poor after pigeonpea harvest. Tall cultivars gradually became much taller than pigeonpea, and in most cultivars tuber yields were reduced by only up to 30%. However, the pigeonpea was almost completely suppressed by these cassava cultivars, and its seed yield was very poor. Total solar radiation intercepted by the two species combined in intercropping was similar to that of sole cassava, but combined biomass production of the two species was lower. Harvest index of cassava cultivars was also reduced slightly by intercropped pigeonpea. It was concluded that the two species competed with each other for too long, and there was yield loss of cassava/pigeonpea intercropping over sole-cropping with any cassava cultivars, except one (MCol 1468) which was strongly competitive and produced a full cassava yield in intercropping. The soybean cultivar used in Experiment 2 was short-statured and quick maturing, and had little adverse effect on growth and tuber yield of any cassava cultivar. Radiation available to the soybean, and hence soybean growth and seed yield, was greatly reduced by tall cassava cultivars. Short or compact cassava cultivars, on the other hand, affected growth of soybean less severely, and in some cases their tuber yield was increased by the associated soybean.",Included,
"Cenpukdee, U., Fukai, S.",1992,Cassava/legume intercropping with contrasting cassava cultivars. 2. Selection criteria for cassava genotypes in intercropping with two contrasting legume crops,Field Crops Research,29,2,10.1016/0378-4290(92)90083-L,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3194/,"An experiment was conducted to determine selection criteria for cassava genotypes for intercropping with legumes using 18 cassava cultivars which are contrasting in canopy size. Two legume crops were used; one a short-statured, quick-maturing soybean, and the other, a tall, late-maturing pigeonpea. They were sown at 37 days after cassava planting in double rows between cassava rows. Intercropped soybean had little adverse effect on crop growth and tuber yield of cassava, and in some cases it enhanced tuber yield of cassava cultivars with small compact canopies. The effect of cassava on soybean yield was least with short-statured, small cassava cultivars as solar radiation available to the soybean was highest. As the canopy development of cassava was hardly affected by soybean in any cultivars, the selection of cassava genotypes can be made in sole-cropping with selection criteria of high tuber yield and narrow canopy width measured at about 90 days after cassava planting. Intercropped pigeonpea had an adverse effect on canopy development and tuber yield of cassava, particularly of short-statured cultivars. Whilst tall cultivars with spreading canopy were least affected by pigeonpea, they reduced seed yield of pigeonpea to a very low level. It was therefore difficult to determine cassava types suitable for this intercropping. When strongly competitive species, such as pigeonpea, are to be intercropped with cassava, selection can be made initially in sole-cropping with selection criteria of high tuber yield and height which is at least similar to that of the associated crop. The results show that ideal cassava cultivars for intercropping depend on competitive ability of associated species. It is suggested that competitiveness of component crops should be identified using a few cassava cultivars under typical growing conditions before selection is carried out.",Included,
"Terry, E.R.",1981,"Cassava: Ecology, diseases, and productivity: Strategies for future research",Tropical Root Crops: Research Strategies for the 1980s,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17500/,"Agroecological factors with special reference to climate in the African cassava belt are reviewed. The direct effects of climate on the severity of cassava diseases and the survival of cassava pathogens are examined, examples being taken from the experience of cassava bacterial blight in Africa. A proposal for future research strategies in cassava pathology focusing on the ecology of cassava pathogens and other factors limiting cassava productivity in Africa is presented",Included,
"Gu, Bi, Yao, Qingqun, Li, Kaimian, Chen, Songbi",2013,Change in physicochemical traits of cassava roots and starches associated with genotypes and environmental factors,Starch/Stärke,65,,10.1002/star.201200028,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6623/,"Cassava South China genotype cultivars were released by Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences and their physicochemical traits had been described. However, the physicochemical traits of these cultivars affected by environmental factors were poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of interrelationship between genotypes and environments (G and E) on physicochemical traits of cassava roots and starches. Fourteen quantitative characteristics were assessed in seven genotypes grown in eight locations in China. The influences due to G and E upon the physicochemical traits of cassava roots and starches were evaluated using the general linear models procedure. The results indicated that the examined traits could be significantly affected by the factors of G and E, and the different contribution of G and E to total variation was evidenced. A most important economic trait dry matter content, ranging from 18.3 to 31.9% during seven genotypes, was negatively correlated to rainfall in cassava growing environments, but insignificantly correlated to temperature. Average starch granule sizes ranged between 9.5 and 12.7m. Granules were mainly truncated in shape and similar across all cultivars, and were insignificantly affected by rainfall and temperature. Significant correlations were observed among starch properties including paste clarity and viscosity, which was positively correlated to granule surface area. Principal component analysis demonstrated that SC8 is the best genotype suited for industrial applications and all cassava genotypes responded differently in various environmental climate conditions for the examined traits.",Included,
"Gomathinayagam, M., Jaleel, C. A., Lakshmanan, G. M. A., Panneerselvam, R.",2007,Changes in carbohydrate metabolism by triazole growth regulators in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz); effects on tuber production and quality,Comptes Rendus - Biologies,330,9,10.1016/j.crvi.2007.06.002,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6412/,"We have evaluated the ability of two triazole growth regulators, viz. triadimefon (TDM) and hexaconazole (HEX), in the enhancement of tuber production and quality in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) through their effects on carbohydrate metabolism. One litre of 20 mg-1 TDM and 15 mg-1 HEX solution per plant were used for the treatments and groundwater was given to control plants. Triazole treatments reduced plant height and leaf area, but increased fresh and dry weights. Plants treated with TDM showed an increased net assimilation rate, which is followed by HEX and control plants. Triazole compounds increased the relative growth rate of cassava after 200 DAP, i.e. in the phase of tuber enlargement. Triazole compounds increased the starch and other carbohydrate contents and carbohydrate metabolising enzyme activities. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that these triazoles can significantly enhance the tuber production and quality by affecting the starch metabolism, apart from their fungicidal properties.",Included,
"Gomez, G., Valdivieso, M.",1984,Changes in cyanide content of cassava tissues as affected by plant age and variety,"Proceedings, Sixth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops / hosted by CIP in Lima, Peru, 21-26 February 1983",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6442/,"Two cassava varieties, CMC-40 (low cyanide) and CMC-84 (high cyanide), were studied from the 9th to the 12th month of age of plants. Highest cyanide concentration was in the root and the lowest in the parenchyma; the leaves showed intermediate concentration as compared to the root tissues. Roots of CMC-40 had high levels of cyanide in their peels, especially at 9 months of age; the cyanide in the root peels of both varieties diminished with the age of the plant. Concentration of cyanide in the parenchyma was the most stable parameter and was practically not affected by plant age; the cyanide content of the root parenchyma of variety CMC-84 was approximately three times higher than that of roots of variety CMC-40 (623  ± 25 vs 234  ± 10 ppm, dry matter basis). Changes in cyanide content of leaves of CMC-40 were more pronounced than in variety CMC-84. Ninety percent or more of total cyanide in cassava tissues was present as the cyanogenic glucoside or bound cyanide.",Included,
"Sanchez, T., Dufour, D., Moreno, J. L., Pizarro, M., Aragon, I. J., Dominguez, M., Ceballos, H.",2013,Changes in extended shelf life of cassava roots during storage in ambient conditions,Postharvest Biology and Technology,86,,10.1016/j.postharvbio.2013.07.014,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15751/,"Cassava roots have a short shelf life due to a process known as post-harvest physiological deterioration (PPD). Within 2-3 d undesirable vascular streaking in the root develops. Tolerance to PPD was recently reported in different cassava genotypes, opening up new opportunities to analyze biochemical changes in stored roots and in the functional properties of their starches. Roots from PPD-susceptible (HMC-1) and tolerant (AM 206-5) clones were harvested and stored for up to 14d in ambient tropical conditions. AM 206-5 is also characterized by amylose-free starch. Roots and starch were analyzed each day. PPD levels differed significantly between the two clones (35% and 8% at day 14) and showed a relation to scopoletin synthesis, which reached maximum levels around day 3 or 4 of storage. Roots lost weight consistently during storage (approximate to 10% in two weeks). Starch loss per day of root storage was estimated at about 1%. This could be the result of consistent increases in total sugars and respiration of root tissue. Important changes in starch properties were observed. Gel clarity decreased gradually during storage, with more pronounced changes occurring in starches from HMC-1. Swelling power decreased only in the case of AM 206-5. Gel viscosity increased in both genotypes. Improved tolerance to PPD could significantly reduce the economic impact of the short shelf life of ordinary cassava root processing. It remains to be seen, however, whether changes in stored roots positively or negatively affect the quality of the final product.",Included,
"Gnonlonfin, B. G., Gbaguidi, F., Gbenou, J. D., Sanni, A., Brimer, L.",2011,Changes in scopoletin concentration in cassava chips from four varieties during storage,Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,91,13,10.1002/jsfa.4465,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6358/,"BACKGROUND The use of the root crop cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is constrained by its rapid deterioration after harvesting. Chemical and spectroscopic examination earlier revealed the accumulation of the four hydroxycoumarins esculetin, esculin, scopolin and scopoletin derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway, during the time course of postharvest deterioration. In this investigation the scopoletin level in parenchymal samples of four cassava cultivars used in Benin, i.e. Kpaki kpika, Kpaki soan, Logoguesse kotorou and BEN 86052, was investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS Presence was shown in all four varieties with a mean in fresh roots between 4.1 and 11.1 mg kg -1 dry weight. A strong increase in the content of scopoletin was noticed after a peeling and drying process (6 days) for chip production, the mean content reaching 242.5 mg kg -1 dry weight in the cultivar BEN 86052. After 3 months of storage this had decreased to 0.7 mg kg -1 dry weight. CONCLUSION Strong accumulation of scopoletin in cassava roots used for chip production in Benin is followed by a decrease in its concentration.",Included,
"Ekeleme, F., Chikoye, D., Akobundu, I. O.",2004,Changes in size and composition of weed communities during planted and natural fallows,Basic and Applied Ecology,5,1,10.1078/1439-1791-00186,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5035/,"The use of trees and herbaceous cover crops for weed management in smallholder farms is a promising alternative to the unsustainable traditional shifting cultivation system. The reported experiment was conducted from 1993 to 1996 in fallow plots established in 1989 to rehabilitate a degraded Alfisol after 10 years of continuous cultivation of maize/cassava. Treatments consisted of four plots each of woody legume species (Acacia auriculiformis, A. leptocarpa, Leucaena leucocephala, and Senna siamea), and a herbaceous legume cover crop (Pueraria phaseoloides). Two controls (natural bush fallow and continuous maize/cassava) were included. Each treatment was cleared and cultivated in 1993 and 1995 (after 4 and 6 year fallow). Cultivation was repeated in 1994 for plots cleared in 1993 and in 1996 for subplots cleared in 1995. In all the years, weed density and dry weight was lower in planted fallows than in the controls. Per capita weed population growth rate decreased in all the fallow treatments most notably in A. auriculiformis and S. siamea fallow. All fallow species except A. auriculiformis would require more than 6 years of fallow to prevent growth of the weed population over the long term. The weed seed bank was 75% lower in A. auriculiformis and P. phaseoloides fallow than the control plots. Canonical correspondence and redundancy analysis indicated differences in species composition between treatments in the aboveground weed flora and in the weed seed bank. Cynodon dactylon and Digitaria horizontalis dominated continuously cultivated maize/cassava plots. Chromolaena odorata occurred more in natural bush fallow. In contrast, annual broadleaf weeds dominated the planted fallow treatments.",Included,
"Kumada, K., Ohta, S., Arai, S., Kitamura, M., Imai, K.",1985,Changes in soil organic matter and nitrogen fertility during the slash-and-burn and cropping phases in experimental shifting cultivation,Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,31,4,10.1080/00380768.1985.10557469,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9257/,"At the experimental field for the study of shifting cultivation set up in the forest of Iriomote Island in Okinawa, changes in pH, organic matter, and nitrogen fertility of soils after forest clearing by burning and during crop cultivation were investigated. The soils were sampled at six periods, I (before forest clearing), II (immediately before burning), III (immediately after burning), IV, V, and VI (10, 20, and 30 months after burning). Tilled and nontilled and other treatment plots were laid out, and cassava was grown twice.

Soil pHs rose from periods I to III or IV, and then decreased. Carbon and nitrogen contents, the amounts of mineralizable nitrogen and nitrogen mineralization percentages decreased during cultivation. The amounts of humic and fulvic acids increased from periods I to II and decreased afterwards. The increase in NH4−N due to the soil-burning effect was observed.

The changes in the above-mentioned parameters during the cultivation period were greater for the first layer (0–5 cm) than for the second layer (5–10 cm), and for the tilled plots than for the non-tilled plots. The nitrification percentages which were originally very low, tended to increase with the rise of soil pH, and became very high after period III.

Out of 11 soil samples taken at period III, two samples at the reburnt spots showed remarkable differences in carbon and nitrogen contents, nitrogen fertility, and humus composition compared with the others. Rp type humic acid was transformed into B or A type by reburning.",Included,
"Hulugalle, N.R., Ndi, J.N.",1994,Changes in soil properties of a newly-cleared Ultisol due to establishment of hedgerow species in alley cropping systems,The Journal of Agricultural Science,122,3,10.1017/S002185960006737X,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7526/,"This study was initiated to evaluate the short-term (< 3 years) ability of some selected acid-soil adapted hedgerow species when planted in alley cropping systems to improve soil properties in a newly-cleared Ultisol (Typic Kandiudult) of southern Cameroon, 1990–92. The hedgerow species selected were Senna (Senna spectabilis), Flemingia (Flemingia congesta) and Acioa (Acioa barterii). A non-alley-cropped control was also included in the trial. The greatest quantities of prunings, and hence, mulch were produced by Senna and Flemingia. Exchangeable Ca, effective CEC and water infiltration were greatly increased in the alleys of plots where either Flemingia or Senna had been planted within 2·5 years of hedgerow establishment. The large amounts of mulch produced by Senna and Flemingia did, however, result in soil temperatures greater than those of the control or Acioa plots c. 1 year after application of the prunings as mulch. Root growth of Senna in the subsoil was significantly greater than that of either Acioa of Flemingia, but that of cassava was reduced by alley cropping with all three hedgerow species. Compared to the control or alley cropping with Acioa, maize and cassava yields were greater when alley cropped with either Flemingia or Senna hedgerows.",Included,
"Hulugalle, N. R., Ezumah, H. C., Leyman, T.",1994,"Changes in surface soil properties of a no-tilled tropical Alfisol due to intercropping maize, cassava and 'egusi' melon",Field Crops Research,36,3,10.1016/0378-4290(94)90111-2,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7527/,"Changes in earthworm activity, water runoff, soil erosion, soil physical properties and fertility, and crop growth and yield caused by intercropping either maize (Zea mays L.) and cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) (MC) or maize, cassava and 'egusi' melon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.) (MCM) on no-tilled and handhoe-tilled plots were studied in an Alfisol in southwestern Nigeria. Runoff and erosion in no-tilled plots were negligible and were not affected by cropping system. Similarly, soil compaction and infiltration which were lower and higher, respectively, in no-tilled plots than in tilled plots were also unaffected by cropping system. With tillage, however, MCM resulted in lower penetrometer resistance in the soil and erosion than MC, although water infiltration was unaffected. Maximum diurnal soil temperatures were lower with MCM, with lowest values being observed when combined with no-tillage. Similarly, soil fertility was greater with MCM, with highest fertility occurring in no-tilled plots. Combination of no-tillage with MCM resulted, therefore, in a soil environment which was least compacted, most fertile, cooler, had higher water infiltration rates and where water runoff and soil erosion rates were negligible. Inclusion of melon in the crop mixture did not affect grain yield of maize, but reduced cassava tuber yield. Reduction in tuber yield was of the order of 19%.",Included,
"Neuenschwander, P., Hammond, W. N. O., Hennessey, R. D.",1987,"Changes in the composition of the fauna associated with the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, following the introduction of the parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi",Insect Science and Its Application,8,04-Jun,10.1017/S1742758400023146,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12030/,"Over 130 species of insects were found in association with the cassava mealybug (CM), Phenacoccus manihoti, and its newly introduced parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi in Africa. As the CM in SW Nigeria declined under the influence of E. lopezi, this introduced wasp maintained densities of 2.8–3 per CM-infested tip early in the dry season and 1.3–1.6 per infested tip late in the dry season, but declined overall from 1.3 to 0.2 per randomly collected tip within 1 year. The decline of CM led to a sharp reduction in numbers of indigenous coccinellids, particularly of Hyperaspis spp. and to a lesser extent of Exochomus sp., due to competition with E. lopezi for the common food source. Numerous species of other polyphagous predators and parasitoids of coccinellids were found in low numbers. Indigenous primary parasitoids, Anagyrus spp., were rare, but their 10 spp. of hyperparasitoids were often reared from E. lopezi, with Prochiloneurus spp. and Chartocerus spp. being the most common. Hyperparasitism declined from 41.3% in March 1983 to 16.9% in Dec 1984 and proved to be positively density-dependent. The effects of hyperparasitoids on this biological control programme are discussed.",Included,
"Oboh, G., Elusiyan, C. A.",2007,Changes in the nutrient and anti-nutrient content of micro-fungi fermented cassava flour produced from low- and medium-cyanide variety of cassava tubers,African Journal of Biotechnology,6,18,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12577/,"Comparative studies were carried out on the ability of pure strain of Rhizopus oryzae and Saccharomyces cerevisae to alter the nutritional quality of cassava flour produced from low- and medium-cyanide variety of cassava tuber. Low- and medium-cyanide variety of cassava tubers were collected from International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria. These tubers were washed, peeled, grated and aseptically inoculated with pure strains of R. oryzae and S. cerevisae in nutrient solution, independently, before allowing them to ferment aerobically for 3 days. The fermented mash was subsequently dried and milled into cassava flour. Subsequently, the proximate, mineral and the anti-nutrient composition of the cassava flour were determined. The results of the study revealed that the unfermented flour from low-cyanide cassava variety had higher protein, fibre, ash, fat, Ca, Na and K contents, while those produced from medium-cyanide variety, had higher anti-nutrient (tannin, cyanide and phytate), Zn, Mg and Fe contents. However, solid substrate fermentation of the cassava mash using R. oryzae and S. cerevisae, independently, caused a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the protein and fat content. The nutrient enrichment was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in flour produced from low-cyanide cassava variety. In addition, S. cerevisae fermentation brought about a higher increase in the nutrient content than R. oryzae fermentation. Conversely, fermentation of the cassava caused a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the anti-nutrient content of the flour; although, the level of decrease was more in the flour produced from low-cyanide variety than medium-cyanide variety. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the ability of the fungi to decrease the antinutrient (except phytate) of the cassava flour. Furthermore, micro-fungi fermentation did not cause a significant change (P > 0.05) in mineral content (except Mg and K) of the fermented cassava flour. Therefore, unfermented cassava flour produced from low-cyanide cassava tubers had high nutrient composition and low anti-nutrient content, and more susceptible to micro-fungi nutrient enrichment and detoxification than medium-cyanide variety. Furthermore, S. cerevisae was more efficient in the nutrient enrichment of the cassava flour than R. oryzae.",Included,
"Ravindran, G., Ravindran, V.",1988,Changes in the nutritional composition of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaves during maturity,Food Chemistry,27,4,10.1016/0308-8146(88)90014-3,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14949/,"The nutritional composition, in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and anti-nutritive properties of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaves were investigated at three stages of leaf maturity (very young, young and mature leaves). The crude protein and carbohydrate contents decreased with maturity, whereas all other proximal and fibre components increased. The mineral profile showed cassava leaves to be good sources of most minerals, particularly of calcium and trace minerals. The P and Na contents, however, were low. The values for K, Mg, P, Zn and Mn decreased with leaf maturity, while those for Ca, Na and Fe increased. Cassava leaves were found to be rich in all essential amino acids, except methionine and phenylalanine. As the leaves matured, the tendency was for the amino acid concentrations to decrease. Only glutamic acid, proline and glycine contents increased, while those of valine and phenylalanine were unaffected. The levels of phytic acid increased with leaf ageing, while tannin and hydrocyanic acid contents decreased. The nutritional significance of these anti-nutritive factors is discussed. The IVOMD values indicate the potential value of cassava leaves as a ruminant feed.",Included,
"de Andrade, M. T., Coelho, D. G., Neto, D. F. M., Júnior, L. F. C., Júnior, A. P. B., Simões, A. N.",2017,Changes in the oxidative metabolism of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) roots associated with cultivation managements,Australian Journal of Crop Science,11,12,10.21475/ajcs.17.11.12.pne551,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/20178/,"It is believed that sweet cassava root age and pre-harvest managements can modulate the oxidative metabolism and provide a longer shelf life. Moreover, the evaluation of enzymes envolved in oxidative protection regardingthe phenolic metabolism can be an additional approach to understand how the cultivation affects the post-harvest physiological deterioration tolerance in sweet cassava roots. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative enzymatic protection associated to oxidation mediate by PPO and POD, in response to population density and harvest time of sweet cassava roots, cv. ""Mossor"". The roots were cultivated in field conditions in the Brazilian Semiarid, under irrigation. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications. Treatments corresponded to four harvest times (240, 300, 360, 420 days after planting - DAP) and four population densities (10,000, 12,500, 15,000 and 17,500 plants ha-1). Sweet cassava roots were sampled and the total soluble phenol content as well as soluble protein content were measured. Also, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activity was evaluated. The roots showed higher total soluble phenol content at 300 and 360 DAP and higher protein content at 240, 300 and 360 DAP, for all densities avaluated. Planting densities extremes, of 10,000 and 17,500 plants ha-1, resulted in higher levels of phenolics compounds and SOD activity. However, did not promote difference in the levels of soluble proteins. There was a significant reduction at PPO, SOD and CAT activity with late harvest, which did not occur for POD activity. Therefore, younger roots have higher oxidative enzymatic protection when compared to older roots in Semiarid conditions.",Included,
"Nye, P. H., Greenland, D. J.",1964,Changes in the soil after clearing tropical forest,Plant and Soil,21,1,10.1007/BF01373877,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12452/,"About one-and-a-half acres of tropical forest, of known mass and chemical composition, was cleared and burned. Soil changes during clearing and two years' cropping were studied. Following burning, approximately all the K, Ca, and Mg in the vegetation were accounted for by the rise in exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg in the soil. There was a marked rise in soil pH. A small but significant increase in C and N was attributed to admixture of parts of the vegetation with the soil. Following cultivation, there was a rapid loss of nutrients by leaching and erosion during the first year and a substantial loss of K and Mg, but smaller loss of Ca in the second year. Losses of calcium were less and of potassium more under the local practice of shifting cultivation than under cultivation treatments involving clearing of roots followed by bare fallow or a maize-cassava rotation. Depths of cultivation had little effect on nutrient losses. Losses of organic matter in the first year were rapid due to oxidation of unhumified material. They were much reduced in the second year. Greater production of food was obtained from the maize-cassava rotation than by local practice.",Included,
"Maziya-Dixon, Busie, Dixon, Alfred G.O., Ssemakula, Gorrettie",2009,Changes in total carotenoid content at different stages of traditional processing of yellow-fleshed cassava genotypes,,v. 44,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10872/,"The changes in content of total carotenoid at each stage of processing cassava storage roots were investigated with three improved yellow-fleshed cassava varieties (TMS 94/0006, TMS 01/1235 and TMS 01/1371) grown in 2005/2006 in a randomised complete block design with two replications at Ibadan, Nigeria. When the cassava roots were grated to a mash, results obtained indicate that there was a significant reduction in total carotenoid content for all the genotypes. The reduction was highest for TMS 01/1235 (1.20 g g), intermediate for TMS 01/1371 (0.78 g g) and least for TMS 94/0006 (0.35 g g). In most cases, we observed higher total carotenoid concentration, especially when the intermediate step involved pressing to remove excess water, and during roasting compared with the initial concentration in the raw cassava storage roots. In conclusion, grating, drying and cooking to a paste resulted in reduction of total carotenoid content, while roasting and pressing resulted in higher carotenoid concentration. A change in total carotenoid content during processing depends on variety, processing method, especially unit operation and the initial total carotenoid content of the variety.",Included,
"Suismono, Wheatley, C.",1991,Changes of physico-chemical the cassava roots and products as affected by variety and plant age,"Cassava roots: characteristic, utilization and analysis methods",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17026/,"This experiment was executed at the Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia, from July to December, 1991. The experimental design was a Randomized Complete Design (RCD), with three replications and the factors varieties (bitter cassava roots M Col-1684, CM 849-1, M Ven-25 and CM 507-37 and sweet cassava roots CM 955-2, CMC-40 and CG 1-37) and plant ages (7, 9 and 11 months). Results of the experiment show that total and free cyanide contents of bitter cassava roots were approximately three times higher than those of sweet cassava roots. Total and free cyanide contents of cassava flour and by-products were less than 50 ppm DM basis. The amount of cyanide loss during processing (chipping and sun drying) ranged from 7 to 20 percent. Optimum dry matter, starch, fat and fiber contents occurred at 9 months (plant age); however, protein and total and reducing sugar contents decreased from 7 to 11 months. Optimum viscosity of cassava flour was lower than that of cassava starch. After the cold phase (50 degree C), the cassava flour of the sweet and bitter varieties retogradated if harvesting took place after 9 months (plant age).",Included,
"Roslim, D. I., Herman, Sofyanti, N., Chaniago, M., Restiani, R., Novita, L.",2016,"Characteristics of 22 cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genotypes from Riau Province, Indonesia",Sabrao Journal of Breeding and Genetics,48,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15367/,"Cassava is a woody herbaceous plant and grows well on low fertility and acidic soils and requires lower labor demand than other major food crops. It has been used by most of the people in the tropical/subtropical countries including Indonesia. We characterized 22 cassava genotypes collected from Riau Province, Indonesia, which were grown from March 2013 to June 2014 at the Biological Research Station, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Riau University, Indonesia. The results showed that genotypes have distinctive characters based on morphological and biochemical traits. In general, the cassava genotypes had relatively low starch content (< 20% in fresh storage roots), intermediate dry matter content (20%-30%), and cyanide compounds ranged between 100 to 200 ppm. Five genotypes were classified as bitter genotypes with high cyanide (> 300 ppm). Hijau was categorized as a sweet genotype with the lowest levels of cyanide ( 100 ppm). Pucuk Hitam had the highest content of starch (21.7%) and dry matter (38.9%). Seven genotypes, such as Sayur, Juray, Kuning, Hijau, Pulut Bengkalis, Pucuk Hijau, and Okulasi produced flowers and seeds. At the 48% similarity coefficient, all genotypes clustered into 3 groups. Moreover, most of the bitter ones clustered in the same group. Such genetic variability may be used through cassava breeding program.",Included,
"Cock, J. H.",1976,Characteristics of High Yielding Cassava Varieties,Experimental Agriculture,12,2,10.1017/S0014479700007201,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3807/,"Forty different cultivars of cassava were grown in unreplicated plots at a plant population of 20,000 plants/ha in fertile soil. Harvests were taken at 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 months after planting 18 varieties. The characteristics of the two highest yielding varieties, M Colombia 113 (66 t/ha) and M Colombia 22 (32 t/ha), were compared with the other types. M Colombia 22 is an early type (25 t/ha after 6 months) with a very high harvest index; M Colombia 113 yields little better than average 6 months after planting. High yield is associated with a balance between leaf production and root production, so that leaf area index does not decline excessively in the later growth stages. Changing canopy structure is unlikely to increase yields.",Included,
"Wahab, A.H.",1977,Characteristics of indigenous and introduced cultivars of cassava in Guyana,"Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, Held at CIAT, Cali, Columbia, 1-7 August 1976",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18601/,"A yield trial was conducted for 12 months to assess the performance of 12 varieties of cassava on Guyana's agriculturally poor but extensive peats and peaty soils. On the peats, the four high yielding varieties, M. Mexico 59, M. Mexico 23, Del Pais, and M. Colombia 673 gave fresh yields of 30.5, 19.3, 19.3, and 18.2 t/ha, respectively. On the peaty clays, high yielding varieties were M. Mexico 59, Uncle Mack, Del Pais, and M. Mexico 23 with yields of 23.1, 22.1, 20.0, and 17.6 t/ha, respectively. Tbe lowest yielding varieties on both soils were Chinese stick (7.6 t/ha on the peats and 9.0 t/ha on the peaty clay) and Bitterstick, which produced 11.7 t/ha on the peats and 9.0 t/ha on the peaty clay. Plant height and shooting and branching patterns were not related to yield, but harvest index was correlated with yield on both soils. Useful matter (ratio of peeled/ unpeeled root) was not significantly different between varieties on both soils.",Included,
"Nebiyu, Amsalu",2003,Characterization and divergence analysis in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) accessions at Jima,Characterization and divergence analysis in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) accessions at Jima,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1035/,"Thirty-six germplasm accessions of cassava representing IITA gene pool and Ethiopian land races were studied with respect to different qualitative and quantitative characters contributing to characterization at Jima Agricultural Research Center during 2002-2003 cropping season. The minimum descriptor lists of the International Cassava Germplasm Network and International Plant Genetic Resources Institute were adopted in the study. Cluster analysis based on qualitative characters indicated the formation of six clusters. Vegetative (leaf, petiole, stem, branching habit), flowering and storage root characters brought out a wide range of variations. Analysis of variance for quantitative characters indicated significant (p<0.05j variations among the accessions for majority of the characters except plant height number of main stems, stem girth and storage root length. Estimates of phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation also showed the presence of inter genotypic variability for majority of the characters. Relatively maximum phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were observed for harvest index, storage root yield per plant above ground biomass, number of branches and number of nodes in the order of magnitude. Correlation studies between the various quantitative characters highlighted significant associations among characters. Root yield per plant was significantly and positively associated with number of nodes, number of roots, diameter of roots and harvest index. Cluster and distance analyses of quantitative characters based on multivariate analysis pointed out to the existence of six divergent groups. The clustering pattern of germplasm accessions was found not necessarily related to geographical origin and genetic diversity. The maximum distance was observed between clusters V and VI (D2 = 722.93) while the minimum was between clusters II and I (D2 = 33.41). The present study indicated a considerable amount of variability for majority of the characters of interest in cassava for exploitation. Nevertheless, the need for confirmation of genotype - environment interactions, conventional characterization approach through advanced tools of biochemical and molecular approaches and widening of the genetic base for strengthening cassava improvement strategy are suggested.",Included,
"Alvarez, Elizabeth, Mejia, Juan F., Llano, German A., Loke, John B., Calari, Alberto, Duduk, Bojan, Bertaccini, Assunta",2009,Characterization of a Phytoplasma Associated with Frogskin Disease in Cassava,Plant Disease,93,11,10.1094/PDIS-93-11-1139,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/929/,"Cassava frogskin disease (CFSD) is an economically important root disease of cassava (Manihot esculenta) in Colombia and other South American countries, including Brazil, Venezuela, Peru, Costa Rica, and Panama. The roots of severely affected plants are thin, making them unsuitable for consumption. In Colombia, phytoplasma infections were confirmed in 35 of 39 genotypes exhibiting mild or severe CFSD symptoms either by direct or nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays employing ribosomal (r)RNA operon primer pairs. The CFSD-associated phytoplasmas were identified as group 16SrIII strains by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequence analyses of amplified rDNA products, and results were corroborated by PCRs employing group 16SrIII-specific rRNA gene or ribosomal protein (rp) gene primers. Collectively, RFLP analyses indicated that CFSD strains differed from all phytoplasmas described previously in group 16SrIII and, on this basis, the strains were tentatively assigned to new ribosomal and ribosomal protein subgroups 16SrIII-L and rpIII-H, respectively. This is the first molecular identification of a phytoplasma associated with CFSD in cassava in Colombia.",Included,
"Anjanappa, R. B., Mehta, D., Maruthi, M. N., Kanju, E., Gruissem, W., Vanderschuren, H.",2016,Characterization of brown streak virus-resistant cassava,Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions,29,7,10.1094/MPMI-01-16-0027-R,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1133/,"Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) has become a major constraint to cassava production in East and Central Africa. The identification of new sources of CBSD resistance is essential to deploy CBSD mitigation strategies, as the disease is progressing westwards to new geographical areas. A stringent infection method based on top cleft-grafting combined with precise virus titer quantitation was utilized to screen 14 cassava cultivars and elite breeding lines. When inoculated with mixed infections of Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) and Ugandan cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV), the scions of elite breeding lines KBH 2006/18 and KBH 2006/26 remained symptom-free during a 16-week period of virus graft inoculation, while susceptible varieties displayed typical CBSD infection symptoms at 4 weeks after grafting. The identified CBSD resistance was stable under the coinoculation of CBSV and UCBSV with cassava geminiviruses. Double-grafting experiments revealed that transmission of CBSV and UCBSV to CBSD-susceptible top scions was delayed when using intermediate scions of elite breeding lines KBH 2006/18 and KBH 2006/26. Nonetheless, comparison of virus systemic movement using scions from KBH2006/18 and a transgenic CBSD resistant 60444 line (60444-Hp9 line) showed that both CBSV and UCBSV move at undetectable levels through the stems. Further, protoplast-based assays of virus titers showed that the replication of CBSV is inhibited in the resistant line KBH2006/18, suggesting that the identified CBSD resistance is at least partially based on inhibition of virus replication. Our molecular characterization of CBSD resistance in cassava offers a robust virus-host system to further investigate the molecular determinants of CBSD resistance.",Included,
"Oluwole, O.S.A., Onabolu, A.O., Mtunda, K., Mlingi, N.",2007,"Characterization of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) varieties in Nigeria and Tanzania, and farmers' perception of toxicity of cassava",Journal of Food Composition and Analysis,20,7,10.1016/j.jfca.2007.04.004,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13113/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) roots in endemic and non-endemic areas for cassava associated neurological syndromes in Nigeria and Tanzania were characterized for levels of cyanogenic compounds, taste, weight and farmers' perception of toxicity. Mean cyanogenic compounds (mg HCN eq/kg dry wt) in cassava roots was 133 (range 8-1063) in Nigeria (n=97), but 61 (range 22-244) in Tanzania (n=57), P<0.0001. 13% of cassava varieties in Nigeria were bitter, compared with 12% in Tanzania. Mean cyanogenic compounds (mg HCN eq/kg dry wt) was 103 (range 27-543) in bitter roots compared with 105 (range 8-1064) in sweet roots (P>0.05). Sweet cassava predominates in Nigeria and Tanzania. Mean weight (range) was 405 g (49-3100) for roots of cassava planted at altitude<100 m above sea level, but 298 g (25-2300) for roots of cassava planted at altitude >100 m above sea level, P=0.02. Multivariate model shows significant relationship of levels of cyanogenic compounds in cassava roots and altitude, weight of roots and country. High cyanogenic cassava varieties were present in the endemic area in Nigeria, where the altitude is low, but low cyanogenic cassava varieties were present in the endemic area in Tanzania, where the altitude is high. Both sweet and bitter cassava were consumed raw by farmers, who do not perceive bitter cassava as a toxic crop. The practise of delayed harvesting of cassava for food security is low in both countries.",Included,
"Clowes, A.E.E., Tatham, A.S., Beeching, John R., Shewry, P.R.",1995,Characterization of cassava root proteins,"The Cassava Biotechnology Network: Proceedings of the Second International Scientific Meeting, Bogor, Indonesia, 22-25 August 1994",II,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3793/,"Although cassava roots are a good source of dietary carbohydrates, they are uniquely deficient in protein, which comprises about from 1 percent to 2 percent of their dry weight. The purpose of this study is to characterize the proteins present in the roots of significant cassava clones. Background work involved determining the nitrogen balance in the roots and in whole plants of cassava grown under conditions of varying nitrogen supply and deficient or reduced sulphur. Detailed examination of the root proteins from cassava cultivars CMC 40 and M Col 1684 revealed that at least these cultivars contain no major storage proteins; however, a significant protein, with Mr about 25,000, was found in M Col 1684 and was purified by preparative SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Attempts at amino acid sequencing indicated that this protein was N-terminal blocked. A polyclonal antibody was, however, raised to this protein and used to screen cDNA libraries to mRNA from M Col 22 roots constructed in lambda gt11 and lambda Moselox. Several clones were isolated from the latter library and are currently being sequenced.",Included,
"Anggraini, V., Sudarmonowati, E., Hartati, N. Sri., Suurs, L.C.J.M., Visser, R.G.F.",2009,Characterization of cassava starch attributes of different genotypes,Starch,61,8,10.1002/star.200800121,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1120/,"The genetic variation of starch of Indonesian cassava genotypes with various morphological characteristics of roots and eco‐geographical origin was characterized and compared. The morphological characteristics of the roots of 71 collected cassava genotypes were classified into yellow and white for flesh colors, purple, pink, light brown, yellow, cream and white for cortex colors, dark brown and light brown for external colors, as well as conical and cylindrical for root shapes. Starch samples extracted from 17 genotypes showed that the amylose content varied from 17.1 to 21.3%. The mean particle size was around 7.3 to 9.7 µm, and the gelatinization onset temperature was in the range of 63.5‐66.1°C. Seven genotypes were analyzed in more detail for their physicochemical properties. The granule size distribution was in the range of 3.2 µm to 17.6 µm for d10 and d90 (i.e. 90% of the granules were bigger than 3.2 μm and 90% were smaller than 17.6 μm), respectively, and the median granule size was around 7.7‐10.8 µm. The gelatinization temperatures of the different cassava starches were in the range of 63.5‐66.1°C. The phosphate content varied from 23.5‐25.3 nmol/mg starch. Particle size distribution and gelatinization temperature as well as the phosphate content of the starch of the selected seven genotypes also showed minor differences among the genotypes. The swelling power of all starches showed some differences between genotypes, but the profiles were similar. The opacity of starch of all the tested genotypes increased twofold within six days, but no large differences among the different genotypes could be detected except for the genotype Ketan. Strength of the gels, which are indicated with force, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, and elasticity, also did not show large differences.",Included,
"Infante R, B., García O, O., Rivera, C.",2013,Characterization of dietary fiber and pectin of cassava bread obtained from different regions of Venezuela,Revista Chilena de Nutricion,40,2,10.4067/S0717-75182013000200012,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7763/,"Three varieties of cassava bread were analyzed by proximal analysis and biochemical methods. The content of protein, fat, carbohydrate, ash, crude fiber and dietary fiber (DF) differed significantly between each sample (p< 0.05). The cassava variety ""Puerto Ayacucho"" showed a higher content of insoluble DF (4.7%), soluble DF (1.6%), total DF (6.3%) and pectin (0.61%)) in comparison with the varieties of ""Rio Chico"" and ""Caripito"". Soluble DF retains significant amounts of water in the digestive tract, and this fact, combined with its reported effect of lowering human serum cholesterol its low moisture plus a high carbohydrate content confirm the suitability of this bread as an important nutritional food.",Included,
"Restrepo, S., Duque, M. C., Verdier, V.",2000,Characterization of pathotypes among isolates of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis in Colombia,Plant Pathology,49,6,10.1046/j.1365-3059.2000.00513.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15074/,"Cassava bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (Xam) is a destructive disease occurring in most cassava growing-areas. Although Colombian isolates of Xam differ in DNA polymorphism and pathogenicity, no suitable host differentials have been identified to demonstrate physiological specialization. A set of 26 Xam isolates from three edaphoclimatic zones (ECZs) in Colombia was selected for inoculation on a set of 17 potential cassava differentials. Leaf inoculation and stem puncture were used in order to detect possible specific interactions between cultivars and isolates. Cultivar x isolate interaction was highly significant (P < 0.001) after stem inoculation, but not after leaf inoculation. The stem inoculation technique was selected as a method for resistance screening of cassava cultivars for bacterial blight resistance. A highly significant interaction was also detected when cultivar behaviour was rated as area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) after stem inoculation. Different pathotypes were defined among the 26 isolates and differential cultivars were proposed to define the pathotypic composition of Xam populations in three ECZs in Colombia. The results should help to improve selection of sources of resistance to cassava bacterial blight.",Included,
"Wydra, K., Banito, A., Kpémoua, K.",2007,Characterization of resistance of cassava genotypes to bacterial blight by evaluation of leaf and systemic symptoms in relation to yield in different ecozones,Euphytica,155,3,10.1007/s10681-006-9335-9,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19121/,"Twenty-two improved and local cassava genotypes were evaluated for their bacterial blight symptom types in reaction to infection by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis under field conditions in the forest, forest savanna transition and wet savanna zones of Togo. High genotype x environment interactions in development of each symptom type were observed. Combining data on environments and genotypes, spot, blight and wilt symptoms were positively correlated. Analysing genotype reactions across environments, indications for independent mechanisms of resistance on leaf and stem level, varying by genotype, were found. Genotypes Main27 with resistance to spot and blight symptoms and TMS4(2)1425 with resistance to wilt symptoms are recommended to breeders to introgress their resistance characteristics. Significant negative correlations were generally observed between blight and wilt symptom development and root yield across ecozones, with blight being more important under lower, and wilt under higher inoculum pressure. Genotypes TMS30572, CVTM4, TMS92/0429 and TMS91/02316 showed low spot, blight and wilt symptoms combined with high root yield across ecozones.",Included,
"Vieira, E. A., de Freitas Fialho, J., Faleiro, F. G., Bellon, G., da Fonseca, K. G., Carvalho, L. J. C. B., Silva, M. S., de Paula-Moraes, S. V., de Oliveira, C. M., Denke, M. L.",2011,"Characterization of sweet cassava accessions based on molecular, quantitative and qualitative data",Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology,11,3,10.1590/S1984-70332011000300005,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18445/,"The purpose of this study was to estimate the genetic divergence in sweet cassava accessions by molecular markers and quantitative and qualitative characters, as well as determine the correlation between these estimates. Sixteen sweet cassava accessions of the Regional Cassava Germplasm Bank of the Cerrado were evaluated under field conditions, for 13 quantitative and 33 qualitative characters. In the laboratory, the accessions were evaluated with RAPD markers. Subsequently, matrixes of genetic dissimilarity/distance among the accessions were estimated based on molecular markers and quantitative and qualitative characters. Besides, the significance of the correlation between the matrixes was estimated. The RAPD, qualitative and quantitative data indicated the existence of high divergence among the accessions. The divergences estimated by molecular markers and by quantitative traits were weakly associated with each other and moderately with the divergence estimated by qualitative characters.",Included,
"Alvarez, E., Molina, M. L.",2000,"Characterizing the Sphaceloma fungus, causal agent of superelongation disease in cassava",Plant Disease,84,4,10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.4.423,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/925/,"The fungus Sphaceloma manihoticola causes superelongation disease in cassava, a starchy root crop grown widely in the tropics. Isolates were collected from infected plants grown in six localities of Colombia. Morphological analyses of the fungus showed that colony growth and color are not stable characteristics over time. Pathogenicity studies, using the susceptible cassava variety M Col 22 and the resistant M Ven 77, showed that M Col 22 was tolerant of 29% of pathogen isolates studied and had an intermediate reaction to 71%. Variety M Ven 77 also showed tolerance of 16.2% of the isolates, had an intermediate reaction to 80.6%, and was susceptible to 3.2%. Significant cultivar x isolate interactions indicated pathogenic specialization. This study is the first to describe this pathogen's molecular characteristics. A homogeneous and reporducible band of about 545 bp was obtained with polymerase chain reaction which, when digested by restriction enzymes, showed an equal pattern of bands for all isolates. The isolates thus belonged to one species. Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis revealed intraspecific genetic diversity. By better understanding the pathogen, we can apply more appropriate disease management strategies, such as selection of germ plasm tolerant of superelongation disease.",Included,
"Li, Y. Z., Zhao, J. Y., Wu, S. M., Fan, X. W., Luo, X. L., Chen, B. S.",2016,Characters related to higher starch accumulation in cassava storage roots,Scientific Reports,6,,10.1038/srep19823,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9843/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is valued mainly for high content starch in its roots. Our understanding of mechanisms promoting high starch accumulation in the roots is, however, still very limited. Two field-grown cassava cultivars, Huanan 124(H124) with low root starch and Fuxuan 01(F01) with high root starch, were characterised comparatively at four main growth stages. Changes in key sugars in the leaves, stems and roots seemed not to be strongly associated with the final amount of starch accumulated in the roots. However, when compared with H124, F01 exhibited a more compact arrangement of xylem vascular bundles in the leaf axils, much less callose around the phloem sieve plates in the stems, higher starch synthesis-related enzymatic activity but lower amylase activity in the roots, more significantly up-regulated expression of related genes, and a much higher stem flow rate (SFR). In conclusion, higher starch accumulation in the roots results from the concurrent effects of powerful stem transport capacity highlighted by higher SFR, high starch synthesis but low starch degradation in the roots, and high expression of sugar transporter genes in the stems. A model of high starch accumulation in cassava roots was therefore proposed and discussed.",Included,
"Afoakwa, E. O., Asiedu, C., Budu, A. S., Chiwona-Karltun, L., Nyirendah, D. B",2012,Chemical composition and cyanogenic potential of traditional and high yielding CMD resistant cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) varieties,International Food Research Journal,19,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5186/,"High yielding cassava mosaic disease (CMD) resistant cassava varieties have been developed by the Crop Research Institute of Ghana with distinct chemical composition and cyanogenic glucoside concentrations. This study characterized these improved varieties (Ampong, Broni bankye, Sika and Otuhia) together with some traditional varieties (Amakuma and Bankye fitaa) for their nutritional properties and cyanogenic potential (toxicity). The proximate composition, mineral content and cyanogenic potential were determined using standard methods. The different cultivars had moisture content (33.14-45.86%), protein (1.17-3.48%), ash (1.71-2.34%), crude fibre (1.38-3.20%), fat (0.74-1.49%) and carbohydrate (83.42-87.35%) and these varied significantly among cultivars. Mineral contents were 0.60-1.60, 1.35-1.58 and 1.06-2.13 mg/100g for Ca, Mg and P respectively, and 0.16-0.24, 0.021-0.030, 0.04-0.13, 0.25-0.36 and 0.25-0.37 mg/100g for Fe, Mn, Zn, K and Na respectively. Cyanogenic potential ranged from 0.08-0.12 mgHCN/kg. Wide variations exist in chemical composition of the improved and traditional cassava cultivars but all possess safe levels of cyanogenic potential and thus safe for human consumption.",Included,
"Oni, A. O., Onwuka, C. F. I., Arigbede, O. M., Oni, O. O., Anele, U. Y., Yusuf, K. O., Oduguwa, B. O., Onifade, O. S.",2010,Chemical composition and in sacco degradability of four varieties of cassava leaves grown in Southwestern Nigeria in the rumen of sheep,Tropical Animal Health and Production,42,7,10.1007/s11250-010-9596-0,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13181/,"The nutritive value of leaves of four varieties of cassava (MS 6, TMS 30555, Idileruwa and TMS 30572) were studied through analysis of their chemical components and degradability of their dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) in the rumen of sheep. Results of the chemical analyses showed that the leaves of the four varieties contained different proportions of organic matter which was significantly (P<0.05) highest in TMS 30572 with value of 935 g/kg DM, while CP (gramme per kilogramme DM) was significantly highest in TMS 30555 (240), followed by MS 6 (235), TMS 30572 (208) and least in Idileruwa (177). Mean metabolisable energy (megajoules per kilogramme DM) was significantly (P<0.05) highest in TMS 30572 (8.2) and similar with Idileruwa (8.0) but different from TMS 30555 and MS 6, respectively (7.8 and 7.6). The mineral contents (gramme per kilogramme DM) showed that leaves of MS 6 and Idileruwa had the highest concentrations of K (2.86) and a significantly lowest value (1.83) in TMS 30555. Also, the highest concentration of Ca and Fe (6.81 and 6.23) was recorded in MS 6. The highest CaP of 3.20 was obtained in TMS 30555. DM degradation characteristics and effective degradability varied significantly (P<0.05) and were consistently highest in TMS 30572. The washing loss (a) ranged from 15.9% in MS 6 to 21.3% in TMS 30572. TMS 30572 tended to have higher (P=0.546) insoluble but fermentable fraction (b) than all other varieties. Moreover, the potential degradability (a+b) tended to be higher (P=0.041) in TMS 30572 (69.5%) followed by TMS 30555 (67.1%) and the lowest was in Idileruwa (42.7%). The highest effective degradability was recorded in TMS 30572 (63.9%) and the lowest in Idileruwa (40.7%). The degradation rate constants (c) of Idileruwa was significantly higher (P=0.001) than those of MS6, TMS 30555 and TMS 30572. The results generally indicated that the leaves could be ranked for their potential feeding value as TMS 30572 (71.5%)>MS6 (65.8%)>Idileruwa (63.0%)>TMS 30555 (50.4%). It is therefore concluded from this study that leaves of TMS 30572 and MS 6 have good potential as feed resources for ruminant animals and could be used in ruminant feeding as protein source ingredient.",Included,
"Oni, A. O., Onwuka, C. F. I., Arigbede, O. M., Anele, U. Y., Oduguwa, O. O., Onifade, O. S., Tan, Z. L.",2011,Chemical composition and nutritive value of four varieties of cassava leaves grown in South-Western Nigeria,Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition,95,5,10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01086.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13183/,"The nutritive value of leaves of four varieties of cassava MS 6, TMS 30555, Idileruwa and TMS 30572 was evaluated based on their chemical composition and in vitro fermentation. Crude protein (CP) contents of cassava leaves ranged from 177 to 240g/kg dry matter (DM), with TMS 30555 showing the highest CP contents. Neutral detergent fibre (NDFom) and acid detergent fibre (ADFom) contents of cassava leaves ranged from 596 to 662 and 418 to 546g/kg DM respectively. Condensed tannin (CT) and hydrocyanic acid contents ranged from 1.0 to 3.8g/kg and 58.5 to 86.7mg/kg DM respectively. The range of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the supernatant after in vitro incubation of the cassava varieties was acetate (14.731.5mmol/l); propionate (4.56.3mmol/l); butyrate (3.13.9mmol/l); valerate (0.40.6mmol/l); isobutyrate (0.61.3mmol/l); isovalerate (1.11.9mmol/l). The acetatepropionate ratio resulting from fermentation of TMS 30555 was higher(p<0.05) than that of the other leaves. The highest in vitro gas production of 50.5ml/200mg DM was recorded for MS6 being higher (p<0.05) than for TMS 30572, but similar to TMS 30555 and Idileruwa. The DM, CP, ADF and HCN contents of cassava leaves were positively correlated with gas production, while CT content was negatively correlated with gas production. The study showed that leaves of the varieties MS 6 and TMS 30555 are superior to the others in terms of CP and gas production indicating a higher digestibility and energy content and thus nutritive potential. They may therefore serve as supplements for ruminants fed on poor roughages.",Included,
"Sanni, L. O., Adebowale, A. A., Maziya-Dixon, B., Dixon, A. G. O.",2008,Chemical composition and pasting properties of CMD resistant cassava clones planted at different locations,"Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment",6,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15824/,"The aim of the study was to investigate the chemical composition and pasting properties of 43 cassava mosaic desease (CMD) resistant clones planted at different locations (Ibadan, Onne and Mokwa) in Nigeria under rainfed conditions in 2003 and 2004. Ranges of chemical contents (%) were for amylose 19.50-30.20, sugar 0.77-3.67, starch 66.20–88.90, protein 0.41-1.0 and ash 0.03-0.36 across clones for 2003. In 2004, the results were as follows: amylose 15.26–21.68, sugar 3.62-5.63, starch 60.64-71.62, protein 1.51-4.48 and ash 1.27-2.81%. The peak viscosity ranged between 289.09 and 490.96 RVU in 2003 and from 83.83 to 339.54 RVU in 2004. Hot paste viscosity ranged between 105.85 and 177.90 RVU in 2003 and from -10.38 to 145.20 RVU in 2004. Breakdown viscosity obtained in 2003 was considerably higher than that recorded in 2004. The setback viscosity ranged from 32.14 to 76.75 RVU in 2003 and from 11.71 to 51.11 RVU in 2004. The variations due to interactions between clone and agro-environment (clone Å~ location) were significant (P<0.05) for chemical composition and pasting properties, except protein and pasting temperature in 2004. Also, a significant correlation (P<0.05) was obtained between all the chemical components measured and pasting properties. However, further work is needed to really determine quantitatively how the pasting profile of the cassava clones determines their food uses.",Included,
"Harper, R. S.",1974,Chemical weed control in cassava using paraquat,PANS Pest Articles and News Summaries,20,2,10.1080/09670877409413632,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6957/,"Paraquat applied as a directed inter-row spray gave economical control of weeds in cassava for a period of three months or more. Applications were made at rates of 0.2-0.4 kg/ha post-emergence in young cassava of 3 months or more with 15-20 cm of brown bark at the base of the stems; a repeat application was made after an interval of 10-14 days. Usually, one further spray was required to obtain acceptable weed control until harvesting, weed control being facilitated by the increased shade given by the developing crop canopy.",Included,
"EKE, JOY, ACHINEWHU, SIMON, SANNI, LATEEF",2010,"CHEMICAL, PASTING AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF TAPIOCA GRITS FROM CASSAVA MOSAIC DISEASE-RESISTANT CASSAVA VARIETIES",Journal of Food Processing and Preservation,34,4,10.1111/j.1745-4549.2009.00378.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4911/,"ABSTRACT The study investigated the chemical, pasting and sensory properties of tapioca grits produced from wet starches from 39 different cassava varieties (36 varieties resistant to cassava mosaic disease [CMD] and three checks TMS 30572, 4(2) 1425 and 82/00058) planted in June 2004/2005 at the experimental farm of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, high-rainfall Onne (Lat 4.4N, Long 7.1E, mean annual rainfall of 2,600 mm.), Rivers State, Nigeria. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) for chemical and functional properties of tapioca grits from different cassava varieties. Amylose content ranged from 18.30 to 22.95%, amylopectin content ranged from 77.05 to 81.70%, protein content ranged from 0.16 to 0.42%, sugar content ranged from 0.10 to 1.20%, starch damage ranged from 1.22 to 1.49%, pH values ranged from 4.25 to 6.15, moisture content ranged from 5.75% to 10.12%, ash content ranged from 0.19 to 0.67%, starch content ranged from 67.34 to 81.86%. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in all the pasting properties of the tapioca grits from different CMD starches. The peak viscosity of pregelatinized tapioca ranged from 110.79 to 545.17 RVU, final viscosities for tapioca ranged from 87.00 to 281.38 RVU. Setback values and pasting time ranged from 29.65 to 89.80 RVU, and 3.2 to 4.2 min, respectively. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in the panelist scores for the tapioca samples. In terms of overall acceptability, panelists rated tapioca samples produced from 92/0067 has the best followed by 98/0510, 97/4769, whereas the least was tapioca sample from 98/0226. Based on our findings, tapioca grits from TMS92/0067, TMS98/0510 and 4(2) 1425 cassava varieties based on the high scores for sensory, chemical and setback values. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The recent world food crises have given new hope to potential breakfast diets like tapioca grits. Tapioca, a roasted cassava starch, is usually soaked and cooked in water and sugar/milk added. To appreciate best cassava varieties for this ever demanding product, this project on chemical, pasting and sensory properties of tapioca grits from cassava mosaic disease-resistant cassava varieties has high practical applications to guide readers and processors on best traits to use for the production of tapioca. Consumers can make use of tapioca for different pudding production. Tapioca grits from TMS92/0067, TMS98/0510 and 4(2)1425 cassava varieties will rise early and consistent on cooling, which is very important for the consumer preference. With appropriate addition of additives such as eggs, milk and sugar, consumers are assured of best quality tapioca meal.",Included,
"Champagne, Antoine, Legendre, Laurent, Lebot, Vincent",2009,"Chemotype Profiling To Guide Breeders and Explore Traditional Selection of Tropical Root Crops in Vanuatu, South Pacific",,v. 11  v. 57,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3296/,"The objectives of the present study were to characterize good-quality cultivars, identify relationships between local eating preferences and primary compound content, and reveal biofortification potential in tropical root crop species aroids, yams, cassava, and sweet potato. A core sample of about 500 cultivars was assembled to represent the widest agro-morphological diversity. Very high coefficients of variation were found within species for proteins, sugars, cellulose, and mineral contents, whereas starch exhibited the lowest variation. Starch content was negatively correlated with other primary compound contents. For the national dish in Vanuatu, consumers prefer cultivars with high starch content. In contrast, preferences for daily consumption of boiled or roasted tubers are linked to average starch content, indicating great potential for improving primary compounds. Interestingly, relationships between flesh color and requirements for the traditional dish were revealed, suggesting opportunities for biofortification. The data produced will assist breeders in adopting appropriate biofortification strategies.",Included,
"Anand, M. H., Byju, G.",2008,"Chlorophyll meter and leaf colour chart to estimate chlorophyll content, leaf colour, and yield of cassava",Photosynthetica,46,4,10.1007/s11099-008-0087-8,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1063/,"A field experiment was conducted with two cassava cultivars and eight levels of nitrogen to examine the relationship between extractable chlorophyll (Chl) content of cassava leaves and both the Chl meter value (SPAD) and leaf colour chart (LCC) score. The SPAD, LCC, and Chl a+b content were influenced by leaf position, growth stage, cultivar (cv.), and N fertilization. The cvs. and N fertilization had significant effect on SPAD, LCC, and Chl a+b content of youngest fully expanded leaf (leaf 1) blade in most cases. An F-test indicated that common equations pooled across cvs., N fertilization, and growth stages could be used to describe the relationships between Chl a+b content and LCC and between SPAD and LCC, but not between SPAD and Chl a+b content. Relationships between tuber yield and SPAD, LCC, and Chl a+b content were significant (p<0.05) and positive at 30 and 60 d after planting. Thus LCC and SPAD can be used to estimate leaf Chl content which is an indicator of leaf N status.",Included,
"Kawano, K.",1992,CIAT cassava germplasm and its role in cassava varietal improvement in Asia,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Utilization Research in Asia: Proceedings of the Third Regional Workshop held in Malang, Indonesia, Oct. 22 -27 1990",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8513/,"The CIAT Cassava Breeding Program was established in 1973 with the major objective of supplying advanced breeding materials based on world-wide germplasm variability to national breeding programs in the world. During the first ten years of activity, significant upgrading of the breeding population took place with respect to harvest index, resistances to major diseases and pests and tolerance to acid soils. However, this was not necessarily accompanied by simultaneous improvement in total biological yield, root dry matter content, plant type, adaptation to seasonally dry lowland climate, low root cyanide content, and eating quality during the same period. While efforts to further improve in these areas continue at headquarters in CIAT/Colombia, the Thai-CIAT breeding program, established in 1983 as a cooperation among the Department of Agriculture, Kasetsart University and CIAT, with the dual functions of varietal development for Thailand and generating breeding materials for other Asian programs, concentrates on improvement of these traits based on crosses between local cultivars and CIAT parents. Significant progress has been made without losing the improvement previously obtained in CIAT/Colombia or the adaptation of local cultivars to the seasonally dry climate. The resulting materials appear highly promising in the hot, dry, lowland tropics of Thailand and south Vietnam as well as in the wet, lowland tropics of Indonesia. A systematic transfer of elite clones and selected hybrid seeds from the Thai-CIAT program to many cassava breeding programs in Asia was initiated.",Included,
CIAT,1987,CIAT cassava varieties to be released in the Philippines,Cassava Newsletter (CIAT),11,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3212/,"The Technical Working Group for Root Crops of the Philippine Seedboard has nominated two cassava varieties for release. One variety, CM 323-52, developed from CIAT-introduced materials, was nominated according to standards set by the proponent agency, the Philippine Root Crop Research and Training Center (PRCRTC) at Visayas State College of Agriculture (ViSCA), Baybay, Leyte. This new variety, renamed VC 1, is now approved for release. The other approved variety, G 50-3, was developed by the University of the Philippines, at Los Baños (UPLB), College, Laguna.",Included,
"Howeler, Reinhardt H., Ceballos, Hernan",2006,CIAT initiatives on cassava improvement in Asia,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7421/,,Included,
"Bento, J.M.S., Moraes, G.J. de., Matos, A.P. de., Bellotti, A.C.",2000,Classical Biological Control of the Mealybug Phenacoccus herreni (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Northeastern Brazil,Environmental Entomology,29,2,10.1093/ee/29.2.355,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2125/,"The effect of native and recently introduced natural enemies of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus herreni Cox & Williams in northeastern Brazil is reported in this article. Studies of population fluctuation of the mealybug and its natural enemies were conducted between 1994 and 1997 in three cassava fields located in Muritiba, Itaberaba, and Sao Goncalo, State of Bahia. At least approximately 85% of the parasitoids found in those fields were composed of the recently introduced species Apoanagyrus (=Epidinocarsis) diversicornis (Howard), Aenasius vexans (Kerrich), and Acerophagus coccois Smith. A. diversicornis was found in all fields during most of the experimental period, whereas A. coccois and A. vexans were only found in the fields where they had been released. A. diversicornis out-competed A. vexans in Sao Goncalo, but not A. coccois in Itaberaba. Most predators collected belonged to the genera Hyperaspis, Nephus, and Diomus, all of the family Coccinelidae. The results of this work suggest that the concerted action of the three introduced parasitoids and the native natural enemies was sufficiently efficient to control P. herreni at low levels, in the fields where the study was conducted.",Included,
"Carvalho, M. J. S., Oliveira, E. J., Souza, A. S., Pereira, J. S., Diamantino, Msas, Oliveira, S. A. S.",2017,Cleaning cassava genotypes infected with cassava frogskin disease via in vitro shoot tip culture,Genetics and Molecular Research,16,2,10.4238/gmr16029556,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3114/,"This study aimed to develop a methodology for eliminating cassava frogskin disease (CFSD) from in vitro shoot tip culture by associating thermotherapy and tetracycline. Cuttings from different accessions (BGM0232, BGM0315, BGM0464, BGM584, BGM0841, and BGM1342), infected with CFSD according to visual inspection of the disease symptoms, were used for cleaning. To verify the absence of other diseases, the plants were indexed for Cassava common mosaic virus - CsCMV (by ELISA) and Cassava vein mosaic virus - CsVMV (by polymerase chain reaction, PCR), proving that the accessions were free of these viruses, except for BGM0315 and BGM0464, which were infected with CsVMV. Subsequently, the cuttings were submitted to different tetracycline concentrations for 3 min, and then subjected to thermotherapy under different temperatures (35 degrees, 38 degrees, 40 degrees, 45 degrees, and 55 degrees C). Shoots of 2 cm were harvested, and their surfaces were sterilized in a laminar flow chamber. Subsequently, the shoot tips of different sizes were removed (0.2, 0.4, 0.5, and 1.0 mm) for inoculation in a culture medium with tetracycline at the same concentrations in which the cuttings were dipped. After 60 days of cultivation, the explants were transferred to a multiplication medium without antibiotics. Thirty days after the transfer, the viability of the regenerated plants was evaluated, which were then acclimatized for 70 days in a greenhouse and transferred to the field. After 7 months, a visual analysis of the symptomatic roots and a PCR analysis were held to prove the elimination of CFSD and CsVMV from the accessions infected with these viruses (BGM0315 and BGM0464), respectively. Most of the treatments resulted in 100% cleaning of CFSD-infected plants. From accessions that were also infected with CsVMV, only 2% of the plants remained infected, also demonstrating the cleaning efficiency of this protocol for this disease.",Included,
"Okoro, M. J.; Egesi, C. N.; Olasanmi, B.; Chimaobi, I.; Njoku, S.; Ikeogu, U.; Ogbuekiri, H.; Ewa, F.",2015,Clonal evaluation trial of yellow root cassava genotypes in south eastern Nigeria,Clonal evaluation trial of yellow root cassava genotypes in south eastern Nigeria,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12927/,"Clonal evaluation stage is the first field trial after seedling evaluation in a conventional breeding cycle of cassava. Yellow root cassava contains carotene, a precursor of Vitamin A which is an essential micronutrient for good health, sight and immune system booster. Twenty-nine yellow root cassava genotypes and two check varieties (TME 419 and TMS 30572) were evaluated for agronomic parameters, response to major pests and diseases of cassava and quality traits at Umudike, South- Eastern Nigeria in 2010/11 cropping season. The experimental design was randomized complete block design replicated twice using a single row plot of 5m for each genotype. The genotypes were evaluated for fresh root yield (FRY), dry matter (DM) and total carotene (TC) contents at 12 MAP and the data were subjected to analysis of variance. There were highly significant differences among the genotypes for the three parameters. The genotypes showed high resistance to major pests and diseases having severity scores of 1 or 2. TC content ranged from 5.0μg/g to 7.1μg/g; FRY ranged from 1.0 to 25.2 t/ha; dry root yield (DRY) ranged from 0.3 to 9.3 t\ha while dm content ranged from 19.6% to 40.89%. The genotypes with high TC content also had high DM content ranging from 32% to 40%. The genotypes are currently being evaluated in preliminary trial at the same location after which the top genotypes in relation to all the traits of interest will be selected for multi-locational trial.",Included,
"Fermont, A.M., van Asten, P.J.A., Tittonell, P., van Wijk, M.T., Giller, K.E.",2009,Closing the cassava yield gap: An analysis from smallholder farms in East Africa,Field Crops Research,112,1,10.1016/j.fcr.2009.01.009,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5640/,"Cassava yields in Africa are small and it remains unclear which factors most limit yields. Using a series of farm surveys and on-farm and on-station trials in Uganda and western Kenya, we evaluated the importance of abiotic, biotic and associated crop management constraints for cassava production in a range of socio-economic settings as found in smallholder farms in the region. Average yields under farmer management were 8.6 t ha−1, but these were more than doubled to 20.8 t ha−1 by using improved crop establishment, improved genotypes and 100–22–83 kg ha−1 of single-nutrient N–P–K fertilizers. A farm survey revealed large yield differences between farms. Less endowed farmers harvested less cassava per unit area than better endowed farmers (difference of 5.9 and 9.7 t ha−1 in Kenya and Uganda, respectively); differences were associated with less access to labour, poorer soils, and premature harvesting by less endowed farmers. Analysis of 99 on-farm and 6 on-station trials showed that constraints for cassava production varied strongly between sites and years. Poor soil fertility, early water stress and sub-optimal weed management limited cassava production by 6.7, 5.4 and 5.0 t ha−1, respectively, when improved crop establishment and genotypes were used. Pests and diseases were relatively unimportant, while weed management was particularly important in farmer fields during a dry year in Kenya (yield gap of 11.6 t ha−1). The use of complementary analytical tools such as multiple regression and boundary line analysis revealed that many fields were affected by multiple and interacting production constraints. These should be addressed simultaneously if significant productivity improvements are to be achieved. This will be more difficult for less endowed than for better endowed farm households, since the former lack social and financial capital to improve management.",Included,
"Chikoye, David, Ekeleme, Friday, Udensi, Udensi E.",2001,Cogongrass suppression by intercropping cover crops in corn/cassava systems,Weed Science,49,5,10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0658:CSBICC]2.0.CO;2,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3586/,"Cogongrass is a difficult weed to control in small-scale farming systems and often causes significant crop yield reduction. Field experiments were conducted from 1996 to 1999 at three sites located in the forest/savanna transition zone of Nigeria to determine the influence of intercropping cover crops on cogongrass, corn, and cassava growth. Total cogongrass biomass (shoots and rhizomes) at the onset of the study was highest at Ijaiye (889 g m−2), followed by Umumba (445 g m−2), and least in Ezillo (138 g m−2). Velvetbean had the highest percent ground cover at Umumba and Ijaiye (67 to 89%) 10 wk after planting and shaded the ground longer at all locations. Twelve months after planting, plots with cover crops had 66, 71, and 52% lower cogongrass biomass than the weedy control without cover crops at Ijaiye, Umumba, and Ezillo, respectively. Velvetbean at all locations, L. purpureus at Ijaiye, and tropical kudzu at Umumba and Ezillo were the cover crops most effective in reducing rhizome biomass of cogongrass. Annual weeds dominated the plots sown to cover crops after 2 to 3 yr. At Ijaiye and Umumba, cogongrass competition affected the yield of cassava more than the yield of corn. At all locations, cover crops and weeded control treatments had 27 to 52% more corn grain yield than the weedy control. At Ijaiye, corn grain yields from velvetbean and L. purpureus plots were similar to that from the weeded control plot. At Umumba, all plots with cover crops had corn grain yields similar to that of the weeded control. At all locations, almost all cover crop treatments had cassava root yields higher than the weedy control. Except at Ijaiye, root yields from weeded control plots were 17 to 88% higher than in cover-cropped treatments, suggesting competition between cover crops and cassava.",Included,
"Ravnborg, Helle Munk; de la Cruz, Ana Milena; del Pilar Guerrero, Maria; Westermann, Olaf",2000,Collective action in ant control,Innovation in natural resource management: The role of property rights and collective action in developing countries,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14960/,"Leaf-cutting ants (Atta. cephalotes) represents a serious problem to farmers in many parts of Latin America and accounts of ants eating up a whole cassava plot or destroying one or more fruit trees overnight are not uncommon. Ants do not respect farm boundaries. Therefore, farmers who control anthills on their own fields might still face damage on their crops caused by ants coming from neighboring fields where no control measures are taken. In that sense, crop damage caused by leaf-cutting ants constitutes a transboundary natural resource management problem which, in addition to technical interventions, requires organizational interventions to ensure a coordinated effort among farmers to be solved. This paper reports on a research effort initiated by CIAT and implemented jointly between CIAT and farmers in La Laguna - a small community in the Andean Hillsides of Southwestern Colombia. The objective of the research effort was two-fold i) to identify low cost technical options for ant control, and ii) to analyze and visualize the transboundary nature of the ant control problem and thus identify organizational options to enable collective or coordinated ant control.",Included,
"Eden, M.J., Andrade, A.",1988,"Colonos, agriculture and adaptation in the Colombian Amazon",Journal of Biogeography,15,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4937/,"A study is made of the farming system practised by older- established settlers or colonos in the middle Caquetá basin of southeast Colombia. Elsewhere in Amazonia, it has been suggested that settlers of this kind commonly exploit forest resources in a manner that replicates the adaptive system of the indigenous population. This hypothesis is examined here. In the middle Caquetá, where colono cultivation co-exists with that of the Andoke and Witoto Indians, similarity is evident in that both groups practise a manioc-dominated shifting cultivation system. However, specific contrasts exist which suggest that the colono cultivation system is qualitatively different and scarcely replicative of the indigenous one. The principal contrasts lie in the fact that colonos use floodplain as well as free- draining land for cultivation purposes, that their new fields are mostly cleared from secondary forest and derived grassland as opposed to mature forest, and that their crop communities are relatively specialized in composition. In general, colono cultivation in the study area is considered less adaptive to the environment than that of the Indian groups.",Included,
"Uzokwe, Veronica N.E., Deusdedit, P. Mlay, Habai, R. Masunga, Kanju, Edward, Odeh, Inakwu O.A., Onyeka, Joseph",2016,Combating viral mosaic disease of cassava in the Lake Zone of Tanzania by intercropping with legumes,Crop Protection,84,,10.1016/j.cropro.2016.02.013,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18201/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) production is constrained by many factors, including the viral cassava mosaic disease (CMD). This study was conducted to explore the potential of intercropping cassava with legumes to reduce CMD effects on cassava production. Local (Lyongo Kwimba) and improved (Suma) cassava varieties were intercropped with three types of grain legumes (groundnut, Arachis hypogea L. var. Upendo; cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. var. Vuli; and green gram, Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek var. Imara). Monocrops of cassava with and without NPK fertilizer were included as controls. The experiment was established using a randomized complete block design with four replications in a split-plot arrangement for three seasons. Cassava varieties intercropped with cowpeas, green gram, and groundnuts and cassava monocrops with and without NPK fertilizer constituted the main plot and sub-plots, respectively. Whitefly population counts and CMD severity and incidence were measured at regular intervals. Cropping system had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on whitefly populations and CMD severity. Small whitefly populations (0–7.5 individuals per leaf) and low CMD severity (1–2.4 on a 5-point scale) were recorded in improved and local cassava varieties intercropped with green gram. The local cassava variety intercropped with green gram showed low CMD incidences (0%–40%) in all seasons. Generally, growing cassava with green gram proved effective in reducing whitefly populations and CMD incidence and severity. Intercropping cassava with grain legumes may improve cassava production and food security in CMD-prone areas of the Lake Zone of Tanzania and areas with similar environments.",Included,
"Alvarado, Pedro Maldonado, Grosmaire, Lidwine, Dufour, Dominique, Toro, Andrs Giraldo, Sánchez, Teresa, Calle, Fernando, Santander, Martn Alonso Moreno, Ceballos, Hernán, Delarbre, Jean Louis, Tran, Thierry",2013,"Combined effect of fermentation, sun-drying and genotype on breadmaking ability of sour cassava starch",Carbohydrate Polymers,98,1,10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.07.012,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/922/,"The influence of genotype and post-harvest treatments on expansion ability of sour cassava starch was investigated using 13 cassava genotypes from Colombia. Starches from cassava grown at 1000 m and 1700 m.a.s.l (3 lowland and 10 highland clones respectively) were modified by fermentation (0 or 30 days) and drying (oven or sun) treatments. RVA average peak viscosity decreased regularly from 952 cP in native starch to 699 cP in fermented and sun-dried starch. Granule size analysis revealed that fermentation hydrolysed lowland and highland granules by exocorrosion and endocorrosion respectively. This result was corroborated by significantly higher RVA breakdown and lower intrinsic viscosity in highland clones, reflecting different sensitivity to fermentation. For the first time, amylose contents ranging from 15.7 to 21.7% were correlated with expansion ability (3.0–8.6 mL/g) of sour cassava starch. Therefore the combination of cassava genotypes (mainly amylose content) and post-harvest treatments is key for expansion ability. Supra-molecular granule structure influenced sensitivity to fermentation.",Included,
"Tumuhimbise, Robooni, Shanahan, Paul, Melis, Rob, Kawuki, Robert",2014,Combining Ability Analysis of Storage Root Yield and Related Traits in Cassava at the Seedling Evaluation Stage of Breeding,Journal of Crop Improvement,28,4,10.1080/15427528.2014.923798,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17971/,"Selection of genotypes at the seedling evaluation stage of cassava breeding for advancement is largely based on high heritability traits. Moreover, combining ability and family data at this stage are rarely analyzed, leading to a loss of potential genetic information. This study was conducted to estimate the general combining ability (GCA) of nine cassava parents and specific combining ability (SCA) of their crosses for storage root yield (SRY) and related traits, as well as to determine the gene action controlling these traits. Thirty-six full-sib cassava families were developed from a 9 x 9 half-diallel mating design and evaluated in a 6 x 6 triple lattice design. The family mean squares (MS) were significantly different for all traits assessed, suggesting significant differences among families for all traits. The GCA MS were significant for all traits, whereas SCA MS were significant for only storage root number (SRN). Percentage sum of squares attributable to GCA accounted for >50.0% of variability expressed by families in five of the seven traits studied, indicating predominance of additive gene effects in controlling expression of most traits. Parent CT4 was the best general combiner for SRY, SRN, and resistance to cassava brown streak and mosaic diseases, while crosses NASE3 x CT2, CT5 x CT3, and NASE3 x CT4 had desirable SCA effects for SRY. Correlation analysis indicated a possibility of selecting for SRY and quality traits simultaneously. Simultaneous selection of these traits at the seedling generational stage of cassava breeding could reduce the cassava breeding cycle.",Included,
"Parkes, Elizabeth Yaa, Fregene, Martin, Dixon, Alfred, Boakye-Peprah, Bright, Labuschagne, Maryke Tine",2013,"Combining ability of cassava genotypes for cassava mosaic disease and cassava bacterial blight, yield and its related components in two ecological zones in Ghana",Euphytica,194,1,10.1007/s10681-013-0936-9,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13803/,"Breeding for resistant genotypes is the best strategy to offset the destructive effects of cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and cassava bacterial blight (CBB). Two sets of diallel parents were selected for the forest and the savannah ecological zones in Ghana based on good levels of resistance to CMD and CBB. Both sets were crossed in a half-diallel design. The first set of seven progenitors and their 21 F1 progenies were planted in a randomised complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in two different locations for two seasons in the forest ecology. The second set of five progenitors and their 10 F1 progenies were planted in a RCBD with three replications in two locations in the coastal savannah ecological zone of Ghana. Both experiments were evaluated for CMD and CBB resistance, fresh root yield, dry root yield, root number, harvest index, dry matter content, plant height at maturity and height at first branching, levels of branching and plant vigour. Results of the combined analysis of variance revealed that the environment effect was significant for all the traits. General combining ability and specific combining ability effects were significant for most of the traits. Narrow sense heritability was significant for plant vigour, root number, CMD and CBB in both the zones. CMD and root number also had a predictability ratio of close to one, indicating the importance of additive gene effects.",Included,
"Legg, James, Ndalahwa, Mathias, Yabeja, Juma, Ndyetabula, Innocent, Bouwmeester, Hein, Shirima, Rudolph, Mtunda, Kiddo",2017,Community Phytosanitation to Manage Cassava Brown Streak Disease,Virus Research,241,,10.1016/j.virusres.2017.04.020,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8129/,"Cassava viruses are the major biotic constraint to cassava production in Africa. Community-wide action to manage them has not been attempted since a successful cassava mosaic disease control programme in the 1930s/40s in Uganda. A pilot initiative to investigate the effectiveness of community phytosanitation for managing cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) was implemented from 2013-2016 in two communities in coastal (Mkuranga) and north-western (Chato) Tanzania. CBSD incidence in local varieties at the outset was >90%, which was typical of severely affected regions of Tanzania. Following sensitization and monitoring by locally-recruited taskforces, there was effective community-wide compliance with the initial requirement to replace local CBSD-infected material with newly-introduced disease-free planting material of improved varieties. The transition was also supported by the free provision of additional seed sources, including maize, sweet potato, beans and cowpeas. Progress of the initiative was followed in randomly-selected monitoring fields in each of the two locations. Community phytosanitation in both target areas produced an area-wide reduction in CBSD incidence, which was sustained over the duration of the programme. In Chato, maximum CBSD incidence was 39.1% in the third season, in comparison with an incidence of >60% after a single season in a control community where disease-free planting material was introduced in the absence of community phytosanitation. Kriging and geospatial analysis demonstrated that inoculum pressure, which was a function of vector abundance and the number of CBSD-infected plants surrounding monitored fields, was a strong determinant of the pattern of CBSD development in monitored fields. In the first year, farmers achieved yield increases with the new varieties relative to the local variety baseline of 94% in Chato (north-west) and 124% in Mkuranga (coast). Yield benefits of the new material were retained up to the final season in each location. The new variety (Mkombozi) introduced under community phytosanitation conditions in Chato yielded 86% more than the same variety from the same source planted in the no-phytosanitation control location. Although there was an 81% reduction in CBSD incidence in the new variety Kiroba introduced under community phytosanitation compared to control conditions in Mkuranga, there was no concomitant yield increase. Variety Kiroba is known to be tolerant to the effects of CBSD, and tuberous roots of infected plants are frequently asymptomatic. Community phytosanitation has the potential to deliver area-wide and sustained reductions in the incidence of CBSD, which also provide significant productivity gains for growers, particularly where introduced varieties do not have high levels of resistant/tolerance to CBSD. The approach should therefore be considered as a potential component for integrated cassava virus management programmes, particularly where new cassava plantations are being established in areas severely affected by CBSD.",Included,
"Wickramasinghe, Hetti Arachchige Mangalika, Takigawa, Shigenobu, Matsuura-Endo, Chie, Yamauchi, Hiroaki, Noda, Takahiro",2009,Comparative analysis of starch properties of different root and tuber crops of Sri Lanka,Food Chemistry,112,1,10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.05.046,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18941/,"The physicochemical properties of starches of six different root and tuber crop species grown mainly in Sri Lanka showed significant differences among the tested crop species and varieties. The median granule size of starch of tested root and tuber crop species varied from 33.5 to 10.2m. The largest granule size and the highest blue value were given by the canna, Buthsarana, and yam species, in that order. The amylose content of cassava was higher than those of sweet potato and many yams. High peak viscosities, high breakdown, and high final viscosities were observed in yams, and, generally, such starch showed a high swelling power. According to the correlation analysis, these pasting properties would mainly be due to their larger starch granule size. Based on the thermal properties, cassava starch showed less energy requirement for gelatinization and thus gelatinized at lower temperatures. Furthermore, a higher susceptibility of raw cassava starch toward fungal glucoamylase was observed. The low enzyme digestibility of raw yam starch would be due to its large granules. Correlation analysis showed that the blue value and starch granule size were important in determining the pasting, thermal, and other properties of starch.",Included,
"Sarkiyayi, S., Agar, T. M.",2010,Comparative analysis on the nutritional and anti-nutritional contents of the sweet and bitter cassava varieties,Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology,2,6,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15932/,"The main aim of this research was to investigate the nutritional content and anti nutritional factors of the varieties of cassava in order to provide knowledge on the nutritional implication of feeding on cassava diet, which will help to ensure better health condition of people in developing countries. A comparative analysis of the nutritional and anti-nutritional contents of sweet and bitter varieties of cassava (Manihot_esculenta) was carried out using standard analytical techniques. Results obtained show ed the percentage (%) Moisture contents as 0.82 and 0.14, Ash as 2.71 and 1.85, Crude fiber as 4.40 and 4.61, Crude protein as 2.69 and 3.37, Crude lipid as 3.92 and 3.82 and total carbohydrate as 85.46 and 86.21% for sweet and bitter cassava, respectively. The findings also revealed that calcium contents as 33 and 30 mg/100g, phosphorus contents as 52 and 80 mg/100g and iron contents as 30 and 18 mg/100g for sweet and bitter cassava, respectively. The contents of cyanogenic glycosides w ere 0.46 and 0.65 mg/100g, Trypsin inhibitor were 1.0 and 4.0 mg/100g, oxalates were 22.0 and 44.0 mg/100g, phytate were 216 and 304 mg/100g and tannin were 0.40 and 0.60 mg/100g for sweet and bitter cassava, respectively. A comparative assessment of the results however, showed that sweet cassava has higher values of Moisture, Ash, Lipid, Calcium, and Iron but lower value of Fiber, Protein, carbohydrate, phosphorus, and all the anti-nutrients analyzed as compared to the bitter cassava.",Included,
"Odongo, B., Odindo, M.O., Brownbridge, M., Kumar, R.",1998,Comparative biological efficacy of Hirsutella thompsonii and Neoseiulus teke for cassava mite (Mononychellus tanajoa) suppression,Biocontrol Science and Technology,8,3,10.1080/09583159830153,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12628/,"The biological control potential of Hirsutella thompsonii Fisher (Deuteromycetes: Monilianes) was compared with that of Neoseiulus teke Pritchard and Baker (Acari: Phytoseiidae) for cassava mite, Mononychellus tanajoa (Acari:Tetranychidae), suppression. Mite infestation levels (egg and mite motile counts and damage rating) were lower on H. thompsonii- and N. teke- treated plants than on plants sprayed with water. N. teke reduced the pest attack to a comparable level to that of H. thompsonii. In the field, applications of aqueous suspensions of H. thompsonii at concentrations of 1.2 x 10^11 conidia/ha (CPH) and 6.0 x 10^10 CPH significantly lowered mite infestation on a number of recording dates. As rainfall levels increased, mite infestation and the number of cadavers on the leaves declined. The study showed that H. thompsonii has promise for controlling M. tanajoa when the fungus is applied in harmony with other natural mortality factors.",Included,
"Ajayi, J. O.",2014,Comparative economic study of mixed and sole cassava cropping systems in Nigeria,Agris On-line Papers in Economics and Informatics,6,4,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/643/,"Agricultural economists continue to argue if mixed or sole cassava cropping system is more economically profitable and in terms of yield and returns to farmers particularly for Nigeria which is the world's largest producer of the crop. The study was carried out to analyse the economics comparatively of mixed and sole cassava cropping systems in Nigeria. The study made use of both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected with the aid of well-structured questionnaires assisted with interview schedules. Field data collection was conducted between March and April, 2014. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select four hundred and eighty (480) respondents across the six major cassava-producing states in Nigeria (Benue, Cross Rivers, Enugu, Kogi, Ondo, and Oyo). Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics and comparative budgetary analysis. The study showed that mixed cropping system is more male-dominated than sole cropping system. The study also revealed that sole cassava cropping system is more economically profitable than mixed cassava cropping system while the later provides opportunities of all-year-round farm incomes to serve as a better poverty- alleviating mechanism.",Included,
"Aweto, A.O., Obe, O.A.",1993,Comparative effects of a tree crop (cocoa) and shifting cultivation on a forest soil in Nigeria,Environmentalist,13,,10.1007/BF01901380,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1536/,"This study examines the organic matter and nutrient levels in soils under a 26-year old cocoa plantation and shifting cultivation farmlands cropped with cassava and maize, in Nigeria. The characteristics of soils under the two contrasting agricultural modes were compared with those of soils under rain forest, in order to infer the differential effects. Relative to the forest levels, the soil organic matter and nutrient levels were not substantially reduced in soils under plantations of cocoa. This is largely because cocoa plantations replicate forest conditions. In contrast, organic matter and nutrient levels were much lower in shifting cultivation farmlands. This is attributable to the fact that the crops of cassava and maize have a low ground cover, they generate relatively small amounts of litter and so do not replicate forest conditions. Measures which might be adopted to conserve soil organic matter and nutrient status during shifting cultivation methods are discussed.",Included,
"Asadu, C. L. A., Dixon, A. G. O.",2002,Comparative effects of continuous cultivation of seven crop combinations on soil physicochemical properties in two soils of different land use history in eastern Nigeria,Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,33,19-20,10.1081/CSS-120015905,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1383/,"Changes in 29 soil physicochemical properties resulting from crop cultivation in newly cleared virgin forest were compared with those from previously cultivated land. The aim was to assess the effects of the selected common crop combinations on the soil properties so as to obtain the best option for soil fertility enrichment in each location. The crops selected were those commonly grown by the local farmers. They included sole crops of cassava, yam, maize and pigeon pea, as well as a combination of all the four crops. Others were cassava+maize+pigeon pea and cassava+pigeon pea. Both the sole and crop combinations (which were the treatments) were grown in a randomized complete block design in three replicates in the two locations for two years. Changes in soil properties at 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm depths were monitored for the period. The soils were sampled at the beginning of each cropping season from 1998 to 2000.

The pedogenic properties obtained from the diagnostic horizons were used to classify both soils as Rhodic Kindiustalfs (Haplic Lixisols). However, the differences in 19 of the properties at 0–40 cm depth were significant (p≤0.05) between the two locations ab initio. Sixteen of these properties were considered to be better in the forestland agronomically. Depth variations did not influence many of the properties significantly, especially between 1999 and 2000. The effects of crop combination were significant (p≤0.05) on physical properties such as the silt content, the total porosity at the forest location; clay content, bulk density, macroporosity, and hydraulic conductivity at the previously cultivated soil (UNN site). The chemical properties significantly (p≤0.05) affected by crop combination were exchangeable calcium (Ca) and total exchangeable bases at the forest; organic matter, exchangeable potassium (K), total exchangeable acidity, and available phosphorus (P) at the UNN site. Among the properties only the clay content, macroporosity and organic matter seemed to show significant differences between the plots allocated to the different crops and mixtures at the UNN site at the beginning in 1998. Within the short period of the study, there appeared to have been substantial improvements in some properties, especially at 0–20 cm depth, relative to their 1998 values. The changes were generally more in the UNN site than at the forest. The changes were adduced to be facilitated by tillage, as the soils were just brought under cultivation from the forest and fallow conditions. This is because the crop effects were less between 1999 and 2000. However, the improvements in some of the properties suggest that some of the crop combinations were capable of reducing soil fertility loss in the area.",Included,
"Sakthivel, N.",2013,Comparative efficacy of Dichlorvos and dimethoate against two major sucking pests of tapioca,Indian Journal of Sericulture,52,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15633/,"The comparative efficacy of Dichlorvos and dimethoate solely and in combination with neem oil and fish oil rosin soap (FORS) against spiralling whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus Russell (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) infesting tapioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz), the food plant of eri silkworm (Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval) was assessed under field condition. The synergistic effect of dimethoate (0.05%) with neem oil (3%) as well as FORS (2%) have been found equally promising with highest reduction in population of spiralling whitefly (85.37 & 85.14%) and papaya mealybug (81.00 & 80.10%) than its sole application (76.18 & 70.16%) and when compared to the respective treatments of dichlorvos against spiralling whitefly (78.17 & 73.58 and 64.91%) and papaya mealybug (69.35 & 66.88% and 52.49%). These combinations also recorded highest leaf yield i.e. 669.73 & 672.16 g/plant and 655.94 & 657.27 g/plant in the plots treated against spiralling whitefly and papaya mealybug respectively than other treatments, over control (515.30 & 478.63 g/plant) and may be used to manage both the pests successfully in tapioca garden.",Included,
"Amponsah, S. K., Sheriff, J. T., Byju, G.",2014,"Comparative evaluation of manual cassava harvesting techniques in Kerala, India",Agricultural Engineering International CIGR Journal,16,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1033/,"In India, cassava is consumed as a secondary staple along with the main staple, rice, and many rural poor consume it as the staple in different forms of preparations. Though harvesting is known to be one of the most difficult and cost-intensive field operation in cassava cultivation, mechanisation of cassava harvesting is still very low in most cassava growing areas of India due to topographic constraints, methods and scale of cultivation. The most viable solution to overcome these constraints is to promote the use of more efficient manual harvesting tools. Thus, the main objective of this study was to field evaluate the efficiency of four manual cassava harvesting techniques under different land preparation methods in terms of field capacity, level of drudgery and root tuber damage or breakage. The study also sought to investigate the effect of cassava agronomic parameters on uprooting force requirement. Field study was carried out at the Central Tuber Crops Research Institute (CTCRI) research field (under upland mound method) and at Chenkal village on farmers' fields (under lowland flat method); both in the Kerala state of India. Harvesting was done using the CTCRI lever, prototype harvester, hoe and manual uprooting (control) techniques. Results from the study showed that the use of manual harvesting tools is preferable on relatively dryer soils, whereas manual uprooting technique is best suited for soils with relatively higher moisture contents. However, best efficiency of manual harvesting is achieved when cassava plants are coppiced before harvesting. Also, cassava uprooting force requirement, to a greater extent is influenced by root tuber yield, root depth and number of root tubers per plant, especially under upland mound land preparation method. It is however recommended that a user performance assessment and economic feasibility analysis of the prototype harvester and CTCRI lever be conducted with farmers to facilitate future design modifications, where necessary and to support future adoption. As a design recommendation, the pressure at the fulcrum for both the CTCRI lever and prototype harvester should be reduced to avoid sinking during harvesting in soils with relatively higher moisture contents.",Included,
"Salcedo, A., del Valle, A., Sanchez, B., Ocasio, V., Ortiz, A., Marquez, P., Siritunga, D.",2010,Comparative evaluation of physiological post-harvest root deterioration of 25 cassava (Manihot esculenta) accessions: visual vs. hydroxycoumarins fluorescent accumulation analysis,African Journal of Agricultural Research,5,22,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15675/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is the most important root crop in the tropics and due to its drought tolerance, ability to grow in poor soils, and resistance to herbivore, cassava is well suited for cultivation by subsistence farmers. However, its use and expansion is constrained by rapid physiological post harvest deterioration (PPD), which often starts within 24 hours after harvest. PPD is a complex process that involves changes in the metabolic process and accumulation of secondary metabolites, such as hydroxycoumarins. The quantification of the fluorescence emitted by these hydroxycoumarins has been proposed as a quantifiable tool to evaluate PPD. Traditionally, the evaluation of PPD has been performed by more subjective methods based on the visual analysis of deterioration. Presented here is the use of a standard subjective rating in comparison to the accumulation of hydroxycoumarin fluorescence during PPD. PPD evaluation of ten month old tuberous roots from 25 accessions of cassava after five days of storage at room temperature shows that there was no correlation between the florescent accumulation of hydroxycoumarins and the visual symptoms. This suggests that the accumulation of hydroxycoumarins is not a reliable marker for evaluation of PPD response in different cassava accessions.",Included,
"Asadu, C. L. A., Dixon, A. G. O., Okechukwu, R.",2002,Comparative evaluation of the contributions of soil physicochemical properties to variations in the yields of four major staple food crops in eastern Nigeria,Soil and Tillage Research,65,2,10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00276-8,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1384/,"The contributions of soil variables to the variations in the yields of cassava (Manihot esculenta), yam (Dioscorea rotundata), maize (Zea mays) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) were evaluated over 2 years in this study. The data were from three replicates of two randomized complete block design experiments sited in a newly cleared forest and on previously cultivated land both in Nsukka, eastern Nigeria. The 28 soil physicochemical properties and six crop yield parameters measured were partitioned between location and year before applying a stepwise regression procedure to analyze them. The study showed that soil variables accounted for >70% of the variation in cassava root yields and harvest index. Both soil physical and chemical properties contributed but the former (particularly macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity and bulk density) contributed most. Selected soil variables also accounted for >70% of the variation in yam tuber yield and shape index of tubers especially in 1998. In both crop years chemical properties appeared to dominate over the physical ones. Soil variables accounted for between 51 and 99% of the variation in maize grain and stover yields. The only exception was the figure of 44% obtained at the forest location in 1998. Soil pH, total exchangeable acidity and microporosity were particularly important contributors to the variations in both maize yield parameters. The contributions of soil variables to pigeon pea yield parameters were low (<50%) except in 1999 at the forest location where seven soil variables accounted for over 85% variation in seed yield. It was obvious generally from the study that soil variables were important determinants of yield variations in the four crops. It was also shown that physical properties should always be included in this kind of analysis. Also the number of soil variables which were of significance generally increased when the level of soil properties was low, as was the case with the cultivated site versus forest site, and 1999 versus 1998 analysis. Thus increasing the number of soil variables used and partitioning them into more homogeneous units helped to improve the results obtained using the procedure.",Included,
"El-Sharkawy, M. A., De Tafur, S. M.",2010,"Comparative photosynthesis, growth, productivity, and nutrient use efficiency among tall- and short-stemmed rain-fed cassava cultivars",Photosynthetica,48,2,10.1007/s11099-010-0023-6,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5095/,"Field trials under rain-fed conditions at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) in Colombia were conducted to study the comparative leaf photosynthesis, growth, yield, and nutrient use efficiency in two groups of cassava cultivars representing tall (large leaf canopy and shoot biomass) and short (small leaf canopy and shoot biomass) plant types. Using the standard plant density (10,000 plants ha−1), tall cultivars produced higher shoot biomass, larger seasonal leaf area indices (LAIs) and greater final storage root yields than the short cultivars. At six months after planting, yields were similar in both plant types with the short ones tending to form and fill storage roots at a much earlier time in their growth stage. Root yield, shoot and total biomass in all cultivars were significantly correlated with seasonal average LAI. Short cultivars maintained lower than optimal LAI for yield. Seasonal P N, across cultivars, was 12% greater in short types, with maximum values obtained in Brazilian genotypes. This difference in P N was attributed to nonstomatal factors (i.e., anatomical/biochemical mesophyll characteristics). Compared with tall cultivars, short ones had 14 to 24 % greater nutrient use efficiency (NUE) in terms of storage root production. The lesser NUE in tall plants was attributed mainly to more total nutrient uptake than in short cultivars. It was concluded that short-stemmed cultivars are superior in producing dry matter in their storage roots per unit nutrient absorbed, making them advantageous for soil fertility conservation while their yields approach those in tall types. It was recommended that breeding programs should focus on selection for more efficient short- to medium-stemmed genotypes since resource-limited cassava farmers rarely apply agrochemicals nor recycle residual parts of the crop back to the soil. Such improved short types were expected to surpass tall types in yields when grown at higher than standard plant population densities (>10,000 plants ha−1) in order to maximize irradiance interception. Below a certain population density (<10,000 plants ha−1), tall cultivars should be planted. Findings were discussed in relation to cultivation and cropping systems strategies for water and nutrient conservation and use efficiencies under stressful environments as well as under predicted water deficits in the tropics caused by trends in global climate change. Cassava is expected to play a major role in food and biofuel production due to its high photosynthetic capacity and its ability to conserve water as compared to major cereal grain crops. The interdisciplinary/interinstitutions research reported here, including an associated release of a drought-tolerant, short-stem cultivar that was eagerly accepted by cassava farmers, reflects well on the productivity of the CIAT international research in Cali, Colombia.",Included,
"Schmitz, Gabriela Justamante Handel, Andrade, Jonathan De Magalhaes, Valle, Teresa Losada, Labate, Carlos Alberto, Nascimento, Joao Roberto Oliveira Do",2016,Comparative Proteome Analysis of the Tuberous Roots of Six Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Varieties Reveals Proteins Related to Phenotypic Traits,Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,64,16,10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05585,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16034/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a staple food and an important source of starch, and the attributes of its tuberous root largely depend on the variety. The proteome of cassava has been investigated; however, to date, no study has focused on varieties that reveal the molecular basis of phenotypical characteristics. Therefore, we aimed to compare the proteome of the tuberous roots of six cassava varieties that differed in carbohydrates, carotenoids, and resistance to diseases, among other attributes. Two-dimensional gels showed 146 differential spots between the varieties, and the functional roles of some differential proteins were correlated to phenotypic characteristics of the varieties, such as the amount of carbohydrates or carotenoids and the resistance to biotic or abiotic stresses. The results obtained here highlight elements that might help to direct the improvement of new cultivars of cassava, which is an economically and socially relevant crop worldwide.",Included,
"Munoz Bodnar, A., Cruz Gomez, L. M., Bernal, A., Szurek, B., Lopez Carrascal, C. E.",2015,COMPARING INOCULATION METHODS TO EVALUATE THE GROWTH OF Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis ON CASSAVA PLANTS,Acta Biologica Colombiana,20,2,10.15446/abc.v20n2.43130,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11546/,"Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (Xam) is the causal agent of cassava bacterial blight (CBB), a major disease for cassava crops in South America and Africa. Until now the development of the disease is measured via AUDPC (Area Under Disease Progress Curve) but no reliable quantitative methods are available probably due to high variability of bacterial growth in planta. To establish an accurate method for bacterial quantification during the course of Xam infection within the host tissues, we analyzed bacterial populations upon stem and leaf-puncturing as well as leaf-clipping of cassava varieties MCOL1522 and SG107-35 challenged with the virulent Xam strain CIO151. Here, we show that the movement of bacteria along the tissues and especially in leaves is stochastic. Moreover, we were able to demonstrate differential growth of virulent Xam strain CIO151 upon stem-puncturing and quantification of bacteria 6 cm. away from the inoculation point of two varieties displaying contrasting levels of susceptibility.",Included,
"Vongsamphanh, P., Wanapat, M.",2004,Comparison of cassava hay yield and chemical composition of local and introduced varieties and effects of levels of cassava hay supplementation in native beef cattle fed on rice straw,Livestock Research for Rural Development,16,8,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18547/,"In the first experiment, a local and an introduced cassava variety (Rayong72; RY72) from Thailand) were studied to determine the effects on yields and chemical composition during three harvests (at 3, 5 and 7 months after planting). Dry matter (DM) and protein yields of cassava variety RY72 at each harvest were higher than the local variety. Condensed tannin was 3.3 to 3.4 and 3.5 to 3.8 %, in RY72 and local variety, respectively. In the second experiment, the effect of level of cassava hay supplementation on rumen parameters, digestibility and rice straw intake in growing native cattle was studied. Four, 2-year-old rumen fistulated bulls were randomly assigned to a 4 x 4 Latin square design to receive four dietary treatments 0, 200, 400 or 600 g/day of cassava hay during periods of 28 days. The basal diet was ad libitum rice straw and 200 g/day of a rumen supplement (5% urea; 95% rice bran ). Each feeding period consisted of 7 days adaptation, 14 days for rice straw intake measurement and was followed by a 7 days collection period of feed, rumen fluid, blood and fecal samples. Ruminal NH3-N and blood urea nitrogen were not affected by level of cassava hay in the diet. Bacterial and fungal zoospore populations were increased while protozoal population was decreased as a result of cassava hay supplementation. Digestion coefficients particularly those of DM, OM, and CP were increased by cassava hay supplementation. It is concluded that cassava hay supplementation improves intake of rice straw, rumen ecology, and digestibility in native cattle.",Included,
"Kvitschal, Marcus Vincius, Vidigal Filho, Pedro Soares, Scapim, Carlos Alberto, Gonalves-Vidigal, Maria Celeste, Sagrilo, Edvaldo, Pequeno, Manoel Genildo, Rimoldi, Fabrcio",2009,Comparison of methods for phenotypic stability analysis of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genotypes for yield and storage root dry matter content,Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology,52,1,10.1590/S1516-89132009000100022,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9338/,"The objective of this work was to compare different phenotypic stability methods by using yield and storage root dry matter content data of eight cassava genotypes, assessed in eight environments in northwest of Paran State, Brazil. All the methodologies applied showed to be able to study the stability of cassava genotypes, but each with its peculiarities. The methodologies of Eskridge, Annicchiarico and Lin and Binns were the most appropriated on situation with smaller effect of G x E interaction. The AMMI analysis and the Toler and Burrows methodology were the most specific on detailing specific adaptations of cassava genotypes to favorable and unfavorable environments. It could be suggested to use simultaneous AMMI analysis and Toler and Burrows methodology. The clone IAC 190-89 was the most promising.",Included,
"Lima, Giuseppina Pace Pereira, da Rocha, Suraya Abdallah, Takaki, Massanori, Ramos, Paulo Roberto Rodrigues, Ono, Elizabeth Orika",2008,"Comparison of polyamine, phenol and flavonoid contents in plants grown under conventional and organic methods",International Journal of Food Science and Technology,43,10,10.1111/j.1365-2621.2008.01725.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9897/,"The objective of this work was to compare the contents of polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine), and total soluble phenols and flavonoids in parts of plants grown under either organic or conventional cropping, commonly discarded during food preparation. The contents of free polyamines, total phenols and total soluble flavonoids in peels (zucchini squash, banana, potato, eggplant, orange, lime, mango, passion fruit and radish), leaves (zucchini squash, broccoli, carrot, collard, cassava, radish and grape), stalks (broccoli, collard and spinach) and zucchini seeds were analysed. Most analysed vegetables presented higher contents of polyamines and total phenols under organic cropping, contrary to the results obtained for total flavonoids, possibly because of the cultural practices adopted.",Included,
"Atayese, M.O., Awotoye, O.O., Osonubi, O., Mulongoy, K.",1993,Comparisons of the influence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza on the productivity of hedgerow woody legumes and cassava at the top and the base of a hillslope in alley cropping systems,Biology and Fertility of Soils,16,3,10.1007/BF00361408,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1466/,"We investigated the influence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) inoculation on growth and nutrient relationships in two alley-cropping trials, one at the top and the other at the base of a hillslope. Each trial involved three woody hedgerow legumes with cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) as the sole intercrop. The hedgerow trees at the base of the slope showed greater survival and higher leaf dry weights than those at the top of the slope, although these parameters were not affected by VAM inoculation, either at the top or the base of the slope. In contrast to survival, the uptake of nutrients, particularly P and N, was higher for inoculated than uninoculated hedgerow trees, both at the top and at the base of slope. Increases in stem and leaf biomass and the uptake of nutrients by the trees were strongly correlated with increases in P uptake, indicating that the improvements were attributable to VAM inoculation. Cassava tuber yields at the base of the slope, from inoculated or uninoculated plants, were significantly greater than the corresponding cassava yields at the top of the slope. These increases at the base of the slope compared to the top of the slope were not attributed to available soil nutrients but to greater VAM spore density. Higher available soil moisture may have been another factor. Increasing the VAM spore density of effective mycorrhiza through proper agronomic practices at the top of a slope may bring about comparable yields on different parts of the slope.",Included,
"Trujillo, César A., Ochoa, Juan C., Mideros, María Fernanda, Restrepo, Silvia, López, Camilo, Bernal, Adriana",2014,Complex Population Structure of the Cassava Pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis in Recent Years in the Caribbean Region of Colombia,Microbial Ecology,68,1,10.1007/s00248-014-0411-8,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17913/,"Cassava bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (Xam), is the most important bacterial disease affecting this crop. A continuous surveillance of the pathogen population dynamics is required to develop an efficient disease management program. During the 1990s, Xam populations showed high levels of genetic variation and relevant migratory processes that were important determinants of the distribution of the pathogen diversity in Colombia. Aiming to characterize the current population structure of the pathogen and the evolutionary forces that shape these populations, sampling collections were carried out from September 2008 until November 2010 in the Colombian Caribbean Region. One hundred and sixty bacterial isolates were characterized using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Additionally, a subset of effector genes were sequenced in some isolates to determine their usefulness in Xam population studies and to provide additional information to that obtained with AFLPs. Virulence patterns of ten isolates were determined in nine cassava accessions. Our results show a complex architecture of population and confirm migratory process previously reported in the Caribbean Region. Chin, one of the locations sampled, presented remarkable features in population dynamics such as longer genetic distances, higher diversity indices, and a genetically differentiated population when it was compared with other locations. Virulence tests showed that MCOL2215, one of the most cultivated cassava varieties in the Caribbean coast, was susceptible to the majority of Xam isolates tested. This study shows the current condition of populations of Xam in the Caribbean Region of Colombia, and it contributes to improve the existing bacterial blight control practices.",Included,
"Fargette, D., Colon, L.T., Bouveau, R., Fauquet, C.",1996,Components of resistance of cassava to African cassava mosaic virus,European Journal of Plant Pathology,102,7,10.1007/BF01877245,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5546/,"Components of resistance of cassava (Manihot esculenta) to African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and their interrelationships were confirmed and quantified in a series of experiments at Adiopodoumé (Ivory Coast, West-Africa). The response to virus infection and to Bemisia tabaci infestation of a large collection of cassava, including local cultivars and others derived from inter-specific M. glaziovii hybrids was assessed. A consistent correlation was found between virus titre, symptom intensity, disease incidence and non-systemicity (recovery) which suggests that they are different expressions of the same genetic resistance. By contrast, there was no correlation between whitefly infestation and incidence of ACMV, suggesting that resistance to virus and vector are determined by two distinct genetic mechanisms. Several improved cultivars derived from inter-crossing cassava with M. glaziovii as well as some local cultivars were highly resistant and combined low susceptibility, low symptom intensity, low virus content and high level of recovery. Although yield losses ranged from 10% to 30% in such resistant cultivars, the combined effect of high field resistance and high rate of recovery lead to low disease incidence and limited yield losses, even in areas of high infection pressure such as Adiopodoumé.",Included,
"Rodriguez-Sosa, E.J., Parsi-Ros, O., Gonzalez, M.A.",1976,Composition of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and the rheological characteristics of its starch,Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico,60,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15270/,"Proximate composition of two edible commercial varieties of cassava (M. esculenta Crantz) grown in Puerto Rico, and the rheological characteristics of their starch were determined. These included variety Pana which has a light tan skin and a dark-skinned variety known as Zenón, or Yuca Negra de Maca (Black Maca cassava), in the Dominican Republic. Proximate composition was found to be about the same for both varieties. Hydrocyanic acid content was well below the toxicity level (50 to 100 mg HCN/kg of fresh-peeled tuberous root). Although pasting temperatures were the same for both varieties (63° C), viscosity values of the starch of Pana variety were somewhat higher than those of Zenón.",Included,
"Brandt, Christian, Rasche, Frank, Cadisch, Georg, Nguyen, Lam T., Vien, Tran D.",2016,Compound-specific 13C isotopes and Bayesian inference for erosion estimates under different land use in Vietnam,Geoderma Regional,v. 7,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2581/,"Recent studies have pointed out the potential of the compound specific stable isotope (CSSI) technique based on long-chain fatty acids methylester (FAME) to identify hot spots of soil erosion by means of land use types. We tested the applicability of the CSSI technique on the basis of soil and sediment samples derived from a small agriculturally used catchment in Vietnam which is exemplary for many mountainous areas in Southeast Asia. Following CSSI analysis we set up a statistical decision sequence to identify hot spots of soil erosion by i) testing for significant differences between 13C values of fatty acids (FA) of different contributing land use types and thereafter ii) examining the data using a Monte Carlo simulation of mixing polygons to provide a quantitative basis for model rejection and exclusion for sediment samples which violate the point-in-polygon assumption and iii) applying a Bayesian model with a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) model fitting using SIAR (Stable Isotope Analysis in R), which produces simulations of plausible values and therefore representing a true probability density for the proportional contribution of source soils. Our results confirmed that there were significantly different 13C values for identical FAMEs extracted from soils under different land uses. Most fatty acids with significantly different 13C values were found between soils under C3 (protected and secondary forest, teak and fruit plantations) and C4 (maize) plants but also within different soils of land use types which consisted only of C3 plants (e.g. protected forest, fruit plantation and teak). The resulting soil proportions were plausible for the six investigated sedimentation areas and suggested that fields under crop production such as maize and cassava, but also teak plantations were the main sources of eroding soil in the upland area surrounding the Chieng Khoi reservoir. Based on our data, we can conclude that the developed integrated Bayesian SIAR-CSSI approach represents a unique tool to identify and apportion soil sources to major land use types in small heterogeneous catchments by linking biomarkers of land use types to the sediment in deposition zones.",Included,
"Mithra, V.S. Santhosh, Sreekumar, J., Ravindran, C.S.",2013,Computer simulation of cassava growth: a tool for realizing the potential yield,Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science,59,4,10.1080/03650340.2011.653681,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11160/,"In this article, a process model (SIMCAS) for simulating the growth of cassava is proposed. Crop phenology was simulated as a function of growing degree days (GDD). New algorithms are used in this model to simulate different components of crop phenology. Branching is simulated as a function of the number of leaves and total dry matter produced. Standard methods were followed to compute solar radiation and photosynthesis. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the importance of canopy size on tuber yield. Algorithms for estimating stress due to a shortage of water, nitrogen and potassium are also included in this model. An attempt was made to predict the final yield under field conditions by multiplying stress values by potential yield. The model was tested under different environments. The tuber yield predicted by this model is in good agreement with the corresponding observed values in most of the cases. Estimation of stress due to a shortage of nitrogen, potassium and water is the key aspect of this model. This information can be used to manage stress and thereby achieve the potential yield. By improving the stress algorithm, this model will serve as a useful tool for achieving maximum cassava yield at optimum input level.",Included,
"Kříbek, B., Majer, V., Knésl, I., Nyambe, I., Mihaljevič, M., Ettler, V., Sracek, O.",2014,"Concentrations of arsenic, copper, cobalt, lead and zinc in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) growing on uncontaminated and contaminated soils of the Zambian Copperbelt",Journal of African Earth Sciences,99,2,10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.02.009,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8802/,"The concentrations of arsenic (As), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in washed leaves and washed and peeled tubers of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz, Euphorbiaceae) growing on uncontaminated and contaminated soils of the Zambian Copperbelt mining district have been analyzed. An enrichment index (EI) was used to distinguish between contaminated and uncontaminated areas. This index is based on the average ratio of the actual and median concentration of the given contaminants (As, Co, Cu, mercury (Hg), Pb and Zn) in topsoil. The concentrations of copper in cassava leaves growing on contaminated soils reach as much as 612 mg kg -1 Cu (total dry weight [dw]). Concentrations of copper in leaves of cassava growing on uncontaminated soils are much lower (up to 252 mg kg-1 Cu dw). The concentrations of Co (up to 78 mg kg-1 dw), As (up to 8 mg kg-1 dw) and Zn (up to 231 mg kg-1 dw) in leaves of cassava growing on contaminated soils are higher compared with uncontaminated areas, while the concentrations of lead do not differ significantly. The concentrations of analyzed chemical elements in the tubers of cassava are much lower than in its leaves with the exception of As. Even in strongly contaminated areas, the concentrations of copper in the leaves and tubers of cassava do not exceed the daily maximum tolerance limit of 0.5 mg kg-1/human body weight (HBW) established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). The highest tolerable weekly ingestion of 0.025 mg kg-1/HBW for lead and the highest tolerable weekly ingestion of 0.015 mg kg-1/HBW for arsenic are exceeded predominantly in the vicinity of smelters. Therefore, the preliminary assessment of dietary exposure to metals through the consumption of uncooked cassava leaves and tubers has been identified as a moderate hazard to human health. Nevertheless, as the surfaces of leaves are strongly contaminated by metalliferous dust in the polluted areas, there is still a potential hazard of ingesting dangerous levels of copper, lead and arsenic if dishes are prepared with poorly washed foliage.",Included,
"Yaninek, J.S., Onzo, A., Ojo, J.B.",1993,Continent-wide releases of neotropical phytoseiids against the exotic cassava green mite in Africa,Environmental & Applied Acarology,17,01-Feb,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19667/,"Since the initiation of the classical biological control campaign by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture to control the exotic mite, Mononychellus tanajoa, 11 species (18 distinct populations) of neotropical phytoseiids have been selected and shipped to Africa for experimental releases. Initially, natural enemies were selected because of their abundance and frequency on cassava. Between 1984 and 1988, more than 5.2 million phytoseiids belonging to 7 species of Colombian origin were imported to Africa and released in 348 sites in 10 countries. None of these species and populations ever became established in the wide range of agronomic and ecological conditions tested, apparently because of inadequate alternative food sources when M. tanajoa densities were low and extended periods of low relative humidity. Foreign exploration was adjusted in 1988 to focus on Neotropical regions that were agrometeorologically homologous to areas in Africa where the potential for severe M. tanajoa damage exists. Natural enemies associated temporally and spatially with M. tanajoa and capable of surviving periods of low M. tanajoa densities on alternative food sources in the new exploration sites were given selection priority. Several natural enemy candidates were immediately identified in Northeast Brazil and shipped to Africa. Approximately 1.9 million phytoseiids of the species Neoseiulus idaeus and Typhlodromalus limonicus of Brazilian origin were released in 133 sites in 6 countries in 1989 and 1990. N. idaeus has since become established in Benin, while T. limonicus may be established in Benin, Burundi, and Ghana.",Included,
"Fagbola, O., Osonubi, O., Mulongoy, K.",1998,Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and hedgerow trees to the yield and nutrient uptake of cassava in an alley-cropping system,Journal of Agricultural Science,131,1,10.1017/S0021859698005516,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5480/,"A field trial on alley-cropping was conducted at the University of Ibadan research farm in the 1990/91 cropping season to assess the contributions of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and hedgerow woody legumes to the yield and nutrient uptake of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) as an intercrop in an infertile soil. The trial also investigated the influence of AM fungi on the interplanting of a non-nodulating woody legume Senna siamea (syn. Cassia siamea) with a nodulating woody legume (Leucaena leucocephala). AM contributions to cassava were greater than the hedgerow contributions, which demonstrated that AM associations are an essential component in the nutrition of cassava. In contrast to cassava, AM inoculation only influenced the leaf dry weight and uptake of nutrients of non-interplanted woody legumes but not the above-ground biomass and P uptake of interplanted woody legumes. However, non-inoculated interplanted Leucaena benefited more from indigenous AM fungi than the competing Senna. The negative contributions to the nutrient uptake (K, Ca and Mg) of cassava by hedgerows and the lack of response to AM inoculation in interplanted hedgerow woody legumes could be attributed to root competition among the different plant species growing in close proximity to each other. The present results show that cassava benefits more from AM association than Leucaena which in turn benefits more than Senna in an alley-cropping system.",Included,
"Oyetunji, O. J., Osonubi, O., Ekanayake, I. J.",2003,Contributions of an alley cropping system and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to maize productivity under cassava intercrop in the derived savannah zone,Journal of Agricultural Science,140,3,10.1017/S0021859603002946,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13531/,"Alley cropping is a prototype agro-forestry system practiced in many parts of the humid tropics. It is one of the established, promising and sustainable low-input soil management ventures. An improved understanding of the eco-physiological relationships between the arable and perennials in this system could contribute to solving issues of sustainability for nutrient use and system productivity. Field experiments were conducted in Alabata and Ajibode, located in the derived savannah zone of Nigeria, to evaluate the comparative effects of an alley cropping system, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation and cassava intercropping on maize yield. These on-farms trials (research managed and farmer managed) were conducted in the 1993/94 and 1995/96 growing seasons, in Rhodic Kandiustalf soil type with low nutrients. Each trial was a split-plot factorial arranged in randomized complete blocks with three replications. Biomass productions of maize and cassava tuber yield were determined. The results obtained at Alabata indicated that the maize plants were heavily infected with AM fungi whether inoculated or not. The hedgerow trees did not have a significant effect on maize yield. The increase in yield brought about by the alley cropping system was generally less than 15%, except in one farm where increases of 34.6 and 46.5% were recorded in AM-inoculated and non-inoculated plots respectively. The introduced AM fungi did not significantly enhance maize yield at Alabata; the percentage increase was not more than 24%. This trend was also observed at Ajibode. Cassava tuber yield was found to be suppressed by the alley cropping system irrespective of the cultivar. The decrease in yield ranged from 2.6 to 150.8%. However, inoculation of the cassava with exotic AM fungi brought about an enhancement of its tuber production. The increase ranged from 20.7 to 189.8% depending on the treatment combination. It is therefore necessary to encourage adoption of the improved alley cropping system integrated with mycorrhizal technology.",Included,
"Adebayo, O.S., Kintomo, A.A., Fadamiro, H.Y.",2009,Control of bacterial wilt disease of tomato through integrated crop management strategies,International Journal of Vegetable Science,15,2,10.1080/19315260802508283,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/251/,"Tomato cultivation is severely affected by bacterial wilt disease caused by the soilborne pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum (previously known as Pseudomonas solanacearum Smith). Effects of rotation of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) with other crops on soil populations of R. solanacearum and on bacterial wilt disease incidence of tomato were evaluated in the field. Monocropped Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), Mucuna puriens L., Crotalaria juncea L., and intercrops of Cassava/Crotalaria, Cassava/Mucuna, and a natural grass mix (control) were rotated with the tomato cvs. Mira, Ronita, Roma VFN, and Ibadan Local. Monocropped Mucuna significantly reduced soil population of R. solanacearum by the end of the rotation period, whereas the natural grass rotation had the highest population of the pathogen. Other crops with the exception of monocropped cassava also reduced the pathogen soil population. The incidence of wilt was delayed in cvs. Mira, Roma VFN, and Ronita compared to ‘Ibadan Local’, but all were 80% or more infected after 8 weeks.",Included,
"Ezumah, H.C., Sebasigari, K.",1977,Control of cassava bacterial blight in Zaire,"Cassava bacterial blight: report of an interdisciplinary workshop held at IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 1-4 November 1976",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5389/,,Included,
"Bock, K. R., Guthrie, E. J.",1982,Control of cassava mosaic disease in Kenya,Tropical Pest Management,28,3,10.1080/09670878209370713,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2346/,"Mosaic disease of cassava is one of the most important factors limiting production in East Africa. The disease can be controlled by the use of healthy planting material. Plots of carefully selected, apparently healthy cassava of several cultivars of differing genetic constitution were established and successfully kept free of disease by inspection and roguing. The rate of spread of mosaic disease into mosaic‐free plots over a five‐year period was consistently very low (less than 2% and most frequently less than 1%) irrespective of cultivar type or size of plot (0.02–1.00 ha), which clearly indicates that mosaic disease can be effectively controlled in Kenya by the use of mosaic‐free propagation material. Comparative yield data indicated that yields of local cassavas are at least equal to those of improved resistant cuitivars and suggest that agronomic evaluation of Kenya cuitivars would be of great value.",Included,
"Odongo, B. Otim-Nape, G.W.",1984,Control of the cassava green mite in Uganda,Tropical Root Crops: Production and Uses in Africa,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12626/,"Investigations were conducted at Serere Agricultural Research Station (eastern Uganda) to identify and promote resistance of cassava to Mononychellus tanajoa, the most destructive arthropod pest of cassava in the country. Six cassava families that were imported from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nigeria, as seeds and included in the breeding program exhibited different degrees of hairiness of leaf surface. When they were subjected to severe mite attack during the dry season, their resistance correlated with the number of hairs on the leaves. This information helped in selecting cassava varieties with high mite resistance.",Included,
"Douro-Kpindou, O.K., Godonou, I., Houssou, A., Lomer, C.J., Shah, P.A.",1995,Control of Zonocerus variegatus by ultra-low volume application of an oil formulation of Metarhizium flavoviride conidia,Biocontrol Science and Technology,5,1,10.1080/09583159550040079,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4742/,"An oil-based formulation of Metarhizium flavoviride conidia, applied at 2 x 10^12 spores ha-1 in 1 l ha-1 gave good control of Zonocerus variegatus in 1-ha plots in southern Benin. In a three-replicate, randomized, complete block (RCB) trial in Mono province, a significant reduction in insect counts between treated and control plots was observed 10-15 days after application; treatment reduced the population by about 90%. A four-replicate RCB trial in Oueme province also gave high mortality. Although a significant difference between treated and untreated plots was observed 10-18 days after application, insect dispersal out of cassava fields towards oviposition sites interfered with a clear demonstration of control. Significantly more Z. variegatus cadavers with M. flavoviride infection were found in treated plots than control plots.",Included,
"Fraser, J. A., Alves-Pereira, A., Junqueira, A. B., Peroni, N., Clement, C. R.",2012,Convergent Adaptations: Bitter Manioc Cultivation Systems in Fertile Anthropogenic Dark Earths and Floodplain Soils in Central Amazonia,PLoS ONE,7,8,10.1371/journal.pone.0043636,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5871/,"Shifting cultivation in the humid tropics is incredibly diverse, yet research tends to focus on one type long-fallow: shifting cultivation. While it is a typical adaptation to the highly-weathered nutrient-poor soils of the Amazonian terra firme, fertile environments in the region offer opportunities for agricultural intensification. We hypothesized that Amazonian people have developed divergent bitter manioc cultivation systems as adaptations to the properties of different soils. We compared bitter manioc cultivation in two nutrient-rich and two nutrient-poor soils, along the middle Madeira River in Central Amazonia. We interviewed 249 farmers in 6 localities, sampled their manioc fields, and carried out genetic analysis of bitter manioc landraces. While cultivation in the two richer soils at different localities was characterized by fast-maturing, low-starch manioc landraces, with shorter cropping periods and shorter fallows, the predominant manioc landraces in these soils were generally not genetically similar. Rather, predominant landraces in each of these two fertile soils have emerged from separate selective trajectories which produced landraces that converged for fast-maturing low-starch traits adapted to intensified swidden systems in fertile soils. This contrasts with the more extensive cultivation systems found in the two poorer soils at different localities, characterized by the prevalence of slow-maturing high-starch landraces, longer cropping periods and longer fallows, typical of previous studies. Farmers plant different assemblages of bitter manioc landraces in different soils and the most popular landraces were shown to exhibit significantly different yields when planted in different soils. Farmers have selected different sets of landraces with different perceived agronomic characteristics, along with different fallow lengths, as adaptations to the specific properties of each agroecological micro-environment. These findings open up new avenues for research and debate concerning the origins, evolution, history and contemporary cultivation of bitter manioc in Amazonia and beyond.",Included,
"Chew, W.Y., Ramli, K., Joseph, K.T.",1978,Copper deficiency of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) on Malaysian peat soil,MARDI Research Bulletin,6,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3558/,"Cassava grown on virgin peat soil in Malaysia often suffers from Cu deficiency, the symptoms of which are described. The deficiency is most likely the result of low Cu content in peat (6ppm) and is corrected by the soil application of copper sulphate (2-10 kg/ha), increasing leaf Cu content from about 7 ppm (deficient) to about 14 ppm (normal).",Included,
"Perez Velasquez, Juan Carlos, Ramirez, Isabel C., Lenis Calderon, Jorge Ivan, Calle, Fernando, Morante, Nelson, Ceballos, Hernan",2009,Correction for missing plants in cassava evaluation trials [poster] [on line],,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14459/,,Included,
"Hahn, S.K., Howland, A.K., Terry, E.R.",1980,Correlated resistance of cassava to mosaic and bacterial blight disease,Euphytica,29,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6800/,"The two most serious diseases of cassava (Manihot esculenta CRANTZ) are cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and cassava bacterial blight (CBB) (Xanthomonas manihotis STARR). Clone 58308, derived from the third backcross of the interspecific cross of cassava (M. esculenta) x cera rubber (M. glaziovii), showed a high level of resistance to both diseases. Crosses of 58308 with several other clones which varied from suceptible to moderately susceptible to both diseases gave progenies with a significant genotypic correlation between resistance to both diseases (r = 0.90), apparently due to linkage. The heritabilities of resistance to the diseases were estimated at 50-70 per cent for CMD and 25-65 per cent for CBB. Resistance to both diseases is assumed to be polygenic. The correlated response to selection for CMD and CBB was estimated.",Included,
"Hahn, S. K., Howland, A. K., Terry, E. R.",1980,Correlated Resistance of Cassava to Mosaic and Bacterial-Blight Diseases,Euphytica,29,2,10.1007/BF00025127,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6796/,"The two most serious diseases of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) are cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and cassava bacterial blight (CBB) (Xanthomonas manihotis Starr). Clone 58308, derived from the third backcross of the interspecific cross of cassava (M. esculenta) x ceara rubber (M. glaziovii), showed a high level of resistance to both diseases. Crosses of 58308 with several other clones which varied from susceptible to moderately susceptible to both diseases gave progenies with a significant genotypic correlation between resistance to both diseases (r=0.90), apparently due to linkage. The heritabilities of resistance to the diseases were estimated at 50–70% for CMD and 25–65% for CBB. Resistance to both diseases is assumed to be polygenic. The correlated response to selection for CMD and for CBB was estimated.",Included,
"Ntui, V. O., Uyoh, E. A., Affangideh, U., Udensi, U., Egbonyi, J. P.",2006,Correlation and genetic variability in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),"Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment",4,03-Apr,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12332/,"Correlation and genetic variability in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) was studied using 6 varieties, viz ADP 3 (4), ADP 3(5), ADP 4(4), TMS 3055, TMS 419 and one local variety Panya, all obtained from the Cross River Agricultural Development Programme, Calabar, Nigeria. The research was carried out at the Biological Sciences Experimental Farm, University of Calabar, Nigeria, from April, 2005 to January, 2006 using a randomized complete block design with five replications. The objectives were to determine the relationship between key morphological characters and yield and magnitude of variability that is present in the populations. Analysis of variance for some growth characters and yield showed that the varieties did not significantly (P>0.05) differ from each other. However, ADP 3(5) produced significantly (P<0.05) more tubers than the other varieties, indicating that it is a high yielding variety. The local variety Panya produced significantly (P<0.05) longer internode length, longer stem and fewer tubers per plant. Simple linear correlation of the data showed that sprouting (days to sprouting and number of sprouting nodes) had significant (P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively) relationship with number of tubers produced per plant. Number of tubers per plant significantly (P<0.05) positively correlated with circumference of tuber. Number of leaves per plant produced significant (P<0.05) positive relationship with diameter of stem and number of branches per plant. The phenotypic coefficients of variation were higher than the genotypic coefficients in the entire traits studied. A high genetic gain was recorded for number of leaves per plant and number of sprouting nodes. It is hoped that these findings would be useful for future breeding programmes involving this important crop.",Included,
"Osipitan, Adebola A., Sangowusi, Victoria T., Lawal, Omoniyi I., Popoola, Kehinde O.",2015,Correlation of Chemical Compositions of Cassava Varieties to Their Resistance to Prostephanus truncatus Horn (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae),Journal of Insect Science,15,13,10.1093/jisesa/ieu173,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13392/,"The preference of cassava as a major host by Prostephanus truncatus Horn is a major constraint to ample production of cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz and storage. This study analyzed the nutritional and secondary metabolite compositions in 15 cassava varieties, evaluated levels of damage and reproduction by P. truncatus, and assessed their resistance to attack. One hundred grams of dried cassava chips in 250-ml Kilner jars were infested with 10 adult larger grain borer of 0–10 days old and held for 3 months. The nutritional and secondary metabolites compositions of the dry cassava chips were determined using the method of Association of Analytical Chemists. Chip perforation rates in the cassava varieties ranged from 17.7 to 71.6%. The weight of cassava powder varied by about threefold. The final number of larger grain borer in the cassava varieties varied by about sixfold with 63 in 01/0040 and 379 in 01/1368. Hydrocyanic acid content content varied by over 10-fold and correlated negatively with number of larger grain borer. Flavonoid content varied by ~10%. Tannins and saponin content of the cassava negatively correlated with number of adult P. truncatus. The cassava varieties 95/0166, 92/0326, 01/0040, 05/0024, and 34 91934 had selection index <0.8 and were classified as resistant to larger grain borer damage, while others with selection index >0.8 were classified as susceptible. The resistance to high damage in the resistant varieties was conferred by secondary metabolites such as tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and hydrocyanic acid content. The genetic variation in cassava varieties could be explored to breed resistant cassava varieties for use in larger grain borer-endemic areas.",Included,
"Ekeleme, Friday, Akobundu, I. Okezie, Isichei, Augustine O., Chikoye, David",2003,Cover crops reduce weed seedbanks in maize–cassava systems in southwestern Nigeria,Weed Science,51,5,10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051[0774:CCRWSI]2.0.CO;2,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5033/,"Weeds are a major constraint to crop production in smallholder farms in tropical Africa. The weed seedbank and annual recruitment are the main sources of weed infestation in crops. This study was carried out in Ibadan, Nigeria, to evaluate the effect on the seedbank of two types of planted fallow (alley cropping with leucaena and live mulch with tropical kudzu) and a natural bush fallow under four land-use intensities. Type of fallow was the main plot. Land-use intensities, consisting of continuous cropping of maize intercropped with cassava, 1 cropping yr of maize–cassava followed by 1, 2, and 3 yr of fallow, were the subplots. Averaged over a 3-yr period, the seedbank was 55% lower in the tropical kudzu plots and 43% lower in the leucaena plots compared with natural bush. The difference in seedbanks between plots cultivated after leucaena and natural fallow was 23%. Seed density of annual broadleaf weeds was high and dominated the seedbank of both planted and natural fallow. Overall, seeds of grasses occurred at low densities in all plots cultivated after 2 to 3 yr of fallow, whereas seeds of sedges occurred more in continuously cultivated plots and plots cultivated after 1 yr of fallow in all the fallow types. Seed density of perennial broadleaf weeds increased as land-use intensity decreased. Live mulch with tropical kudzu, especially when combined with 2 to 3 yr of fallow, lowered the seedbank more than the leucaena and traditional bush fallow systems.",Included,
"Onochie, B.E.",1975,Critical periods for weed control in cassava in Nigeria,PANS Pest Articles & News Summaries,21,1,10.1080/09670877509411488,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13202/,"The effects of weed competition on cassava yield were assessed using two sets of treatments. In the first set, plots were kept weed free for specified periods and then weeds were allowed to grow. In the second set, weeds were allowed to grow initially for specified periods and were then eradicated. Effects were assessed from fresh weights of cassava roots, and weed species commonly found in the plots were identified. The work was done in the rain forest zone of western Nigeria. The predominant weed species were mainly annual broad-leaved species and competition from weeds at any period of growth after rooting reduced yield. The most damaging effect on yield was noted during early canopy formation and early tuberisation (third month after planting) and a less damaging effect from the fourth month until harvest. Where labour is a limiting factor in cassava production labour input should be applied during the third month after planting to control weed growth. Weeding during this period was as effective in ensuring a high yield of cassava roots than weeding throughout the entire period of growth.",Included,
"Venturini, M. T., Araújo, T. D., Abreu, E. F. M., de Andrade, E. C., Santos, V. D., da Silva, M. R., de Oliveira, E. J.",2016,Crop losses in Brazilian cassava varieties induced by the Cassava common mosaic virus,Scientia Agricola,73,6,10.1590/0103-9016-2015-0374,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18404/,"Despite the widespread distribution of the Cassava common mosaic virus (CsCMV) in Brazil, little is known about the losses it causes in yield. The effect of CsCMV on different varieties was evaluated by reference to several agronomic traits. Four field trials were established in 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 using six varieties of cassava. Following mechanical inoculation with CsCMV, the presence of the virus was confirmed using the ELISA assay. The evaluated traits were plant height (PH), dry matter content (DMC), harvest index (HI), aerial part yield (APY), root yield (RoY), and starch yield (StY) in both inoculated and non-inoculated plants. Overall, the presence of the virus contributed little to the reduction in PH, HI, and DMC across the varieties, with PH being significantly reduced by 9.2 and 7.0 % in the BGM0212 and BRS Kiriris varieties, respectively. In contrast, APY, RoY, and StY were reduced by 30.2, 29.3, and 30.0 %, in the virus-infected plants respectively. While the BRS Kiriris and BRS Jari varieties suffered the highest reductions overall and were considered highly susceptible to CsCMV, none of the traits suffered reductions in the inoculated BRS Formosa plants. Although RoY and StY were reduced in inoculated plants of BRS Tapioqueira, crop yield for this variety was the highest. Thus, BRS Formosa and BRS Tapioqueira exhibited tolerance against CsCMV, which warrants further investigation.",Included,
"Ikeorgu, J.E.G., Wahua, T.A.T., Ezumah, H.C.",1984,Crop performance in complex mixtures: melon and okra in cassava-maize mixture,"Tropical root crops: production and uses in Africa, proceedings of the second triennial symposium of the international society for tropical root crops, Africa branch held in Douala, Cameroon, 14-19 August 1983",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7680/,"We conducted a two year investigation at Ibadan, Nigeria, to determine the economic benefits of including melon and okra in a cassava-maize intercropping system. Fresh root yields of cassava were reduced by 28% by maize in the mixture but only by 3%, 6%, and 9% by okra, melon, or both respectively. Intercropping had no adverse effect on the grain yield of maize; rather yield was 19% higher in the maize-cassava intercrop than in the monoculture. Fresh fruit yields of okra were reduced by 72%, 89%, and 56% in mixture with cassava, cassava-maize, and cassava-maize-melon, respectively. Melon seed yields were decreased by 56% and 76% in mixtures with cassava and cassava-maize, respectively. The cassava-maize cropping system yielded the highest amount of calories per hectare; however, total productivity per unit area of land was highest in the cassava-maize mixture with both okra and melon.",Included,
"TerAvest, Dan, Lynne Carpenter-Boggs, Christian Thierfelder, John P. Reganold",2015,"Crop production and soil water management in conservation agriculture, no-till, and conventional tillage systems in Malawi","Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment",212,,10.1016/j.agee.2015.07.011,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17479/,"Smallholder farming in southern and eastern Africa is constrained by low water-use efficiency, frequent dry spells, and drought. Conservation agriculture (CA), defined as minimal soil disturbance, year-round ground cover, and crop rotations, is being promoted as a way to sustainably improve water-use efficiency, reduce soil erosion, and boost crop production. In this study, three cropping systems – continuous no-till maize, CA rotation, and conventional tillage rotation – were established on smallholder farms in the Nkhotakota and Dowa districts, two distinct agroecological zones in Malawi. Three-year crop rotations of cassava, cowpea, and maize and cassava, soybean, and maize were implemented in CA and conventional tillage, respectively, in Nkhotakota. In Dowa, a 3-year rotation of sweet potato, bean, and maize was implemented in both CA and conventional tillage. Cropping systems were analyzed for their impact on infiltration, soil moisture content, sediment runoff, earthworm and termite abundance, and crop production from 2011 to 2014. In Nkhotakota, which had high potential evapotranspiration and low soil water-holding capacity, residue retention was positively correlated with infiltration and no-till and CA increased soil water content (0–60 cm) compared to conventional tillage by an average of 20 mm. In Dowa, which had lower potential evapotranspiration, eliminating tillage and retaining residue did not improve infiltration or soil water content. In 2013/2014, no-till and CA reduced sediment runoff by 1537 kg ha−1 and 1309 kg ha−1 in Nkhotakota and 346 kg ha−1 and 209 kg ha−1 in Dowa, respectively, compared to conventional tillage. Tillage and residue management did not have a significant impact on sweet potato, cassava, bean, soybean, or cowpea production. Crop rotations had the greatest impact on maize yields in 2013/14, with CA and conventional tillage rotations increasing maize yields compared to no-till maize by 2525 kg ha−1 and 2145 kg ha−1 in Dowa and 1364 kg ha−1 and 469 kg ha−1 in Nkhotakota, respectively. However, cumulative protein production was greater in no-till than CA and conventional tillage rotations in Dowa and greater than conventional rotations in Nkhotakota. Rotation crop productivity needs to be improved with better yielding grain legumes and other higher protein crops before widespread adoption of diverse rotations can occur on smallholder farms in eastern and southern Africa.",Included,
"Rivera, E., Abruna, F., Rodriguez, J.",1985,Crop response to soil acidity factors in Ultisols and Oxisols in Puerto Rico X1. Cassava,Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico,69,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15165/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), one of the major sources of carbohydrates throughout the tropics, was found to be very tolerant to high soil acidity in two Ultisols and one Oxisol. About 85% of maximum yields were obtained when Al saturation of the effective cation exchange capacity of the soil was around 60%, but highest yields were attained at about pH 5.3 with no ex-changeable Al. Soil acidity factors did not affect the chemical composition of the cassava leaves, except for Mn, which increased with decreasing pH of the Oxisol. Tolerance of cassava to soil acidity was also confirmed by the fact that yields of 12 commercial varieties were not affected by Al saturation levels varying from 0 to 60% in an Ultisol.",Included,
"Escasinas, A.B., Escalada, R.G.",1984,"Crop rotation of sweet potato, cassava and gabi with legumes as a cultural management system",Annals of Tropical Research,6,63-76,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5253/,"Mungbean, bushbean, soybean and peanut planted in rotation with sweet potato did not significantly affect the vine length and fresh weight of the vegetative parts of the root crop but increased its marketable and total tuber yield. However, only the plants rooted with mungbean showed a significant increase in yield over the control. Rotational planting of cassava with leguminous crops did not affect its yield and yield components as well as the agronomic characters studied. Planting gabi in rotation with peanut significantly increased corm production compared with the mungbean and bushbean treatments. No pronounced effect of the other treatments on yield was noted. The weight of corms per plant and the corm yield per hectare of gabi showed similar response to the treatments while the number of runners per plants and plant height were not significantly affected by the treatments. Cost and return analysis showed that among the legumes used as rotational crops, peanut yielded the highest combined net return regardless of the root crop used. This manifested that peanut-root crop rotation was the most profitable cropping pattern.",Included,
"Hairiah, K., Van Noordwijk, M., Cadisch, G.",2000,"Crop yield, C and N balance of three types of cropping systems on an Ultisol in Northern Lampung",NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences,48,1,10.1016/S1573-5214(00)80001-9,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6833/,"Three types of cropping systems, cassava-based intercropping, hedgerow intercropping and legume cover crop rotations, were evaluated in 1994-1997 in Northern Lampung, Sumatra. The purpose of this experiment was to quantify the C and N flows returned within and transported out of plots and crop yields of different cropping systems. Cassava-based systems were not stable and yields declined over time. Intercropping cassava with rice increased cassava fresh tuber weight by 5-48% compared to the monocropping system. The hedgerow intercropping gave lower maize, rice, groundnut and cowpea yields than could be obtained in a crop rotation with legume cover crops. Maize grain yields in the 80-20 rice/maize mixture were about 0.4 Mg ha-1 in the rice - groundnut rotation and about half as much when intercropped with cassava or hedgerows. Rice yields intercropped with cassava or with hedgerows were about 1 Mg ha-1 less in year 2 and 3 than those grown in rotation with groundnut. The rice yield in the first cropping season was only about 1 Mg ha-1, but in the second and third year yields in the rice - legume rotation increased to around 2 and around 3 Mg ha-1, respectively. This increase occurred despite a decline in soil organic matter content. The cassava-based systems removed much more C (7 Mg ha-1 yr-1) than the other systems, while less was returned (about 0.5-2 Mg ha -1) to the soil. In the hedgerow intercropping system about 2.5 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 was returned to the plot as biomass pruning and crop residues and about 1.5 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 was removed from the plot as yield. In the cover crop rotation 2.6 Mg ha-1 yr-1 of C was returned to the plot as crop residues plus Mucuna (only the 2nd year) and Cowpea biomass, and about 1.1 Mg ha-1 yr -1 was removed from the plot. The hedgerow intercropping systems gave an N surplus of about 15-50 kg ha-1 yr-1 returned to the soil; while the balance was 10-20 kg ha-1 yr-1 for the cover crop rotation systems and the cassava-based systems showed a negative N budget of about 60 kg ha-1 yr-1.",Included,
"Nweke, F.I., Ezumah, H.C., Spencer, D.S.C.",1988,Cropping systems and agroeconomic performance of improved cassava in a humid forest ecosystem,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12396/,,Included,
"Lal, R., Ghuman, B.S., Shearer, W.",1992,Cropping systems effects of a newly-cleared ultisol in Southern Nigeria,Soil Technology,5,1,10.1016/0933-3630(92)90004-K,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9439/,"A 4-yr. study was conducted to investigate the effects of five cropping systems on soil erosion, earthworm activity and crop production on an Ultisol in southern Nigeria. Five cropping systems were casava-based, oil palm-based alley cropping, plantain and traditional farming system. The traditional farming system for this region involves cultivation of yam (Dioscorea sp.) and several other crops grown in partially cleared land. The first four systems were tested on mechanically-cleared plots, and the traditional system was evaluated on manually-cleared plots with partial clearing and intact stumps. Soil erosion was observed only during the first year after clearing. Soil erosion was high in the oil-palm- (170 kg/ha/5 months) and plantain systems (157 kg/ha/5 months), and was negligible in the forested control (0.4 kg/ha). During the rainy season, earthworm activity was the highest in traditionally-farmed plots and the lowest in the forested control. Earthworm activity significantly decreased in all systems during the dry season. On the basis of agronomic yield, cassava-based cropping system was the most productive (10.8 Mg/ha/yr. of produce) followed by traditional farming (8.0 Mg/ha/yr.), and the plantain system was the least productive (0.74 Mg/ha/yr.). Measured in terms of the calories output, productivity of different cropping systems followed the other cassava-based > alley cropping > traditional farming > oil palm-based > plantain. Results indicate that Ultisols can produce high yields of cassava, yam and maize, provided that soil degradation and fertility depletion are minimized by practicing no-tillage, returning crop residue to soil at harvest, and maintaining favorable nutrient status through supplemental application of fertilizers.",Included,
"de Albuquerque, J. A. A., Oliva, L. S. C., Alves, J. M. A., Uchôa, S. C. P., de Melo, D. A.",2015,"Cultivation of cassava and cowpea in intercropping systems held in Roraima’s savannah, Brazil",Revista Ciencia Agronomica,46,2,10.5935/1806-6690.20150018,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/20175/,"The objective of this work was to assess the cultivation of cassava and cowpea in different systems and arrangements of plants in Roraima's savannah, Brazil. The experiment was performed at the experimental field of the Department of Soil and Climate at the UFRR, Boa Vista (Roraima). The experimental design adopted was in randomized blocks, with seven treatments and four replications. The treatments were 1) a single row of cassava in monoculture; 2) a single row of cassava plus a row of cowpea; 3) a double row of cassava in monoculture; 4) a double row of cassava plus a row of cowpea; 5) a double row of cassava plus two rows of cowpea; 6) a double row of cassava plus three rows of cowpea; and 7) cowpea in monoculture. For the cassava were assessed the following variables yield of roots, fresh weight of shoot, harvest index, number of roots per plant, roots length, roots diameter, root dry matter, starch content and index of area equivalence. For the cowpea were assessed yield of the grains (kg ha-1), number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, weight of 1000 seeds, and index of area equivalence. The double rows cropping systems of cassava with two and three rows of cowpea allow obtaining equivalent yield to the monoculture of cassava in single rows. The intercropping, regardless of the arrangement, reduces grain yield of cowpea. All treatments in intercropping systems exhibit a satisfactory area equivalence index, with an average of 1.55.",Included,
"Leihner, D.E.",1980,Cultural control of weeds in cassava,"Cassava cultural practices: proceedings of a workshop held in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 18-21 March 1980",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9679/,"Cultural weed control in cassava includes general practices to increase the competitive ability of the crop as well as specific weed control measures. Selected and chemically protected planting material should be planted vertically to ensure optimum early establishment. Planting densities can be increased above the normal to impose more competition on weeds and partly compensate for deficient weed control. Effective, long lasting weed control is achieved with legume green covers and competition with cassava is low if nonaggressive species are used. Mulches provide shorter duration weed control than perennial legumes but they are noncompeting, add organic matter, and preserve moisture. Cultural weed control is labour-intensive and may also be capital intensive if seed or cover materials have to be bought and transported. However, with local availability of seed or cover materials and use of family labour, no purchased inputs are necessary and cultural control of weeds becomes competitive in cost with chemical or manual weed control.",Included,
"Atu, U.G.",1993,Cultural practices for the control of termite (Isoptera) damage to yams and cassava in south-eastern Nigeria,International Journal of Pest Management,39,4,10.1080/09670879309371841,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1500/,"Seed‐bed types, fertilizers, cassava stem portions, planting time and yam cultivars were studied for the incidence of termites in cassava and yam fields. Planting cassava on ridges reduced the incidence of termites and significantly (P<0.05) increased tuber yield. The bottom stem portion of cassava stick was the least attacked by termites. Planting cuttings when rains became steady reduced termite incidence. NPKMg (12:12:17:2) suppressed termites in yam and improved yield significantly. Delay in harvesting yam tubers increased termite infestation. Yield loss was highest for Dioscorea rotundata cv. Nwopoko, with losses of more than 5 metric tonnes/ha when harvest was done after December in termite infested soil. Chinese yam showed the greatest resistance to termites.",Included,
"Mallowa, S.O., Isutsa, D.K., Kamau, A.W., Obonyo, R., Legg, J.P.",2006,Current characteristics of cassava mosaic disease in postepidemic areas increase the range of possible management options,Annals of Applied Biology,149,2,10.1111/j.1744-7348.2006.00073.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10571/,"As a case study to document the current characteristics of cassava mosaic virus disease (CMD) in postepidemic areas, surveys were carried out, in 2003 and 2004, in Siaya District of western Kenya. This was an area affected by a severe CMD pandemic in the late 1990s. Data recorded on cassava varieties were CMD incidence, severity index and number of adult whiteflies. Farmers (174) were interviewed on their understanding of the disease and their knowledge and practice of management interventions. Cassava cultivation was being re-established, but local landraces predominated. Resistant varieties were present 13% in 2003, and 4% in 2004, of the surveyed fields. Adhiambolera was the most common variety, occurring in 35% and 40% of fields in 2003 and 2004, respectively, and had an average CMD incidence of 82% in 2003 and 73% in 2004. By contrast, the CMD-resistant variety Migyera had a low mean incidence (28% in 2003). The overall incidence for both years was 71%, consisting of 61% as a result of infection through planting diseased cuttings and 10% as a result of whitefly infection. In 2003, the total incidence was 72% and the average severity 2.7 (severity index), while in 2004 the incidence was 78% and the severity 2.6. There were significant severity variations in each division of the Siaya District during the 2 years except for Karemo and Ukwala. The abundance of whiteflies on the top five leaves of plants was low in 2003 but high in 2004, with means of 1 and 16, respectively, over the same seven divisions in both years, although this variation was thought to be because of seasonal factors. East African cassava mosaic virus-Uganda was the predominant geminivirus present in every division. Phytosanitation by farmers was minimal, as evidenced by 29% of farmers using a selection of CMD-free stems for planting and 15% using hand-roguing for CMD management. Occurrence of more than 25% CMD-free plants in 2004, moderate CMD severity and limited spread provide a conducive environment for the use of phytosanitation as a CMD control measure that can be immediately used by farmers growing their own cassava varieties.",Included,
"Kim, Hoang, Van Bo, Nguyen, Howeler, Reinhardt, Ceballos, Hernan",2008,Current situation of cassava in Vietnam and the selection of cassava doubled haploid (dh) lines derived from CIAT,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9024/,,Included,
"Dufour, D.L.",1988,"Cyanide content of cassava (Manihot esculenta, Euphorbiaceae) cultivars used by Tukanoan Indians in northwest Amazonia",Economic Botany,42,2,10.1007/BF02858929,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4789/,Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a cyanide-containing food crop used by many indigenous peoples in Amazonia. Tukanoan Indians in Northwest Amazonia utilize both “bitter” and “sweet” cassava cultivars. Those classified as “bitter” are the dietary staple. Analysis of 13 commonly used “bitter” cultivars indicates that they are high in cyanide in comparison to values reported in the literature. The Tukanoan practice of including the inner peel in the edible portion contributes to the high cyanide values found.,Included,
"Ukhun, M. E., Dibie, E. N.",1989,Cyanide content of cassava mash and gari flour and influence of water activity (aw) during storage,Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,42,4,10.1007/BF01700236,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18101/,,Included,
"Zidenga, T., Siritunga, D., Sayre, R. T.",2017,Cyanogen metabolism in cassava roots: Impact on protein synthesis and root development,Frontiers in Plant Science,8,,10.3389/fpls.2017.00220,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/20103/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), a staple crop for millions of sub-Saharan Africans, contains high levels of cyanogenic glycosides which protect it against herbivory. However, cyanogens have also been proposed to play a role in nitrogen transport from leaves to roots. Consistent with this hypothesis, analyses of the distribution and activities of enzymes involved in cyanide metabolism provides evidence for cyanide assimilation, derived from linamarin, into amino acids in cassava roots. Both b-cyanoalanine synthase (CAS) and nitrilase (NIT), two enzymes involved in cyanide assimilation to produce asparagine, were observed to have higher activities in roots compared to leaves, consistent with their proposed role in reduced nitrogen assimilation. In addition, rhodanese activity was not detected in cassava roots, indicating that this competing means for cyanide metabolism was not a factor in cyanide detoxification. In contrast, leaves had sufficient rhodanese activity to compete with cyanide assimilation into amino acids. Using transgenic low cyanogen plants, it was shown that reducing root cyanogen levels is associated with elevated root nitrate reductase activity, presumably to compensate for the loss of reduced nitrogen from cyanogens. Finally, we overexpressed Arabidopsis CAS and NIT4 genes in cassava roots to study the feasibility of enhancing root cyanide assimilation into protein. Optimal overexpression of CAS and NIT4 resulted in up to a 50% increase in root total amino acids and a 9% increase in root protein accumulation. However, plant growth and morphology was altered in plants overexpressing these enzymes, demonstrating a complex interaction between cyanide metabolism and hormonal regulation of plant growth.",Included,
"Hidayat, A., Zuaraida, N., Hanarida, I., Damardjati, D. S.",2000,Cyanogenic Content of Cassava Root of 179 Cultivars Grown in Indonesia,Journal of Food Composition and Analysis,13,1,10.1006/jfca.1999.0840,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7172/,"Analysis of cyanogenic potential, linamarin, acetone cyanohydrin and free HCN/CN−of 179 cultivars of cassava root grown in Oxisol Soil at Muara Experimentation, West Java, Indonesia, was conducted using picrate paper kits introduced by Bradbury et al. (1999). Two plants of each clone were harvested. Two roots were taken from each plant, peeled and cut according to protocol A of the picrate paper kits. Although the average content of cyanogenic potential of 179 cassava cultivars is 82 ppm, only 6.8% cyanogenic potentials was in the form of HCN/CN−(5.6 ppm), 23% as acetone cyanohydrin (19.9 ppm), and most of them (70%) as linamarin (57.1 ppm). The cyanogenic potential content clustered into very high levels (234–138 ppm) found in 10% of 179 cultivars, high (134–84 ppm) in 15% cultivars, medium (81–55 ppm) in 17% cultivars, low (54–36 ppm) in 19% cultivars, and very low (35–9 ppm) in 40% cultivars. The linamarin, acetone cyanohydrin and HCN/CN−were also clustered into 5 levels. The range, member of each cluster and name of the clone are given in the text. It was also found that no correlation existed between the cyanogen contents and total amount and weight of roots per plant.",Included,
"Tivana, L., Francisco, J. D., Bergenstahl, B., Dejmek, P.",2009,"Cyanogenic Potential of Roasted Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) roots Rale from Inhambane Province, Mozambique",Czech Journal of Food Sciences,27,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17749/,"Roasted cassava roots flour is part of a common meal in Africa, it is known as rale in Mozambique. Fifty six samples of rale were collected from homes and markets in Inhambane Province, Mozambique, for cyanogenic potential (CNp) analyses. The names of cassava varieties used for preparing the rale samples could be determined in the home-collected samples, three varieties were recorded. Xinhembwe variety gave rale samples with 30 +/- 8 mg CNp/kg (mean + standard error), Precoce de angola with 43 +/- 11 mg CNp/kg and Rungo sabonete with 58 +/- 22 mg CNp/kg dry weight. The mean cyanogenic value for all the 56 samples collected was 41 +/- 16 mg CNp/kg. Cyanogenic potentials in all the rale samples were above 10 mg HCN/kg, the value regarded by the Codex Alimentarius Commission of the FAO/WHO as safe.",Included,
"Hidayat, A., Zuraida, N., Hanarida, I.",2002,Cyanogenic potential of roots and leaves of ninety nine cassava cultivars,Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science,3,1,10.21082/ijas.v3n1.2002.p25-32,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7173/,"Studies on cyanogenic potential (CP) of roots and leaves of Indonesian cassava germplasm are still inadequate in relation to food toxicity and on human health. The CP of leaves of 99 cassava cultivars was analyzed using picrate paper kits. Effort to reduce CP of cassava leaves by boiling them was also conducted. The results showed that roots and leaves had low and moderate level of CP. There was a significant correlation between the CP of leaves (Y) and roots (X) of 45 cassava cultivars with regression equation Y = 36.214 + 1.3085 X (r = 0.5228). The CP content was high in the young leaves (241 ppm) and low in the older ones (99 ppm). The proximal portion of the roots had the highest CP content (300 ppm), and was the lowest (56 ppm) in the distal end. The root part close to cortex had highest CP content (550 ppm), whereas the central part was the lowest (35 ppm). Boiling cassava leaves for 20 minutes significantly reduced the CP up to 75 percent, indicating that for safety, cassava should be completely processed or cooked. This study implied that CP content should be considered in cassava breeding programs. Forty two of 99 cassava cultivars have CP below 50 ppm which is safe for consumption",Included,
"Oluwole, O. Steven A.",2008,Cyanogenicity of cassava varieties and risk of exposure to cyanide from cassava food in Nigerian communities,Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,88,6,10.1002/jsfa.3174,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13114/,"BACKGROUND High-cyanogenic cassava varieties are cultivated in many tropical communities that are free of neurological syndromes attributed to consumption of cassava foods. This study was done in four geographical areas of Nigeria (northern, southwestern, southeastern and an area endemic for ataxic polyneuropathy) to determine if cyanogenicity of cassava is associated with geographical area, altitude or level of cyanogenic compounds in gari, a popular cassava food in West Africa. RESULTS Mean levels of cassava cyanogens were 153, 127, 68 and 65 mg HCN equivalents (eq.) kg dry weight (DW) in the endemic, southeastern, southwestern and northern areas respectively (P < 0.0001), while mean levels of gari cyanogens were 9, 4, 7 and 13 mg HCN eq. kg DW in the respective areas (P < 0.0001). The mean altitude was 35 m in the endemic area, 55 m in the southeastern area, 220 m in the southwestern area and 273 m in the northern area (P < 0.0001). Altitude was associated with cyanogenicity of cassava in univariate and multivariate models (P < 0.0001). One hundred and twenty-six (93%) farmers and 255 (77%) processors did not perceive cassava or its food products as toxic. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that cyanogenicity of cassava is determined by environmental factors rather than by conscious selection of varieties by farmers. Farming high-cyanogenic cassava is not associated with high levels of residual cyanogens in gari. Cassava is not perceived as toxic by farmers and processors.",Included,
"Iglesias, C. A., Sanchez, T., Yeoh, H. H.",2002,Cyanogens and linamarase activities in storage roots of cassava plants from breeding program,Journal of Food Composition and Analysis,15,4,10.1006/jfca.2002.1079,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7639/,"Storage roots of cassava clones arising from six crosses between cassava varieties of different cyanogen levels were analyzed for total cyanogen content and linamarase (β-glucosidase) activity. Total cyanogen content for 113 clones ranged from 120 to 1941 mg HCN equivalent/kg roots dry wt., the mean±S.D. being 666±387 mg HCN equivalent/kg roots dry wt. Among these, eight clones exhibited low cyanogen content (mean value <200 mg HCN equivalent/kg roots dry wt.) as compared to 19 clones which yielded cyanogen contents greater than 1000 mg HCN equivalent/kg root dry wt. Two clones had cyanogen levels lower than the parental variety with low cyanogen content. Depending on the cassava clones, the β-glucosidase activity of storage roots varied from 1.1 to 5.5 nkat/g root fresh weight and was not correlated with the total cyanogens of the storage roots (r=0.17). Some clones with even lower cyanogen content and higher linamarase activity than their parental variety were observed and these might contribute to safety in cassava consumption. Overall, data on total cyanogen content and linamarase activity in cassava roots have relevance to what processes should be developed for processing cassava roots for consumption.",Included,
"Bellotti, A.C., Vargas, O.H., Arias, B., Castano, O., Garcia, C.",1988,"Cyrtomenus bergi Froeschner, a new pest of cassava: biology, ecology and control","VIIth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, Gosier (Guadeloupe), 1-6 July 1985",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2082/,"Nymphs and adults of this subterranean sucking insect, Cyrtomenus bergi Froeschner, feed on cassava roots by means of a thin, strong stylet. Insect feeding combined with soil pathogens induce the appearance of brown to black spots on the white fleshy root, rendering it commercialy unacceptable. In recent years severe attacks of this pest have caused severe crop losses in several cassava growing areas of Colombia. Life cycle studies indicate an egg stage of 13.6 days, five nymphal stages totalling 111.2 days, and an adult stage of 293.4 days. Field studies show that C. bergi populations are present in the soil throughout the crop cycle and root damage is iniciated during the first or second month. Studies, show that there is a definite preference for feeding on low HCN varieties. Studies of control of C. bergi show that foliar applications of a systemic pesticide will reduce damage but intercropping with repellent varieties is more promisory.",Included,
"Vitrac, O., Dufour, D., Trystram, G., Raoult-Wack, A. L.",2001,Deep-fat frying of cassava: Influence of raw material properties on chip quality,Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,81,2,10.1002/1097-0010(20010115)81:2<227::AID-JSFA802>3.0.CO;2-4,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18522/,"Thirteen cultivars of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) were used to obtain chips by deep frying slices of fresh cassava flesh in palm oil. The cultivars were representative of three different levels of four major characteristics (water, cyanide, starch and amylose content) in parenchyma. The effects of raw material composition and crop age (10 and 12 months) on mass transfer (dehydration and oil uptake), texture and colour were assessed for 1.5 mm thick chips with a final water content of 0.04 kg kg−1 wet basis, corresponding to a water activity of about 0.3. Frying time varied from 70 to 90 s and oil bath temperature from 140 to 160 °C. All cultivars gave a high frying yield (>0.5 kg chips kg−1 fresh cassava) and a chip fat content of between 0.23 and 0.37 kg kg−1 wet basis, with the highest frying yields and lowest fat contents being obtained from roots with the lowest water content and cyanide content. The intensity of darkening reactions increased in accordance with the level of reducing sugars, while the rigidity modulus of the chips was negatively correlated with the fibre content. The other characteristics (starch, amylose and total sugar content) were either not or poorly correlated with any of the chip quality parameters studied. Cyanoglucosides were only partially eliminated during frying (over 40% retention), so cultivars with a high cyanide content gave bitter chips. For a similar composition, drying rates and cooking rates were much lower when crop age increased. This could be attributed to a structural effect characterising crop age.",Included,
"Krochmal, A., Samuels, G.",1968,Deficiency symptoms in nutrient pot experiments with cassava,Ceiba,14,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9227/,"Cassaya (Manihot ittilissima Pohl) was grown in sand culture using nutrient solutions to develop deficiencies of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sulfur, iron, manganese and boron. The results were as follows: 1. Both height and weight of plant were severely reduced when nitrogen was omitted from the nutríent solution. 2. Plant analyses revealed that for the complete treatment the leaf was highest in nitrogen; the stem was highest in phosphorus and potassium; the petiole was highest in calcium and magnesium. 3. The leaf did no appear to be sensitive enough for detection of mineral deficiencies. The petiole showed lowest values for nitrogen, calcium, and magnesium; the stem was lowest for phosphorus and potassium. 4. Visual deficiency symptoms of lighter green color and poor growth were obtained for nitrogen deficiencies. Potassium deficiency was characterized by first a bronzing or purpling of the leaf followed by a marginal chlorosis. No visual symptoms were obtained for phosphorus deficiency. 5. Deficiency symptoms are also described for calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, and boron.",Included,
"Lal, R.",1996,"Deforestation and land-use effects on soil degradation and rehabilitation in western Nigeria. III. Runoff, soil erosion and nutrient loss",Land Degradation & Development,7,2,10.1002/(SICI)1099-145X(199606)7:2<99::AID-LDR220>3.0.CO;2-F,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14647/,"Runoff and soil erosion were measured in a two‐phase experiment for seven consecutive years from 1979 through 1986 on a 44·3 watershed comprising 12 sub‐watersheds of 2–4 ha each. These experiments were conducted at Ibadan, Nigeria, which is characterized by two growing seasons per year. The first season lasts from mid‐March through mid‐July, and the second season from mid‐August to early November. Experiments were conducted in two phases comprising different treatments. The six treatments during Phase I (1979–1981), involving different combinations of land clearing and tillage methods, were: (1) manual clearing (MC) with plough‐till (PT); (2) MC with no till (NT); (3) shear‐blade (SB) clearing with NT; (4) tree‐pusher (TP) clearing with PT; (5) TP clearing with NT; (6) traditional clearing and farming (TF). The five farming‐system treatments during Phase II (1982–1987) were: (A) alley cropping with Leucaena leucocephala planted on the contour at 4 m intervals, (B) fallowing with mucuna (Mucuna utilis) on severely degraded soils; (C) fallowing with mucuna on moderately degraded soils; (D) ley farming on severely degraded soils; (E) ley farming on moderately degraded soils. The traditional farming treatment of Phase I was discontinued in 1982 at the beginning of Phase II and the land was returned to natural fallowing. Runoff, soil erosion, and nutrient losses in runoff were monitored using a 4·5 feet H‐Flume, FW‐1 waterstage recorder and Coshocton Wheel sampler. From the mean annual rainfall of 1320 mm, mean annual runoff amounts for the 3‐year period from 1979 through 1981 during Phase I were 5·6 mm (0·42 per cent of rainfall) for MC‐NT, 5·7 mm (0·43 per cent) for TF, 43·2 mm (3·27 per cent) for SB‐NT, 43·5 mm (3·30 per cent) for MC‐PT, 68·3 mm (5·17 per cent) for TP‐NT, and. 113·1 mm (8·57 per cent) for TP‐PT treatments. Runoff losses were consistently more during the first compared with the second growing season. Trends in soil erosion were similar to those of runoff, and annual soil erosion amounts were 0·1 Mg ha−1 for MC‐NT, 0·2 Mg ha−1 for TF, 1·5 Mg ha−1 for SB‐NT, 3·6 Mg ha−1 for MC‐PT, 5·1 Mg ha−1 for TP‐NT, and 8·3 Mg ha−1 for TP‐PT treatments. Measurements made during Phase II showed that there were no significant differences in runoff or soil erosion among the restorative farming systems adopted. Nutrient concentrations in runoff and nutrient loss were generally high in uncropped treatments, e.g. mucuna fallow during the fallowing phase and ley farming during the grazing phase.",Included,
"Habte, M., Byappanahalli, M.N.",1994,Dependency of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,Mycorrhiza,4,6,10.1007/BF00206771,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6771/,"Cassava plants were started in the greenhouse either from small cuttings (2.0 mg P/cutting) or large cuttings (20.2 mg P/cutting) in a subsurface Oxisol not inoculated or inoculated with Glomus aggregatum at target soil solution P concentrations of 0.003–0.2 mg l-1. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungal colonization levels in excess of 60% were attained on cassava roots irrespective of the size of cutting material used or target soil solution P status. However, plants started from large cuttings grew faster and better than those started from smaller ones. Cassava was found to be very highly dependent on VAM fungi if grown from small cutting but only marginally dependent if grown from large cuttings. The lower dependence of cassava on VAM fungi when started from larger cuttings appears to be related to the high P reserve in these cuttings and hence the low requirement of the plants for soil P until the P reserve in the cuttings is significantly depleted.",Included,
"Danso, K. E., Serfor-Armah, Y., Nyarko, B. J. B., Osae, S., Osae, E. K.",2001,Determination of some mineral components of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) using instrumental neutron activation analysis,Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,250,1,10.1023/A:1013236818791,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4256/,"Some mineral elements in the leaves, peel (periderm) and the tuber (edible portion) of seven cassava cultivars were determined using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The cassava specimens were made up of three improved cultivars; namely, TMS 30572, (Afisiafi). TMS 50395 (Gblomaduade) and TMS 4 (2) 1425 (Abasa fitaa). The others are a locally produced mutant ""Tek bankye"" and two landraces ""Ankrah"" and ""Akosua tumtum"". A total of 10 elements (Al, Ca. Mg, V. Mn, Na, Br, Cl, Zn, and K) were identified in all the cultivars studied. The tuber portion contained 10 elements while the leaves and the peel contained 8 and 9 elements, respectively. Five of the elements identified (Ca, Na, V, Mg, and Cl) are classified as major elements in human nutrition while three (Mn, V, and Zn) are trace elements. The major elements were detected in high concentration in the peel of most of the cultivars than the edible tuber or leaves. Al was found in very high concentrations ranging from 643.6 to 12610.0 mg/kg in the peel except in ""Akosua tumtum"" where its concentration was below 100 mg/kg. The concentration of Ca and Mg meets the recommendations made by Subcommittee on Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). The presence of five major and three trace elements in the tuber indicates that cassava has a rich mineral source which makes it safe for human consumption.",Included,
"Eleazu, C. O., Eleazu, K. C.",2012,"Determination of the Proximate Composition, Total Carotenoid, Reducing Sugars and Residual Cyanide Levels of Flours of 6 New Yellow and White Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Varieties",American Journal of Food Technology,7,10,10.3923/ajft.2012.642.649,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5124/,"The proximate composition, total carotenoid, reducing sugars and residual cyanide levels of flours of 6 elite yellow and white cassava varieties UMUCASS 38, UMUCASS 36, UMUCASS 37, TMS0510473, TMS0511636 and TMS9810505 were determined using standard techniques. Results indicated that all the cassava varieties had low moisture contents with TMS9810505 having the highest moisture contents (12.280.95) than other varieties studied and TMS0511636 having the least (8.40S.00) while the reverse was the case for their dry matter contents which was observed to be high with TMS0511636 having the highest dry matter (91.600.00) and TMS9810505 having the least (87.730.95). There was no observed significant difference (p0.05) in the crude fibre and ash contents of all the cassava varieties investigated. UMUCASS 37 was observed to have significantly higher quantities of fats (p<0.05) among the cassava varieties studied (2.750.31) while TMS0511636 had the least (0.80S.57). The flours were observed to have low residual cyanide which was higher with the yellow varieties compared with the white varieties. The yellow varieties were also observed to have higher quantities of reducing sugar and carotenoid compared with the white varieties. Results inhcate that the yellow varieties may have dual utility both for human consumption and for industrial purposes while the white variety may be confined to domestic use. In addition, their low moisture and high dry matter contents suggest longer storage lives and better cooking qualities for the cassava varieties.",Included,
"Howeler, Reinhardt H.",1999,Developing sustainable cassava production systems with farmers in Asia,Systems and Farmer Participatory Research: Developments in Research on Natural Resource Management,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7409/,,Included,
"Abele, Steffen, Twine, Edgar, Ntawuruhunga, Pheneas, Baguma, Yonah, Kanobe, Charles, Bua, Anthony",2007,"Development and Dissemination of Improved Cassava Varieties in Uganda: Analysis of Adoption Rates, Variety Attributes and Speed of Adoption",AAAE Conference Proceedings,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/127/,"The transition out of extreme poverty and hunger in agrarian economies requires an understanding of how new agricultural technologies are adopted by poor farmers. In Uganda, improved germplasm from the cassava breeding program has generated new varieties that are increasingly being grown by farmers. Although considerable success has been achieved in adoption of these varieties in general, there is increasing pressure on breeding and technology dissemination programs to improve the targeting of their efforts. This paper identifies the specific cassava varieties adopted thus far and their desirable and undesirable attributes. In addition, it determines the adoption rates of these varieties and the factors that have influenced the speed of adoption of the most adopted variety. Results show that NASE 1, NASE 2, NASE 3, NASE 4, NASE 10 and NASE 12 are the varieties adopted so far. Farmers consider, inter alia, disease resistance, maturity period, taste and dry matter content in their decision to adopt new cassava varieties. From the Negative Binomial model, speed of adoption of NASE 3 was positively influenced by age of household head, household size and access to extension services. However, it was negatively influenced by number of hoes owned by a household. We conclude that there is need to continue breeding for adaptability to biotic stresses while improving on attributes that influence palatability and nutritive value of the crop. Strengthening the link between farmers and agricultural extension agents/service providers and improving the targeting of extension services will enhance the adoption of new cassava varieties.",Included,
"De Oliveira, L. A., Reis, R. C., Santana, H. M., Da Silva Santos, V., De Carvalho, J. L. V.",2017,Development and sensorial acceptance of biofortified dehydrated cassava chips,SeminaCiencias Agrarias,38,6,10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n6p3579,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4399/,"Cassava is the food base for millions of people in tropical Africa, Latin America and Asia. However, cassava commercial varieties are deficient in vitamin A and the consumption of biofortified cassava, which has a higher concentration of β-carotene in the roots, represents an alternative to prevent this deficiency. Dehydrated products are an integral part of many consumers’ diet, which have preferred healthier and lower calorie foods. This study aimed to develop a dehydrated product of cassava (dehydrated chips) from biofortified varieties. The dehydrated chips were elaborated from the following biofortified cassava genotypes: BRS Dourada, BRS Gema de Ovo, BRS Jari and hybrid 2003 14-11. For obtaining the dehydrated chips, cassava roots were washed, sanitized, peeled, sliced to a thickness of 0.8 mm, blanched and dehydrated at 65 °C. First, dehydrated chips were prepared with no added flavoring, from roots of four cassava genotypes harvested at 12 months after planting, in order to select the two most suitable for dehydrated chips production based on sensory acceptance. In the second stage, dehydrated chips were produced with the addition of onion and parsley flavoring, from the two genotypes selected in the previous step. The BRS Jari variety and hybrid 2003 14-11 showed highest total carotenoid content, 10.54 μg g-1 and 6.92 μg g-1, respectively, and β-carotene, 8.93 μg g-1 and 4.98 μg g-1, respectively. For carotenoids and β-carotene retention there was no significant difference among the dehydrated chips prepared with four biofortified cassava genotypes, which showed average values of 76% and 67%, respectively. Dehydrated chips made with the BRS Jari and hybrid 2003 14-11 had highest average for flavor attribute and did not differ on the crispness and overall acceptance and classified between “like slightly” and “like moderately”. Despite the addition of “onion and parsley” flavoring, there has been no greater acceptance by consumers. Dehydrated cassava chips made with the BRS Jari variety and the hybrid 2003 14-11 showed good sensorial acceptance and higher total carotenoid and β-carotene contents, thus being biofortified varieties suitable for the elaboration of this product.",Included,
"Lungkapin, J., Salokhe, V.M., Kalsirisilp, R., Nakashima, H.",2007,Development of a Stem Cutting Unit for a Cassava Planter,Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR E-journal,9,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10240/,"A cassava stem cutting unit was developed to generate the design data for its use on a prototype of a cassava planter. It consisted of a 25.5 cm circular saw blade, cam mechanism, bottom plate, electric motor (0.75 kW) to operate saw blade and a motor (0.37 kW). The cassava stems were fed manually into a feeding chute for free fall on to the bottom plate, and then these were cut by the circular saw operated by an electric motor. The cam mechanism operated by the cam motor, controlled the number of cuts by the circular saw. The cutting length could be adjusted between 15 and 30 cm by altering the position of the bottom plate. Test results indicated that the highest cutting quality of this unit at more than 60 number of circular saw teeth when operated at faster than 1,200 rpm cutting shaft speed and slower than 50 rpm cam shaft speed. Cutting capacity depended on cam shaft speed. At 50 rpm cam shaft speed, minimum cutting capacity was found to be 5,034 stakes per hour (40,272 stakes per day of 8 h) with 83.91% cutting efficiency. The stems were undamaged when operated at these conditions and showed satisfactory germination performance.",Included,
"Bomfim, N., Nassar, N. M. A.",2014,Development of cassava periclinal chimera may boost production,Genetics and Molecular Research,13,1,10.4238/2014.February.10.1,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2398/,"Plant periclinal chimeras are genotypic mosaics arranged concentrically. Trials to produce them to combine different species have been done, but pratical results have not been achieved. We report for the second time the development of a very productive interspecific periclinal chimera in cassava. It has very large edible roots up to 14 kg per plant at one year old compared to 2-3 kg in common varieties. The epidermal tissue formed was from Manihot esculenta cultivar UnB 032, and the subepidermal and internal tissue from the wild species, Manihot fortalezensis. We determined the origin of tissues by meiotic and mitotic chromosome counts, plant anatomy and morphology. Epidermal features displayed useful traits to deduce tissue origin cell shape and size, trichome density and stomatal length. Chimera roots had a wholly tuberous and edible constitution with smaller starch granule size and similar distribution compared to cassava. Root size enlargement might have been due to an epigenetic effect. These results suggest a new line of improved crop based on the development of interspecific chimeras composed of different combinations of wild and cultivated species. It promises boosting cassava production through exceptional root enlargement.",Included,
"Manu-Aduening, J.A., Lamboll, R.I., Mensah, G.A., Lamptey, J.N., Moses, E., Dankyi, A.A., Gibson, R.W.",2006,"Development of superior cassava cultivars in Ghana by farmers and scientists: The process adopted, outcomes and contributions and changed roles of different stakeholders",Euphytica,150,01-Feb,10.1007/s10681-006-9091-x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10645/,"A participatory breeding programme involving farmers in two Ghanaian communities and scientists from CRI (Ghana) and NRI (UK) to develop superior cassava cultivars is described. Initial situation analyses of the communities indicated that cassava is increasing in importance both as a food and a cash crop. Most farmers utilised landraces of cassava; modern varieties were scarcely mentioned. Seeds of 16 half-sib families obtained from a crossing block in Nigeria at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture were planted in a field in each community. During seedling and subsequent clonal generations, accessions selected either by farmers or scientists were retained to the next generation. This selection process has identified 29 superior accessions from amongst 1350 original seedlings. Farmers were relatively consistent in their selection from year to year and their selections corresponded with their stated criteria. Official variety release requires additional multilocational and inspection trials and postharvest assays but otherwise seems harmonious with a participatory breeding approach; our early involvement of farmers may facilitate early release, an important factor in cost-effectiveness. A stakeholder workshop confirmed the need for improved markets for cassava; surveys of current and potential markets have led to field trials with cassava processors. Adoption of a participatory approach, with farmers and scientists taking on new roles and decentralisation of activities, implies a concomitant transfer of influence and resources.",Included,
"Zhao, S. S., Dufour, D., Sanchez, T., Ceballos, H., Zhang, P.",2011,Development of Waxy Cassava With Different Biological and Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Starches for Industrial Applications,Biotechnology and Bioengineering,108,8,10.1002/bit.23120,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/20039/,"The quality of cassava starch, an important trait in cassava breeding programs, determines its applications in various industries. For example, development of waxy (having a low level of amylose) cassava is in demand. Amylose is synthesized by granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) in plants, and therefore, down-regulation of GBSSI expression in cassava might lead to reduced amylose content. We produced 63 transgenic cassava plant lines that express hair-pin dsRNAs homologous to the cassava GBSSI conserved region under the control of the vascular-specific promoter p54/1.0 from cassava (p54/1.0GBSSI-RNAi) or cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S (35SGBSSI-RNAi). After the screening storage roots and starch granules from field-grown plants with iodine staining, the waxy phenotype was discovered p54/1.0 GBSSI-RNAi line A8 and 35SGBSSI-RNAi lines B9, B10, and B23. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that there was no detectable GBSSI protein in the starch granules of plants with the waxy phenotype. Further, the amylose content of transgenic starches was significantly reduced (< 5%) compared with the level in starch granules from the wildtype (about 25%). The inner structure of the waxy starch granules differed from that of the untransformed ones, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy analysis as well as morphological changes in the iodine-starch complex. Endothermic enthalpy was reduced in waxy cassava starches, according to differential scanning calorimeter analysis. Except B9, all waxy starches displayed the A-type X-ray diffraction pattern. Amylogram patterns of the waxy cassava starches were analyzed using a rapid viscosity analyzer and found to have increased values for clarity, peak viscosity, gel breakdown, and swelling index. Setback, consistency, and solubility were notably reduced. Therefore, waxy cassava with novel starch in its storage roots was produced using the biotechnological approach, promoting its industrial utilization. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108 1925-1935. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.",Included,
"Jaramillo, G., Morante, N., Perez, J.C., Calle, F., Ceballos, H., Arias, B., Bellotti, A.C.",2005,Diallel analysis in cassava adapted to the midaltitude valleys environment,Crop Science,45,3,10.2135/cropsci2004.0314,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8167/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important commodity for industrial processes in tropical countries as one of the few alternatives to compete with imported maize (Zea mays L.). To maintain this competitiveness, cassava breeding needs to be as efficient as possible. This study provides one of the first attempts to produce quantitative genetic data to aid breeding efficiency, through the analysis of a diallel set among nine parental clones adapted to the midaltitude valleys environment. Thirty clones represented each F1 cross (with three exceptions). Evaluations were conducted in two contrasting environments with three replications in each location. The specific combining ability (SCA) effects were relatively more important than general combining ability (GCA) effects for root yield. In the case of harvest index, dry matter content (DMC) and plant type architecture GCA effects were about twice as large as those from SCA effects. Reaction to mites (Mononychellus tanajoa Bondar) and white flies (Aleurotrachelus socialis Bondar) (based on single-location data) showed the strongest influence of GCA effects on the expression of a given trait. Yield data demonstrates the excellent potential of this crop for the tropical production of starch and source of energy in animal feed that could compete with the international markets.",Included,
"Zacarias, A. M., Labuschagne, M. T.",2010,"Diallel analysis of cassava brown streak disease, yield and yield related characteristics in Mozambique",Euphytica,176,3,10.1007/s10681-010-0203-2,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19830/,"Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) reported from 1999 in Mozambique, now constitutes the main production constraint in the country. CBSD may be found in all plant parts, affecting food security and availability and quality of planting material. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relative importance of general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA), and inheritance of relevant traits and to identify superior parents for use in further improvement of genotypes for yield and CBSD resistance. The parents were selected from a region where CBSD is the main economic constraint. Chigoma mafia was the best general combiner for average root number and CBSD resistance, Mulaleia also combined well for CBSD resistance. Clone IMM 30025 was the best general combiner for root pulp hardness, but combined poorly for CBSD resistance. Chigoma mafia Mulaleia had the best mean performance for fresh root yield and CBSD resistance. Macia 1 Chigoma mafia had the best SCA for fresh root yield, CBSD resistance and root pulp hardness. MZ 89186 IMM 30025 and the reciprocals IMM 30025 MZ 89186, Chigoma mafia Macia 1 and MZ 89186 Mulaleia had the best resistance to CBSD. This indicates that there is good parental material for CBSD resistance breeding. Chigoma Mulaleia, MZ 89185 IMM 30025 and MZ 89186 Macia 1 had good mid-parent heterosis for the most important traits. Broad sense heritability estimates varied from 38.9 for fresh root yield to as high as 95.5 for harvest index, indicating the potential for effective response to selection.",Included,
"Tumuhimbise, R., Melis, R., Shanahan, P.",2014,Diallel analysis of early storage root yield and disease resistance traits in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Field crops research,167,,10.1016/j.fcr.2014.07.006,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17970/,"Little progress has been made in determining the combining ability and gene action controlling early storage root yield (SRY) and disease resistance traits in the Ugandan cassava germplasm. Such information is important in the selection of parents and breeding strategies for an effective breeding programme. The objective of this study was to estimate the general combining ability (GCA) of nine cassava parents and their specific combining ability (SCA) for early SRY and disease resistance traits, as well as to determine the gene action controlling these traits. Thirty-six full-sib cassava families were generated from a 99 half-diallel mating design and were evaluated in two distinct environments in Uganda using a 312 row by column design. Family, GCA and SCA effects and their interactions with environments were significantly different for most traits, indicating, respectively significant differences in the mean performances of the families, additive and non-additive gene action in the expression of the traits, and the non-additive influence of the environments. The relative importance of additive and non-additive gene action varied between traits, indicating the need for specific breeding strategies for each trait. Parents with desirable GCA effects for most traits were developed from cassava introductions from South America, highlighting their importance and possibility of widening genetic variability of African cassava germplasm. The GCA effects for the parents did not always correlate with their per se performance, implying that selection of parents based on their per se performance may not necessarily lead to development of superior hybrids.",Included,
"Kulembeka, H. P., Ferguson, M., Herselman, L., Kanju, E., Mkamilo, G., Masumba, E., Fregene, M., Labuschagne, M. T.",2012,Diallel analysis of field resistance to brown streak disease in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) landraces from Tanzania,Euphytica,187,2,10.1007/s10681-012-0730-0,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9253/,"Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) is an economically important virus disease causing significant losses to cassava root yield and quality in east, central and southern Africa. Breeding for resistance in cassava requires an understanding of the underlying genetic control of CBSD resistance. Sources of CBSD resistance are available but little is known on the value of those varieties as parents for CBSD resistance breeding. Two resistant and two susceptible varieties were crossed in a half diallel design and 35 F1 progeny from each of the six families, plus parents, were screened at two locations in a randomised complete block design with four replications in warm sub-humid environments of coastal Tanzania in 2008. Screening for CBSD field resistance was done using disease severity scoring on a scale of 15. Significant variations in disease severity were observed for crosses, general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) at both locations. The CBSD shoot symptom severity scores ranged from 1 to 4.4 while root necrosis ranged from 1.3 to 4.5. The contribution of GCA to the total sum of squares of crosses for disease scores ranged from 86.9 to 95.2% compared to SCA that ranged from 4.8 to 14.2%. Additive gene effects were more important than non-additive effects indicating that CBSD resistance is genetically determined and that selection should be successful to improve resistance. Selection of parents with good GCA effects will be important for success in CBSD resistance breeding.",Included,
"Esuma, W., Kawuki, R. S., Herselman, L., Labuschagne, M. T.",2016,Diallel analysis of provitamin A carotenoid and dry matter content in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Breeding Science,66,4,10.1270/jsbbs.15159,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5314/,"Global efforts are underway to biofortify cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) with provitamin A carotenoids to help combat dietary vitamin A deficiency afflicting the health of more than 500 million resource-poor people in Sub-Saharan Africa. To further the biofortification initiative in Uganda, a 66 diallel analysis was conducted to estimate combining ability of six provitamin A clones and gene actions controlling total carotenoid content (TCC), dry matter content (DMC) in cassava roots and other relevant traits. Fifteen F1 families generated from the diallel crosses were evaluated in two environments using a randomized complete block design. General combining ability (GCA) effects were significant for TCC and DMC, suggesting the relative importance of additive gene effects in controlling these traits in cassava. On the other hand, non-additive effects were predominant for root and shoot weight. MH02-073HS, with the highest level of TCC, was the best general combiner for TCC while NASE 3, a popular white-fleshed variety grown by farmers in Uganda, was the best general combiner for DMC. Such progenitors with superior GCA effects could form the genetic source for future programs targeting cassava breeding for TCC and DMC. A negative correlation was observed between TCC and DMC, which will require breeding strategies to combine both traits for increased adoption of provitamin A cassava varieties. 2016, Japanese Society of Breeding. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Calle, F., Perez, J.C., Gaitan, W., Morante, N., Ceballos, H., Llano, G., Alvarez, E.",2005,Diallel inheritance of relevant traits in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) adapted to acid-soil savannas,Euphytica,144,01-Feb,10.1007/s10681-005-5810-y,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2938/,"There is a limited knowledge on the inheritance of traits with agronomic relevance in cassava. A diallel study among 10 parental clones was conducted in the acid-soils environment in the eastern savannas of Colombia. Thirty clones were obtained for each F1 cross. Each clone was represented by six plants, which were distributed in three replications at two locations. Therefore, the same 30 genotypes of each F1 cross were planted in the three replications at the two locations. Analysis of variance suggested significant effects for five of the six variables analyzed (harvest index, dry matter content, height of first branching, reaction to super elongation disease, and plant type scores). Fresh root yield showed strong genotype × environment interaction and differences between crosses reached statistical significance in only one of the two environments analyzed. General and specific combining ability effects and their interaction with the environment were significant for most of the variables as well. Results suggested that dominance plays an important role particularly in the cases of fresh root yield and harvest index.",Included,
"Cruz, C.",1981,Differential Mite Infestation of Cassava Varieties,Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico,65,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4032/,,Included,
"Kuria, Paul, Ilyas, Muhammad, Ateka, Elijah, Miano, Douglas, Onguso, Justus, Carrington, James C., Taylor, Nigel J.",2017,Differential response of cassava genotypes to infection by cassava mosaic geminiviruses,Virus research,227,,10.1016/j.virusres.2016.09.022,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9304/,"Mitigation of cassava mosaic disease (CMD) focuses on the introgression of resistance imparted by the polygenic recessive (CMD1), dominant monogenic (CMD2) and CMD3 loci. The mechanism(s) of resistance they impart, however, remain unknown. Two CMD susceptible and nine CMD resistant cassava genotypes were inoculated by microparticle bombardment with infectious clones of African cassava mosaic virus Cameroon strain (ACMV-CM) and the Kenyan strain K201 of East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV KE2 [K201]). Genotypes carrying the CMD1 (TMS 30572), CMD2 (TME 3, TME 204 and Oko-iyawo) and CMD3 (TMS 97/0505) resistance mechanisms showed high levels of resistance to ACMV-CM, with viral DNA undetectable by PCR beyond 7days post inoculation (dpi). In contrast, all genotypes initially developed severe CMD symptoms and accumulated high virus titers after inoculation with EACMV KE2 (K201). Resistant genotypes recovered to become asymptomatic by 65dpi with no detectable virus in newly formed leaves. Genotype TMS 97/2205 showed highest resistance to EACMV KE2 (K201) with <30% of inoculated plants developing symptoms followed by complete recovery by 35dpi. Deep sequencing of small RNAs confirmed production of 2124 nt virus derived small RNAs (vsRNA) that mapped to cover the entire ACMV-CM and EACMV KE2 (K201) viral genomes in both polarities, with hotspots seen within gene coding regions. In resistant genotypes, total vsRNAs were most abundant at 20 and 35dpi but reduced significantly upon recovery from CMD. In contrast, CMD susceptible genotypes displayed abundant vsRNAs throughout the experimental period. The percentage of vsRNAs reads ranked by class size were 21nt (45%), 22 nt (28%) and 24 nt (18%) in all genotypes studied. The number of vsRNA reads directly correlated with virus titer and CMD symptoms.",Included,
"Njoku, B. O., Enwezor, W. O.",1991,Differential response of four cassava cultivars (Manihot esculenta) to liming of two acid soils in pot and field experiments,Field Crops Research,28,01-Feb,10.1016/0378-4290(91)90081-6,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12233/,"Four elite cassava cultivars were grown at lime rates ranging from 0 to 4.0 t ha-1 in the greenhouse and in the field, with a view to identifying those best suited for acid soil conditions of eastern Nigeria. Two of the cultivars, TMS 30211 and TMS 30555, showed significant positive yield response (P < 0.01) to 1-2 t lime ha-1. Higher lime rates decreased root yields. Cultivars TMS 30572 and U/41044 produced their maximum yields in unlimed soil, and showed significant negative responses to liming (P < 0.01). Liming did not affect cassava stem yields, but significant differences were observed among the cultivars. In terms of root and stem yields, cultivar TMS 30572 is recommended for acid soils of eastern Nigeria. The results also indicate that acid-tolerant cassava cultivars are Al-tolerant and Ca-efficient at the same time.",Included,
"Okoye, B. C., Abass, A., Bachwenkizi, B., Asumugha, G., Alenkhe, B., Ranaivoson, R., Randrianarivelo, R., Rabemanantsoa, N., Ralimanana, I.",2016,Differentials in technical efficiency among smallholder cassava farmers in Central Madagascar: A Cobb Douglas stochastic frontier production approach,Cogent Economics and Finance,4,1,10.1080/23322039.2016.1143345,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12934/,"This study employed the Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier production function to measure the level of technical efficiency among smallholder cassava farmers in Central Madagascar. A multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 180 cassava farmers in the region and from this sample, input-output data were obtained using the cost route approach. The parameters of the stochastic frontier production function were estimated using the maximum likelihood method. The results of the analysis showed that individual farm-level technical efficiency was about 79%. The study found education, gender and age to be indirectly and significantly related to technical efficiency at a 1% level of probability, and to household size at a 5% level. The coefficient for occupational status was positive and highly significant at a 1% level. The results show that the studys cassava farmers are not fully technically efficient, showing a mean score of. 79%, and suggesting that opportunities still exist for increasing efficiency among the farmers. There is a need, therefore, to ensure that these farmers have access to the appropriate inputs, especially land and capital. The results also call for land reform policies to be introduced, aimed at making more land available, especially to the younger and full-time female farmers. 2016 The Author(s).",Included,
"Enete, A.A., Nweke, F.I., Achike, A.I., Tollens, E.",2001,Differentiated gender ownership of cassava fields and implications for root yield variations in small holder agriculture of Southeast Nigeria,Tropicultura,19,3,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5199/,"As a result of their relatively limited access to production resources, it has been variously reported that women obtain lower yields from their individual crop fields than men. Cassava root yields obtained from farmers' fields in three villages of southeast Nigeria were compared using separate ownership of fields by gender as a factor. The result of the analysis fails to confirm lower yields from women's fields. Instead, mean fresh root yield was lower for fields owned individually by men than for those owned individually by women, and about the same for fields owned jointly by the whole family and those owned individually by women. This was apparently because of differences in the use of purchased inputs, especially hired labor and improved cassava varieties, and perhaps also due to differences in the age of cassava at harvest and the intercropping of cassava as a minor crop with yam.",Included,
"Haque, I., Walker, W. M.",1980,Direct and residual effects of P sources on cassava in Sierra Leone,Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,11,12,10.1080/00103628009367114,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6925/,"Direct, residual and cumulative effects of various P sources and rates were investigated on Njala upland soils using cassava as an indicator crop. The utilization index (UI) of ‘cocoa’ cassava was not significantly affected by source or rate of P. No significant direct effect of P sources and rates on fresh tuber yield was observed when compared with the control. The largest yield of 16 tons/ha occurred at 52.8 kg P/ha of P from urea ammonium phosphate. Increasing rates of P resulted in an increase in soil available P. Residual effects of P sources and rates significantly increased fresh tuber yield when triple superphosphate and urea ammonium P were the P sources.",Included,
"Gold, C. S., Altieri, M. A., Bellotti, A. C.",1990,"Direct and Residual Effects of Short Duration Intercrops on the Cassava Whiteflies Aleurotrachelus-Socialis and Trialeurodes-Variabilis (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae) in Colombia",Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,32,01-Feb,10.1016/0167-8809(90)90123-U,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6393/,The effects of short duration intercrops on the population dynamics of the cassava whiteflies Aleurotrachelus socialis Bondar and Trialeurodes variabilis (Quaintance) were investigated under outbreak conditions in Colombia. Whitefly egg densities per leaf and per plant were evaluated biweekly from experimental plots containing a regional cultivar of cassava in monoculture and intercropped with cowpea and with maize. Both species had lower egg densities on cassava mixed with cowpea than on cassava in monoculture with lower levels remaining in the intercrop for 6 months following cowpea harvest. Aleurotrachelus socialis eggs per plant were lower in cassava/maize systems than in monoculture throughout the cassava growth cycle with T. variabilis having fewer eggs per plant in the intercropped system only after maize harvest. Lower whitefly densities in multiple cropped systems during later stages of the cassava cycle resulted from effects of the intercrop on host-plant quality. Competition retarded cassava growth causing reductions in host-plant size well beyond the intercrop period. Greater whitefly numbers were associated with more vigorous plants and plant assemblages and hence were higher in monoculture.,Included,
"Ceballos, H., Snchez, T., Morante, N., Fregene, M., Dufour, D., Smith, A. M., Denyer, K., Prez, J. C., Calle, F., Mestres, C.",2007,Discovery of an amylose-free starch mutant in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,55,18,10.1021/jf070633y,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3171/,"One of the objectives of the cassava-breeding project at CIAT is the identification of clones with special root quality characteristics. A large number of self-pollinations have been made in search of useful recessive traits. During 2006 harvests an S1 plant produced roots that stained brownish-red when treated with an iodine solution, suggesting that it had lower-than-normal levels of amylose in its starch. Colorimetric and DSC measurements indicated low levels (3.4%) and an absence of amylose in the starch, respectively. SDS-PAGE demonstrated the absence of GBSS enzyme in the starch from these roots. Pasting behavior was analyzed with a rapid visco-analyzer and resulted in larger values for peak viscosity, gel breakdown, and setback in the mutant compared with normal cassava starch. Solubility was considerably reduced, while the swelling index and volume fraction of the dispersed phase were higher in the mutant. No change in starch granule size or shape was observed. This is the first report of a natural mutation in cassava that drastically reduces amylose content in root starch.",Included,
"Moresco, R., Uarrota, V. G., Nunes, E. D., Coelho, B., Amante, E. R., Gervin, V. M., Campos, C. E. M., Rocha, M., Maraschin, M.",2014,Discrimination of Brazilian Cassava Genotypes (Manihot esculenta Crantz) According to Their Physicochemical Traits and Functional Properties through Bioinformatics Tools,8th International Conference on Practical Applications of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics (PACBB 2014),294,,10.1007/978-3-319-07581-5_7,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11392/,"Manihot esculenta currently ranks as the third most important species source of calories in the world. The most important part of the plant is the root, rich in starch. The starch fraction is basically composed of amylose and amylopectin, and different ratios of contents of these two polysaccharides determine the physicochemical traits and functional properties peculiars to genotypes. In this study, principal component analysis (PCA) and clusters analysis were applied to a set of physicochemical and functional variables of ten starch samples of M. esculenta genotypes. Moreover, a further chemometric approach was used to a FTIR spectral data set. The analytical techniques employed, associated with chemometric analyzes, allowed distinguishing and/or grouping the genotypes according to their physicochemical traits and functional peculiarities. It was also observed a good relationship between the descriptive models built using the physicochemical dataset and the FTIR dataset from the carbohydrate fingerprint region, allowing a more detailed and robust understanding of possible differences and/or similarities of the studied genotypes.",Included,
"Njock, T.E., Atiri, G.I., Thottappilly, G., Thresh, J.M.",1996,Disease development and recovery in resistant and susceptible cassava genotypes infected by African cassava mosaic geminivirus,African Plant Protection,2,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12228/,"The incidence and severity of symptoms caused by African cassava mosaic geminivirus (ACMV) were assessed in shoots regenerated from single-node cuttings of three cassava genotypes differing in resistance to ACMV. Plants of the moderately resistant TMS 4(2)1425 and susceptible TMS 60506 did not recover from the disease as rapidly as those of the resistant TMS 30001. Recovery was manifested earlier on leaves of shoots from nodes collected from the shoot tip area than on those from below in all genotypes. Generally, a greater percentage of symptomless plants developed from single-node cuttings obtained from the apical region of infected plants than from the basal region, particularly in the resistant genotype, ACMV was detected serologically at greater concentrations in new axillary shoots regenerating from basal nodes of topped plants of the resistant genotype than from the apical nodes. Symptoms on shoots developing from apical cuttings were also less severe than on those from basal cuttings. Uninfected cuttings were obtained from some plants that had fully recovered from the disease, especially if the cuttings were obtained from young apical tissue.",Included,
"Ariyo, Oluwole A., Dixon, Alfred G.O., Atiri, Gabriel I., Gachomo, Emma W., Kotchoni, Simeon O.",2015,Disease resistance characterisation of improved cassava genotypes to cassava mosaic disease at different ecozones,Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection,48,6,10.1080/03235408.2015.1045233,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1323/,"Twenty-two cassava genotypes and eight controls were evaluated in two cropping seasons for resistance to cassava mosaic disease (CMD) at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) fields, located at different ecozones of Nigeria. Disease incidence (DI) and index of symptom severity data were obtained monthly at each location and genotype. Symptomatic leaves were also collected during evaluation at each location, and virus was indexed by amplification in polymerase chain reaction. Significant differences within and across locations were observed in the reactions of cassava genotypes to CMD. DI across cassava genotypes was significantly (p =0.05) highest in the Ibadan (22.6%), followed by Onne (19.3%). Generally, plants of clones 96/0860, 96/1439, 96/0160, 96/1089A, 96/1632, 96/1613, 96/1708, 96/0191, 96/0249 and 96/1565 had significantly lower values of DI in each location. African cassava mosaic virus in single infection was the predominant causal agent of CMD in IITA experimental fields under study.",Included,
CIAT,2002,Disease resistance in cassava,Project IP-3 Improved cassava for the developing world Annual Report 2002,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19386/,,Included,
"Hillocks, Rory, Maruthi, Midatharahally, Kulembeka, Heneriko, Jeremiah, Simon, Alacho, Francis, Masinde, Emily, Ogendo, Joshua, Arama, Peter, Mulwa, Richard, Mkamilo, Geoffrey, Kimata, Bernadetta, Mwakanyamale, Davis, Mhone, Albert, Benesi, Ibrahim",2016,Disparity between Leaf and Root Symptoms and Crop Losses Associated with Cassava Brown Streak Disease in Four Countries in Eastern Africa,Phytopathologische Zeitschrift,164,2,10.1111/jph.12430,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7201/,"Cassava brown streak disease is endemic to the coastal regions of East Africa, and from around 2004, the disease resurged and became epidemic in the Great Lakes Region, where it continues to spread. In both these areas, cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) leaf symptoms occur at high incidences. However, it is the associated symptom of root rot (necrosis) in the starchbearing tissues that renders the root unfit for human consumption. Because the extent of root necrosis is not known until the crop is harvested and surveys require destructive sampling, root symptoms are much less frequently assessed than are the aboveground symptoms on the leaves and stems. Surveys were undertaken in selected villages in Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda and Malawi to assess the incidence of CBSD leaf symptoms and the incidence and severity of root symptoms, to estimate the impact of the disease on household food security and on cassava processing. CBSD leaf symptoms were recorded at high incidences (4090% in individual fields) in all fields visited throughout East Africa, but root necrosis incidence was lower than would be expected from the high incidence of leaf symptoms. Severe root necrosis at high incidence was found only on a few varieties, usually grown to a limited extent. It appears that varieties that are prone to root necrosis are being abandoned in favour of those with a lower propensity to develop root necrosis after infection by the virus.",Included,
"Jorge, M. A. B., Robertson, A. I., Mashingaidze, A. B., Keogh, E.",2001,"Distinguishing the effects of light and temperature variations on the growth, development, multiplication potential and ex vitro survival rates of in vitro cassava",Annals of Applied Biology,138,3,10.1111/j.1744-7348.2001.tb00121.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8382/,"Dissemination of cassava tissue culture plantlets is difficult in the arid tropics due to low ex vitro survival rates. Increased in vitro light intensity has been reported to induce high ex vitro survival rates. The results from earlier experiments suggested that it would be worthwhile to analyse the separate effects of in vitro light and of temperature on the in vitro growth pattern as well as differentiate its relation to ex vitro survival. Accordingly, analysis of a range of in vitro light intensities from 0 to 369 mol s-1 m-2 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was conducted both with and without fans to control the heat. Temperature proved stable at low PPFD levels but increased above 204 mol s-1m-1 when no fans were used. Increased PPFD levels induced larger fresh and dry masses as well as stem thickness. PPFD levels affected the developmental index (senescent leaf numbers) in vitro when it rose above 204 mol s-1 m-2 PPFD. Raised temperature ranges increased the multiplication index (node numbers) in vitro and ex vitro. It increased root number and leaf development (lobe anatomy). As in vitro temperatures of up to 40C improve multiplication rates and PPFD levels above 101 mol s-1 m-2 were detrimental for ex vitro survival (as low as 60%), it is suggested that simpler and less costly laboratories with low light levels and a wide range of temperature tolerance could be successfully established in the tropics for in vitro cleaning and rapidly multiplying crops like cassava.",Included,
"Ogwok, E., Alicai, T., Rey, M. E. C., Beyene, G., Taylor, N.J.",2015,Distribution and accumulation of cassava brown streak viruses within infected cassava (Manihot esculenta) plants,Plant Pathology,64,,10.1111/ppa.12343,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12763/,"Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD), caused by Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) and Ugandan cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV), ranks among the top seven biological threats to global food security. The disease poses a significant threat to cassava production in East and Central Africa (ECA). In Uganda, overall CBSD incidence increased by c. 20% since it reemerged in 2004, and the disease persistently reduces cassava yields and storage root qualities. The spread of CBSD has been studied spatially in fields in different agroecologies. However, withinhost distribution and accumulation of CBSV and UCBSV in naturally infected cassava plants is unknown. Therefore, withinhost CBSV and UCBSV distribution was studied to correlate CBSD symptoms with virus titre in organs of infected cassava. Leaf, stem and storage root samples, with and without symptoms, were collected from 10 genotypes of fieldgrown cassava. Presence of CBSV and UCBSV was detected by RTPCR and virus levels determined by qRTPCR. CBSV was present in 100% of CBSD samples with symptoms, with 453% positive for presence of both CBSV and UCBSV. Tolerant cassava genotypes were infected with CBSV alone and accumulated higher titre in roots than in aerial organs. Susceptible genotypes were coinfected with CBSV and UCBSV and exhibited variation in virus titre in each organ. Across genotypes, virus titre was lowest in the youngest leaves and highest in mature nonsenescing leaves. This information provides insight into the relationship between CBSV, UCBSV and their cassava host, and is valuable for CBSD resistance breeding, epidemiology studies and CBSD control.",Included,
"Persley, G.J.",1977,Distribution and importance of cassava bacterial blight in Africa,"Cassava Bacterial Blight. Report of an Interdisciplinary Workshop held at IITA, lbadan, Nigeria, 1-4 November 1976",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14052/,,Included,
"Nwaichi, E. O., Wegwu, M. O., Nwosu, U. L.",2014,Distribution of selected carcinogenic hydrocarbon and heavy metals in an oil-polluted agriculture zone,Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,186,12,10.1007/s10661-014-4037-6,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12379/,"Owing to the importance of clean and fertile agricultural soil for the continued existence of man, this study investigated the concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and some heavy metals in soils and selected commonly consumed vegetables and tubers from oil-polluted active agricultural farmland in Gokana of Ogoniland, Rivers State, Nigeria. Samples from Umuchichi, Osisioma Local Government Area in Abia State, Nigeria, a non-oil-polluted area constituted the control. In test and control, up to 3,830 ± 19.6 mgkg−1 dw and 6,950 ± 68.3 mgkg−1 dw (exceeding DPR set limits) and 11.3 ± 0.04 mgkg−1 dw and 186 ± 0.02 mgkg−1 dw for TPH and PAHs, respectively, were recorded in test soil and plant samples, respectively. Among the metals studied (Pb, Cd, Cr, Mn, Fe and Zn), Pb and Cr uptake exceeded WHO set limits for crops in test samples. Combined sources of pollution were evident from our studies. Bitterleaf and Waterleaf could be tried as bioindicators owing to expressed contaminants uptake pattern.",Included,
"Mwenje, E., Ride, J.P., Pearce, R.B.",1998,Distribution of Zimbabwean Armillaria groups and their pathogenicity on cassava,Plant Pathology,47,5,10.1046/j.1365-3059.1998.00275.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11644/,"Disease surveys carried out between 1989 and 1992 showed Armillaria to be restricted to the northern and eastern parts of Zimbabwe and to be absent from the western and southern parts. Armillaria disease is of local economic significance especially in fruit and clonal pine seed orchards. Pathogenicity studies showed significant differences in infection of cassava (Manihot esculenta) variety Zanaga (Ccv1) between isolates belonging to the three Zimbabwean Armillaria groups (I, II and III), but there were no significant differences in the infection of another cassava variety, Zcv1, from Zimbabwe. The group II isolates failed to cause any infection on the cassava clones. Rhizomorphs were the main means of infection in the pathogenicity studies, although they are rare in nature in Zimbabwe. Results using detached cassava tubers to assess pathogenicity proved to be inconsistent. Periderm restoration responses, which have been observed in woody plants and are presumed to function by restricting pathogen ingress, were observed in cassava infected with Armillaria.",Included,
"An, D., Ma, Q., Yan, W., Zhou, W., Liu, G., Zhang, P.",2016,Divergent regulation of CBF regulon on cold tolerance and plant phenotype in cassava overexpressing arabidopsis CBF3 gene,Frontiers in Plant Science,7,Dec-16,10.3389/fpls.2016.01866,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1050/,"Cassava is a tropical origin plant that is sensitive to chilling stress. In order to understand the CBF cold response pathway, a well-recognized regulatory mechanism in temperate plants, in cassava, overexpression of an Arabidopsis CBF3 gene is studied. This gene renders cassava increasingly tolerant to cold and drought stresses but is associated with retarded plant growth, leaf curling, reduced storage root yield, and reduced anthocyanin accumulation in a transcript abundance-dependent manner. Physiological analysis revealed that the transgenic cassava increased proline accumulation, reduced malondialdehyde production, and electrolyte leakage under cold stress. These transgenic lines also showed high relative water content when faced with drought. The expression of partial CBF-targeted genes in response to cold displayed temporal and spatial variations in the wild-type and transgenic plants highly inducible in leaves and less altered in apical buds. In addition, anthocyanin accumulation was inhibited by downregulating the expression of genes involved in its biosynthesis and by interplaying between the CBF3 and the endogenous transcription factors. Thus, the heterologous CBF3 modulates the expression of stress-related genes and carries out a series of physiological adjustments under stressful conditions, showing a varied regulation pattern of CBF regulon from that of cassava CBFs. 2016 An, Ma, Yan, Zhou, LiuandZhang.",Included,
"Pereira, C. M. R., da Silva, D. K. A., Ferreira, Acda, Goto, B. T., Maia, L. C.",2014,Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Atlantic forest areas under different land uses,Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,185,,10.1016/j.agee.2014.01.005,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13989/,"Agricultural land use compromises the viability of Atlantic forest remnants and may permanently alter the structure of the biological soil community. Soil micro-organisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) which participate in symbiotic associations with plant roots are of particular importance. In order to assess the impact of cultivation we measured the diversity of AMF in six areas in Goiana, PE, Brazil a sapodilla plantation, a rubber tree plantation, a mahogany plantation, a eucalyptus plantation, a crop rotation area currently being used to cultivate cassava, and an area of Atlantic forest. A total of 96 samples of rhizospheric soil were collected in the wet (June 2011) and dry (March 2012) seasons. Glomerospores were extracted from the soil, counted and used for AMF species identification. A total of 50 species belonging to 15 genera were recorded. Acaulospora spp. and Glomus spp. predominated, accounting for 52% of total species. The low value found in non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) multivariate analyses (33.2%) indicated that AMF community composition was more affected by different land uses than by physical and chemical characteristics of the soil. Diversity, evenness and richness indices were higher for the environment under greater stress (crop rotation), indicating that mycorrhizal symbiosis could be a strategy by which fungi and plants overcome biotic and abiotic stresses that occur in the soil. Diversity, evenness and richness indices tended to be lower in communities established in climax environments, such as in the Atlantic forest, rather than in the ones established in cultivation areas.",Included,
"Costa, Phelipe M. Oller, Souza-Motta, Cristina M., Malosso, Elaine",2012,Diversity of filamentous fungi in different systems of land use,Agroforestry Systems,85,1,10.1007/s10457-011-9446-8,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3960/,"Microbial population and activity can be influenced by changes in the physical and chemical conditions of the soil. The objective of this study was to compare fungal diversity under different agricultural management systems and associated differences in soil properties. This research was carried out in three areas, representing the Atlantic Forest, AFS and cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) monoculture system. Five composite samples were collected during the rainy and dry seasons from each area. Using the composite soil samples, fungal isolation was carried out using a serial dilution technique. Physical, chemical and DGGE analyses of the filamentous fungi community were performed. The fungal isolation data were used to calculate ecological indices of diversity, species richness, equitability, dominance, similarity and density. In general, Atlantic Forest soil presented the highest ecological indices followed by the AFS. The DGGE technique revealed that the structure of the soil mycobiota of the Atlantic Forest and AFS are more than 50% similar. The data indicate that the similarity of the structure and composition of soil mycobiota between AFS and Atlantic Forest is mainly due to the conservation of above-ground plant diversity, and the conservation of soil characteristics can be attributed to the absence of pesticides and fertilizers.",Included,
"Mbewe, Willard, Kumar, P. Lava, Changadeya, Wisdom, Ntawuruhunga, Pheneas, Legg, James",2015,"Diversity, Distribution and Effects on Cassava Cultivars of Cassava Brown Streak Viruses in Malawi",Journal of Phytopathology,163,6,10.1111/jph.12339,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10900/,"Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) has emerged as a major threat to cassava (Manihot esculenta) in eastern and southern Africa. CBSD was first reported in Malawi in the 1950s, but little data on the distribution and epidemiology of the disease are available. A diagnostic survey was therefore conducted in Malawi to determine the distribution, incidence and diversity of viruses causing the disease, and to characterize its effects on local cassava cultivars. Diagnostic tests confirmed the presence of cassava brown streak viruses (CBSVs) in 90% of leaf samples from symptomatic plants. Average CBSD foliar severity was 2.5, although this varied significantly between districts. Both Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) and Ugandan cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV) (genus Ipomovirus, family Potyviridae) were detected from sampled plants. UCBSV was widespread, whereas CBSV was detected only in the two most northerly districts. The average abundance of the whitefly vector (Bemisia tabaci) was 0.4 per plant, a low value that was partly attributable to the fact that the survey was conducted during the cool part of the year known to be unfavourable for B.tabaci whiteflies. Spearman's correlation analyses showed a positive correlation between CBSD foliar incidence and CBSD severity and between CBSD severity and CBSD stem incidence. Of the 31 cassava varieties encountered, 2020 was most severely affected, whilst Mtutumusi was completely unaffected. Although data from this study do not indicate a significant CBSD deterioration in Malawi, strengthened management efforts are required to reduce the current impact of the disease.",Included,
"Sanoussi, A. F., Loko, L. Y., Ahissou, H., Adjahi, A. K., Orobiyi, A., Agr, A. P., Azokpota, P., Dansi, A., Sanni, A.",2015,"Diversity, Physicochemical and Technological Characterization of Elite Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Cultivars of Bant, a District of Central Benin",Scientific World Journal,2015,,10.1155/2015/674201,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15830/,"Cassava is one of the staple food crops contributing significantly to food and nutrition security in Benin. This study aimed to assess the diversity of the elite cassava cultivars of Bant district, determine the physicochemical properties of the most preferred ones as well as the sensory attributes of their major derived products (gari and tapioca), and compare them with the farmers' and processors' perception on their technological qualities. The ethnobotanical investigation revealed existence of 40 cultivars including 9 elites that were further classified into three groups based on agronomics and technological and culinary properties. Clustered together, cultivars Idilrou, Monlkangan, and Odohoungbo characterized by low fiber content, high yield of gari and tapioca, and good in-ground postmaturity storage were the most preferred ones. Their physicochemical analysis revealed good rate of dry matters (39.8% to 41.13%), starch (24.47% to 25.5%) and total sugars (39.46% to 41.13%), low fiber (0.80% to 1.02%), and cyanide (50 mg/kg) contents. The sensory analysis of their gari and tapioca revealed very well appreciated (taste, color, and texture) products by the consumers. The confirmation by scientific analysis of the farmers' perception on qualities of the most preferred cultivars indicated that they have good knowledge of their materials.",Included,
"An, F., Chen, T., Stphanie, D. M. A., Li, K., Li, Q. X., Carvalho, L. J. C. B., Tomlins, K., Li, J., Gu, B., Chen, S.",2016,Domestication syndrome is investigated by proteomic analysis between cultivated cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and its wild relatives,PLoS ONE,11,3,10.1371/journal.pone.0152154,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1051/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) wild relatives remain a largely untapped potential for genetic improvement. However, the domestication syndrome phenomena from wild species to cultivated cassava remain poorly understood. The analysis of leaf anatomy and photosynthetic activity showed significantly different between cassava cultivars SC205, SC8 and wild relative M. esculenta ssp. Flabellifolia (W14). The dry matter, starch and amylose contents in the storage roots of cassava cultivars were significantly more than that in wild species. In order to further reveal the differences in photosynthesis and starch accumulation of cultivars and wild species, the globally differential proteins between cassava SC205, SC8 and W14 were analyzed using 2-DE in combination with MALDI-TOF tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 175 and 304 proteins in leaves and storage roots were identified, respectively. Of these, 122 and 127 common proteins in leaves and storage roots were detected in SC205, SC8 and W14, respectively. There were 11, 2 and 2 unique proteins in leaves, as well as 58, 9 and 12 unique proteins in storage roots for W14, SC205 and SC8, respectively, indicating proteomic changes in leaves and storage roots between cultivated cassava and its wild relatives. These proteins and their differential regulation across plants of contrasting leaf morphology, leaf anatomy pattern and photosynthetic related parameters and starch content could contribute to the footprinting of cassava domestication syndrome. We conclude that these global protein data would be of great value to detect the key gene groups related to cassava selection in the domestication syndrome phenomena.",Included,
"Mattos, P.L.P. de, Silva Souza, L. da, Correa Caldas, R.",1980,Double row planting systems for cassava in Brazil,"Cassava Cultural Practices: Proceedings of a workshop held in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 18-21 March 1980",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10851/,"Cassava (cultivar BGM-001) has been planted for 2 years in a double-row system at Cruz das Almas, Bahia. Cassava border rows produce higher yields than inside rows because they receive more light and nutrients. This is called a border effect. The double-row system tries to use this principle. A spacing of 2 x 0.6 x 0.6 m was shown to offer the highest productivity and greatest income return rate. Branch and stem production decreased as spacing increased between rows and along the rows; however, the number of roots per plant increased as the spacing between and along the rows increased. The use of the double-row system for cassava offers the advantages of allowing other crops to be planted between the double rows, facilitating mechanical weeding thus reducing labour and other costs, providing better conditions for field inspection and chemical application, reducing the time required for soil preparation by 75%, and, finally, producing higher yields than conventional cassava cropping systems.",Included,
"Vandegeer, Rebecca, Miller, Rebecca E., Bain, Melissa, Gleadow, Roslyn M., Cavagnaro, Timothy R.",2013,Drought adversely affects tuber development and nutritional quality of the staple crop cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Functional Plant Biology,40,2,10.1071/FP12179,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18304/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is the staple food source for over 850million people worldwide. Cassava contains cyanogenic glucosides and can be toxic to humans, causing paralysing diseases such as konzo, and even death if not properly processed. Konzo epidemics are often associated with times of drought. This may be due to a greater reliance on cassava as it is drought tolerant, but it may also be due to an increase in cyanogenic glucosides. Episodic droughts are forecast to become more common in many cassava-growing regions. We therefore sought to quantify the effect of water-stress on both yield and cyanogenic glucoside concentration (CNc) in the developing tubers of cassava. Five-month-old plants were grown in a glasshouse and either well watered or droughted for 28 days. A subset of droughted plants was re-watered half way through the experiment. Droughted plants had 45% fewer leaves and lower tuber yield, by 83%, compared with well-watered plants. CNc was 2.9-fold higher in the young leaves of droughted plants, whereas CNc in tubers from droughted plants was 4-fold greater than in tubers from well-watered plants. Re-watered plants had a similar biomass to control plants, and lower CNc than droughted plants. These findings highlight the important link between food quality and episodic drought.",Included,
"Sagrilo, E., Vidigal Filho, P. S., Pequeno, M. G., Gonçalves-Vidigal, M. C., Kvitschal, M. V.",2008,Dry matter production and distribution in three cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars during the second vegetative plant cycle,Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology,51,6,10.1590/S1516-89132008000600001,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15590/,"A study was carried out in Araruna County, State of Paran, to understand the relationship between the total dry matter yield and its proportion allocated to the storage roots of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) plants in the second vegetative cycle. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in split-plot scheme with four replications. The plots consisted of the Mico, IAC 13 and IAC 14 cultivars and the monthly harvesting dates were assessed in the sub-plots. The results showed that the Mico and IAC 13 cultivars were more efficient in allocating dry matter to the storage roots. The IAC 14 cultivar allocated a higher proportion of assimilates to stems compared with the other two cultivars. With regard to the influence of harvesting time, the lowest harvest indexes were observed in the periods of more intense vegetative growth. However, the highest carbohydrate proportions were allocated to the storage roots during periods of low vegetative growth.",Included,
"Colvin, J., Omongo, C.A., Maruthi, M.N., Otim-Nape, G.W., Thresh, J.M.",2004,Dual begomovirus infections and high Bemisia tabaci populations two factors driving the spread of a cassava mosaic disease pandemic,Plant Pathology,53,,10.1111/j.1365-3059.2004.01062.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3876/,"A cassava mosaic disease (CMD) pandemic currently affects much of East and Central Africa. To understand the factors driving the pandemic's continued spread, complementary data sets were collected from cassava plots, planted with healthy cuttings, at eight sites along a north–south transect in southern Uganda, through the pandemic's leading edge. Data were collected on virus incidence, symptom severity, populations of the whitefly vector, Bemisia tabaci, their infectivity and ability to transmit different viruses. In 1996, 6 months after planting, CMD incidences were highest at sites 1 and 2, then decreased progressively until site 6, and remained low at sites 7 and 8. The largest B. tabaci populations also occurred at northernmost sites, 1–3. In 1997, CMD incidence increased significantly at sites 5–8 and this was associated with significant increases in the B. tabaci populations. The pandemic's spread was also associated with significant increases in the percentage of dual infections of East African cassava mosaic virus‐Uganda and African cassava mosaic virus, which caused the severest symptoms and the greatest reduction in leaf area. Whitefly adults collected from within the pandemic area were infective, whereas those collected ahead of the pandemic were not. The transmission rate of African cassava mosaic virus from plants with dual infections was significantly less than that of East African cassava mosaic virus‐Uganda, which may explain the latter's predominance within the pandemic. These results show that the arrival of East African cassava mosaic virus‐Uganda into areas affected previously only by African cassava mosaic virus, has resulted in novel virus/vector/host–plant interactions that drive the pandemic's continued spread.",Included,
"Hölscher, D., Ludwig, B., Möller, R. F., Fölster, H.",1997,Dynamic of soil chemical parameters in shifting agriculture in the Eastern Amazon,"Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment",66,2,10.1016/S0167-8809(97)00077-7,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7232/,"In Northeast Para, Brazil, shifting agriculture by land settlers has been practiced for around 100 years. After a common cropping period of 2 years the fields are left fallow for 4 to 8 years. Changes in extractable cations and C, N, and P of soils were studied on six fields which were under different phases of the rotational cycle. The chemical composition of soil solutions was also monitored for a period of 19 months. In topsoils, the differences in C and N contents and extractable Ca and Al could be related to the landuse history expressed as time elapsed since last burn. Repeated sampling on two 'slash and burn' plots, showed significant increases in pH; CEC, extractable K, Ca and Mg, but decreases in extractable Na and Al, C and N content in the plots from 7-year old fallow to the first-year cropping field. Soil solution chemistry at 105 cm depth did not change with increasing fallow age. On the 'slash and burn' field, big variations in solute composition at 10 cm depth were observed during the initial months of the cropping period. In the soil solutions after burning, Ca concentrations ranged from 4.8 to 30.1 mg 1-1, but decreased to values between 1.2 and 2.7 mg 1-1 within 2 months. Slash burning and subsequent cropping lead to increases of Cl- and NO3- in the soil solution at 105 cm depth A small dose of NPK fertilizer (11 kg N ha-1, 13 kg P ha-1 and 17 kg K ha-1) did not increase NO3- concentration and chloride concentrations at this depth increased to a small extent. After the harvest of cassava, high nitrate concentrations of 11 mg N 1-1 were observed. NO3- and Cl- concentrations on the cropping fields were significantly correlated (n=350)with the sum of the concentration of the M(b) cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg), (NO3- -M(b), r = 0.82; Cl- -M(b), r=0.81). Nitrate also showed significant correlations with protons (r = 0.59) and Al (r = 0.47) concentrations. Ion concentrations in the soil solution can be reduced by agricultural management. During harvest, the aboveground vegetation should not be removed completely in one single step. If clear cutting cannot be avoided, the timing should be chosen as to keep some vegetation with high uptake potential at the beginning of the rainy season. A small dose of NPK-fertilizer stimulated the nutrient uptake by the vegetation and did not enhance nutrient concentrations in the seepage water.",Included,
"Osundahunsi, Oluwatooyin Faramade, Seidu, Kudirat Titilope, Mueller, Rudolf",2011,Dynamic rheological and physicochemical properties of annealed starches from two cultivars of cassava,Carbohydrate Polymers,83,,10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.10.056,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13431/,"Starch from tubers of “sweet” (low cyanide) and “bitter” (high cyanide) cassava (Manihot esculentum Crantz) crops was isolated and subjected to annealing treatment at 50 °C for 24,96,144 and 192 h in 1:5 starch to water ratio. Annealing generally reduced the swelling power and solubility of the starches. Storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) increased with decrease in complex viscosity (Eta*) as a function of angular frequency (ω). The magnitudes of G′ reported were greater than those of G″ revealing frequency dependency except sweet starch cultivar annealed at 192 h. The tan δ (ratio of G″/G′) of annealed starches were within the ranges of 0.31–0.39 and 0.23–0.45 for sweet and bitter cultivars, respectively. The tan δ values of the starches were lower than one, indicating that the samples are elastic in nature than viscous. The X-ray patterns of the A-type starches were not altered on annealing denoting that the double helices in the amorphous region were not disrupted. Annealing as revealed by scanning electron micrographs changed the structure of the sweet cultivar, while there was no change in the size and shape of the bitter cultivar.",Included,
"Taabu, H. L., Ndyomugyenyi, E. K., Mutetikka, D., Wasswa, D.",2015,Dynamics of cyanogens and in-vitro degradability of cassava peels as an indicator of its nutritional value as animal feed,Livestock Research for Rural Development,27,6,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17226/,"The in-vitro degradability of cassava peels and its relationship with the cyanogenic potential of five cassava varieties grown in Uganda was investigated to study the potential of cassava peels as an energy source in animal feeds. The cassava varieties included NASE 3, NASE 4, NASE 10, TME 14 and Tongolo. The first four varieties were considered to be of low to medium cyanogenic potential (CNp), while the last one contained high CNp. Cassava peels had 25.5 6.6% dry matter (DM), 86.6 0.9% organic matter (OM) and 56.8 5.8% neutral detergent fibre (NDF). Degradability of DM, OM and NDF was 74.8 4.2%, 74% 7.5% and 44.2 7.5% respectively. Total cyanogenic potential and free hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in the fresh peels ranged from 923 to 2815 and 33 to 676 mg HCN equivalent kg-1 DM respectively. These levels dropped by 27- 88% and over 90% respectively, when the peels were dried. For all varieties, the residual cyanogenic potential after drying the peels fell within the safety limits recommended by FAO/WHO for food and feed. The study showed that using fresh peels in sufficient amounts for feeding animals, particularly monogastrics, is potentially harmful due to high cyanogenic potential. Drying the peels can, however, reduce the cyanide toxicity risks. The low NDF degradability reduces the nutritional value of cassava peels if they are used as a sole source of energy in ruminant diets.",Included,
"Lestari, Puji, Widiyatno, Rahayu, Sri",2013,Dynamics of Gall Rust Disease on Sengon (Falcataria Moluccana) in various Agroforestry Patterns,Procedia Environmental Sciences,17,23,10.1016/j.proenv.2013.02.025,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9748/,"Sengon (Falcataria moluccana) has a high economical value in the community forest. It was planted by agroforestry system that has various pattern. However, gall rust disease has caused severe damage to all growth stages. Each agroforestry pattern has a different contribution on the development of gall rust disease. This research was aimed to evaluate development of gall rust disease in various agroforestry pattern. Field study was made in various agroforestry pattern that are PA I (sengon with coffee, papaya, and ginger), PA II (cassava planted between sengon with 1, 5 m spacing) and PA III (cassava planted in the edge of sengon plantation with 0, 5 m spacing) to observe Disease Incidence (DI) and Disease Severity (DS). The result showed that development of gall rust disease for 5 months at agroforestry patterns were observed is low (PA I has DI = 47,22%, DS = 15,74% while PA II has DI = 27,16%, DS = 10,29 and PA III has DI = 20,99%, DS = 7,41%).",Included,
"Preininger, D., Lojka, B., Bechyne, M., Hlavsa, T.",2010,Dynamics of weed species under different land use systems in Peruvian Amazon,Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica,43,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14430/,"Widespread land use method to obtain farmland in tropics is traditional slash-and-burn farming. The cultivation is feasible only in condition of long fallow period, otherwise this leads to weed infestation and soil degradation. The objective of this study implemented in the Peruvian Amazon around the city of Pucallpa was to determine possible use of Inga edulis for control of some weed species (e.g. Imperata brasiliensis) and how different agricultural practices influence weed occurrence. The study evaluate four treatments: (1) natural fallow; (2) cropping system with cassava; (3) planted fallow with Inga edulis; (4) planted fallow with I. edulis and kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides). Weed biomass were measured at 3, 6, 9, 13, 17, 20, 24, 28 and 32 months after fallow initiation. Weed samples were enumerated by counting the number of weeds by species in each subplot. On the research plot, about 20 most frequent weed species were determined. Highest frequency had Imperata brasiliensis; 185.1 individuals m-2 at three months and 31.4 individuals m-2 at 32 months (Inga + Pueraria). Aboveground biomass reached 180.9 g.m-2 at three months for Inga fallow. Results have shown that all four treatments led to successful control of grass weed species. But because of the poor development of Inga trees on severally degraded soil, the trees could not suppress the weeds by shading. The trees would probably need more time to prove this ability.",Included,
"Talwana, L.A.H., Speijer, P.R., Adipala, E., Maslen, N.R.",1997,Early screening of cassava for resistance to root-knot nematodes,Nematropica,27,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17292/,"A method was developed for early screening of cassava for resistance to root-knot nematodes. One-node cassava cuttings were planted in plastic disposable beverage cups filled with sterile 1.1 (by volume) sand-soil mixture. Two weeks after planting, the plantlets were infested with a 10 ml suspension containing approximately 1 000 Meloidogyne spp. eggs. One month after inoculation, the cassava root systems were evaluated for damage and rated for gall index. Densities of Meloidogyne females in the roots were established by differential staining, followed by counting of the female root-knot nematodes under a stereomicroscope. Significant differences in gall index and number of established females, but not in reduction in fresh root weight, were observed among varieties. While some confirmatory field surveys are still required, findings from preliminary surveys carried out in two areas of Uganda suggest that the relative susceptibility of a variety in the field can adequately be predicted by using one-node cuttings.",Included,
"Chipeta, Michael M., Shanahan, Paul, Melis, Rob, Sibiya, Julia, Benesi, Ibrahim R. M.",2016,Early storage root bulking index and agronomic traits associated with early bulking in cassava,Field Crops Research,198,,10.1016/j.fcr.2016.09.004,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3615/,"One of the attempts by farmers in counteracting the devastating effects of cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) on yield and quality of cassava is early harvesting. However, most varieties grown by farmers are often late bulking which increases the disease severity while on the other hand early harvesting results in significant yield losses. Farmers, therefore, need early storage root bulking cassava varieties in order to reduce the time to harvest leading to a faster rate of return to investment, while at the same time avoiding devastating effects of CBSD on yield and quality of cassava. The study was, therefore, conducted to identify high-yielding and early storage root bulking cassava genotypes as well as traits associated with early storage root bulking and estimate yield loss if any due to early harvesting. The overall aim was to generate information that would guide future improvement programmes for high-yielding and early-bulking cassava varieties in Malawi and other countries facing similar challenges. Trials were implemented using a square lattice design with three replications at two locations for two growing seasons with three harvest intervals (6, 9 and 12 months after planting, MAP). High yields were obtained of up to 9.5t/ha at 6 and 17.8t/ha at 9 MAP. Furthermore, the study revealed that yields obtained at 9 MAP were higher than those obtained at 12 MAP for some genotypes which suggests that such genotypes would be considered as early storage root bulking. Simple correlation analysis identified harvest index, storage root number, storage root diameter and storage root length as the selection criteria to achieve high fresh storage root yield (t/ha) and dry mass yield (t/ha). Path coefficient analysis allocated harvest index and shoot mass as the major selection criteria in improving fresh storage yield and dry mass yield. The study suggests that both source and sink capacities were important for determining early yield. Therefore, these two traits are the key determinants of early storage root bulking and should be used when selecting early-bulking cultivars and indirectly selecting for storage root number, storage root diameter and storage root length.",Included,
"Saidou, A., Kossou, D., Brussaard, L., Richards, P., Kuyper, T. W.",2008,Earthworm activities in cassava and egusi melon fields in the transitional zone of Benin: linking farmers' perceptions with field studies,Njas-Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences,56,01-Feb,10.1016/S1573-5214(08)80020-6,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15601/,"Farmers' perceptions of earthworm activities were studied in the transitional zone of Benin and linked to scientific explanations of earthworm casting activities. Earthworm activity was assessed in farmers' fields with three different cassava cultivars and in a field experiment with three different egusi melon species. The experiment included plots with cowpea and maize. The study also comprised group discussions and a survey with 91 individual farmers. All farmers were aware of earthworms, but there were significant gender differences in terms of perception of earthworms. The presence of earthworm casts is used by farmers as an indicator of soil fertility and of good conditions for crop growth. Cast production over a period of two months was highest in fields with maize, followed by cowpea, cassava and egusi melon. Farmers' ranking of earthworm abundance showed a pattern almost the opposite of our assessment, with cassava and egusi melon fields being ranked highest and those with maize and cowpea lowest. We suggest that farmer's criteria are context-dependent, with earthworm casting activity being relevant when judging whether a field can be intensively cropped again. Casts showed significantly higher plant nutrient contents than the topsoil. Nevertheless, the amount of nutrients recycled in casts is relatively low. Farmer involvement in the research activity increased their interest in earthworms.",Included,
"Eden, M.J., Andrade, A.",1987,Ecological aspects of swidden cultivation among the Andoke and Witoto Indians of the Colombian Amazon,Human Ecology,15,3,10.1007/BF00888030,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4936/,"The investigation of crop and soil-crop conditions among Andoke and Witoto cultivators in southeast Colombia is used as a basis for assessing Geertz' (1963) model of swidden cultivation. In this respect, the extent to which manioc dominated swiddens in the study area “simulate” the structure and composition of the forest climax community is questioned. As Geertz (1963) indicates, an initial nutrient boost for crop cultivation results from the preliminary burning of forest debris, but weed competition, rather than progressive loss of soil fertility, is reported to be the primary cause of abandoning manioc cultivation after 2–3 years. While the Andoke and Witoto crop system remains adaptive at the individual field level, particularly in its constituent species, its fundamental adaptation is considered to be its integration into the broader “field and fallow” system that juxtaposes crop production with extended periods of forest regeneration.",Included,
"Makinde, E. A., Saka, J. O., Makinde, J. O.",2007,Economic evaluation of soil fertility management options on cassava-based cropping systems in the rain forest ecological zone of south western Nigeria,African Journal of Agricultural Research,2,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10527/,"This study was carried out to determine the economic viability of fertility management options in cassava based cropping systems. Data were obtained from an on-station agronomic trial carried out in 1995 and 1996 in the rainforest agro-ecological zone of south western Nigeria. Economic evaluation was carried out using partial budget and Marginal Rate of Return (MRR) Analyses. The result showed that higher net returns were obtained from inorganic fertilizer (N285,748 in 1995 and N259,569 in 1996) followed by inorganic fertilizer + Soybean + soybean residue (N274,826 in 1995 and N255,413 in 1996). However, the result of the MRR analysis indicated that farmers stand to gain better if they change from no fertilizer control to either organic fertilizer (278%) or further to inorganic fertilizer with a MRR of 1255% respectively. Similar result was obtained in 1996 with organic fertilizer (494%) and inorganic fertilizer (1115%). However, considering the problem of scarcity often associated with inorganic fertilizer, the choice of organic fertilizer is more likely to be accepted by the farmers.",Included,
"Nweke, F. I., Ezumah, H. C., Agu, M.",1988,Economics of fertilizer application by different methods in a cassava-maize intercrop system,Cassava-based cropping systems research I,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5408/,,Included,
"Banito, A., Kpemoua, K. E., Wydra, K.",2002,Ecozonal variation in reaction of cassava genotypes from Togo to bacterial blight,Beitrage Zur Zuchtungsforschung,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1869/,,Included,
"Hauser, S.",1993,"Effect of Acioa barteri, Cassia siamea, Flemingia macrophylla and Gmelina arborea leaves on germination and early development of maize and cassava",Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,45,03-Apr,10.1016/0167-8809(93)90075-Z,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7017/,"Experiments were conducted to investigate the potential allelopathic effects of Acioa barteri, Cassia siamea, Gmelina arborea and Flemingia macrophylla leaf material on the germination of maize and early growth of cassava cuttings. Incubation of maize seeds with freshly added G. arborea and C. siamea leaf material reduced germination by 35%. The effect was insignificant if leaf material was prone to microbial activity for 2 weeks before incubation of the seeds. Under non-sterile conditions, F. macrophylla and A. barteri leaf material reduced root number of maize seedlings significantly; root and shoot weight per seedling were reduced by 50%. Under sterile conditions G. arborea and C siamea leaf material reduced germination and root number per seedling significantly at 7 days after inoculation (DAI). Root weight per germinated seed was significantly reduced at 7 DAI (P=0.25) and 13 DAI (P=0.05). F. macrophylla and A. barteri leaf material reduced root weight per germinated seedling at 13 DAI. Early development of cassava was retarded by amendments with A. barteri leaves. G. arborea leaf material retarded fungal growth. The potential benefits of this property are outweighed by the reduction of maize and cassava yields.",Included,
"Poramacom, Nongnooch",2011,"Effect of artificial rain on maize and cassava yields in Tonle Sap river basin, Sa Kaeo province, Thailand",Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences,32,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12281/,"The aim of the research was to analyze the cost of rainmaking services on maize and cassava in the Tonle Sap River Basin in Sa Kaeo Province, Thailand. The results will assist the Bureau of Royal Rainmaking and Agricultural Aviation to decrease rainmaking service expenditure and increase the effectiveness of the service in the future. Data were collected on costs and returns of maize and cassava grown in the 2008/ 2009 crop year in Watthananakhorn, Klonghad and Ta Phraya districts. Data were collected through interviews with 30 maize and 30 cassava farmers receiving rainmaking services and with the same number of both types of farmers not receiving rainmaking services. Comparisons of maize and cassava farming with and without rainmaking services were then made using regression analysis and ratios of farm cost and rainmaking service cost per unit. The results showed that rainmaking expenditure can be reduced by conducting rainmaking operations only from March to August. The quantity of rainfall affected statistically the maize and cassava yields. The service was less effective at reducing the drought problem in July.",Included,
"Hridya, A. C., Byju, G., Misra, R. S.",2013,"Effect of biocontrol agents and biofertilizers on root rot, yield, harvest index and nutrient uptake of cassava (Manihot esculanta Crantz)",Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science,59,9,10.1080/03650340.2012.702896,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7438/,"Cassava is an important subsidiary food and industrial raw material in the tropics. Root rot disease, caused by Phytophthora palmivora, poses a serious threat to cassava cultivation in Tamil Nadu, India. Field experiments (2008–09) were conducted to study the effect of biocontrol agents (Trichoderma spp. and Pseudomonas fluorescens) and biofertilizers (Azospirillum, vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria) on root rot, yield, harvest index and nutrient uptake of cassava at two NPK rates. The design of the experiment was a split plot with two NPK rates, recommended and 50% recommended rate, as the main plot treatments and five biocontrol agents and biofertilizers as subplot treatments. The results clearly indicated that use of a bioinoculants consortium significantly reduced root rot infection/disease incidence over uninoculated controls. Azospirillum significantly improved the yield of cassava at 50% of the recommended rate of NPK. NPK rates had no significant impact on harvest index of cassava and Trichoderma and vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi resulted in a higher harvest index even at 50% of the recommended NPK rate. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake was significantly improved when treated with biofertilizers and/or a consortium.",Included,
"Almazan, A.M.",1990,Effect of cassava flour variety and concentration on bread loaf quality,Cereal Chemistry,67,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/893/,"Cassava flour from 12 clones was baked into bread loaves at 10, 20, 30, and 40% substitution. Loaves were rated according to volume, color and character of crust, texture and grain, crumb color, and taste. Total scores of all quality parameters measured for each clone decreased as the amount of cassava flour was increased. Total scores at each concentration also varied depending on the cassava variety used (P = 0.001). Variations in volume, taste, crust color and character, and crumb color at each concentration of the clones were also very significant (P ≤ 0.001). There was no correlation among various physicochemical properties of the cassava flour and bread quality. Cyanide concentration in the bread depended on the cassava variety and on the percentage substituted.",Included,
"Spittel, M. C., Van Huis, A.",2000,"Effect of cassava mosaic disease, soil fertility, plant spacing and their interactions on cassava yields in Zanzibar",International Journal of Pest Management,46,3,10.1080/096708700415517,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16796/,"Cassava Mosaic Disease (CND) and low soil fertility are limiting factors for the production of the preferred cassava variety Kibiriti rrmekundu on the northern part of the island of Pemba in Zanzibar. Because CND severity, assessed 7 months after planting in shifting cultivation fields at wide spacing of cassava (2.5 x 2.5 m), was always low, the hypothesis was tested whether damage due to CND could be decreased by applying green manure. A total of 10 tonnes of fresh Gliricidia sepium leaves applied at 2 1/2, 4 and 5 1/2 months after planting increased yield by 40% to 7 tonnes per ha. The effect of green manure on yield was greatest on plants with highest CND scores. The effect of plant density on CND severity was also studied. Cassava yields at 1600, 2667, 6667 and 10 000 plants per ha and with soil of high fertility were 15, 17, 19 and 30 tonnes compared with 3, 6, 10 and 8 tonnes per ha respectively at a low fertility site. Under high soil fertility conditions, the CND score was highest at close plant spacing, while under low soil fertility conditions there was no effect of spacing. Yield compensation occurred by plants neighbouring CND affected plants, but only at the close plant spacing of 10 000 plants per ha and under high soil fertility conditions. Our results indicate that the impact of CND on cassava can be reduced by applying green manure in fields with low soil fertility, that increasing organic matter content in the soil lowers CND severity, and that CND scores are reduced by increasing both soil fertility and plant spacing.",Included,
"Seif, A.A.",1982,Effect of cassava mosaic virus on yield of cassava,Plant Disease,66,8,10.1094/PD-66-661,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6/,Yield reductions of cassava infected with cassava mosaic virus under field conditions ranged from 24 to 75%. There was a strong correlation between disease severity and yield loss. Incorporation of yield loss assessments in evaluation of varieties for mosaic resistance would seem advisable in view of these results.,Included,
"Adebowale, Abdur Rasaq, Sanni, Lateef, Awonorin, Samuel, Daniel, Isaac, Kuye, Ayoade",2007,Effect of cassava varieties on the sorption isotherm of tapioca grits,International Journal of Food Science and Technology,42,,10.1111/j.1365-2621.2007.01261.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/258/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Cranzt) deteriorates rapidly. Hence it is processed into various products within 2 to 3 days after harvesting. For this work, tapioca was produced from three different varieties of cassava. They are Odongbo, Okoiyawo and TMS30572. The sorption isotherm for the tapioca grits from three different varieties of cassava at temperatures 25, 32 and 45 °C were determined experimentally and modelled using five different models. Using analysis of variance at 0.01 level, it was shown that the experimental sorption isotherms of the tapioca from the various cassava varieties are not significantly different from each other. However, the Guggenheim (1966), Anderson (1946) & de Boer (1953) (GAB) model gave the best fit for sorption isotherm of tapioca from either the Odongbo or Okoiyawo varieties, while the exponential model was the best for that from TMS30572 variety.",Included,
"Ellis, W.O., Dziedzoave, N.T., Boakye, K., Simpson, B.K., Smith, J.P.",1997,Effect of cassava variety and processing methods on the performance of 'kudeme' in agbelima production,Food Control,8,4,10.1016/S0956-7135(97)00051-0,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5173/,"Kudeme, a traditional inoculum used in fermenting cassava for the production of agbelima may be prepared from different cassava varieties and by different processing methods. The effects of these two variables on the performance of kudeme were studied using three cassava varieties and three processing methods. Performance was measured as a function of the ability of kudeme to improve texture, colour and flavour of agbelima. Both cassava varietal difference and processing method affected significantly (p < 0.01) the performance of kudeme. The ‘Bosomensia’ variety of cassava and the ‘Blanching’ method for the processing of kudeme gave the best results. The interaction between the two variables also significantly (p < 0.05) affected the performance of the kudeme. The cassava variety/processing method combinations which gave the best performing kudeme samples were the Blanched Bosomensia (BBN), Blanched Biafra (BBF) and the Toasted Bosomensia (TBN) in descending order of performance. These results serve as a useful guide in selecting cassava varieties and processing methods for preparing kudeme and constitute a significant step in optimizing the production process of agbelima.",Included,
"Ugwu, F. M., Odo, M. O.",2008,Effect of cassava variety on the quality and shelf stability of soy-garri,Pakistan Journal of Nutrition,7,2,10.3923/pjn.2008.381.384,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18085/,"The quality and shelf stability of soy-garri produced from four different cassava varieties were investigated. Soak-mix method was employed in the production of soy-garri. The products obtained were found to have protein content ranging from (5.43% to 6.1%) and fat content of about 4.20%. During the period of storage, the peroxide value increased from (0.03mg/g to 0.23mg/g) while the swelling capacity and water holding capacity decreased from (363% to 220%), (390% to 300%) respectively. The sensory result revealed that soy-garri produced from TMS 555 was the most accepted at P < 0.05 level of significance.",Included,
"Pardales, J.R. Jr.",1986,Effect of cropping and preplanting tillage systems on the yield of cassava and its mungbean intercrop,Philippine Journal of Crop Science,11,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13778/,"Cropping system, viz, monocropping and intercropping, did not influence the yield and number of marketable, non-marketable and total tubers of cassava and its fresh herbage yield, tuber dry matter content (DM) and apparent harvest index (HI). Tillage method markedly influenced these parameters except the yield and number of non-marketable tubers. Yield and number of marketable and total tubers, herbage yield, tuber DM content and HI increased significantly when tillage was employed regardless of whether it was minimum or conventional. Total mungbean yield and weight of 1000 seeds were unaffected by tillage method. Both cropping and tillage treatments significantly affected the weed dry weights at two and four months after planting (MAP). Regardless of tillage method, intercropping produced appreciably lower weed biomass than monocropping at any time. Weed biomass production decreased consistently with the increase in tillage intensity under both monocropping and intercropping patterns.",Included,
"Odedina, J. N., Adigbo, S. O., Kulako, P., Iluebbey, P., Fabunmi, T. O., Afolabi, C. G., Osipitan, A. A.",2017,Effect of cropping system and age of plant at harvest on tuber rot and performance of elite cassava varieties in derived savannah,Acta Agriculturae Slovenica,109,2,10.14720/aas.2017.109.2.01,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12602/,"Devastated tuber rot disease among farmers prompted the evaluation of the elite improved varieties in the intercrop and the practice of delaying harvesting when there is glut in the market necessitated this study. Trial was carried out at the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta between 2011 and 2014 to evaluate yield performance of 21 elite cassava varieties planted as sole crop verse intercropped and harvested at different age. The 2 x 21 x 3 factorial experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design and replicated three times. The tuber yield obtained from sole plot in 2011/2012 cropping season was significantly higher than intercrop whereas those of 2012/2014 cropping season were similar. Land Equivalent Ratio was above one in both cropping seasons indicating that the performance of the improved varieties in intercrop was efficient. The pooled mean tuber yield showed that TMS 30572, 92/0326, 95/0211, 01/1371, 00/0338, 01/0046, 00/0098, 01/1097, 01/0085, 98/0581 and 98/510 were among the top eight varieties. Harvesting could be delayed up to 15 months after planting to reduce tuber rot.",Included,
"Otim-Nape, G.W., Ingoot, D.",1987,"Effect of cultural practices on the African cassava mosaic disease and its vector, Bemisia tabaci",Tropical Root Crops: Root Crops and the African Food Crisis: Proceedings of the Third Triennial Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops - Africa Branch,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13465/,"The effects of plant spacing, planting time, and number of cassava shoots on the incidence and severity of the African cassava mosaic disease (CMD) were studied in two split-plot experiments. Cassava canopy temperature, relative humidity, whitefly (Bemesia tabaci) population, and CMD incidence and severity were recorded bimonthly from 4 to 14 months after planting. Cassava canopy temperature significantly increased with wider spacing, but relative humidity was not affected by any treatment. The whitefly population and the incidence and severity of CMD increased with delayed planting and reached a peak for cassava planted in August. CMD incidence also increased with wider spacing and decreased significantly with increases in the number of cassava shoots per stand. The effects of the treatments on CMD are discussed.",Included,
"Lozano, J.C., Pineda, B., Jayasinghe, U.",1984,Effect of cutting quality on cassava,"Proceedings, Sixth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10163/,"Cassava is normally propagated by planting 20 cm long stem cuttings. The general performance as measured by root, starch and cutting yield; plant height; root rot resistance; and root and cutting quality of a native cultivar of long standing use and a recently selected hybrid was investigated to planting material source. Results showed that by using cuttings from plants regenerated after meristem culture, the root and starch yield increased by 69.5% and 70.3%, respectively, compared to traditional planting material. The plant height and the production of good quality planting material were significantly (5% level) higher. When comparing the native cultivar with the selected hybrid, there were no differences in yield (fresh roots) if ""clean cuttings"" were used. However, significant differences between the native and the hybrid genotypes were found on cutting production and root rot resistance. When using traditional planting material for the native cultivar the hybrid produced around 3.2 times more than the native cultivar. These findings appear to indicate a continuous decrease in the performance of cassava cultivars with time due to the effect of biotic stresses asserted during each cycle. These bring out the need for: a) a careful evaluation of the genotypes during selection by using planting material of equal quality and b) use of clean planting material for a high performance.",Included,
"Leihner, D.E., Lopez, J.M.",1988,"Effect of different cassava cropping patterns on soil fertility, crop yields and farm income","VIIth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, Gosier (Guadeloupe), 1-6 July 1985",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9688/,"A cassava cropping systems trial was conducted in Caicedonia, Colombia, on a degraded Andosol with a history of five previous cassava crops. Starting 1980, cassava cv. Chiroza was grown either in monoculture or in rotation with Crotalaria juncea (as green manure), maize, dry, beans and grain sorghum. Cropping systems such as OM and CEC were improved by rotation. Most notably, legumes increased P availability but chemical fertilizer had little detectable influence. Cassava root yields, after declining to 15 t/ha during the five consecutive farmer-grown crops, were raised in the first experimental monoculture crop through improved agronomic practices to about 25 t/ha but declined to about 10 t/ha in the fourth experimental monoculture crop. By contrast, in the rotational system, yields were increased to over 35 and 25 t/ha in the second and fourth cycle, respectively. Besides root yield, root and shape were seriously affected under continued cassava cultivation. Results show that chemical fertilizer alone may not be sufficient to maintain high cassava root yield and quality and that rotation with green manure plants, cereals and legumes may be required to activate soil life and reduce phytosanitary problems.",Included,
"Vivasane, S., Do, H. Q., Preston, T. R.",2017,Effect of different harvesting intervals on foliage yield and chemical composition of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Livestock Research for Rural Development,29,8,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18528/,"The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of harvest interval on the production and composition of a local variety of cassava, managed as a semi-perennial forage. The experiment, which was conducted in Salao village located approximately 10 km from Pakse. the capital of Champasack province, Lao PDR, started in January and finished in August 2016. Treatments were different harvest intervals (45, 55, 65, 75 and 85 days) arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 4 replications. Two harvests were taken for each interval. Content of DM, crude protein (CP) and ash, and protein solubility, were higher in leaves than in petioles of the cassava foliage. Overall, the nutritional value of cassava foliage was increased with increasing harvesting interval. Predicted annual yield of DM and CP increased with a positive curvilinear trend as harvest interval was increased from 45 to 85 days. For the 85 day interval the predicted annual yields of fresh biomass, DM and CP were 43.8, 10.3 and 1.86 t/ha/year, respectively.",Included,
"Uyoh, E.A., Udensi, O., Ntui, V., Urua, I.",2007,Effect of different processing methods on cyanide content of garri from four cultivars of cassava,"Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment",5,3&4,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18194/,"Effect of different processing methods on cyanide content of garri was studied in three improved cassava cultivars (NR 8082, TME 419 and TMS 4(2) 1425) as well as a local unimproved cultivar (Obubit Okpo). Stem cuttings from these cultivars were planted in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The experiment was factorial involving three factors, namely cultivars, fertilizer and fermentation days. NPK fertilizer (15:15:15) was applied twice at a rate of 650 kg per hectare. Tubers were harvested at the age of 7 months and their weights taken per stand. The tubers were peeled, grated, fermented (for 1, 2 and 3 days), sieved and fried. Sampling for HCN was done at three stages: immediately after grating the tubers, after fermentation and after frying. Estimation of HCN was done using the silver nitrate volumetric analysis. Our results showed that there was no significant correlation (p>0.05) between cyanogenic glucoside level and crop yield. Fertilizer application significantly (p<0.05) increased the cyanide content of the fried product in all the 4 cultivars. The bulk of cyanide reduction was achieved during fermentation, which was further enhanced by frying. The optimum fermentation days varied with the cultivars; for NR 8082 and the local cultivar it was 3 days while for TMS 4(2) 1425 and TME 419 it was 2 days. It is therefore pertinent to advise that farmers should exercise some restraint in their choice of planting material as well as the processing methods, as the later clearly depends on the former.",Included,
"Pardales, J.R. Jr., Esquibel, C.B.",1996,Effect of drought during the establishment period on the root system development of cassava,Japanese Journal of Crop Science,65,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13780/,"The effect of different time and duration of progressive drought on cassava, during the establishment stage, i.e., from planting to about three months after planting, was studied with special attention to root system development. Plants exposed to drought, regardless of whether early (from 9-44 days after planting (DAP)) or late (from 44-82 DAP), in the establishment period had significantly fewer leaves and lower shoot dry weight (DW) than well-watered controls. Late droughted plants manifested similar inhibition of shoot growth with those continuously droughted from 9-82 DAP. With regards to root development, early drought caused reduction in the number and length of adventitious roots, number of first, second and third order lateral roots and total root DW. The value of these parameters generally increased after the plants were rewatered. Late drought caused reduction in the number and length of the adventitious roots, and the number of first and second order lateral roots, but not the third order lateral roots, which appeared to be promoted instead by drought. The total root DW also increased in late-droughted plants due to the thickening of adventitious roots. Overall, the results show that cassava has sensitivity to drought stress during its establishment period.",Included,
"Abera, S., Rakshit, S. K.",2004,Effect of dry cassava chip storage on yield and functional properties of extracted starch,Starch/Staerke,56,6,10.1002/star.200300247,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/131/,"Dry cassava chips of variety CMR35-22-196 and KU50 were stored at 5 and 30C up to a period of 8 months. The yield and functional properties of the starches extracted from the chips after 2 months of storage were compared with those of starches extracted from fresh roots and freshly dried chips. Starch yield from dry chips was reduced by up to 5% after 8 months of storage. Functional properties of the starches exhibited a declining trend with increasing storage period of the chips. Peak viscosity and swelling power decreased by up to 30% and 5 g/g, respectively. Paste clarity dropped by up to 30% and syneresis of the geis increased by up to 10% after 8 months storage. A high storage temperature (30C) was found to increase the changes in functional properties of the starches. The changes in the functional properties, however, were not so severe to negatively affect the application of the dry-chip starches. All the properties remained within the generally recognized ranges of cassava starches. The use of dry chips for extraction of starch could thus overcome the problems of seasonal glut and closure of factories in low season.",Included,
"Manrique, L.A.",1985,Effect of extreme soil acidity conditions on plant growth and yield of cassava,Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,16,9,10.1080/00103628509367658,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10628/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) is perhaps one example of a crop exceptionally adapted to marginal conditions, although it too performs poorly in extreme soil acidity conditions. The differential response of cassava cultivars to high levels of KCl‐extractable soil Al in a Typic Tropudult of Panama is reported in this study. High levels of soil Al reduced plant height and root yields of most cultivars, although some genotypes showed good potential to produce acceptable root yields at Al levels above 5 cmol (p+)/kg. Cultivars showed distinctive leaf area indices (LAI) and leaf area distribution patterns that in some cases appeared to be Al toxicity related. Two possible ways Al might have affected LAI, leaf area distribution and hence root yields are suggested: 1) impairment of its ability to develop and sustain leaf area, and 2) disturbance of its capacity to distribute and accumulate assimilates by roots.",Included,
"Hauser, S., Asawalam, D.O.",1998,Effect of fallow system and cropping frequency upon quantity and composition of earthworm casts,Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,161,1,10.1002/jpln.1998.3581610105,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7021/,"The quantities of earthworm surface casts were monitored in traditional bush fallow regrowth (BFR), Pueraria phaseoloides live mulch (PLM), Leucaena leucocephala alley cropping (LAC) and undisturbed forest. The fallow systems were planted to maize/cassava intercrop either permanently or for one year after three years of fallow i.e. at 100 and 25% cropping frequencies. Earthworm casting activity was lower in fields cropped after clearing three year old fallow than in the respective permanently cropped fallow management system. The reduction in casting was related both to the degree of biomass removed through burning and to re‐establishment of cover crops. Higher exchangeable cation concentration in the soil did not cause increased casting activity.

Concentrations of organic C, total N and exchangeable Ca and Mg in casts were significantly higher than in the 0–15 cm topsoil. Exchangeable Ca and Mg in casts did not significantly differ between treatments, with the exception of significantly higher Mg in casts after three years of P. phaseoloides fallow. Topsoil (0–15 cm) exchangeable Ca and Mg were not correlated with cast exchangeable Ca and Mg, but concentrations of organic C and total N in casts were significantly correlated with organic C and total N in the topsoil. Coefficients of variability of organic C, total N and exchangeable Ca and Mg were about twice as high in the soil than in casts. Significant negative correlations between the cast to soil ratio (cast enrichment factor) of organic C, total N and exchangeable Ca and Mg and the respective concentrations in the soil show that earthworms are increasingly selective in organic carbon and nutrient uptake as these parameters of soil fertility are declining.",Included,
"Kumar, C. R. M., Mandal, R. C., Nair, G. M., Hrishi, N.",1977,Effect of farm yard manure and NPK on cassava,Proceedings of the Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9282/,"Exploitation of hybrid vigour in cassava showed the genetic potential for nutrient utilization and improvement of the total biological yield. Significant tuber yield increases were obtained by the application of farm yard manure in combination with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash. Farm yard manure with nitrogen, or a combination of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash were the next best treatments. The lowest tuber yields were recorded in the phosphorus or potash treated plots. Bitterness of the tuber was increased by the application of farm yard manure and nitrogen, whereas potash reduced it.",Included,
"Hulugalle, N.R., Lal, R., Gichuru, M.",1990,Effect of five years of no-tillage and mulch on soil properties and tuber yield of cassava on an acid ultisol in south-eastern Nigeria,Experimental Agriculture,26,2,10.1017/S001447970001824X,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7523/,"The effect of no-tillage and mulch on soil properties and tuber yield of cassava was studied over a five year period on an infertile, acid Ultisol in south-eastern Nigeria. Mulch was applied at a rate of 12 t ha−1 as a split application once at planting and once six months after planting. No chemical fertilizers were used during the trial. Bulk density and proportion of micropores (pore radius, r, <1.4 µm) were greater, and proportion of macropores (r>14.4 µm) lower, with no-tillage. Water infiltration was increased by mulching, being greatest in tilled, mulched plots. Soil chemical properties were not significantly affected by tillage system, although levels of exchangeable calcium, magnesium and potassium were higher and acid saturation lower with mulching. Soil physical and chemical properties were best with tillage and mulching, and poorest when neither tillage nor mulch was used. Cassava tuber yield was unaffected by tillage system but increased by mulching.",Included,
"Tan, Swee Lian",1995,Effect of flooding on cassava performance,"The Cassava Biotechnology Network: Proceedings of the Second International Scientific Meeting, Bogor, Indonesia, 22-25 August 1994",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17319/,"One of the problems when planting cassava on peat is the seasonal flooding of the fields. The aims of the studies were to determine the growth stage of cassava most susceptible to flooding, and the maximum duration of flooding tolerable to the crop at this stage. The studies were carried out in fibre-glass lysimeters where the watertable was set at 15 cm depth (except when flooding was imposed). The studies were carried out on the variety Black Twig (harvested at 9 months), and the early variety MM 92 (harvested at 6 months). A completely randomized design (four replications) was used to test flooding at four growth stages and to test four flooding durations against an unflooded control. With Black Twig, flooding between three and a half and 5 months reduced root yield by 47.5 percent-80 percent. Flooding at three and a half months did not significantly depress Black Twig's yield even for 4 days, although a 25 percent reduction was noted. MM 92 did not tolerate more than 3 days' flooding at three and a half months without yield depression. Flooding for 4 days at one, 4 and 5 months reduced yield significantly from the control (80 percent reduction at 5 months). Thus, for a late variety, if flooding occurs between root initiation and early root bulking, it is advisable to replant the crop; at other times, the standing crop may be left to recover. An early variety is less tolerant to flooding at any stage. Drainage infrastructure for peat must be efficient enough to remove surface water within three days of flooding.",Included,
"Phuong, L. T. B., Preston, T. R., Leng, R. A.",2012,"Effect of foliage from ""sweet"" and ""bitter"" cassava varieties on methane production in in vitro incubation with molasses supplemented with potassium nitrate or urea",Livestock Research for Rural Development,24,10,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14162/,"This study was on the effect of variety (sweet or bitter) and processing (fresh or sun-dried) of cassava foliage on protein solubility and on methane production in an in vitrorumen fermentation in which the NPN sources were nitrate or urea. The sun-drying of cassava foliage reduced protein solubility and potential HCN release. The bitter varieties contained more HCN precursors and the protein was less soluble than in the sweet variety. Bitter varieties had lower crude protein solubility and higher potential release of HCN than the sweet variety. Sun-dried processing decreased N solubility and potential HCN release compared with fresh leaves. Nitrate compared with urea, and bitter compared with the sweet cassava, independently reduced methane production resulting in an overall reduction of 43% for the combination of the bitter varieties and supplementation with nitrate compared with the sweet variety and urea.",Included,
"Mtunguja, M. K., Laswai, H. S., Kanju, E., Ndunguru, J., Muzanila, Y. C.",2016,"Effect of genotype and genotype by environment interaction on total cyanide content, fresh root, and starch yield in farmer‐preferred cassava landraces in Tanzania",Food Science & Nutrition,4,6,10.1002/fsn3.345,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11470/,"High starch yield is the most important trait for commercialized cassava starch production. Furthermore, cyanide present in cassava roots poses a health challenge in the use of cassava for food. Cassava genotypes have varying maturity periods that are also environmental dependent. This study aimed at identifying suitable cultivars and optimum time of harvest to maximize starch production across three environments. The study found significant difference between genotypes, locations, harvest period, and all the interactions (P <= 0.001) for all traits analyzed. Kiroba recorded high starch yields of 17.4, 12.7, and 8.2 t ha(-1) at Chambezi, Amani, and Magadu, respectively. Kilusungu recorded highest cyanide content of 300-400 ppm across all locations but Kiroba recorded highest values of 800 ppm, 15 months after planting at Chambezi. Genotype by environment (GGE) biplot analysis revealed that Kiroba was a superior cultivar in terms of starch yield. Kilusungu recorded highest cyanide content and average starch yield, therefore suitable for use in starch production. The study confirmed effect of genotype and genotype by environment interaction, Kiroba cultivar was superior in terms of starch yield and maximum starch yield was obtained at 9 months after planting. Nyamkagile and Kibandameno had the lowest cyanide content across all environments.",Included,
"Baafi, E., Safo-Kantanka, O.",2007,"Effect of genotype, age and location on cassava flour yield and quality",Journal of Plant Sciences,2,6,10.3923/jps.2007.607.612,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1682/,"Flour yield and its solubility, swelling power and water-binding capacity from four genotypes of cassava were studied. This was to study the effect and relative importance of age and environment on cassava flour yield and quality. Trials were conducted at six selected districts from the Forest and the Transition ecozones of Ghana. Harvesting was done at monthly intervals from 12th to the 15th month after planting. At each harvest, 25 kg of fresh tubers of each of the genotypes from each location were commercially processed into flour. Flour yield of the genotypes produced at the ecozones across ages at harvest indicated significant genotype by location interaction effect. While solubility and swelling power steadily increased with age, the opposite was true for water binding capacity. Solubility values ranged from 6.89 to 12.00%. That of swelling power and water-binding capacity was 16.55-20.46 g g-1 and 111.92-139.17%, respectively. Significant differences (p<0.05) were established between the locations for traits studied. Interaction between genotype and locations were also significant (p<0.05).",Included,
"Baafi, E., Safo-Kantanka, O.",2007,"Effect of genotype, age and location on cassava starch yield and quality",Journal of Agronomy,6,4,10.3923/ja.2007.581.585,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1681/,"Trials were conducted at 6 selected districts in the Forest and Transition ecozones of Ghana to determine the influence of age and location on cassava starch yield and its physicochemical and functional properties. Four elite varieties-NKZ-009, NKZ-015, DMA-002 and WCH-037 were used. Harvesting was done from 12 to 15 months on monthly interval. Twenty five kilogram of fresh tubers from each genotype were commercially processed into starch. This was done by women trained by Women In Agricultural Development (WIAD) in agro-processing at their local factory at Ashanti Mampong. Samples were analysed at the Plant breeding Laboratory of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology for their physicochemical and functional properties-solubility, swelling power and water-binding capacity. Starch yield was analysed using line graphs with Excel. Data from the physicochemical and functional properties were analysed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) in a split-split plot design with location as main plot, genotype as subplot and age as the sub-subplot. The peak starch yield was generally at 13 months for all the varieties except for NKZ-015 in the Transition belt. Solubility generally increase with age with the lowest (7.29%) and highest (8.63%) being recorded at 12 and 15 month, respectively. Swelling power peaked at 13 months but water-binding capacity decreased with age and the interaction between age and genotype and location was significant for all the three functional properties.",Included,
"Srihawong, W., Kongsil, P., Petchpoung, K., Sarobol, E.",2015,"Effect of genotype, age and soil moisture on cyanogenic glycosides content and root yield in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)",Kasetsart Journal (Natural Science),49,6,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16828/,"Cyanogenic glycosides in cassava roots and leaves can be indirectly harmful if presented at high concentrations because they are transformed into cyanide which is toxic to humans. Low cyanogenic potential should be added in breeding programs for food security in the future to reduce any bitter taste and to reduce intoxication in cases of consumption of improper processed roots. This experiment investigated the effects of genotype, plant age, soil moisture and interactions of these factors on the content of cyanogenic glycosides in both the roots and leaves of cassava and on other agronomic traits indicating plant growth. The experiment was established using a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications containing two varieties, two soil moisture conditions and three plant harvesting periods. The varieties chosen for this experiment—Hanatee (HNT) and Kasetsart 50 (KU50)—were different in cyanogenic potential. Plants were harvested at 4, 5, and 6 months after planting (MAP). The drought-stressed group was subjected to drought from 3 to 4 MAP and was irrigated at 5 mm d-1 from 4 to 5 MAP and then was subjected to drought again from 5 to 6 MAP; The well-irrigated group was irrigated at 5 mm.d-1 for the whole experiment. The results showed that root cyanogenic glycosides levels, as presented in the form of total free cyanide, were high under drought stress and a difference between the content of root cyanogenic glycosides of HNT and KU50 could occur under drought stress. However, drought stress caused a reduction in plant growth including root yield, and re-watering for 1 mth was not enough to recover cassava growth significantly.",Included,
"Chatwachirawong, Prasert, Boonseng, Opas, Anusart Summatraya",1999,Effect of genotypes and GE interaction on starch content of cassava,Kasetsart Journal (Natural Science),33,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3407/,"Objective of this study is to explore the effect of genotype and genotype x environment on starch content percentage of 5 cassava genotypes grown under several environments in early and late rainy seasons. The results indicated that there was less seasonal effect on genotypic performance. There was more GE interaction in late rainy season. The sum of squares of GE interaction was partitioned using 3 techniques, viz. linear regression (REG), using Eberhart and Russell (1966) stability, and Additive Main effects and the Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model in 2 principal component axes. The AMMI model can explain a large portion of sum of squares, and thus more effective in partitioning the GE interaction SS than the REG technique. Grouping of homogeneous environments using cluster analysis resulted in almost the same genotype ranking in each group. Environmental grouping can then be used to reduce the reversal GE interaction.",Included,
"Tan, Xiaoyan, Gu, Bi, Li, Xiaoxi, Xie, Caifeng, Chen, Ling, Zhang, Binjia",2017,Effect of growth period on the multi-scale structure and physicochemical properties of cassava starch,International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,101,,10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.031,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17334/,"Starches were isolated from South China 5 (SC5) cassava harvested for 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 months. During growth, the granule size, lamellar structure, crystalline structure and digestibility changed slightly, while the amylose content varied between 20.93% and 22.61%. However, the molecular weight showed an obvious increase as the harvesting time increased to 9 months, and then decreased during 911 months. The pasting behaviors were greatly affected by harvesting time. A shorter growth time led to higher pasting temperature, and lower peak, breakdown and setback viscosities. This trend became contrary when the growth time prolonged from 9 to 11 months. Hence, the starch harvested at 9 months showed the lowest pasting temperature (64.6C), but highest paste viscosity (2105cP) and retrogradation tendency. All these results confirm that the growth time of 9 months was the turning point for the physicochemical features of SC5 during growth. This study provides fundamental data for rationally tailoring cassava starch properties by simply controlling the harvest time.",Included,
"Sagrilo, Edvaldo, Filho, Pedro Soares Vidigal, Pequeno, Manoel Genildo, Vidigal, Maria Celeste Gonçalves, Scapim, Carlos Alberto, Kvitschal, Marcus Vincius, Maia, Rogério Rui, Rimoldi, Fabrício",2006,Effect of harvest period on foliage production and dry matter distribution in five cassava cultivars during the second plant cycle,Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology,49,6,0.1590/S1516-89132006000700019,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15589/,"The objective of this work was to study the leaf production pattern and dry matter distribution in cassava during the second plant cycle. The completely randomized experimental design with four replications was used, with five cultivars in the main plots and ten harvest times in the sub-plots. Foliage production was affected by plant age, being higher in hot periods. Leaf blades and petioles dry matter content presented a linear increase due to a progressive decrease in the amount of young leaves and ontogenetic factors. The stems provided, temporarily, carbohydrates to the plant re-growth, delaying the availability and use of storage roots dry matter. The dry matter content in the storage roots was lower during the vegetative and higher during rest period. The storage roots diameter increased considerably when the amount of leaves was higher, indicating the importance of leaf area in the cassava plant production.",Included,
"Ebah-Djedji, B. C., Dje, K. M., N'Zue, B., Zohouri, G. P., Amani, N. G.",2012,Effect of harvest period on starch yield and dry matter content from the tuberous roots of improved cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) varieties,Pakistan Journal of Nutrition,11,5,10.3923/pjn.2012.414.418,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4915/,"The aim of this study was to evaluate the variation of starch yields and dry contents from the tuberous roots of five improved cassava varieties (""Bonoua2"", ""Ay15"", ""971A"", I88/00158 and ""90/00039"") at different harvest periods (11, 13, 15 and 17 months after planting). Indeed, the harvest period had significant effect at 0.05 level on dry matter contents and starch yields. All improved cassava varieties had their peak of dry matter contents (40.57%±2.41) and starch yields (20.17%±2.82%) at 13 months after planting. The tuberous roots of ""Bonoua2"" improved cassava variety had the highest starch yields at 11, 13 and 15 months after planting, with the respective values of 18.26%±1.52%, 20.78%±2.57% and 18.08%±3.18% respectively. Concerning the highest starch yield at 17 months after planting, it was obtained with ""971A"" improved cassava variety (19.38%±2.55%). The tuberous roots of ""Bonoua2"" improved cassava variety detained also the highest dry matter contents at 11 and 15 months after planting. The values were of 39.83%±1.19% and 38.70±2.61% respectively. As for the highest dry contents at 13 and 17 month after planting, they were given by the tuberous roots of ""971A"" improved cassava variety, with the respective values of 42.99%±1.48% and 39.04%±2.57%.",Included,
"Sagrilo, Edvaldo, Filho, Pedro Soares Vidigal, Pequeno, Manoel Genildo, Scapim, Carlos Alberto, Vidigal, Maria Celeste Gonçalves, Diniz, Sérgio Paulo Severo de Souza, Modesto, Elisa Cristina, Kvitschal, Marcus Vinícius",2003,"Effect of harvest period on the quality of storage roots and protein content of the leaves in five cassava cultivars (Manihot esculenta, Crantz)",Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology,46,2,10.1590/S1516-89132003000200022,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15588/,"The effect of harvest period on the quality of storage roots and leaves of cassava cultivars was determined in an experiment carried out in a randomized complete block design with four replications in a split plot scheme, with five cultivars in the plots and ten harvest times in the subplots. The IAC 13 cultivar had the highest rate of dry matter accumulation in the storage roots and the Mico cultivar the lowest. The period of least dry matter content in the storage roots occurred later for the Fécula Branca, Mico and IAC 14 cultivars, and the minimum starch content in the storage roots occurred later for the Fécula Branca and Mico cultivars. In general, the IAC 13, IAC 14 and Fécula Branca cultivars had higher dry matter content in the storage roots, while higher starch content in the dry and fresh matter were obtained in the Fécula Branca cultivar. The crude protein content in the leaves decreased as the plant aged.",Included,
"de Oliveira, N. T., Uchoa, S. C. P., Alves, J. M. A., de Albuquerque, J. D. A., Rodrigues, G. S.",2017,Effect of Harvest Time and Nitrogen Doses on Cassava Root Yield and Quality,Revista Brasileira De Ciencia Do Solo,41,e0150204,10.1590/18069657rbcs20150204,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/20237/,"Nitrogen is considered the most limiting nutrient for cassava, and N availability can influence the crop cycle, including earlier harvest. The aim of this study was to study the effect of harvest time on the production components of cassava, ""Aciolina"" cultivar, at different rates of N fertiliser. The experiment was carried out in an area newly incorporated into the productive system in a savannah ecosystem in the northern Amazon. A randomised block experimental design was used in a split plot arrangement with four replications. The N rates (0, 30, 60, 150, and 330 kg ha(-1)) were allocated to the main plots, and the harvest times (90, 120, 150, 180, 240, 300, and 360 days after emergence of the stalks - DAE) were allocated to the subplots. Plant height, shoot fresh matter yield, number of roots per plant, average root diameter, and root fresh matter yield display an increasing linear response up to 360 DAE in cassava cv. ""Aciolina"". For all harvest times, the N rates promote an increase in root fresh matter yield. At 300 and 360 DAE, the root fresh matter and starch yield and the harvest index show a quadratic response as a function of the N level. The greatest efficiency of N topdressing on the production of root fresh matter occurs at 300 DAE, promoting an earlier harvest. At that time, the dose of maximum technical efficiency, 226 kg ha(-1) N, results in a yield of 62 Mg ha(-1) of root fresh matter, 13 Mg ha(-1) of starch, and a harvest index of 81 %.",Included,
"Hue, K. T., Do, T. T. V., Ledin, I., Wredle, E., Sporndly, E.",2012,"Effect of Harvesting Frequency, Variety and Leaf Maturity on Nutrient Composition, Hydrogen Cyanide Content and Cassava Foliage Yield",Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,25,12,10.5713/ajas.2012.12052,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7491/,"The experiment studied the effect of harvesting frequencies and varieties on yield, chemical composition and hydrogen cyanide content in cassava foliage. Foliage from three cassava varieties, K94 (very bitter), K98-7 (medium bitter) and a local (sweet), were harvested in three different cutting cycles, at 3, 6 and 9 months; 6 and 9 months and 9 months after planting, in a 2-yr experiment carried out in Hanoi, Vietnam. Increasing the harvesting frequency increased dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) production in cassava foliage. The K94 variety produced higher foliage yields than the other two varieties. Dry matter, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and total tannin content increased with months to the first harvest, whereas CP content decreased. Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) content was lower at the first harvest than at later harvests for all cutting cycles. At subsequent harvests the content of. total tannins tended to decline, while HCN content increased (p<0.05). Chemical composition differed somewhat across varieties except for total tannins and ash. Dry matter, NDF, ADF and total tannins were higher in fully matured leaves, while CP and HCN were lowei in developing leaves.",Included,
"Ngo, T. D., Preston, T. R.",2007,"Effect of increasing area of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) relative to Flemingia (Flemingia macrophylla) on biomass yield, soil fertility and soil erosion",Livestock Research for Rural Development,19,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12094/,"An experiment was carried out at the Goat and Rabbit Research Center, Sontay, Hatay, Vietnam, from February 2003 to November 2004 to measure effects on biomass yield, soil fertility and soil erosion in response to increasing ratio of rows of cassava rows to rows of the leguminous shrub Flemingia macrophylla in an inter-cropping system. Two rows of Flemingia were associated with 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 rows of cassava. Flemingia was planted first and cassava 14 days later. Fertilizer was applied in the form of organic manure (from mixed cattle and buffalo excreta) before planting at the rate of 2 kg/m2 fresh weight in the first year and the same amount again in March the second year. No other fertilizers were applied during the experimental period. The first harvest was made when the cassava reached 100 cm in height and subsequent harvests of the re-growth from 56 to 75 days. All the foliages were removed at 30 cm above ground level. Biomass yield of cassava and Flemingia in an inter-cropping system was improved by increasing the number of cassava rows relative to cassava in the first year, but decreased slightly in the second year. The maximum biomass yield was obtained in the system with 2 rows of cassava and two rows of Flemingia. The crude protein contentof the cassava foliage deceased as the area of cassava rlative to Flemingia increased. Soil fertility over a 24 month period increased in the plots with the highest ratio of Flemingia and decreased as the ratio of cassava to Flemingia was increased. Protein content in the cassava foliage decreased linearly with decreased in soil fertility. Soil erosion was high in all plots in the first year and was directly related to the relatve area planted with Flemingia. In the second year soil eroson was much less and was inversely related to the proportion of Flemingia n the inter-cropping system. It is concluded that the optimum ratio of Cassava to Flemingia, in terms of biomass yield and maintenance of soil fertility, is two rows of each planted alternately.",Included,
"Atu, U.G., Okeke, J.E.",1981,Effect of insecticide application on cassava yield in control of cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti),Tropical Pest Management,27,3,10.1080/09670878109413818,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1497/,,Included,
"Olorunmaiye, P. M., Olorunmaiye K. S.",2009,Effect of integrated weed management on weed control and yield components of maize and cassava intercrop in a southern Guinea savanna ecology of Nigeria,Australian Journal of Crop Science,3,3,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11249/,"The use of pre-emergence herbicides, hoe weeding and live mulch of herbaceous cover plants in a maize/cassava intercrop was investigated at the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Ilorin, in 2002 and 2004. Experiment consisted of eight main treatments and six sub treatments. The main treatments which is the focus of this article were made up of the application of two pre-emergence herbicides [Primextra and Galex, each at 2.5 kg a.i./ha alone or with one or two supplementary hoe weedings at 6 weeks after planting (WAP) or 6 and 12WAP], a hoe-weeded check (hoeing at 3, 6 and 12WAP) and a weedy control. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with a criss-cross arrangement, and replicated three times. Data were collected for weed infestation and control, as well as for yield of food crops. When used alone, the pre-emergence herbicides gave satisfactory weed control up to 6WAP, but failed to give season-long weed control. However, better weed control was achieved when the pre-emergence herbicides were supplemented with two hoe-weedings, (P<0.05). Consequently, Primextra plus two hoe weedings (Prim+2HW) gave significantly lower weed biomass (42.9 g/m2) and higher yields of the food crops (1135 kg/ha for maize and 10,027 kg/ha for cassava) compared with the hoe-weeded control treatment (63.0 g/m2, weed biomass; 849 kg/ha, maize and 8076 kg/ha, cassava), plots treated with Primextra alone (80.4 g/m2, weed biomass; 678 kg/ha, maize; 1801 kg/ha, cassava) and the weedy control (116.3 g/m2, weed biomass; 358 kg/ha, maize and 1425 kg/ha, cassava).",Included,
"Amanullah, M. M., Alagesan, A., Vaiyapuri, K., Sathyamoorthi, K., Pazhanivelan, S.",2006,Effect of intercropping and organic manures on weed control and performance of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.),Journal of Agronomy,5,4,10.3923/ja.2006.589.594,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11214/,"Field experiments were conducted to find out the effect of intercropping and organic manures on weed control and performance of cassava at Veterinary College and Research Institute Farm, Namakkal during 2001 and 2002. The popular hybrid of cassava H 226 was tried as test crop. Three intercropping systems viz., sole cassava, cassava + maize (var. African tall) and cassava + cowpea (var. CO 5) were assigned to main plots. Six organic manurial treatments viz., FYM (25 t ha-1), Poultry manure (10 t ha-1), composted poultry manure (10 t ha-1), FYM (12.5 t ha-1) + poultry manure (5 t ha-1), FYM (12.5 t ha-1) + composted poultry manure (5 t ha-1) along with control (no organic manure) were assigned to sub plots. The results indicated that intercropping in cassava recorded lesser weed DMP compared to sole cassava especially in the early stages of growth. Intercropping also registered higher weed smothering efficiency. The tuber yield of cassava was not reduced significantly due to cowpea intercrop. All the manurial treatments had lesser WDMP due to better growth of cassava especially in the early growth stages. The tuber yield also increased due to application of organic manures and the highest yield obtained by application of composted poultry manure.",Included,
"Sikirou, R., Wydra, K.",2008,Effect of intercropping cowpea with maize or cassava on cowpea bacterial blight and yield,Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection,115,4,10.1007/BF03356262,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16379/,"The effect of intercropping cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) with cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) or maize (Zea mays L.) on bacterial blight of cowpea caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vignicola was investigated in five cropping systems cowpea monoculture at high density and at low density, cowpea-maize 'within row', cowpea-maize 'in alternate rows', and cowpea-cassava 'in alternate rows', in the forest savanna transition zone of Benin over two years. After inoculation of field border plants, disease severity index and incidence were measured as areas under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). The AUDPCs for disease incidence and severity were reduced in one of four treatments in each of two subsequent years, and one of four treatments in one year, respectively, in the 'in alternate row' patterns compared to monoculture at high density. Disease incidence was higher in cowpea monoculture at high density than in cowpea-cassava 'in alternate rows' in year 1996, and in cowpea-maize 'in alternate rows' in year 1997. The disease severity index was reduced by 50% in the cowpea-cassava 'in alternate rows' pattern in 1997, but not in 1996. Highest percentages of leaves with spots or blight occurred only in the cowpea monoculture at high density. Compared with monoculture, cowpea yield was about 60% in intercropping with cassava and about 40% in intercropping with maize. Cassava yielded 45-57% and maize 53-60% compared to monocropped cassava and maize, respectively. Comparing the land efficiency use of cowpea monoculture at high density to intercropping, the land equivalent ratio was similar in the intercropping systems with 'alternate row' patterns, and a yield loss of cowpea in intercropping was compensated by the additional yield of the intercrop. Although no stable effect of intercropping on disease reduction was observed, intercropping cowpea with maize or cassava 'in alternate rows' reduced bacterial blight in some cases and generally gives the farmer more yield security in case of failure of one crop. Therefore, intercropping as one element of an integrated control strategy for cowpea bacterial blight should not be abolished by farmers in favour of monocropping cowpea.",Included,
"Joomjantha, S., Wanapat, M.",2008,Effect of intercropping on biomass yield and chemical composition of cassava,Livestock Research for Rural Development,20,Supplement,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8376/,"A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 4 treatments and 4 replications was used to investigate the effect of various kinds of intercropping on yields and nutritive value of cassava foliage at 3 months of age. The cultivation treatments were four rows of cassava without intercropping (control treatment, 4CF); four rows of cassava + two rows of Phaseolus calcaratus (4CF+2PC); four rows of cassava + two rows of sweet potato (4CF+2SP), and four rows of cassava + one row of Phaseolus calcaratus and one row of sweet potato (4CF+1PC1SP). The crops were grown on a sandy loam soil after ploughing and harrowing. Cassava was planted on ridges. Cattle manure was applied during harrowing at 300kg/ha. All foliages were initially harvested at 3 months after planting. The results showed that intercropping of cassava foliage with two rows of sweet potato significantly increased cassava foliage yield when compared with control and other intercropping treatments (P<0.05). The cassava foliage yields were 2.1, 1.9, 2.6, and 1.9 tonnes/ha DM for 4CF, 4CF+2PC, 4CF+2SP and 4CF+1PC1SP, respectively. However, total DM yield of cassava and intercrops were highest in 4CF+1PC+1SP. There was no significant effect of intercropping on chemical composition of cassava foliage. The highest CP content (24.5% in DM) was obtained in cassava hay. It is concluded that intercropping of cassava with sweet potato and Phaseolus calcaratus could increase foliage biomass and hence be recommended as a food-feed system especially under a small-holder farming system.",Included,
"Maduakor, H.O.",1997,Effect of land preparation method and potassium application on the growth and storage root yield of cassava in an acid Ultisol,Soil and Tillage Research,41,01-Feb,10.1016/S0167-1987(96)01073-2,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10432/,"A 2 year field trial was conducted in an Ultisol in the forest zone of southeastern Nigeria to ascertain if planting cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) on ridges 35–37 cm high had any significant advantage over flat planting in view of the extra cost of making ridges. The interaction of these methods of land preparation with cassava response to potassium was also investigated. The experiment was carried out on a sandy well-drained soil. Both storage root yield (SRY) and total dry matter yield (TDMY) were significantly higher in the first year (1990) than in the second year (1991), and were not significantly affected by the method of land preparation in both years. The optimum K rates for maximum SRY were 105 kg ha−1 and 124 kg ha−1 for flat and ridge planting respectively in 1990, and 89 kg ha−1 K for flat planting in 1991, the response being linear for plants on ridges. Increasing rates of K increased the efficiency of storage root production in 1991. As ridging had no significant advantage over flat planting, and the interaction of method of land preparation and K response was not significant, ridging for cassava production in non-waterlogged areas in the forest zone of southeastern Nigeria should be re-examined.",Included,
"Akparobi, S. O., Togun, A. O., Ekanayake, I. J., Dris, R.",2002,Effect of low temperatures on dry matter partitioning and yield of cassava clones,Tropical Science,42,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/768/,"Eight cassava clones were evaluated at reduced temperatures in a growth chamber and under field conditions at low and middle altitudes. At 15/10C, none of the clones survived. Total dry matter per plant increased throughout the growing period, but less rapidly at 20/15C and 25/20C than at ambient. The growth up to 3 months after planting in all the clones was characterized by the development of stems, leaves, petioles and fibrous roots, with bulking occurring later. TMS 91934, TMS 30572, Danwaru and TME1 diverted a larger amount of assimilates to root storage sink than other clones at the reduced temperature and at the mid-altitude Jos plateau. These clones seem to be tolerant of low temperatures and suitable for mid-altitudes.",Included,
"Kang, B.T., Wilson, G.F.",1981,Effect of maize plant population and nitrogen application on maize-cassava intercrop,"Tropical Root Crops: Research Strategies for the 1980s. Proceedings of the first triennial root crops symposium of the international society for tropical root crops Africa branch, 8-12 September 1980, Ibadan, Nigeria",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8628/,"We studied the effects that maize populations had on the performance of maize and cassava intercropped on an Egbeda soil (oxic paleustalf) at Ibadan. Maize and cassava were spaced 100 x 100 cm, cassava planted between maize along the same row. Maize plants/hill were varied from 1 to 7 giving a population 10-70 x 10^3 plants/ha. Increasing maize populations from 10 to 30 x 10^3 plants/ha significantly increased maize grain yield and had no significant effect on cassava root yield. Higher populations, however, had no effect on grain yield but significantly depressed root yield. It seems that three maize plants/hill is optimum. The effects of nitrogen rates on intercropped maize and cassava were studied on Alagba soil (oxic paleustalf) at Ikenne. The soil had been Eupatorium fallow before the study. In the first year, no response to N was observed on sole or intercropped maize, but, with early harvest, root yield of TMS 30395 showed significant depression with N application and intercropping. During the second year, both the sole and the intercropped maize showed a significant response to N but not the cassava crop. Maize-cassava intercropping appears to be more efficient than the corresponding sole crops as indicated by the higher land equivalent ratios (LERs).",Included,
"Garcia, M. G., Vega, V. M., Morales, S. R.",1993,Effect of meristem culture micropropagation on the vigor and yield of the cassava clone 'Senorita',"Proceedings of the First International Scientific Meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology Network, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, 25-28 August 1992",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6113/,"The cassava clone 'Senorita' is a local ecotype widely cultivated in the cassava-growing regions of Cuba, occupying large areas of different edapho-climatic conditions. Yield losses due to physiological or genetic problems have increased due to exposure of the crop to various stress factors in the yield and subsequent vegetative propagation. The clone has been propagated for more than 30 years without being rejuvenated. Using meristem micropropagation techniques, it has been possible to create a program to recover the yield stability of 'Senorita'. A comparative study was carried out using plants obtained from meristem culture. An increase in yield of commercial tuber roots up to 15 percent was obtained using meristem culture. The results suggest that there is a need to use meristem culture to maintain the yields of this vegetatively propagated crop.",Included,
"Watananonta, Watana, Tangsakul, Saovaree, Katong, Sompong, Phetprapi, Preecha, Jantawat, Somjate, Samuthong, Nopprasoon, Howeler, Reinhardt H.",2006,Effect of methods of land preparation on the yields of four cassava cultivars in Thailand,Acta Horticulturae,703,,10.17660/ActaHortic.2006.703.28,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18796/,"Cassava has been grown in Thailand for many years. Land is usually prepared by plowing with a 3-disk plow followed by a 7-disk harrow and ridging. This method of land preparation results in a very loose soil, which is free of weeds and easy to plant. However, it has also led to the formation of a compacted subsoil or hardpan. A trial on alternative methods of land preparation was conducted at three sites from 2001 to 2004 to determine the effect of land preparation on the yields of four cassava cultivars. The results indicate that on average for three years in a farmer’s field near Rayong Field Crops Research Center, tillage treatments had a significant effect on the fresh root yield of the four cassava cultivars. Using a subsoiler followed by 3-disk plow produced the highest fresh root yield of 24.60 t/ha, while the no-tillage treatment produced the lowest yield of 19.26 t/ha. At the Thai Tapioca Development Institute site, there were significant differences among tillage treatments for fresh root yield of the four cassava cultivars. Using the subsoiler followed by a chisel plow produced the highest fresh root yield of 21.59 t/ha and the second highest net income; this was followed by the no-tillage treatment (which brought in the highest net income). At Khaw Hin Sorn Research Station of Kasetsart University, tillage treatments also had a significant effect on fresh root yields. Using a 3-disk plow followed by 7-disk harrow and ridging up-and-down the slope produced the highest fresh root yield of 32.21 t/ha, but using a 3-disk plow followed by a 7-disk harrow, with or without subsoiling, brought in the highest net incomes. Among the four cultivars, there was no significant difference in fresh root yield; however, they differed in starch content.",Included,
"Sieverding, E., Toro, S. T.",1989,Effect of mixing VAM inoculum with fertilizers on cassava nutrition and VAM fungal association,"Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment",29,01-Apr,10.1016/0167-8809(90)90305-W,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16374/,"Rooted tip cuttings of cassava were planted in a sterilized acidic inceptisol. Increasing levels of soluble N,P,K fertilizers were applied to the planting holes. Fertilizers had been mixed together with VAM inoculum which contained Glomus manihotis (MAN) or Entrophospora colombiana (C??). Fertilizer amounts were calculated in such a way that a cassava field with 15000 plants / ha would have received 4500 kg VAM inoculum / ha mixed with the equivalents of 0, 25-25-25, 50-50-50 or 100-100-100 kg / ha N-P-K. Fertilizer applications of 50 kg/ha were optimum for growth; VAM inoculation had no effect. Root infection showed that only MAN tolerated the contact with fertilizer salts. At all fertilizer levels, NPK concentration ratios in shoots and roots were more balanced when plants were inoculated with MAN.",Included,
"Mohamoud, Y.M.",1994,Effect of mound height and cassava cultivar on cassava performance under a fluctuating water table,Agricultural Water Management,26,3,10.1016/0378-3774(94)90058-2,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11226/,"Field experiments were conducted at Ibadan and Bida in Nigeria, west Africa, to investigate the effect of mound height and cassava cultivar on cassava performance (tuber yield, top yield, tuber length, and plant height). In the Ibadan site, where the soil surface become waterlogged before cassava harvesting, cassava tuber yield, top yield, and tuber length among mounds were statistically different. But, between cultivars only tuber yield and tuber length were significantly different. In the Bida site, where the water table was deep only top yields among mounds were significantly different while between cultivars tuber and top yield were significantly different. The results of this study indicate that the 30 cm high mound, at both sites, gave the least performance in tuber yield, top yield, tuber length and plant height. However, in both sites, cassava performance among the 60, 90 and 120 cm high mounds were not significantly different. Also, in Ibadan site, all the 30 cm and some 60 cm high mounds showed symptoms of chlorosis and stunted vegetative growth as well as tuber rot. No such symptoms were observed at the Bida site.",Included,
"Nishigaki, T., Shibata, M., Sugihara, S., Mvondo-Ze, A. D., Araki, S., Funakawa, S.",2017,Effect of Mulching with Vegetative Residues on Soil Water Erosion and Water Balance in an Oxisol Cropped by Cassava in East Cameroon,Land Degradation and Development,28,2,10.1002/ldr.2568,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12197/,"Soil water erosion is a major agricultural concern in tropical Africa with high precipitation and low soil fertility where Oxisols are generally distributed. A field experiment was conducted in east Cameroon during the rainy season in 2013 to investigate the effects of surface mulching with the residues of Imperata cylindrica on soil losses and surface runoff water generation in a cassava cropland on an Oxisol. Three treatments were established using two small plots for each treatment bare plot (BA), cassava plot (CA) and cassava with mulch plot (CM). Soil loss and surface runoff water were measured, and water budgets of rainfall, surface runoff and soil moisture within rainfall events were measured in all treatment plots. Runoff coefficients in all treatment plots were suppressed below 80% because the large volume of large pores of surface soil of Oxisols contributed to the high drainage capacity over a rainy season even under wet soil moisture conditions. Total soil loss in CM was decreased by 49% compared with that in BA and CA, despite there not being a large difference in runoff water among treatments. These results suggest that surface mulching with the residues of I. cylindrica can substantially suppress soil losses caused by particle detachment by raindrops, while it maintain soil surface with originally high permeability in cassava croplands on Oxisols.",Included,
"Liasu, M. O., Atayese, M. O., Osonubi, O.",2006,"Effect of mycorrhiza and pruning regimes on seasonality of hedgerow tree mulch contribution to alley-cropped cassava in Ibadan, Nigeria",African Journal of Biotechnology,5,14,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9878/,"Field experiments were carried out on an alley-cropping farm in Ajibode village, near Ibadan where cassava alley-cropped with three hedgerow trees (Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium and Senna (Syn Cassia) siamea), and sole planted cassava (all in three replicates) were arranged with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation (with Glomus deserticolum) in a completely randomized block design. Each plot was split after the first year into two and hedgerows within subjected to 2 and 3-month pruning regimes. Wet and dry season mulch contribution by pruning to alley-cropped cassava, as well as cassava yield characteristics in both alley-cropped and sole plots as affected by AMF inoculation and pruning regimes were monitored over two consecutive planting periods. During the first pruning year, AMF inoculation promoted dry season pruning production which was masked in Leucaena at 3 months by biomass diversion into flowering and in Gliricidia with both flowering and mite infestation. No definite patterns were observed in the second pruning year due to development of indigenous AMF symbiosis in all plots. Total yield of cassava increased with inoculation in all plots but dry season leaf area values and tuber yield indices were relatively higher in cassava alley-cropped with Senna and sole cassava than in others. The low total yield of sole cassava makes cassava alley cropped with Senna (inoculated or uninoculated) the best option for maintaining steady tuber yield with time in a continuing alley-cropping system.",Included,
"Odurukwe, S.O., Arene, O.B.",1980,"Effect of N, P, K Fertilizers on Cassava Bacterial Blight and Root Yield of Cassava",Tropical Pest Management,26,4,10.1080/09670878009414920,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12646/,"Cassava bacterial blight, first observed in Nigeria ih 1971, caused an estimated loss of 25 million naira in cassava production in East Central State of Nigeria in 1976. Results in the present study showed that yield was reduced from 10.61 million t/ha at severity class 1.77 to 6.22 million t/ha at severity 2.01. Increasing K content of the leaves by K-fertilization from 0 kg K2O/ha to 180 kg K2O/ha in a soil with 0.25% N, 20.08 ppm P, 2.85 m.e. Ca/100 g, 1.17 m.e. Mg/100 g and 0.20 m.e. K/100 g tended to reduce the severity and enhance the yield. The main effects of N- and P-fertilization at rates up to 60 and 30 kg/ha respectively were not significant with respect to root yield. Highest root yields were obtained with the fertilizer level of 30 kg N/ha, 15 kg P2Os/ha and 180 kg K2O/ha.",Included,
"Vijayan, M. R., Aiyer, R. S.",1969,Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on the yield and quality of cassava,Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala,1,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18458/,,Included,
"Fox, R. H., Tallkeyrand, H., Scott, T. W.",1975,"Effect of nitrogen fertilization on yields and nitrogen content of cassava, Llanera cultivar",Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico,59,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5833/,"Experiments were conducted on two Ultisols in the interior of Puerto Rico to determine the fertilizer N requirements of a high yielding, high root protein variety of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz cv. Llanera) from Colombia. This variety appeared to be daylength sensitive and top growth ceased from mid November to mid-February, when days were shorter than 11 1/2 hours. At Corozal (Humatas clay), the crop was grown from mid- March to mid-December and top growth responded strongly and root growth moderately to applied N. High N rates produced low root/top ratios (.67-87) but, due to the experience at the Cidra site, it is assumed that root/top ratios would have increased to higher levels had the crop continued to grow. Apparent recovery of fertilizer N was high (68-69 percent) for the 40 and 80 kg/ha rates. At Cidra (Torres clay), where the crop grew from mid-June until the following May and was dormant for the three winter months, there was no response to N, the top yields were lower but the root/top ratios were higher (average, 1.37) and were not affected by N rates. The lack of response to N was due to the high N supplying power of this soil. The maximum root yields were 23 metric tons/ha at Corozal and 33 metric tons/ha at Cidra. Plants in the highest yielding treatments contained 125-175 kg/ha N. Assuming all N was protein N, unpeeled root protein contents averaged 3.4 percent and peeled 2.3 percent on a dry weight basis and were increased only slightly by higher N rates. The N content of the 4th and 5th fully expanded leaves 4-5 months after planting was very well correlated with final root yield at Corozal (R2 = .99 for 0-160 kg/ha N rates). It appears that a minimum of 5 percent N in these leaves 2 1/2 months after planting is necessary for maximum yields.",Included,
"Haque, I., Walker, W. M.",1980,Effect of nitrogen sources on cassava yields in Sierra Leone,Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,11,12,10.1080/00103628009367113,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6926/,"Two experiments were conducted on Njala upland soils to investigate the effects of various N sources on cassava. Highest utilization indices (UI) were observed when (NH.)‐SO, and urea were applied in three split applications. Utilization indices of ‘cocoa’ cassava remained below unity indicating that it is a low yielding cultivar since high yielding cultivars have UI near or greater than unity. Application of various N sources did not increase fresh tuber yield in either experiment indicating that under conditions of this study cocoa cassava has a low N requirement.",Included,
"Ogbe, F.O., Ohiri, A.C., Nnodu, E.C.",1993,Effect of NPK fertilization on symptom severity of African cassava mosaic virus,International Journal of Pest Management,39,1,10.1080/09670879309371765,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12680/,"The effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) disease severity in an improved cassava variety (U/41044) were investigated during 1989 and 1990 cassava growing seasons. There was significant (P = 0.01) positive correlation (r = 0.956) between increasing levels of N and symptom severity. Also significant (P = 0.01) was plant height with increase in N levels. The observed trend for either year was quadratic in manner with a peak at 90 kg/ha. Increase in rates of either P or K did not significantly affect disease severity as well as plant height. Varying the basal dressing rates (60 kg/ha N, 10 kg/ha P and 50 kg/ha K) simultaneously, did not affect ACMV disease severity but positively correlated (P = 0.05) with plant height. The need for balanced N, P, K fertilization of cassava susceptible to ACMV is imperative.",Included,
"Panyapruek, S. N., Sinsiri, W., Sinsiri, N., Arimatsu, P., Polthanee, A.",2016,Effect of paclobutrazol growth regulator on tuber production and starch quality of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Asian Journal of Plant Sciences,15,01-Feb,10.3923/ajps.2016.1.7,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13757/,"Field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of application paclobutrazol (PBZ) at different growth stages and concentration rates on growth, yield and starch quality of cassava grown under rainfed conditions. The PBZ application reduced plants height and leaf area index, but tend to increased total top dry weight, tuber fresh weight per plant and tuber yield of cassava as compared to untreated control. The tuber yield increased by 12, 35 and 67% over control of application PBZ at concentration rates 10, 20 and 30 ppm, respectively. Paclobutrazol applied at concentration 10, 20 and 30 ppm did not exhibit significantly different on the starch content in tuber as compared to control. Regardless of application at different growth stage, PBZ applied to plants at 210 DAP produced higher tuber yield and starch quality than those of application at 90 and 150 DAP.",Included,
"Kang, B.T., Islam, R., Sanders, F.E., Ayanaba, A.",1980,Effect of phosphate fertilization and inoculation with VA-mycorrhizal fungi on performance of cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) grown on an alfisol,Field Crops Research,3,,10.1016/0378-4290(80)90009-X,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8627/,"Field and greenhouse investigations were carried out in southern Nigeria to study the effects of phosphate fertilization and inoculation with vesicular—arbuscular mycorrhiza on performance of the local cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivar Ishinukakijan grown on Egbeda soil series (Oxic Paleustalf).

Field-grown cassava appears to have a low P requirement. At 3.4 ppm Bray P-1 or about 0.01 ppm P soil solution tuber yield was still reasonably high at 35 t/ha. Eight ppm Bray P-1 or 0.04 ppm P in the soil solution were required for maximum tuber yield, about 49 t/ha. Sampled at 3 months after planting, a P concentration of above 0.5% and 0.38% in leaf blades and leaf petioles, respectively, were considered adequate. Percentage mycorrhizal fungal infection of cassava fibrous roots depended on extractable soil P levels, being low at high soil P levels and high at low soil P levels.

Inoculation with mixed native VA-mycorrhizal fungi or with Glomus mosseae significantly improved growth, lowered P response and increased P uptake in plant tops of pot-grown cassava in sterilized soil. Mycorrhized cassava to utilize phosphorus better from the more available Morocco rock phosphate than one from Togo. Inoculation with Glomus mosseae reduced plant growth and P uptake in unsterilized soil. The results of the pot trials lend support tha the observation that the low P requirement of field-grown cassava may be related to its association with VA-mycorrhizal fungi.",Included,
"Streck, N. A., Pinheiro, D. G., Zanon, A. J., Gabriel, L. F., Rocha, T. S. M., De Souza, A. T., Da Silva, M. R.",2014,"Effect of plant spacing on growth, development and yield of cassava in a subtropical environment",Bragantia,73,4,10.1590/1678-4499.0159,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16939/,"The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of different plant spacing on growth, development and stems and roots yield of cassava in a subtropical environment in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Treatments consisted of four spacings 0.8x0.8 m, 1.0x1.0 m, 1.2x1.2 m, 1.5x1.5 m, corresponding to densities of 15,625 plants ha1, 10,000 plants ha1, 6.944,45 plants ha1 and 4.444,45 plants ha1, respectively. The cultivar used was Fepagro RS 13. The variables of growth and development analyzed were green leaf area, plant height, number of senescent leaves, internode length, final leaf number (FLN), number of lateral shoots, final leaf size, phyllochron and stem and root fresh and dry weight yield. The maximum leaf area index and phyllochron increased as plant density increased. The final leaf size and number of lateral shoots increased as plant density decreased. FLN differed only for the second sympodial branching, with the highest number of leaves at the 1.5x1.5m plant spacing. Stem yield of the cultivar Fepagro RS 13 does not change with plant spacing, but tuber root yield per area is higher at higher densities, while yield per plant and per root is higher at lower densities.",Included,
"Magalhães, J. E. S., Ferreira, E. A., de Oliveira, M. C., Pereira, G. A. M., Silva, D. V., dos Santos, J. B.",2016,Effect of plant-biostimulant on cassava initial growth,Revista Ceres,63,2,10.1590/0034-737X201663020012,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10454/,"Biostimulants are complex substances that promote hormonal balance in plants, favor the genetic potential expression, and enhance growth of shoots and root system. The use of these plant growth promoters in crops can increase quantitatively and qualitatively crop production. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a commercial biostimulant on the initial growth of cassava. The experiment was arranged in a 2 x 5 factorial design, corresponding to two cassava cultivars (Cacau-UFV and Coimbra) and five biostimulant concentrations (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 mL L-1). At 90 days after planting, the characteristics leaf area, plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, total dry matter and dry matter of roots, stems and leaves were evaluated. The biostimulant promoted linear increases in plant height, leaf number, leaf area, total dry matter, dry matter of stems, leaves and roots. The cultivar Cacau-UFV had a higher growth rate than the cultivar Coimbra. The growth promoter stimulated the early growth of the cassava crop.",Included,
"Adipala, E., Byabakama, B.A., Ogenga-Latigo, M.W., Otim-Nape, G.W.",1998,Effect of planting date and varietal resistance on the development of cassava mosaic virus disease in Uganda,African Plant Protection,4,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/421/,"A study was conducted to assess the effect of planting date on whitefly vector populations and incidence of cassava mosaic virus disease (CMD) in different varieties of cassava at four contrasting localities in Uganda. Two improved cassava varieties, Nase 1 and Nase 2, and a local variety, Ebwanateraka, were planted at each locality at monthly intervals from March to June and August to October 1993, representing the first and second rainy seasons, respectively. Disease incidence (%) and progress were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the first-rains plantings than in the second-rains plantings. Rates of CMD progress differed among the agroecological zones from low, intermediate and high for the humid tall savanna, the less humid short grassland, and the dry short grassland savanna areas, respectively. Nase 1 and Nase 2 were consistently more resistant to CMD infection than Ebwanateraka. Spread by the whitefly vector was substantial only in the high infection pressure zones. The study indicated the significance of manipulating planting date in combination with use of resistant varieties as a possible control measure for CMD.",Included,
"Fokunang, C.N., Akem, C.N., Ikotun, T., Dixon, A.G.O.",1999,Effect of planting season on cassava anthracnose disease development,Crop Protection,18,6,10.1016/S0261-2194(99)00041-1,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5768/,"Twelve cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genotypes were planted under natural field conditions for two different cropping seasons (wet and dry), in 1992 and 1993 at the research farm of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria. The trial studied the effect of planting season on cassava anthracnose disease (CAD) symptoms expression (disease severity index, canker size and first canker distance from the ground). Another trial was carried out to investigate genotype susceptibility over three consecutive planting seasons using CAD incidence and severity. Disease severity index (DSI) differed significantly (p < or = 0.05) among cassava genotypes in both wet and dry season planting. CAD incidence and severity also differed significantly (p < or = 0.05) among genotypes, with the wet season recording higher disease incidence and canker size. CAD incidence and severity showed significant correlation in the dry season (r = 0.91), but were negatively correlated (r = -0.87) in the wet season. Necrotic lesion size and disease severity in the dry season were not significantly correlated (r = 0.23). Differences in genotypic reaction to CAD incidence and severity were found in 1992, 1993 and 1994 plantings. Genotypes 30211 and 91/00684 showed more stable resistance over the three years of planting when compared with genotypes 90/00333, 91/00396 and 89/00011 which showed fluctuations in CAD disease symptom expression. Yield assessment of cassava genotypes during the cropping seasons, over the 2-year period, showed great variation in plant stand, tuber number and weight and percent dry matter content.",Included,
"Badillo-Feliciano, J., Lugo-Lopez, M. A.",1976,Effect of planting system and partial removal of the epidermis of cassava cuttings on growth yields and root development,Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico,60,4,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1717/,"A field experiment was conducted on a Coto clay, an Oxisol, to compare the effect of planting cassava cuttings vertically with a section above ground or horizontally underground and of removing the epidermis (ringing) of the cuttings at either the basal or terminal end, or at the middle, and some combinations of these treatments. The experiment followed a randomized complete block layout with eight treatments and four replications. Data obtained from an 8-month-old cassava crop reveal no significant differences in edible root yields when planted either vertically with a section above ground or horizontally underground. Removing rings of the epidermis did not affect yields significantly. Mean height of plants from cuttings planted vertically without rings was significantly higher than that of plants from cuttings set horizontally with rings at both ends. No significant differences in top-to-root ratios were attributable to treatment. Counts and observations of cuttings grown on sand beds under greenhouse conditions indicate that, contrary to the generally accepted belief, roots are produced more abundantly from calluses formed at the basal area where the incision is made at cutting than at nodes below ground level. Irrespective of treatments, overall yields were more than twice those obtained in subsistence and commercial farming. This can be attributed to the use of a high yielding cultivar and sound soil and crop management practices.",Included,
"Obigbesan, G. O., Matuluko, E. O.",1977,Effect of potassium and bacterial blight on the yield and chemical composition of cassava cultivars,"Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, Held at CIAT, Cali, Columbia, 1-7 August 1976",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12557/,"Studies on cassava cultivars having different levels of susceptibility to bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas manihotis revealed that the infection exerted differential influence on the mineral nutrient and starch contents of the cultivars. The disease caused a reduction in the macronutrient content, led to a higher accumulation of micronutrients in the diseased leaves, and adversely affected the tuber quality by lowering the percentage starch  content. Despite the relatively greater tolerance of the 60506 cultivar, bacterial blight significantly reduced its tuber and starch yields.",Included,
"Ngongi, A.G.N., Howeler, R., MacDonald, H.A.",1977,"Effect of potassium and sulfur on growth, yield, and composition of cassava","Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, Held at CIAT, Cali, Columbia, 1-7 August 1976",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12110/,"Three field experiments were conducted in Colombia to investigate the differential effects of KCl and K2SO4 on cassava root yields. At Pance, where soil SO4= -S content was 9.0 ppm, there were no differences in yields between KCl and K2SO4 plots, but at Carimagua and Tranquero where soil SO4=-S content was 4.0-4.5 ppm, K2SO4 produced significantly higher root yields than KCl. A KCl + S 'source' produced yields equal to those produced by K2SO4 at equivalent rates of potassium. Cassava root yields increased with potassium fertilization. Potassium applied at a rate of 120 kg K2O/ha appeared to be adequate. Maximum root yields obtained were 40 and 20 t/ha at Pance and Tranquero, respectively. There was a high positive correlation between cassava root yields and total plant fresh weight produced per hectare.",Included,
"Park, C.H., Kim, K.H., Aswidinnoor, Hajrial, Rumawas, Fred",2005,Effect of Potassium Application on Yield-Related Characters and Contents of Starch and Hydrocyanic Acid of Cassava,Korean Journal of Crop Science,50,5,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13791/,"Higher level of KCl application stimulated both leaf area index and leaf area duration in all cassava varieties, while the leaf and tuber number of the bitter varieties (high cyanide-level varieties) decreased in proportion to the level of KCl application. The root/shoot (R/S) ratio and harvest index (HI) were negatively related with the level of KCl application in all cassava varieties. The bitter varieties obtained the lowest R/S ratio at the level of 100 - 150 kg KCl ha−1, while the sweet varieties (low cyanide-level varieties) acquired the highest values at the level of 50 - 150 kg KCl ha−1. Also, the sweet varieties showed the lowest HI at the level of 250 kg KCl ha−1, but the bitter varieties at the level of 150 kg KCl ha−1. At 6 - 8 months after planting, the sweet varieties tended to obtain higher starch content of roots (tubers) at the level of 50 - 150 kg KCl ha−1, while the bitter varieties at the level of 150 - 250 kg KCl ha−1. Relatively lower level of 50 - 150 kg KCl ha−1 was more appropriate for decreasing hydrocyanic acid (HCN) content of roots (tubers) in the sweet varieties at the harvest time, and the level of 250 kg KCl ha−1 was adequate to decrease not only HCN content of leaves but also that of roots (tubers) in the bitter varieties during the growing period. To obtain higher yield and starch content of tubers, and lower HCN content of roots (tubers), it was recommended that the sweet varieties are applied with the level of 50 - 100 kg KCl ha−1 and the bitter varieties with the level of 150 - 200 kg KCl ha−1, respectively, in Latosol soils of Bogor areas, West Java.",Included,
"Murayama, D., Kasano, M., Santiago, D. M., Yamauchi, H., Koaze, H.",2014,Effect of pre-gelatinization on the physicochemical properties of dry flours produced from 5 cassava varieties of the Philippines,Food Science and Technology Research,20,6,10.3136/fstr.20.1131,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11571/,"The objectives of this study were to characterize the physicochemical properties of 5 different cassava varieties developed in the Philippines and to investigate the effect of pre-gelatinization on flour properties. The physicochemical properties were assessed by proximate, mineral and soluble sugar composition, starch, pasting and thermal properties, solubility, swelling power and particle size distribution. All dry flours showed significantly higher values for peak viscosity, hot paste viscosity and final viscosity, breakdown, pasting temperature and -amylase activity than the corresponding pre-gelatinized flours ( p < 0.05). Complete amorphization of starch contained in pre-gelatinized flours was confirmed by DSC, and it was found that pre-gelatinization caused significant increases in the content of fructose, glucose, amylose, damaged starch and mean particle size, compared to the corresponding dry flours ( p < 0.05). Principal component analysis was carried out to assess the overall flour quality and the suitability of particular varieties for pre-gelatinization by steam treatment.",Included,
"Braun, A. R., Bellotti, A. C., Guerrero, J. M., Wilson, L. T.",1989,Effect of Predator Exclusion on Cassava Infested with Tetranychid Mites (Acari: Tetranychidae),Environmental Entomology,18,4,10.1093/ee/18.4.711,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2591/,"Chemical exclusion of predators with permethrin was used to test the effectiveness of the phytoseiid predator Amblyseius limonicus Garman and McGregor and a complex of minor predators in the biological control of tetranychid (Mononychellus spp., Tetranychus spp., and Oligonychus peruvianus McGregor) pests of cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz. Mononychellus spp. and Tetranychus spp. populations were significantly higher and predator populations significantly lower in permethrin-treated plots than in control plots. Numbers of O. peruvianus were not affected by permethrin. Yield of fresh commercial roots and of dry matter was significantly higher in plots with predators than in plots where permethrin was applied every 2 wk for predator exclusion. Yields of neither fresh nor dry matter in control plots were significantly different from yields in plots that had been protected with acaricide, suggesting that predation kept spider mite populations below economically damaging levels.",Included,
"Osundahunsi, O. F., Seidu, K. T., Mueller, R.",2014,Effect of presence of sulphurdioxide on acetylation and sorption isotherm of acetylated starches from cultivars of cassava,Food Chemistry,151,,10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.020,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13434/,"Starches from cultivars of cassava were modified with acetic anhydride. Treatment with sulphurdioxide was compared with native. The starches were evaluated for functional properties and moisture isotherms were calculated. Addition of 3.5% acetic anhydride resulted in starches with DS of 1.66% and 3.25% in sweet and bitter cultivars. Sweet starch alone will be applicable for food. Least gelation concentrations for the native were 14% and 10% against 6% and 8% acetylated samples, respectively. Degree of substitution (DS) was reduced with SO2 by 45% and 39% in sweet and bitter cultivar with 150 mg/kg starch, respectively. Swelling power and solubility increased with DS. Exudates from samples varied. Monolayer values of the starches were between 1.05% and 9.16% under 18 C and 30 C that simulated distribution and storage. R2 value of water adsorbed and water activity ranged from 50% to 97%. X-ray patterns were not disrupted.",Included,
"ACHIDI, ADUNI U., AJAYI, OLUFUNMIKE A., MAZIYA-DIXON, BUSSIE, BOKANGA, MPOKO",2008,EFFECT OF PROCESSING ON THE NUTRIENT CONTENT OF CASSAVA (MANIHOT ESCULENTA CRANTZ) LEAVES,Journal of Food Processing and Preservation,32,3,10.1111/j.1745-4549.2007.00165.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/80/,"Leaves of two varieties of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) - TME1 (local) and TMS30572 (improved) - were subjected to African household processing (heat-treated, pounded and cooked and crushed, ground and cooked) and compared for proximate composition, minerals, vitamins and antinutritional factors. The processing methods had no effect on ash, lipids, protein, fiber, total carbohydrate, carotene, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, copper, zinc and manganese but produced diminution in free sugars (23.2% reduction), ascorbic acid (77.7% reduction), thiamine (37.1% reduction), cyanogenic potential (>99% reduction) and tannin (55.2% reduction;) levels. On the contrary, iron level increased three- to fivefold with grinding but not with the pounding process. This study showed that adequate processing practically detoxifies cassava leaves with considerable nutrient retention, thus enhancing utilization of cassava leaves for human consumption. This study has clearly shown that cassava leaves are very nutritious. However, they also have anti-nutrients which can render them toxic. This is responsible for the fear exhibited in the consumption of cassava leaves because of anticipated poisoning. This study shows that African processing methods tremendously reduce the ant-nutrients with minimal loss in the nutrients. There should therefore be no fear in the utilization of cassava leaves either for animal feed formulation or man's own direct consumption as a good source of leafy vegetables. The food quality of processed cassava leaves renders them a potential source of raw material for the animal feed industry as well as for the formulation of weaning foods especially for the underdeveloped world.",Included,
"Tanaka, Y., Data, E. S., Lape, V. G., Villegas, C. D., Gorgonio, M., Hirose, S., Uritani, I.",1984,Effect of pruning treatment on physiological deterioration in cassava roots,Agricultural and Biological Chemistry,48,3,10.1080/00021369.1984.10866211,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17337/,"Cassava roots easily deteriorate after harvest. Pruning treatment (all leaves and stems are cut away except for about 30-cm-high stems and the stems and roots are left for 2 weeks or more before harvest) delays occurrence of the deterioration. Activities of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, peroxidase, and acid invertase and coumarin content developed during incubation in all parts of 1.5 cm thick root tissue blocks prepared from the pruned and unpruned plants, but were lower in the former. Activities of the enzymes and coumarin content in the intact root from the pruned plant were lower than in the tissue block from the pruned plant and were less than in the intact root from the unpruned plant. In the latter case, the level of activities was highest in the intervening parts of the root, in which physiological deterioration was induced.",Included,
"Ferrero, M.T., Villegas, L.",1993,Effect of rainfall on HCN content in cassava roots,"Proceedings of the First International Scientific Meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology Network, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, 25-28 August 1992",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5681/,"Environmental conditions can modify the cyanide content in cassava roots. A given cultivar with low cyanide could result in an increased HCN content under different environmental conditions (Dominguez et al, 1979). Regulation of HCN content by selecting climatic conditions could be used according to the end product desired. Two plant groups of the same cultivar were used to analyze the effect of rainfall distribution during plant cycle on the HCN content. Plants were produced in vitro, kept in soil for one month under controlled conditions in green houses and subsequently transferred to the field. After eight months in the field, the roots were harvested and cyanide content were evaluated (Ikediobi et al, 1980). In Bolivar State, the rain starts in March, reaches a maximum in July and decreases until December, accumulating a total of 67.2 inches. The first group was transferred to the field in April and harvested in January. The second was transferred in June and harvested at the end of February. A significant higher value of HCN content (174 ± 18 u HCN/g fresh parenchyma) was obtained in plants harvested after two months of drought as compared to those harvested in the middle of January (42 ± 5 ug HCN/g fresh parenchyma). A second comparison of the effect of total rainfall was performed with other cuitivar using the location described above and a different location in Cojedes State. In Cojedes the rainfall starts in March, has two maxima in July-August and October and gradually decrease until January, accumulating a total of 42.4 inches. When rains last longer, no significant effect of total rainfall on the HCN content was observed in the cultivars studied. In Bolivar State the HCN content was 69 ± 15 u/g fresh parenchyma with 67.2 inches of rain while in Cojedes State was 61 ± 8 u/g fresh parenchyma with 42.4 inches. These results suggest that HCN content depends more on the lasting humidity in the soil during the plant cycle than on the total rainfall. On these bases it is possible to decide the date when the plants must be transferred to field, according to the last use of the roots to be produced. This work was partially supported by CAF.",Included,
"Chotineeranat, S., Suwansichon, T., Chompreeda, P., Piyachomkwan, K., Vichukit, V., Sriroth, K., Haruthaithanasan, V.",2006,Effect of root ages on the quality of low cyanide cassava flour from Kasetsart 50,Kasetsart Journal - Natural Science,40,3,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3677/,"Cassava flour is a food product used in many diets, that is derived from fresh edible roots of cassava, preferentially from low-cyanide sweet cassava. Despite the high cyanogenic content in fresh roots, the bitter cassava can be also used to produce flour if the fresh roots are of good quality and are processed properly. In this study, the quality of cassava flour produced by a simple process from variety Kasetsart 50 (KU50), the bitter cassava which was extensively grown in Thailand for industrial use was investigated. Flour qualities obtained were dependent on the root quality. Roots with different ages (6, 8, 10 and 12 months old) exhibited different chemical compositions and cyanide contents, which consequently produced flour containing different levels of cyanide content. Fresh roots with high cyanide content produced flour with high cyanide content. Moreover, flour prepared from fresh roots at various ages exhibited significant differences in paste viscosity. These differences were greater than that seen for extracted starches from fresh roots alone, implying the role of other non-starch components in fresh roots on determining the paste viscosity of flour. Furthermore, composite blending of flour with various paste properties was proposed to minimize the paste viscosity variation, and remedy inconsistent quality of cassava flour-based products.",Included,
"Akingbala, J. O., Falade, K. O., Ogunjobi, M. A.",2011,"Effect of Root Maturity, Preprocess Holding and Flour Storage on the Quality of Cassava Biscuit",Food and Bioprocess Technology,4,3,10.1007/s11947-009-0185-z,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/712/,"Effect of root maturity (12 and 23 months) and flour storage on physical, chemical, and sensory attributes of cassava biscuits was evaluated. Pulp and flour of 12 months were higher than the 23 months mature roots. Moisture, crude protein, crude fat, and cyanide contents of the cassava flour varied between 10.1% and 10.3%, 2.2% and 2.4%, 0.2% and 0.3%, and 12.1 and 13.4 mg HCN/100 g, respectively. Diastatic activity of the flour ranged from 115 to 243 mg maltose for fresh and roots stored for 3 days. Water-holding capacity of the roots and peak viscosity of flours decreased during storage. Sensory results showed that cassava biscuits were acceptable and compared favorably with the wheat biscuits.",Included,
"Johnston, M., Onwueme, I.C.",1998,"Effect of shade on photosynthetic pigments in the tropical root crops yam, taro, tannia, cassava and sweet potato",Experimental Agriculture,34,3,10.1017/S0014479798343033,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8341/,"Plants of yam, taro, tannia, cassava and sweet potato were raised under shade or in full sunlight and the effect of shade on leaf chlorophyll and carotenoids was examined to determine and compare the relative shade tolerance and adaptability of the various species. All five species of root crops adapted to shade. The chlorophyll concentration was higher, while the chlorophyll a:b ratio, carotenoids per unit chlorophyll and the weight per unit area of leaf were lower in the shade than in the sun in yam, tannia, taro, cassava and sweet potato. All species had larger leaves and more chlorophyll per leaf in the shade. The extent of the changes, however, differed between species. The aroids (taro and tannia) appeared to be shade-tolerant species as their chlorophyll a:b ratios changed less than those of the other species in the shade, suggesting that their light-harvesting systems may be normally adapted to shade conditions. Taro and tannia also adapted to shade by a greater proportional increase in leaf size, a smaller reduction in leaf weight per unit area and a greater proportional increase in chlorophyll and carotenoids per leaf than the other species. Yam compensated for shade by having a large proportional increase in leaf size and appeared to be moderately tolerant of shade. Sweet potato and cassava appeared to be the least tolerant of shade of the major tropical root crops.",Included,
"Zinsou, V., Wydra, K., Ahohuendo, B., Hau, B.",2004,"Effect of soil amendments, intercropping and planting time in combination on the severity of cassava bacterial blight and yield in two ecozones of West Africa",Plant Pathology,53,5,10.1111/j.0032-0862.2004.01056.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/20115/,"The severity of cassava bacterial blight at two sites in the forest‐savanna transition (FST) and dry savanna (DS) zones of West Africa were studied by assessing the effects of: (i) shift of planting date; (ii) potassium fertilizer application and mulching; (iii) intercropping cassava with sorghum or cowpea vs. cassava monoculture; and (iv) the combination of these measures. Disease severity of bacterial blight in two genotypes was generally reduced by 20–60% by late planting, without a negative effect on cassava root yield, in monocropping systems in most treatments in the FST zone (reduction in four treatments, and increase in two treatments, out of 19) and the DS zone (two of eight treatments in 1 year). Late planting led to crop failure in the DS zone in the second year. Intercropping cassava with sorghum reduced bacterial blight severity significantly, up to 80% at normal (all treatments) and late planting time (three out of six treatments) in the FST zone, and in some treatments (four out of seven) at normal planting in the DS zone. Intercropping of cassava with cowpea in the DS zone also reduced disease severity. Cassava‐sorghum intercropping generally had no effect on root yield compared with cassava monocropping at both planting times in the FST zone and provided an additional harvest of the intercrop, while yield was affected by intercropping in the DS zone at late, and in some treatments (three out of seven) at normal, planting time. Mulching and potassium treatment had no effect on disease severity, but increased or decreased root yield in some treatments in both sites. Analysis of combined data showed that cropping system, year, site, and site combined with planting date were the highest significant determinants of variation in bacterial blight development.",Included,
"Maduakor, H.O.",1993,"Effect of soil compaction on leaf, stem and fibrous root growth of cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz)",Soil and Tillage Research,26,1,10.1016/0167-1987(93)90087-6,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10431/,"The effect of soil compaction on the growth and proliferation of fibrous roots of cassava was investigated in southwestern Nigeria using specially constructed boxes. Compaction increased leaf area production but decreased the efficiency of storage root production, indicating that more photosynthates were preferentially allocated to the top in plants growing in compacted soil. Fibrous root growth was also reduced by compaction especially at the early stages of growth. However storage root weight after 134 days of growth was unaffected by compaction. The need to review pre-planting ploughing for cassava is suggested.",Included,
"Ravi, V., Ravindran, C. S.",2006,Effect of soil drought and climate on flowering and fruit set in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Advances in Horticultural Science,20,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14936/,"Effect of soil drought, air temperature, sunshine and relative humidity (RH) on flowering and fruit production was studied in cassava under field conditions for a period of 21 months. Adequate soil moisture promoted flowering and fruit production while soil drought suppressed them. High air temperatures (>30C) and low relative humidity appears to aggravate the adverse effect of soil drought on flower and fruit production. It is concluded from the present study that under tropical field conditions, soil moisture is the critical factor which influences flower and fruit production in cassava and high air temperature (>30C) and low RH aggravate the adverse effect of soil drought.",Included,
"Aina, O. O., Dixon, A. G. O., Akinrinde, E. A.",2007,Effect of soil moisture stress on growth and yield of cassava in Nigeria,Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences,10,18,10.3923/pjbs.2007.3085.3090,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/620/,"Nine cassava genotypes were evaluated for their growth responses and adaptability to soil moisture stress on the field and in the screenhouse in Nigeria. Genotypes were evaluated in three savanna agroecologies in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Screenhouse evaluation was conducted using three moisture regimes of 75, 50 and 25% Field Capacity (FC) in a two-factor factorial experiment in CRD with three replicates. Morphological and yield data were collected on the field and in the screenhouse. Results showed significant (p<0.05) difference among genotypes on the field and in the screenhouse. Field moisture stress led to a decline in plant height by 47%, stem girth by 15%, number of tubers by 95% and tuber yield by 87%. Screenhouse moisture condition of 25% FC led to a reduction in plant height by 12.6 and 21.2%, stem girth by 16.3 and 21.7%, number of roots by 94.5 and 88.7% and root weight by 93.3 and 94.9%, respectively at 16 and 30 WAP. Moisture stress therefore resulted into considerable reduction in both vegetative growth and yield of cassava genotypes. Therefore, a concerted effort in breeding cassava for drought tolerance is needed as cassava cultivation is expanding into nontraditional semiarid regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Germplasm introduced from Latin America (especially north-eastern Brazil) is providing a unique source of variability to further broaden the genetic base for drought tolerance in cassava.",Included,
"Almendras, A.S., Cruz, R.E. dela, Manguiat, I.J.",1982,"Effect of soil type, fertilization and mycorrhizal inoculation on NPK uptake of cassava",Annals of Tropical Research,4,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/902/,"The response of cassava (cv. Laken) to NPK fertilization and mycorrhizal inoculation was evaluated through a pot experiment using unsterilized soil (Lipa clay loam and Luislana clay). Application of 45-60-60 and 90-60-60 in Lipa clay loam and Luislane clay, respectively, resulted in significantly higher P uptake than with 0-60-60 treatment In both soil types. Nitrogen and potassium uptakes were not significantly affected by NPK levels in both soil types. Irrespective of soil type and fertilizer treatments, inoculation significantly increased shoot phosphorus concentration and uptake.",Included,
"Moorthy, S.N., Wenham, J.E., Blanshard, J.M.V.",1996,Effect of solvent extraction on the gelatinisation properties of flour and starch of five cassava varieties,Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,72,3,10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199611)72:3<329::AID-JSFA663>3.0.CO;2-1,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11340/,"The gelatinisation properties of native and solvent-extracted (petroleum ether and ethanol) flour and starch processed from five cassava varieties gown in India were studied using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and a Brabender amylograph. Varieties varied in their DSC peaks but these remained unaffected by solvent extraction, indicating that the DSC profiles are characteristic of these starches. In general, the gelatinisation temperatures of the flours were significantly higher than those of the starches but the enthalpy of gelatinisation was less for flour. Varietal differences were also observed in the gelatinisation profiles of starch and flour samples obtained using the Brabender amylograph. Lower viscosity values were obtained for the flour samples but values remained more stable throughout the temperature programme. In most varieties, solvent extraction of the samples caused only slight modification of the gelatinisation patterns. There was no apparent relationship between the gelatinisation properties of the starch derived from the different varieties and the size and amylose content of the starch granules. Results of these experiments indicate that differences in gelatinisation values obtained, between starch and flour samples for the same variety, are not due to the presence of sugars and fats which were removed by ethanol and petroleum ether extraction, respectively. The significant differences observed in some varieties are therefore due to the presence of other root constituents.",Included,
"Kang, B. T., Moormann, F. R.",1977,Effect of some biological factors on soil variability in the tropics I. Effect of pre-clearing vegetation,Plant and Soil,47,2,10.1007/BF00011502,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8625/,"Field observations were carried out on an Egbeda soil series in western Nigeria to study the degree of soil-nutrient variability within and between plots due to pre-clearing vegetation. The soil showed lower soil pH, organic C, exchangeable K and Ca contents following cassava grown by traditional methods than following secondary forest vegetation or thicket regrowth. Except for exchangeable K, the degree of variability of the above parameters was observed to be in the following order: secondary forest vegetation > thicket regrowth > cassava plots. The available P status was generally low and showed little relation to pre-clearing vegetation. The implications of soil variability due to pre-clearing vegetation on soil sampling and in field experimentation are discussed.",Included,
"Mbah, E. U., Ogidi, E.",2012,Effect of soybean plant populations on yield and productivity of cassava and soybean grown in a cassava-based intercropping system,Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems,15,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10889/,"Intercropping cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), with varying soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] plant populations may influence not only the performance of the component crops but also the residual nitrogen contribution to the cropping system. The treatment scheme was cassava fixed at 100% of its sole crop population of 10,000 plants ha-1 while soybean was varied at 25, 50, 75 and 100% of its sole crop population of 266,000 plants ha -1, representing 66,500; 133,000; 199,500 and 266,000 plants ha -1, respectively. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Fresh tuber yield in cassava increased as soybean population increased to the highest amount used in the study while number of pods plant-1 and seed weight plant-1 in soybean were depressed by intercropping in the two cropping seasons. However, soybean grain yield was significantly increased with increase in population due to higher aggregate plant populations per unit area in the intercrop. Averaged over the two cropping seasons, productivity showed that cassava/soybean intercrop, especially at the highest soybean population gave the highest yield advantage in terms of total land equivalent ratio, (2.00), land equivalent coefficient (2.41), crop yield equivalent for cassava (31.07 t ha-1) and for soybean (2.25 t ha-1), monetary equivalent ratio (1.56), total gross monetary returns (N170,311.52) and total net profit (N74,488.02). This implies that for maximum financial returns, additive intercropping of cassava and soybean at 100% cassava + 100% soybean is recommended because of improved productivity of the system as well as bonus yield and improved health of the farmers from the associated soybean component are achieved.",Included,
"Cock, James H, Wholey, Douglas, Casas, OG",1977,Effect of spacing on cassava (Manihot esculenta),Experimental Agriculture,13,3,10.1017/S0014479700008024,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/34372/,"Three varieties in one cassava trial and five in another were planted in a systematic density experiment which showed that optimum plant density for root yield changes with plant age. Some varieties showed a pronounced optimum plant population, whilst others showed a flat-topped response curve. Reduction in yield above the optimum is due to a reduced harvest index. Yields of over 50 t/ha were obtained with varieties that respond to close spacing.",Included,
"Khanthavong, P., Phattarakul, N., Jamjod, S., Aye, T. M., Rerkasem, B.",2012,Effect of stake priming with complete nutrient solution on cassava root and starch yield,Chiang Mai University Journal of Natural Sciences,11,1 SPECIAL ISSUE,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8939/,"Low quality of cassava stakes for planting is a major cause that limits cassava growth and productivity. Nutrient contents of the stakes are one possible key factor determining the stake quality. Priming refers to a method to improve the performance of plant propagules, such as seed or cutting, by a pretreatment before planting. This study evaluated the effect of soaking cassava stakes in nutrient solution on cassava root yield and quality. The effect of cassava stake priming was evaluated in 5 cassava varieties (Rayong 5, Rayong 7, Rayong 9, Rayong 72, and Kasetsart 50 (KU50)) that were grown in the field with and without soaking stake in a complete nutrients solution. Although stake priming had no effect on above ground biomass, it increased root number and root yield of all cassava varieties except KU50. Stake priming increased root yield by up to 25% and starch yield 30% as compared with without priming. In conclusion, cassava stake priming, by soaking in complete nutrient solution, offers a simple, easy and practical means to improve cassava root as well as starch yield.",Included,
"['Eke-Okoro, O. N.', 'Okereke, O. U.', 'Okeke, J. E.'",2001,Effect of stake sizes on some growth indices and yield of three cassava cultivars (Manihot esculenta),Journal of Agricultural Science,137,4,10.1017/S0021859601001320,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5025/,"The effects of five stake weights (50, 63, 75, 88 and 100 g) of three cassava cultivars (TMS 30572, TMS 91934 and NR 8083) on the growth and yield of cassava were studied for 2 years (1992/93 and 1993/94) in Nigeria. The leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area duration (LAD), harvest yield and harvest index (HI) were dependent on the weight of stake planted and were greatest at the stake weight of 88 g (875 kg/ha) irrespective of cassava cultivar. Variations in LAI, LAD and HI of stake weights between 75 and 100 g were non-significant. The profusely branching cassava cultivars, TMS 30572 and NR 8083, achieved greater LAI, CGR, NAR and LAD relative to the sparsely branching cultivar, TMS 91934. The significant growth and yield differences among the stake weights with the optimum at a stake weight of 88 g (875 kg/ha) indicates the need to adopt this stake weight for sustainable and improved growth and yield in cassava production.",Included,
"Okoli, P.S.O., Wilson, G.F.",1984,Effect of stem cut-back on yield and yield components of intercropped cassava,"Proceedings, Sixth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops / hosted by CIP in Lima, Peru, 21-26 February 1983",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12893/,"Maize/cassava intercropping is practiced widely in tropical cropping systems; however, it is still largely restricted to the small-holder farmer. The major constraints to large-scale production include high labor costs and lack of adequate machinery for operations in intercropping systems. Investigations were carried out to determine the feasibility of mechanizing maize/cassava intercropping, using available planting and harvesting machinery not originally designed for this purpose. Cassava was cut back at 3 heights (80, 60, and 40 cm) at maize harvest to simulate the damage to it if the maize was to be harvested mechanically. Cassava was left uncut in the control plot, and the cassava was left in the field for 12 months. For cassava planted in the first season (April to August), cutting caused a significant decline in tuber yield and number per plant, but did not affect the leaf area index, stem diameter, number of branches, and final plant height. For cassava planted in the second growing season (September to December), there were no significant differences among treatments in all variables studied. The savings in labor costs adequately compensated for the yield decline in the first season. It is feasible to mechanize maize/ cassava intercropping. and agricultural engineers should design machinery suitable for this and other mixed cropping systems.",Included,
"Kanto, U., Jutamanee, K., Osotsapar, Y., Jattupornpong, S., Kaewprasit, C.",2011,Effect of Swine Manure Extract by Foliar Application and Soil Drenching on Dry Matter and Nutrient Uptake of Cassava,Kasetsart Journal - Natural Science,45,6,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8654/,"Swine manure extract (SME) is the aqueous liquid obtained by steeping dried swine manure in water for 24 hr and contains plant nutrients. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of nine split applications of SME as foliar fertilizer (FSME) or soil fertilizer (SSME), as well as both soil and foliar fertilizer (FNSSME) and conventional NPK fertilizer (NPK) on the macronutrient and micronutrient uptake of the cassava cultivar Hauybong60. At harvest, 10 mth after planting, the combination of foliar and soil applications of SME favored dry matter and tuber yield improvement and tended to increase the macronutrient and micronutrient uptake by cassava plants. Cassava treated with FSME and NPK produced no significant difference in total dry matter yield, fresh tuber yield or nutrient accumulation in the shoots. The combination of soil and foliar SME application was effective in promoting dry matter, tuber yield and the macronutrient and micronutrient uptake in cassava plants grown on slightly alkaline, loamy soil.",Included,
"Kanto, Uthaiwan, Jutamanee, Kanapol, Osotsapar, Yongyuth, Jattupornpong, Sukanya",2012,"Effect of swine manure extract on leaf nitrogen concentration, chlorophyll content, total potassium in plant parts and starch content in fresh tuber yield of cassava",Journal of Plant Nutrition,35,5,10.1080/01904167.2012.653074,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8655/,"The effects of swine manure extract (SME) as foliar fertilizer (FSME), soil fertilizer (SSME), and both soil and foliar fertilizer (FNSSME) on leaf nitrogen (N) concentration, chlorophyll content, total potassium (K) in plant parts and starch content in the fresh roots, compared to a conventional, chemical fertilizer (CF) were studied in cassava cultivar Hauybong 60. The results showed that plants on FNSSME had the highest chlorophyll contents and SPAD values at four months after planting (MAP). Cassava plants treated with SSME and FNSSME had highest starch content and was significantly higher than in plants treated with CF and a FSME. There was a strong, positive relationship between the leaf nitrogen concentration and chlorophyll content in cassava at 6 MAP. The results of the study indicated that an application of FNSSME to cassava plants could provide a higher chlorophyll content and higher tuber quality of the plants than those applied with chemical fertilizer.",Included,
"Awoyale, W., Sanni, L. O., Shittu, T. A., Adegunwa, M. O.",2015,Effect of varieties on the functional and pasting properties of biofortified cassava root starches,Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization,9,2,10.1007/s11694-015-9227-6,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1548/,"The effect of varieties on the functional and pasting properties of biofortified cassava root starches (BfCRS) was investigated. Dried starches were produced from three biofortified cassava roots (TMS01/1371, TMS01/1368 and TMS06/1630), and their functional and pasting properties were evaluated. The result revealed that significant (P ≤ 0.001) variations exist in all the starch properties. The water absorption capacity (WAC) ranged from 75.86 to 86.50 %, dispersibility 80.00–86.00 %, swelling power (SWP) 6.27–9.59 %, solubility index (SI) 1.30–1.90 %, bulk density (BD) 69.52–70.32 % and least gelation concentration (LGC) 4.01–4.06 %. TMS01/1371 BfCRS had the highest BD and WAC; TMS01/1368 BfCRS had the highest SWP, SI and LGC while TMS06/1630 BfCRS had the highest dispersibility and amylose contents. The starch from TMS01/1371 had the highest peak, trough and final viscosities, and peak time; TMS01/1368 had the highest breakdown viscosity and TMS06/1630 was high in setback viscosity and pasting temperature. Therefore, any of the BfCRS could be used for food formulations depending on the quality desired in the final product.",Included,
"Gomez, G., Valdivieso, M., Cuesta, D. De La, Salcedo, T. S.",1984,Effect of variety and plant age on the cyanide content of whole-root cassava chips and its reduction by sun-drying,Animal Feed Science and Technology,11,1,10.1016/0377-8401(84)90054-3,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6026/,"The cyanide content of fresh whole-root chips of two cassava varieties (CMC-40, low-cyanide, and CMC-84, high-cyanide) as affected by plant age (9–12 months) was determined monthly, as was the effect of sun-drying, either on concrete floors (plain or black-painted) or on inclined trays, on cyanide elimination. Total cyanide contents in fresh chips of variety CMC-84 were always higher (772 ± 167 vs. 436 ± 111 mg/kg DM) than those of variety CMC-40, and in both varieties cyanide contents in chips decreased as plant age increased. Most of the cyanide in fresh chips was found as bound cyanide (66% for CMC-40 and 79% for CMC-84), but the proportion of free cyanide was higher than values previously determined in the separate root tissues. Sun-drying on inclined trays normally required less time than on a concrete floor; at the fresh chip loading rate used (8.5–9.0 kg m−2) for floor drying, no appreciable differences in drying times and cyanide elimination were found between plain and black-painted concrete surfaces. Sun-drying on a concrete floor eliminated more cyanide (86–93% of initial level), for both varieties, than on inclined trays (61–87%). Most of the remaining cyanide in chips dried on a concrete floor was found as free cyanide (62 ± 16% for CMC-40 and 59 ± 18% for CMC-84), but in chips dried on trays these values were considerably lower (25 ± 11% for CMC-40 and 19 ± 8% for CMC-84). Results are discussed in relation to the maximum hydrocyanic acid concentration (100 mg kg−1) that has been set as a quality standard for cassava chips or pellets.",Included,
"Nembozanga Sauti, R. F.",1984,Effect of variety and planting time on the yield of cassava in Malawi,Tropical Root Crops: Production and Uses in Africa,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12013/,,Included,
"Ty, C., Preston, T. R., Borin, K.",2007,"Effect of variety and wilting on HCN content of cassava leaves and on intake, digestibility and N retention by growing pigs",Livestock Research for Rural Development,19,9,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18003/,"Two experiments were carried out to study the effect of duration of wilting (0, 24 or 48 h) on HCN content of leaves from ""sweet"" and ""bitter"" varieties of cassava and on their nutritive value for pigs as measured by digestibility and N balance. In the first experiment, the duration of wilting was 0, 24 or 48 h. In the second experiment, the leaves from the bitter and sweet varieties were fed to pigs, either fresh or after 24 h wilting, as the only supplementary source of protein in diets based in broken rice and sugar palm juice. The bitter variety was higher in DM, N and HCN than the sweet variety. However, there were significant interactions between variety and time of wilting. DM increased and HCN decreased at a faster rate in the bitter than in the sweet variety. Wilting cassava leaves for up to 48 h reduced HCN content to minimal values, the rate of decrease being more pronounced in the bitter than in the sweet variety, with no differences between varieties after 48 h. There were no differences in the nutritive value for pigs, between bitter and sweet varieties, nor were there benefits from wilting for 24 hours, as measured by apparent digestibilities of DM, crude protein and crude fibre, and by N retention. The fresh cassava leaves provided about 20% of the diet DM, which resulted in HCN intakes of from 3.08 to 3.19 mg/kg LW for the diets with fresh cassava leaves, and from 1.85 to 2.16 when the leaves were wilted 24 h. It is concluded that amino acid imbalance, levels of cell wall constituents and condensed tannins are more important than HCN levels in limiting the usefulness of cassava leaves for pigs.",Included,
"Ademiluyi, Taiwo, Audu, Thomas O.K., Njobuenwu, Derrick O., Akpan, Friday E.",2008,Effect of variety on the heat transfer coefficient during drying of fermented ground cassava,,v. 43,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/326/,"The effect of variety on the heat transfer coefficient of four cassava cultivars (TMS 30555, TMS 30572, NR 8082 and one Native type) was investigated. The cultivars were dried at an air temperature of 142 C, air velocity of 1.397 m/s and relative humidity of 55%. The heat transfer coefficient obtained varied from 0.0622 to 0.0725 kJ kg s C. The heat transfer coefficient varied for some cultivars, while some cultivars had close heat transfer coefficient. NR 8082 had the lowest heat transfer coefficient while TMS 30555 had the highest heat transfer coefficient. The cultivars with high heat transfer coefficient were found to have low bulk density, smaller particle diameter, high drying rate, low specific heat capacity and high carbohydrate fat and protein contents than other cultivars.",Included,
"Asafu-Agyei, J.N., Osafo, D.M.",1999,"Effect of variety, planting density, and fertilizer on the yield and the relative competitive ability of intercropped maize and cassava",Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science,v. 32.,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1396/,"Different stands of two each of contrasting maize (Zea mays L.) and cassava (Manihot esculenta Cranz) varieties were established as intercrops in experiments at Fumesua and Kwadaso near Kumasi (6 43' N, 10 36' W), from 1986 to 1989. The objective was to identitY the factors that play crucial role as determinants of yield of maize and cassava grown as intercrops. Genotype, planting density, and fertilizer application proved important in the performance of both intercrops. Each intercrop had a depressive effect on the other, maize being about two and half times more competitive than cassava.Interspecific superiority was, however, not constant for variety, planting density, and fertilizer application. Suitable combinations of genotypes of maize and cassava are suggested based on land equivalent ratio (LER) and competitive ratio (CR) values and suitable planting densities of the intercrops recommended.",Included,
"Osonubi, O., Atayese, M.O., Mulongoy, K.",1995,effect of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on nutrient uptake and yield of alley-cropped cassava in a degraded Alfisol of southwestern Nigeria,Biol Fertil Soils,v. 20,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13401/,"Leaf and root (tuber) nutrient uptake patterns of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) alley-cropped with gliricidia (Cliricidia sepium), leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), and senna [(Senna (syn. Cassia) siamea] as influenced by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) inoculation in a degraded Alfisol were investigated in 3 consecutive years. The cassava plants were mulched with fresh prunings of each hedgerow tree species at 2-month intervals in the second and third years of alley cropping. While VAM inoculation significantly influenced the root uptake of nutrients, the leaf uptake was not affected except for the uptake of P. In most cases, there was no difference in the nutrient concentration between inoculated and uninoculated plants, either in the leaf or in the root indicating that the productivity of cassava was regulated by the amount of nutrients the roots could absorb. In spite of similar total soil N in all inoculated and uninoculated alley-cropped cassava plots and similar exchangeable soil K contents in inoculated and uninoculated alley-cropped cassava plots with leucaena and senna, greater uptake of N, P, and K and greater concentrations of K were observed in roots of inoculated alley-cropped cassava with gliricidia and leucaena than with senna. These results indicated that greater mineralization and availability of nutrients to cassava roots from prunings of nodulating gliricidia and leucaena than from non-nodulating senna may be important, particularly with efficient VAM inoculation, in these alley-cropping systems. Also, for similar nutrients in the inoculated and uninoculated cassava soils alley-cropped with each hedgerow species, VAM inoculation significantly enhanced cassava root dry weights, indicating that an effective VAM fungus can be an agent of greater nutrient uptake in a competitive environment.",Included,
"Dorn, B., Mattiacci, L., Bellotti, A. C., Dorn, S.",2003,Effects of a mixed species infestation on the cassava mealybug and its encyrtid parasitoids,Biological Control,27,1,10.1016/S1049-9644(02)00180-9,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4722/,"The two encyrtid endo-parasitoids, Aenasius vexans Kerrich and Acerophagus coccois Smith, are biological control agents of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus herreni Cox and Willliams, in Latin America. Parasitoids used as biological control agents are released in agro-ecosystems in which plants are typically attacked by various herbivore species. We studied the effects of a mixed species infestation by cassava mealybug and cassava green mite, Mononychellus tanajoa Bondar, or whitefly, Aleurotrachelus socialis Bondar, on the mealybug pest and its encyrtid parasitoids. Development, distribution and reproduction of the cassava mealybug as well as the post-alighting behavior and reproduction of the two parasitoid species were analyzed in a mixed species infestation as compared to an infestation by cassava mealybug only. Results show that developmental time of cassava mealybug females was altered when an additional herbivore species was feeding on the same plant. The duration of the third larval instar was significantly shorter when cassava green mite was present. In contrast, the duration of this instar was longer when whitefly was present. Reproduction of cassava mealybug was not affected, nor was the ratio of its distribution on the adaxial and the abaxial surface of the cassava leaf. Our findings on altered developmental time of phloem feeding cassava mealybug in mixed species infestations suggest that the desiccation of leaves caused by the cell sap feeding cassava green mite accelerated mealybug development. In contrast, the interaction with the similarly phloem feeding whitefly retarded it. The post-alighting behavior of the specialist parasitoid A. vexans differed between the two mixed species infestations as compared to the infestation with the cassava mealybug only. The preference of females for the adaxial leaf surface observed in the infestation with cassava mealybug only was not found in either of the mixed species infestations. In contrast, the post-alighting behavior of the generalist parasitoid A. coccois was similar in the mixed species infestations as in the infestation by cassava mealybug only. These results indicate a more robust behavior of the generalist, but the altered behavior of the specialist remained without consequences on parasitism rate under the conditions of this study. 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.",Included,
"Thresh, J.M., Fargette, D., Otim-Nape, G.W. (Natural Resources Institute, Chatham (United Kingdom))",1994,Effects of African cassava mosaic geminivirus on the yield of cassava,,v. 34,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17660/,,Included,
"Obigbesan, G. O., Ketiku, A. O., Fayemi, A. A.",1977,"Effects of Age at Harvest and Fertilizer Application on Yield, Available Carbohydrates and Hydrocyanic Acid Content of Cassava (Manihot-Palmata-Pohl)",Journal of Agricultural Science,88,JUN,10.1017/S0021859600037370,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12548/,,Included,
"Hillocks, R. J., Raya, M. D., Mtunda, K., Kiozia, H.",2001,Effects of brown streak virus disease on yield and quality of cassava in Tanzania,Journal of Phytopathology,149,07-Aug,10.1046/j.1439-0434.2001.00641.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7197/,"Brown streak virus disease is the most important biotic constraint tocassava production in the coastal areas of southern Tanzania. Symptoms include foliar chlorosis and sometimes stem lesions. The disease also affects the tuberous roots which develop a yellow-brown, dry, corky necrosis within the starch-bearing tissues, sometimes accompanied by pitting and distortion, that is visible externally. The foliar symptoms of the disease often do not greatly affect plant growth, although the most sensitive cultivars may be stunted and defoliated. The main impact of the disease on the crop is by causing root necrosis. Field experiments were conducted at two sites in Tanzania to determine the effect of the disease on yield and quality of the roots. Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) decreased root weight and patches of root necrosis made roots unmarketable, although the unaffected parts might still have been suitable for home consumption. The disease therefore has two effects, one on total root yield and one on root quality, which affects marketability. The field trials showed that CBSD can decrease root weight in the most sensitive cultivars by up to 70%. The length of time between the appearance of foliar symptoms and the development of root necrosis is a varietal characteristic. In the most susceptible cultivars, root necrosis may appear within 6 months of planting cuttings derived from symptomatic mother plants. A local cultivar known as cv. Nachinyaya exhibited a form of tolerance to CBSD in which foliar symptoms appeared but the development of root necrosis was delayed allowing the full yield potential to be realized.",Included,
"Abdullahi, I., Atiri, G. I., Dixon, A. G. O., Winter, S., Thottappily, G.",2003,"Effects of cassava genotype, climate and the Bemisia Tabaci vector population on the development of African cassava mosaic geminivirus (ACMV)",Acta Agronomica Hungarica,51,1,10.1556/AAgr.51.2003.1.5,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/113/,"A survey was carried out in the 1996/97 and 1997/98 growing seasons on a field planted in three replicates with five clones of cassava at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, located in a transition forest, to determine the effects of cassava genotype and climate on the development of African cassava mosaic geminivirus (ACMV) and changes in the Bemisia tabaci population. Cassava genotype, climate and their interactions have significant (P<0.01) effects on the population of B. tabaci and the development of ACMV. The incidence of ACMV was significantly (P<0.01) higher in clones 81/01635 and 92/0520 than in TMS 30572 and 94/0239, while 91/02327 showed the greatest resistance. A positive correlation between the incidence and severity of ACMV was observed, but this did not correlate with the whitefly population density. 2003 Akadmiai Kiad, Budapest.",Included,
"Ayanru, D. K. G., Sharma, V. C.",1982,Effects of Cassava Mosaic Disease on Certain Leaf Parameters of Field-Grown Cassava Clones,Phytopathology,72,8,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1575/,,Included,
"Kasu, T., Odebiyi, J.A., Lema, K.M.",1989,"Effects of cassava pubescence on the behaviour, post-embryonic development and reproduction of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Homoptera Pseudococcidae)",Insect Sci. Applic.,v. 10,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8731/,,Included,
"Gold, C. S., Altieri, M. A., Bellotti, A. C.",1989,Effects of Cassava Varietal Mixtures on the Whiteflies Aleurotrachelus-Socialis and Trialeurodes-Variabilis in Colombia,Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata,53,3,10.1111/j.1570-7458.1989.tb03566.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6388/,,Included,
"Hulugalle, N.R., Ezumah, H.C.",1991,Effects of cassava-based cropping systems on physico-chemical properties of soil and earthworm casts in a tropical Alfisol,"Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment",35,1,10.1016/0167-8809(91)90076-A,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7524/,,Included,
"Ugbaja, R.A.E.",1997,"Effects of castor oil plant/cassava/cocoyam intercrops on soil nematode population, crop infestation and yields of component crops",Biological Agriculture & Horticulture,14,3,10.1080/01448765.1997.9754808,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18075/,,Included,
"Chaisri, S., Panitnok, K., Sarobol, E., Thongpae, S., Chaisri, P., Ngamprasitthi, S., Changlek, P., Boonsri, N.",2013,"Effects of Chicken Manure and Chemical Fertilizer Management on Yield of Cassava Grown on Map Bon, Coarse-Loamy Variant Soil",Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,v. 44,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3283/,"The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of chicken manure and chemical fertilizer management on cassava growth and yield. The experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design with three replications from June 2009 to June 2010, using HB 80 cassava cultivar grown on Map Bon, a coarse-loamy variant, at Khao Hin Son Research Station, Phanom Sarakham District, Chachoengsao Province, Thailand. There were 10 treatments T1, no fertilizer application (control); T2, application of 15N15PO15KO chemical fertilizer at the rate of 312.5 kg ha at 1 month after planting; T3, application 15N5PO20KO chemical fertilizer at the rate of 312.5 kg ha at 1 month after planting; T4, application of chicken manure (CM) at the rate of 6.25 t ha before planting; T5, application of CM at the rate of 3.125 t ha before planting+15N15PO15KO chemical fertilizer at the rate of 156.25 kg ha at 1 month after planting; T6, application of CM at the rate of 3.125 t ha before planting+15N5PO20KO chemical fertilizer at the rate of 156.25 kg ha at 1 month after planting; T7, application of CM at the rate of 6.25 t ha before planting+15N15PO15KO chemical fertilizer at the rate of 156.25 kg ha at 1 month after planting; T8, application of CM at the rate of 6.25 t ha before planting+15N5PO20KO chemical fertilizer at the rate of 156.25 kg ha at 1 month after planting; T9, application of 46N0PO0KO chemical fertilizer at the rate of 156.25 kg ha at 1 month after planting+15N15PO15KO chemical fertilizer at the rate of 156.25 kg ha at 2 month after planting; T10, application of 46N0PO0KO chemical fertilizer at the rate of 312.5 kg ha at 1 month after planting+15N5PO20KO chemical fertilizer at the rate of 156.25 kg ha at 2 month after planting. It was found that the treatments with various rates of CM or chemical fertilizer that contained N, P, and K were not different in fresh root yield but treatments with CM and chemical fertilizer tended to give greater fresh root yield or have greater effect on it, and plant height was not affected. The treatments with 3.125 kg ha of CM and 156.25 kg ha of 151515 gave significantly greater fresh root yield of cassava (52%). All fertilization treatments were not different in fresh stem weight but treatments with 3.125 kg ha of CM and 156.25 kg ha of 151515 tended to give significantly greater fresh stem weight of cassava (62%). All fertilization treatments were not different in root starch percentage and root number as compared with control.",Included,
"Medina, R., Burgos, A., Difranco, V., Mroginski, L., Cenz, P.",2012,Effects of chlorocholine chloride and paclobutrazol on cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz cv. Rocha) plant growth and tuberous root quality,AgriScientia,29,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10982/,"The effects of chlorocholine chloride (CCC) and paclobutrazol (PBZ) foliar application on shoot and root parameters of cassava field-grown plants were studied (0, 45 and 90 mg active ingredient per plant). CCC and PBZ reduced total plant and first branch height, aerial fresh mass and tuberous root number. PBZ delayed branching and significantly decreased tuberous root fresh mass, while CCC caused no modifications in these parameters. In addition, CCC and PBZ treatments did not modify tuberous root diameter, while PBZ reduced tuberous root length significantly. Starch content was increased by both growth regulators at the lower dose, whereas dry matter content was increased only by CCC. In conclusion, CCC suppresses excessive vegetative growth, favours quality attributes and does not alter yield, hence improving harvest index. Although PBZ at a low dose increases the starch content and harvest index, its effects on other parameters are undesirable.",Included,
"Wilson, G. F., Lal, R., Okigbo, B. N.",1982,Effects of cover crops on soil structure and on yield of subsequent arable crops grown under strip tillage on an eroded alfisol,Soil and Tillage Research,2,3,10.1016/0167-1987(82)90013-7,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18994/,"Effects of weed fallow and of three grasses and five leguminous cover crops were investigated on soil structure of an eroded Alfisol. Crop growth and yields of subsequently grown arable crops were assessed under strip-tillage through the mechanically or chemically suppressed sods. Cover crops and fallowing improved soil organic matter content, total N, water retention and transmission properties, and decreased bulk density only in the top 0-10 cm depth. The improvements rendered were, however, slight. Grasses were difficult to suppress with paraquat or mechanical mowing, which resulted in low or negligible yield of maize, cowpea, and cassava. Leguminous covers were easily suppressed with paraquat application, and resulted in good yield of maize and cowpea. Mechanical mowing was as successful as herbicide application for suppressing Stylosanthes guianensis and resulted in satisfactory yield of maize and cowpea. Yield of cassava tubers was extremely low due to shallow surface soil, compacted sub-soil horizons, and competition from weeds and regrown cover crops. Results are discussed in terms of the amelioration of eroded and degraded soil. 1982.",Included,
"Salako, F.K.",2003,Effects of cropping frequency on soil physical properties in southwestern Nigeria,,v. 22,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15643/,"The effects of fallow management systems on soil physical properties and intercropped maize (Zea mays L.) grain were studied in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria between 1994 and 1995. The A-horizon of the Alfisol at the site had a coarse texture which was rapidly degraded by continuous cropping. A split-plot experiment with 4 replications, which was established in 1989, was used for the study. The fallow systems comprising natural fallow, Pueraria phaseoloides and Leucaena leucocephala were mainplots whereas 25, 33, 50 and 100% cropping intensities were subplots. During the continuous cropping or 1-year cropping after 1-year to 3-year fallow periods, intercrops of maize (cv. DMR-SR-W TZ8843) and cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz, cv. TMS 30572) were cultivated. Surface (0-15 cm depth) soil bulk density, soil strength, aggregate stability, and water retention were measured. Also, intercropped maize root density, and grain yields were evaluated. Surface soil bulk density ranged from 1.18 g cm""3 (25% cropping intensity) to 1.31 g cm3 (100% cropping intensity), with significant differences between the 100% and 25% and between the 100% and 33% cropping intensities. Soil aggregate stability and soil strength followed a similar trend of low to high rating as cropping intensities increased. Although soil water retention was generally similar, the fractal dimensions of soil pore, D, between 2.92 and 2.93 indicated high irregularities of the pores. This irregularity was attributed to low stability of soil of the aggregates of the coarse-textured soil. The effects of fallow were obscured by the coarse-textured surface soil, and might not be noticed at all if the topmost layer (0-5 cm) of soil was not sampled. Intercropped maize grain yields ranging from 2.6 to 3.8 t ha1 with 25% cropping intensity, between 1.7 and 2.0 t ha1 with 33% cropping intensity and from 0.6 to 1.3 t ha1 with continuous cropping were observed. Crop growth and yield were enhanced by low cropping intensities (25 and 33%) of any of the fallow management systems.",Included,
"Safo-Kantanka, O., Department of Crop Science, University of Science, Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, Osei-Minta, M., Department of Crop Science, University of Science, Technology, Kumasi, Ghana",1995,"Effects of cultivar and age at harvest on the dry matter, starch gelatinization properties and the cooking quality of cassava",,v. v28-29,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15581/,"The top-growth, root yield, dry matter and starch contents, swelling power, solubility and the pasting cycle of four cassava varieties harvested at monthly intervals from 7 to 13 months after planting were determined and related to the changes in cooking quality at the onset of the rainy season. The harvesting period coincided with the dry and part of the wet season. All four varieties lost their mealiness and poundability at the onset of the rainy season. Cassava root dry matter (RDMe) was the single most important factor which influenced the changes in cooking quality. The utilization of the stored carbohydrates for vegetative growth at the commencement of the wet season, possibly led to a great drop in RDMC which coincided with the seasonal loss in cooking quality. Local varieties went through the same changes but recovered faster than the introduced varieties. Total starch content did not explain the seasonal loss in cooking quality, but changes in some properties of the starch such as swelling power, solubility and gelatinization range could be related to the changes in cooking quality. Cultivars with high fresh root yield were not necessarily those with high dry matter and starch contents.",Included,
"Franck, Hongbt, Christian, Mestres, Nol, Akisso, Brigitte, Pons, Joseph, Hounhouigan D., Cornet, D., Mathurin, Nago C.",2011,"Effects of cultivar and harvesting conditions (age, season) on the texture and taste of boiled cassava roots",,v. 126,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5851/,"Age of plant and environmental conditions during growing may affect texture (friability) and taste of boiled cassava roots. We investigated the quality of boiled roots of seven cultivars harvested at 10, 12 and 14months in three different seasons. Sensory taste (sweet or bitter) of boiled cassava root could not be correlated with sugar content and/or cyanide potential, which both interfere with taste perception; hence, bitterness is not a good indicator of the poisonous character of cassava roots. Improved cultivars generally showed lower friability scores, independently of plant age (10-14months) or season. Rainfall before harvest directly lowers dry matter and mealiness of boiled roots. Cultivar and rainfall effects are discussed in relation to pectins (higher content for improved cultivars) that are suspected to be the major biochemical cause of vegetable mealiness.",Included,
"D.K.D., Gupta",1976,Effects of Cycocel on crop plants in Sierra Leone 2. Cassava (Manihot esculenta),Expl Agric.,v. 12,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4100/,,Included,
"Godfrey-Sam-Aggrey, W.",1978,Effects of Delayed Hand Weeding on Sole-crop Cassava in Sierra Leone,Experimental Agriculture,14,3,10.1017/S0014479700008760,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6369/,"The effects of delayed hand weed control at 30-, 45-, 60-, 90-day intervals, and no weeding, on sole-crop cassava, was studied in two experiments on the upland soils of Sierra Leone. Timing and frequency of weeding were important in influencing root number and root yield, and delayed weed control depressed both attributes. The critical period of competition was in the 45-day weeding interval, with six weedings in a 14-month growing period. Rottboellia exaltata was the predominant species amongst the permanent grasses on the no-weeding plots. 1978, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Kolawole, G.O., Tian, G., Tijani-Eniola, H.",2005,Effects of fallow duration on soil phosphorus fractions and crop P uptake under natural regrowth and planted Pueraria phaseoloides fallow systems in southwestern Nigeria,Experimental Agriculture,41,1,10.1017/S0014479704002327,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9121/,"Soil phosphorus fractions, maize and cassava P uptakes in natural regrowth fallow and Pueraria phaseoloides fallow systems, as affected by the duration (1-3 years) of fallow, were assessed in 1998 and 1999 in a long-term fallow management trial, established in 1989 at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria. After one and three years fallow respectively, the mean P accumulation in fallow vegetation was 4.2 and 9.4 kg ha-1 in 1998, and 8.9 and 12.1 kg ha-1 in 1999 for natural fallow. For Pueraria, the corresponding values were 6.3 and 7.4 kg ha-1 in 1998 and 6.1 and 13.5 kg ha-1 in 1999. The positive effects of fallow lengths on dry matter and P accumulation were not as pronounced under Pueraria. Continuous cropping reduced soil pH and depleted Olsen P more than crop-fallow rotations under both fallow systems. An increase in fallow duration enhanced the availability of resin P, NaHCO3-, and NaOH- extractable P fractions, especially under natural fallow. Continuous cropping in a natural fallow system resulted in lower resin inorganic P (P(i)) and NaHCO3-extractable inorganic and organic P (P(o)) fractions, and higher refractory P fractions (concentrated HCl-extractable P(i) and P(o) and residual P) as compared to crop-fallow rotations. Although continuous cropping in the Pueraria system resulted in higher refractory P fractions than the crop-fallow rotations, the effects of fallow length on P fractions were not consistent or pronounced. Maize and cassava P uptakes increased with fallow duration. Phosphorous in maize grain was positively correlated with fallow vegetation P accumulation. Total P uptake by maize was positively but weakly correlated with NaHCO3-P(o), Olsen P and fallow vegetation P accumulation.",Included,
"Adegunwa, M. O., Sanni, L. O., Maziya-Dixon, B.",2011,Effects of fermentation length and varieties on the pasting properties of sour cassava starch,African Journal of Biotechnology,10,42,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/286/,"The effects of length of fermentation (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 days) on pasting properties of sour starches produced from six cassava varieties were investigated. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in pasting properties except pasting temperature and breakdown viscosity, irrespective of the length of fermentation. Peak viscosity ranged from 308.50 to 466.63 rapid visco unit (RVU), trough ranged from 67.25 to 198.75 RVU, break down ranged from 147.71 to 320.25 RVU, final viscosity ranged from 100.29 to 233.00 RVU, set back ranged from 31.59 to 54.58 RVU, peak time ranged from 3.60 to 4.06 min and pasting temperature ranged from 62.85 to 65.45C. Sour starches made from TMS 30572, TMS 4(2) 1425 and 96/0603 cassava varieties recorded the highest values. 2011 Academic Journals.",Included,
"Lema, K.M., Mahungu, N.M.",1984,Effects of fertilizer application on postembryonic development and reproduction of the cassava mealybug [Phenacoccus manihoti],"Tropical root crops production and uses in Africa ; proceedings, 2nd Triennial Symp., Internatl. Society for Tropical Root Crops, Africa Branch, Douala, Cameroon, 14-19 Aug 1983",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9705/,,Included,
"Okeke, J.E., Kang, B.T., Obigbesan, G.O.",1982,Effects of fertilizers and plant age on distribution of nutrients in Nigerian cassava (Manihot esculenta),Expl. Agric.,v. 18,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12854/,,Included,
"Emehute, J.K.U., Egwuatu, R.I.",1990,"Effects of field populations of cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, on cassava yield and Epidinocarsis lopezi at different planting dates in Nigeria",International Journal of Pest Management,v. 36,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5180/,,Included,
"Ossom, E. M.",2010,"Effects of filter cake fertilization on weed infestation, disease incidence and tuber yield of cassava (Manihot esculenta) in Swaziland",International Journal of Agriculture and Biology,12,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13416/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a tuber crop newly introduced in Swaziland. Filter cake is a byproduct of sugarcane processing. In this research, cassava (varieties Nyasa &amp; Line 65) was grown in the field, using filter cake as a fertilizer with the objective to determine the effects of filter cake on weed infestation, disease incidence, insect pest infestation, and storage root yield. Results showed that filter cake improved cassava tuber yields (no filter cake, 400-1,090 kg ha-1; with filter cake, 975-3,510 kg ha-1). Weed infestation was negatively correlated to tuber yield at 12 weeks after planting (WAP) (r = - 0.714; R2 = 0.5098; p &lt; 0.01) and 32 WAP (r = - 0.390; R2 = 0.1521; significant, p &gt; 0.05). Nyasa variety was more infected by cassava leaf mosaic (disease score, 4.5 out of 6.0), than Line 65 (disease score, 2.4 out of 6.0). Insect pest scores were significantly (p &lt; 0.01) higher for Nyasa (insect pest score, 3.8 out of 6.0) than for Line 65 (insect score, 2.0 out of 6.0). The storage root yield (2,893 kg ha-1) of Line 65 was significantly (p &lt; 0.01) higher than Nyasa (1,443 kg ha-1). To conclude, Line 65 is recommended under filter cake application at 60 t ha-1. 2010 Friends Science Publishers.",Included,
"Dung, Elisha Jasper, Bombom, Leonard S., Agusomu, Tano D.",2008,"effects of gas flaring on crops in the Niger Delta, Nigeria",GeoJournal,v. 73,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4819/,"Flaring of associated gas from oil exploitation has several consequences on the environment. This study explores the spatial variability effects of gas flaring on the growth and development of cassava (Manihot esculenta), waterleaf (Talinum triangulare), and pepper (Piper spp.) crops commonly cultivated in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Data was collected on soil and atmospheric temperature and moisture at a 20-m interval, starting at 40 m from the flare point to a distance of 140 m. Lengths and widths of crop leaves, height of crop plants and cassava yields were measured at the specified distances. The amino acid, ascorbic acid, starch, and sugar constituents of the cassava yields were determined. The results suggest that a spatial gradient exists in the effects of gas flares on crop development. Retardation in crop development manifests in decreased dimensions of leaf lengths and widths of cassava and pepper crops closer to the gas flare point. Statistical analysis also confirms that cassava yields are higher at locations further away from the flare point. In addition, the amount of starch and ascorbic acid in cassava decreased when the plant is grown closer to the gas flare. High temperatures around the gas flare appear to be the most likely cause of this retardation. The waterleaf crop, on the other hand, appears to thrive better around the gas flare point.",Included,
"Zuofa, K., Tariah, N.M., Isirimah, N.O.",1992,"Effects of groundnut, cowpea and melon on weed control and yields of intercropped cassava and maize","Field Crops Research,",v. 28,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/20144/,,Included,
"Dahniya, M.T., Oputa, C.O., Hahn, S.K.",1981,Effects of harvesting frequency on leaf and root yields of cassava,Expl. Agric.,v. 17,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4201/,,Included,
"Thierfelder, C., Amezquita C, E., Stahr, K.",2005,Effects of intensifying organic manuring and tillage practices on penetration resistance and infiltration rate,Soil & Tillage Research,82,2,10.1016/j.still.2004.07.018,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17601/,,Included,
"Gold, C. S., Altieri, M. A., Bellotti, A. C.",1989,Effects of intercrop competition and differential herbivore numbers on cassava growth and yields,"Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment",26,2,10.1016/0167-8809(89)90023-6,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6387/,"Cassava growth and yields were examined in intercrops and monocultures under conditions of intensive whitefly attack in Tolima, Colombia. Application of the insecticide monocrotophos to protected plots allowed determination of yield losses under different cropping systems and separation of the effects of intercrop competition and differential herbivore numbers. Intercropping with cowpea lowered yields of a regional cultivar of cassava (MCOL 2257) in protected plots. However, in non-protected plots regional cassava intercropped with cowpea had higher yields and sustained lower yield losses than other systems. Yields of regional cassava intercropped with maize, grown in monoculture, or mixed with cassava cultivar CMC 40 were equivalent in both protected and non-protected environments. Yield losses closely followed population trends of cassava whiteflies. Whiteflies were attracted to more vigorous plant assemblages, as in monocultures, with lowest numbers in cassava/cowpea systems. However, the data indicate that under stress, cassava favors top growth over roots, and large plant size did not insure high yield. Land equivalent ratios exceeded 1.5 for intercropped systems.",Included,
"Olasantan, F.O., Lucas, E.O., Ezumah, H.C.",1994,Effects of intercropping and fertilizer application on weed control and performance of cassava and maize,Field Crops Research,39,02-Mar,10.1016/0378-4290(94)90009-4,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12999/,"Intercropping cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and maize (Zea mays L.) can alleviate weed problems. The weeds which might otherwise build up before cassava covers the ground can be replaced by the cereal. The objective of this study was to determine effects of intercropping and fertilizer application on weed growth and crop performance in cassava and maize.

Intercropping with N-fertilizer application gave the highest leaf area index and light interception and hence the best weed control, highest N, P and K uptake, total yields and land equivalent ratio. Intercropping with no N application made only a slight improvement in leaf area index, light interception and weed control over the corresponding sole cassava.",Included,
"Olasantan, F. O., Babalola, O. A.",2007,"Effects of Intercropping and Melon Sowing Date on Crop Growth, Soil Micro-Environment and Rhizosphere Fungi and Bacterial Populations of Maize and Cassava",Biological Agriculture and Horticulture,24,4,10.1080/01448765.2007.9755036,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13009/,"The rhizosphere fungi and bacterial populations, soil micro-environment and crop growth during the late-season cropping of 2002 and 2003 in south-western Nigeria were studied by assessing the effects of melon grown in monoculture or in mixed stands with maize or cassava. Melon was sown on 28 August, 11 September and 25 September 2002, and on 20 September and 4 October 2003. Intercropping did not reduce the growth and yields of maize or cassava, but of melon irrespective of the sowing date. Melon seed yield and yield components were generally reduced by 18–66 and 8–31% in mixed stands with maize and cassava, respectively. The rhizosphere fungi and bacterial populations, growth and seed yield of melon and soil moisture content were generally enhanced by early sowing compared with late sowing of melon in both cropping systems. Late sowing led to greater melon seed yield reduction than early sowing in monocropping or intercropping systems, with greater effect occurring in intercropping in both years. Number of fruits per plant, seeds per fruit and seed yield of melon were significantly reduced by 12–52, 10–75 and 10–67% by late sowing in monoculture, mixed stands with maize and mixed stands with cassava, respectively. Intercropping with melon decreased soil temperature by 3.6–10.4 °C and soil bulk density by 0.09–0.16 g cm3, and increased soil moisture content by 12–45 g kg1and the rhizosphere fungi and bacterial populations of maize by 10–20% and cassava by 38–46%, with early sowing showing greater effects than late sowing. Land equivalent ratios were greater than 1, irrespective of the crop combination and sowing date of melon in both years. However, increased mixture productivity of 46–55 and 69–75% in maize/melon and cassava/melon mixtures, respectively, was obtained by early sowing of melon, without a negative effect on maize grain and cassava root tuber yields. Conclusively, intercropping provided favourable soil micro-environment and increased the rhizosphere fungi and bacterial populations of maize and cassava and total crop productivity, but this depended on sowing date of melon.",Included,
"Gold, C. S., Altleri, M. A., Bellotti, A. C.",1990,"Effects of intercropping and varietal mixtures on the cassava hornworm, erinnyis ello l. (lepidoptera Sphingidae), and the stemborer, chilomima clarkei (amsel) (lepidoptera Pyralidae), in colombia",Tropical Pest Management,36,4,10.1080/09670879009371512,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6396/,"Cropping system effects on population levels of the cassava hornworm, Erinnyis ello L., and cassava stemborer, Chilomima clarkei (Amsel) were studied in three growing seasons between 1983 and 1985 in the Department of Tolima, Colombia. In the first trial, herbivore density was compared between cassava/maize intercrops and monocultures grown at two different densities. In subsequent experiments, cassava monoculture and intercrops with maize and cowpea were grown at one cassava density. In the first trial, hornworm and stemborer numbers per square metre were higher in denser plantings of cassava. However, pest density per plant was greater in sparse stands. Effects of intercropping on hornworm incidence varied with cassava and maize varieties with reduced levels in some combinations but not others. Stemborers were lower in intercrops than in monoculture; however, this cropping system advantage disappeared after intercrop harvest. Cassava varieties differed in levels of both herbivores but varietal mixtures had no overall beneficial effect visvis pest levels in pure stands. Nevertheless, distinct herbivore preferences for different varieties suggest the possibility of trap cropping in regions where these pests cause significant yield losses. 1990 Taylor and Francis Ltd.",Included,
"Olasantan, F.O., Ezumah, H.C., Lucas, E.O.",1996,"Effects of intercropping with maize on the micro-environment, growth and yield of cassava","Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment",57,,10.1016/0167-8809(96)01019-5,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13000/,,Included,
"Villamayor, F.G. Jr., Reoma, V.L.",1987,Effects of land preparation and postplanting tillage on weed control and cassava yield,Annals of Tropical Research,v. 9,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18475/,"Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of land preparation and postplanting tillage on weed control and cassava yield. The first experiment showed that weed biomass and cassava yield were not affected by the method of land preparation. Post-planting tillage, however, significantly affected weed biomass and root number but not root yield. The best three post-planting tillage treatments in the first experiment based on costs and returns, were further tested in a second experiment. Tillage involving off-barring two weeks after planting (WAP) followed by handweeding within the row three WAP and hilling-up five and seven WAP gave the highest yield and net return.",Included,
"Ande, O. T., Adediran, J. A., Ayoola, O. T., Akinlosotu, T. A.",2008,"Effects of land quality, management and cropping systems on cassava production in southern western Nigeria",African Journal of Biotechnology,7,14,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1083/,"The study was carried out to assess the effects of land quality, management and cropping system on cassava production in the derived savanna and rain forest of southwestern Nigeria. Soil quality was studied from farmers' fields which had been under cassava cultivation for at least ten (10) years. The yield data obtained from different crop mixtures and management practices were compared with the performance of cassava. The results showed great diversity of soils suitable for cassava production but good management and cropping system determined the yield. Maximum yield (78.5 t.ha-1) of cassava was recorded on fertile, sandy clay loam soil (Apomu series, Eutric Luvisol) intercropped with maize, followed with cowpea in relay cropping. Lowest yield (3.3 t.ha-1) was obtained on degraded low fertility compacted sandy soil of shante series (Albic Luvisol) under maize/cassava/crop mixture, with cashew. The results indicated that the more the use of appropriate agricultural input, management level and land requirement, the more the yield of cassava across the ecological zones studied. 2008 Academic Journals.",Included,
"Ibeawuchi, I. I., Ofoh, M. C., Nwufo, M. I., Obiefuna, J. C.",2007,"Effects of landrace legumes-velvet bean, lima bean and African yam bean-on the performance of yam, cassava based crop mixtures",Journal of Plant Sciences,2,4,10.3923/jps.2007.374.386,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7582/,"This study appraised the effects of landrace legumes, velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens Var. utilis) Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) and African yam bean (Stenostylis sternocarpa) on the performance of yam, cassava based crop mixtures. The three-landrace legumes were intercropped with tuber based cropping system. The 18 treatments comprising yam/maize/mucuna, yam/maize/lima, yam/maize/African yam bean, yam/maize cassava/maize/mucuna, cassava/maize/lima, cassava/maize/African yam bean, cassava/maize, yam/maize/cassava/mucuna, yam/maize/cassava/mucuna, yam/maize/cassava/ African yam bean, yam/maize/cassava, yam, cassava, maize, Mucuna, Lima bean and African yam beans were laid out in a randomized complete block design replicated three times. The research was canied out at the training and research farm of the Federal University of Technology, Owerri, located at latitude 5 20N and 5 29N, longitude 7E and 702E in the humid rainforest zone of southeastern Nigeria. Growth and yield data were collected and statistically analysed. The heavy canopy cover of mucuna in all crop combination associated with it coupled with high number of component crops per plot reduced maize and cassava plant heights as well as maize grain yield, fresh cassava roots and fresh yam tubers. However, crop mixtures with lima bean and or African yam bean did not significantly p 0.05 affect maize and cassava plant heights nor depressed fresh cassava roots, maize grain and fresh yam tuber yields. All the legume crops performed well in sole cropping system than in mixture of more than three component crops as a result of competition for the necessary growth resources. 2007 Academic Journals Inc.",Included,
"Dahniya, M.T.",1981,Effects of leaf harvests and detopping on the yield of leaves and roots of cassava and sweet potato,"Tropical root crops production and uses in Africa ; proceedings, 2nd Triennial Symp., Internatl. Society for Tropical Root Crops, Africa Branch, Douala, Cameroon, 14-19 Aug 1983",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4202/,"I undertook two studies, one on the effect of harvesting leaves of cassava and the other on the effects of detopping sweet potatoes at different times. My findings were that total fresh leaf yield of cassava variety Isunikakiyan was not significantly affected by harvesting frequency of the leaves unlike that of variety TMS 30211. However, compared with plants with unharvested leaves, there was a total fresh root yield decrease of 56-76%, 34-62%, and 15-32% when leaves were harvested at 1-, 2-, and 3-month intervals. Detopping sweet potato shoot tips resulted in 34-42% less shoot yield than did detopping plants at the base of each shoot. Total shoot yield was unaffected when the tips were harvested at 2-,3-, or 4-week intervals. Tuber yield was less severely reduced when shoot tips were detopped than when they were cut at the base. As the intervals between detoppings decreased, there was a decrease in tuber numbers, individual tuber size, and total yield. The cassava and sweet potato varieties studied reacted differently to leaf harvests and detopping in terms of root and tuber yields. Harvesting cassava leaves at 2- or 3-month intervals and sweet potato shoots at 4-week intervals is recommended for reasonable overall yields.",Included,
"Borin, K., Frankow-Lindberg, B.E.",2005,Effects of legumes-cassava intercropping on cassava forage and biomass production,Journal of Sustainable Agriculture,27,2,10.1300/J064v27n02_09,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2471/,"A sweet short-term variety of cassava was harvested for forage every 60 days during 18 months on a sandy loam soil near Phnom Penh in Cambodia. Treatments were cassava intercropped with Desmanthus virgatus (C + Dv) or Gliricidia sepium (C + Gs), and cassava alone (C) was the control. The harvested biomass was weighed and samples for the determination of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), crude protein (CP), and leaf proportion were taken. Soil fertility was assessed by a 'biological test' with maize grown in soil samples from the cassava plots and soil samples were also analyzed for the determination of chemical composition at the beginning and the end of the experiment. Intercropping did not affect cassava DM and CP yields but total DM and CP yields were increased by 43% and 39% in D. virgatus and G. sepium intercrops, respectively. Intercropping increased leaf proportion in the cassava DM. The total CP yield ranged from 0.1 to 0.5, from 0.4 to 0.6 and from 0.3 to 0.6 tons harvest occasion(-1) in treatments C, C + Dv, and C + Gs, respectively. The CP content ranged from 21.1-29.3% and 8.3-10.8% in the cassava leaf and stems plus petioles, respectively, while the CP contents in D. virgatus and G. sepium were 14.8% and 15.6%, respectively. It was estimated that D. virgatus and G. sepium fixed 1/3 and 1/2 of the N amounts removed in the cassava forage, respectively. In this experiment all biomass produced was removed from the plots and soil fertility declined.",Included,
"Escalada, R.G., Ratilla, B.C.",1998,Effects of Leucaena biomass application in conjunction with fertilizers on cassava and taro yields in the Philippines,Agroforestry Systems,v. 41,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5252/,,Included,
"Nguyen, H., Schoenau, I. J., Nguyen, D., Van Rees, K., Boehm, M.",2002,"Effects of long-term nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilization on cassava yield and plant nutrient composition in North Vietnam",Journal of Plant Nutrition,25,3,10.1081/PLN-120003374,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12130/,"The effects of repeated yearly fertilizer applications on cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) yield and plant composition are not well documented in Vietnamese soils. In 1990, a research plot experiment was established on abandoned grassland with 12 treatments to examine effects of different rates of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) on cassava yield and tissue nutrient concentrations in Acrisols in North Vietnam. Cassava yield was measured every year over the period from 1990-1998. In June 1998, composite plant samples (leaf blades) were collected from each plot for nutrient analysis. Generally, cassava showed greater response to N in the latter years of the study due to gradual depletion of N fertility in the absence of N fertilization since cultivation. In plots where P fertilizer was added every year, response to added P fertilizer diminished over time due to accumulation of residue P. Yield responses to added K were large and consistent throughout the nine years of the study. Leaf blade N, K, and P concentrations increased with increasing rates of nutrient addition. The equation log (yield) = -1.46 + 0.067(leaf N) + 0.225(leaf P) + 0.074(leaf K) - 0.046[leaf magnesium (Mg)] was determined to be effective in predicting cassava yield (R-2 = 0.93). Based on the results obtained, an N P2O5 K2O balance of 2 1 2 is recommended for cassava production on these soils.",Included,
"Ayanru, D. K. G.",1987,Effects of Mealybug (Phenacoccus-Manihoti) Infestation on Cassava Yield Components and Plant-Tissue Quality,Tropenlandwirt,88,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1584/,,Included,
"Sungthongwises, K., Promkhambut, A., Laoken, A., Polthanee, A.",2016,Effects of methods and duration storage on cassava stake characteristics,Asian Journal of Plant Sciences,15,03-Apr,10.3923/ajps.2016.86.91,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17101/,"Objective The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of planting material storage method and storage duration on stake characteristics and germination percentage in 3 cultivars of cassava under rain-fed conditions. Methodology The study was laid out in a split-split plot design with 3 replications. The main plots were comprised of 4 storage durations of planting material 0, 15, 30 and 45 days after the planting material was harvested. The sub-plot treatments consisted of 3 storage methods of planting material (1) Placing outdoors by digging a hole approximately 15-20 cm deep, (2) Placing under the tree shade and (3) Placing outdoors covered with hemp sacks. The sub-sub-plot treatments consisted of 3 cassava varieties Kasetsart 50, Rayong 7 and 72. Results The results illustrated that among cultivars, significant differences were observed in the following characters Percentage stake moisture, total K content after storage duration for 15 and 45 days, total P and K content after storage duration for 30 days, percentage germination and percentage survival. Rayong 72 had the greatest percentage stake moisture and percentage total K content after storage duration for 15 and 45 days and percentage survival rate after storage duration for 15 days (98.15%). Planting material storage methods significantly affected percentage stake moisture and percentage total K content after storage duration for 45 days. The storage methods of placing outdoors by digging a deep hole of approximately 15-20 cm and covering with hemp sacks resulted in greater percentage stake moisture (70.51-71.37 and 0.94-1.11%, respectively) than the storage method of placing under tree shade. For storage duration, the result indicated that 45 days of storage reduced the percentage germination and percentage survival rate. Conclusion The storage duration of planting material should not exceed 30 days with placing outdoors covered with hemp sacks and placing under the shade of a tree were superior to have fast and higher germination and survival percentage. 2016 Kiriya Sungthongwises et al.",Included,
"Hridya, A.C., Byju, G., Misra, R.S.",2014,"Effects of microbial inoculations on soil chemical, biochemical and microbial biomass carbon of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) growing Vertisols",Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science,v. 60,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7439/,"Cassava is an important subsidiary food in the tropics. In Tamil Nadu, India, microbial cultures were used to eradicate the tuberous root rot of cassava. Hence, an experiment was conducted for two consecutive years to test the effects of coinoculation of microbes on soil properties. The surface soil from the experimental site was analysed for soil available nutrients, soil enzyme activities and microbial biomass carbon. The treatment of Azospirillum with Trichoderma at the 50% recommended NP O K O (NPK) rate (502550kgha ) significantly increased soil available nitrogen (142.81kgha ) by 72.66% over uninoculated control. There was a significant increase in available phosphorus in soil by the inoculation of AM (arbuscular mycorrhizal) fungi with Trichoderma at the 50% recommended NPK rate (41.04kgha ) compared to other treatments. The application of Pseudomonas fluorescens with Trichoderma at the 50% recommended NPK rate significantly increased available iron (19.34gg ) in soil. The treatment of Azospirillum with Trichoderma increased urease enzyme activity at the recommended NPK rate (816.32g urea hydrolyzed g soil h ). Soil application of all cultures at the 50% recommended NPK rate significantly increased dehydrogenase activity (88.63g TPF g soil) and -glucosidase activity (48.82g PNP g soil) in soil. Inoculation of Trichoderma alone at the 50% recommended NPK rate significantly increased microbial biomass carbon (3748.85gg soil). Thus, the microbial inoculations significantly increased soil available nutrient contents, enzyme activities such as urease, dehydrogenase and -glucosidase activity and microbial biomass carbon by reducing the amount of the required fertilizer.",Included,
"Ayanru, D.K.G., Sharma, V.C.",1986,Effects of mite (Mononychellus tanajoa) and mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) infestation on the mineral status of a cassava clone,"Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment",v. 18,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1582/,,Included,
"Lutaladio, N.B., Wahua, T.A.T., Hahn, S.K.",1992,Effects of mulch on soil properties and on the performance of late season cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) on an acid ultisol in Southwestern Zaire,Tropicultura,v. 10,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10265/,"Mulch effects on soil temperature, soil moisture content, soil chemical properties, growth and development, yield and yield components of late season cassava were investigated for three years on an acid ultisol in the tropical savanna zone of Southwestern Zaire. Diurnal soil temperature and soil moisture content were recorded at 30-day intervals during the first 4 months of growth. Cassava growth and development were monitored at 3,6 and 9 months after planting while yield and yield components were noted at 12 months after planting. After each cropping year, changes in soil chemical constituents were recorded. Mulching significantly reduced soil temperature by about 3.5 degree C and increased soil moisture content by 6.1% under late season cassava. Soil pH, soil organic carbon content, total nitrogen, soil available phosphorus and soil exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K) increased as a result of increase in organic matter with continuous application of mulch for 3 years. Plant height, leaf area, shoot and root dry weights of cassava plants given mulch were significantly increased as compared to the plants in unmulched plots. Cassava plants given mulch produced more and bigger storage roots than unmulched plants. Storage root yield increased by 16.7, 28.1 and 57.7% respectively in the first, the second and the third years of mulch application. The beneficial effect of mulching over no-mulching increased from year to year, irrespective of cassava cultivars.",Included,
"Mourier, M.",1997,"Effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) kernel water extracts on cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom., Pseudococcidae)",Journal of Applied Entomology,121,4,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11441/,"The effect of neem kernel water extract (NKWE) in different concentrations on cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, was investigated. A choice-test showed that neem treated cassava leaves were less attractive to first instar mealybugs than untreated leaves. Mealybugs that started feeding on treated leaves died in their second instar. A greenhouse experiment showed that three applications of NKWE at weekly intervals protected cassava against established early instar mealybugs. There were no significant differences between concentrations of 1, 10 and 25%. All concentrations were phytotoxic to a varying degree.",Included,
"Cruz, J. L., Mosquim, P. R., Pelacani, C. R., Araujo, W. L., DaMatta, F. M.",2004,Effects of nitrate nutrition on nitrogen metabolism in cassava,Biologia Plantarum,48,1,10.1023/BBIOP.0000024277.51293.02,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4036/,"Two experiments were conducted independently with plants of cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz) growing in sand with nutrient solutions with four nitrate concentrations (0.5, 3, 6 or 12 mM). In leaves, nitrate-N was undetectable at the low nitrate applications; total-N, ammonium-N, amino acid-N, reduced-N and insoluble-N all increased linearly, while soluble proteins did it curvilinearly, with increasing nitrate supply. In contrast, soluble-N did not respond to N treatments. Total-N and soluble proteins, but not nitrate-N or ammonium-N, were much higher in leaves than in roots. Plants grown under severe N deficiency accumulated ammonium-N and amino acid-N in their roots. Further, plants were exposed to either 3 or 12 mM nitrate-N, and leaf activities of key N-assimilating enzymes were evaluated. Activities of nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase were considerably lower in low nitrate supply than in high one. Despite the low nitrate reductase activity, cassava leaves showed an ability to maintain a large proportion of N in soluble proteins.",Included,
"Leru, B., Diangana, J. P., Beringar, N.",1994,Effects of Nitrogen and Calcium on the Level of Resistance of Cassava to the Mealybug P-Manihoti,Insect Science and Its Application,15,1,10.1017/S1742758400016805,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9745/,"The effects of various levels of cow manure (equivalent to 0-50 kg nitrogen/ha.) or ground limestone (equivalent to 0-5 tons calcium/ha.) on the expression of resistance of cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz to the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat. Ferr., were investigated under semi-controlled conditions in the laboratory. The study was made on two varieties of cassava, Moudouma and MM79, characterized by different levels of resistance in terms of antibiosis and tolerance. The antibiotic component was evaluated by determining the intrinsic capacity for increase r(c) and tolerance by quantifying morphological and physiological modifications in the growth of plants induced by 2 months infestation by 100 mealybugs. The antibiotic resistance of the two varieties was reduced by both fertilizers. However, the reduction was only significant at levels of 10 and 20 kg N/ha. and 1 and 1.5 t Ca/ha. for Moudouma and MM79 respectively. In both varieties, tolerance was increased by the addition of nitrogen and not modified by the addition of lime. The integration of these results into traditional cassava crops systems has also been discussed.",Included,
"Manrique, L. A.",1990,Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Growth and Yield of Cassava in Hawaii I Dynamics of Soil Nitrogen,Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,21,13-16,10.1080/00103629009368341,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10633/,"A field experiment was conducted in 1987 on a Vertic Haplustoll on the Island of Oahu (Hawaii) to monitor the dynamics of 1M KCl extractable NH4-N and N03-N, and organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (N) contents following the application of increasing rates of N fertilizer as urea (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg N/ha) and subsequent cropping with irrigated cassava. Soil samples were taken at 015, 1530, 3045, and 45 60 cm soil depths at 60, 120, 180, 240, and 300 days after planting (DAP). Cumulative rainfall values for the periods 060, 60120, 120180, 180240, and 240300 DAP were 151, 0, 156, 142, and 1032 mm, respectively. Two waterlogged periods occurred, one just before 180 DAP and the other after 240 DAP. NH4-N accumulated to high levels after the first waterlogged period but no NO3-N was detected. 1990, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Manrique, L. A.",1990,Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Growth and Yield of Cassava in Hawaii II Dry Matter Production and Efficiency of Partitioning,Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,21,13-16,10.1080/00103629009368342,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10634/,"A field experiment was conducted in 1987 on a Vertic Haplustoll on the Island of Oahu (Hawaii) to study dry matter production and efficiency of dry matter partitioning of cassava grown under increasing rates of applied nitrogen (N) (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg N/ha). A series of biomass harvests were collected throughout the growing season to examine the effects of differential N regimes on top and root growth. Although plant growth was partially stunted by waterlogging, N fertilization increased significantly top and total plant dry matter production but decreased the proportion of dry matter allocated to roots. The maximum dry matter partitioning ratio for roots (root dry weight/total dry weight) was 0.28 for the 150 kg N rate vs. 0.44 for the control (0 kg N). The sink capacity of branches was enhanced greatly by N fertilization; at the high N rates the proportion of dry matter allocated to branches increased almost linearly over time. The maximum dry matter partitioning ratio for branches (branch dry weight/total dry weight) was about 0.68 for the 150 kg N rate vs. 0.56 for the control. 1990, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Cenpukdee, U., Fukai, S.",1991,Effects of Nitrogen Supply on Cassava Pigeonpea Intercropping with 3 Contrasting Cassava Cultivars,Fertilizer Research,29,3,10.1007/BF01052396,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3191/,"Three cassava cultivars of contrasting canopy size were grown as a sole crop and in intercropping with pigeonpea under two N supply levels to examine whether the effect of N fertilizer was different in sole crop cassava and in intercropping, and whether it depended on the canopy type of cassava cultivar. Application of N promoted plant height and canopy width of cassava in both cropping systems, and this resulted in increased competitiveness of cassava in intercropping. However, when the most vigorous cassava cultivar was used in intercropping, N supply caused excessive top growth with no increase in tuber yield. The yield of pigeonpea on the other hand was always reduced with N supply in intercropping with any cassava cultivar.",Included,
"Takyi, S.K.",1974,"Effects of nitrogen, planting method and seedbed type on yield of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)",Ghana journal of agricultural science,v. 7,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17275/,"Yield of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz, cv. Ankra), planted on an unploughed fringing-forest sandy loam soil was significantly increased with N application. Flat planting of stem cuttings and mounding gave higher yields than slant planting and no mounding respectively. On a ploughed semi-deciduous forest sandy loam, N application gave a non-significant increase in yield of the same cassava cultivar. Flat planting resulted in a nonsignificant yield increase over slant planting, and ridging gave a substantial but non-significant yield depression as compared with no ridging.",Included,
"Opara-Nadi, O. A., Lal, R.",1987,Effects of no-till and disc plowing with and without residue mulch on tropical root crops in southeastern Nigeria,Soil and Tillage Research,9,3,10.1016/0167-1987(87)90072-9,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13293/,"Fields experiments were conducted on an Ultisol in southeastern Nigeria to study the effects of no-tillage and disc plowing, with and without residue mulching, on soil properties and the growth and yield of cassava and yam. Plowing to a depth of 10 cm and then applying mulch decreased soil bulk density. Of the no-till plots, those with mulch had the greatest soil moisture retention at low suctions; those without mulch had low moisture retention for suctions exceeding 0.1 bar. Cassava plants in plowed plots were more vigorous than those in no-till plots, and mulching decreased plant height of cassava in the initial stages and increased plant height at about 38 weeks after planting. In the first 10 cm, yam root length density was 0.31 cm cm-3 for no-till plots vs. 0.27 cm cm-3 for plowed plots. Mulch application increased root length density of yam. The root length density of cassava was 0.32 cm cm-3 for no-till plots versus 0.16 cm cm-3 for plowed plots. Mulch application, however, significantly increased root length density of cassava in no-till plots only. Yield of yam tubers was more for plowed plots than no-till plots - 12.4 vs. 10.9 t ha-1. The increase in yam tuber yield due to mulching was 21% for no-till and 28% for plowed treatments. The cassava tuber yield was more in no-till than in plowed plots, and application of mulch increased cassava tuber yield. 1987.",Included,
"Hulugalle, N.R., Ndi, J.N.",1993,Effects of no-tillage and alley cropping on soil properties and crop yields in a Typic Kandiudult of southern Cameroon,Agroforestry Systems,v. 22,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7525/,,Included,
"Longman, K. A.",1968,Effects of orientation and root position on apical dominance in a tropical woody plant,Annals of Botany,32,3,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10074/,"Stem cuttings of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), rooted at one or both ends, were grown at a range of orientations from the vertical. Basally rooted cuttings showed strong apical dominance only in upright or near-upright positions. Basal shoots generally dominated when the stem was horizontal, while completely inverted stems exhibited weak apical dominance or no dominance at all. Cuttings rooted at the apical end were little affected by changed orientation, apical dominance being present throughout. Effects of each root system could be detected in cuttings rooted at both ends. The results are discussed in relation to current thinking on the mechanism of apical dominance, gravimorphic effects in woody plants, and the role of the 'root-factor' in the control of shoot growth. 1968 OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS.",Included,
"Oluleye, A. K., Akinrinde, E. A.",2009,"Effects of phosphate fertilizers and maize plant density on productivity of cassava/maize/egusi-melon mixtures on Alfisols of Ekiti State, South-Western Nigeria","Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13094/,,Included,
"Sukmadjaja, D., Widhiastuti, H.",2011,Effects of plant growth regulators on shoot multiplication and root induction of cassava varieties in vitro culture,Biotropia,18,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17048/,"A study on propagation of three superior cassava (Manihot esculenta Crant) varieties i.e. Darul Hidayah, Malang-6 and Adira-4 through tissue culture technique was conducted at the Tissue Culture Lab of SEAMEO BIOTROP, Bogor. The objective of the experiment was to study effect of plant growth regulators on in vitro propagation, which can be used in cassava micropropagation protocol. Plant materials used were auxiliary shoots of a stem node. The experiment consisted of (i) shoot multiplication, (ii) roots induction, and (iii) acclimatization. The multiple shoot regeneration was observed by using Murashige & Skoog (MS) basal media supplemented with 0, 0.1, 1.0 and 5.0 mg/L of benzylaminopurine (BAP) combined with 0.0, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/L of thidiazuron. The root induction was observed by using 0.1 and 1.0 mg/L of IBA and NAA. The resulting plantlets were transplanted into plastic polybags containing soil mixed with organic fertilizer (11) covered with plastic sheets and transferred to a greenhouse. The result of the study showed that the highest number of shoots for Darul Hidayah, Malang-6 and Adira-4 varieties were 4.93 shoots treated with BAP 1 mg/L + thidiazuron 0.1 mg/L, 4.20 shoots at BAP media of 1 mg/L, and 7.20 shoots at the media of BAP 1 mg/L + thidiazuron 0.1 mg/L respectively. The highest number of nodes produced was 2.9 nodes for Darul Hidayah at BAP 5 mg/L, 5.13 nodes for Malang-6 at BAP 0.1 mg/L, and 6.18 nodes for Adira-4 at BAP 5 mg/L+thidiazuron 1 mg/L. The utilization of auxin IAA or NAA could induce and accelerate the growth of roots which finally could increase the success of acclimatization process. With an average of four multiplication factors of each culture period, the potency of each cassava shoot propagated through tissue culture could produce around 37 000 plants/year.",Included,
"Opara-Nadi, O., Lal, R.",1987,"Effects of plant population on soil structure, soil moisture depletion and on yield of cassava (Manihot esculenta) on an ultisol in Southeast Nigeria",Journal of the science of food and agriculture,v. 38,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13295/,,Included,
"Godfrey-Sam-Aggrey, W.",1978,Effects of plant population on sole-crop cassava in Sierra Leone,Expl Agric.,v. 14,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6368/,,Included,
"Hammer, G.L., Hobman, F.R., Shepherd, R.K.",1987,Effects of planting time and harvest age on cassava (Manihot esculenta) in northern Australia. I. Crop growth and yield in moist environments,Expl Agric.,v. 23,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6867/,,Included,
"Hobman, F.R., Hammer, G.L., Shepherd, R.K.",1987,Effects of planting time and harvest age on cassava (Manihot esculenta) in northern Australia. II. Crop growth and yield in a seasonally-dry environment,Expl Agric.,v. 23,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7244/,,Included,
"Makame, M., Akoroda, M. O., Hahn, S. K.",1987,Effects of Reciprocal Stem Grafts on Cyanide Translocation in Cassava,Journal of Agricultural Science,109,,10.1017/S0021859600081855,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10516/,,Included,
"Tsay, J.S., Fukai, S., Wilson, G.L.",1988,Effects of relative sowing time of soybean on growth and yield of cassava in cassava/soybean intercropping,Field Crops Research,19,3,10.1016/0378-4290(88)90045-7,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17924/,"The development of yield in cassava, either as a sole crop or intercropped with quick-maturing soybean sown 1, 5 or 9 weeks after cassava planting, or a succession of two soybean sowings 1 and 14 weeks after planting, was followed at a high latitude (27°S) where the cassava growing season is limited to 9 months by winter temperatures. Competition, at least largely for nitrogen, restricted the growth of cassava, but after soybean harvest, leaf-area index increased such that there was little difference in interception of radiation among crops, and consequently growth rates and thus amounts of assimilate potentially available for tuber growth were similar. Competition from earlier-sown soybean greatly reduced branching by cassava. The reduced number of branches were sufficient to provide adequate leaf-area index, but were a reduced sink for assimilates during the main period of tuber growth. The slightly reduced assimilate supply available in early intercropped cassava was offset by the increased partitioning to tubers. As a result, soybean intercropping did not reduce tuber yield, except slightly in the case of double-intercropped cassava, but provided an additional yield of grain. Land equivalent ratio was particularly high at about 1.6 when soybean was sown within 5 weeks of cassava planting. When soybean was sown 9 weeks after cassava planting, land equivalent ratio was reduced to about 1.3 as a result of lower soybean yield.",Included,
"Kasele, I.N., Hahn, S.K., Oputa, C.O., Vine, P.N.",1984,"Effects of shade, nitrogen, and potassium on cassava","Tropical root crops production and uses in Africa ; proceedings, 2nd Triennial Symp., Internatl. Society for Tropical Root Crops, Africa Branch, Douala, Cameroon, 14-19 Aug 1983",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8719/,"We studied the effects of shade, nitrogen, and potassium on the formation of tuberous roots in cassava. In pot experiments, shade delayed initiation of bulking by about 40 days and reduced tuberous cell size and number as well as dry matter diversion to tuberous roots. Tuberous roots were detected in plants treated with potassium earlier than in unfertilized plants. Nitrogen did not affect tuberization but significantly increased numbers of tuberous roots. Root diameter and weight, storage cell size and number, and dry matter allocation to roots were significantly greater in plants supplied with potassium, alone or in combination with nitrogen, but were significantly reduced by nitrogen applied without potassium.",Included,
"Aweto, A.O., Ayanniyi, O.O.",1992,Effects of shifting and continuous cultivation of cassava (Manihot esculenta) intercropped with maize (Zea mays) on a forest alfisol in south-western Nigeria,"Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge",v. 118,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1535/,,Included,
"Butare, I., Banyangabose, F. (Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda, Butare)",1982,Effects of soil fertility on cassava bacterial blight in Rwanda,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2776/,"This paper discusses the ecological factors that influence the seriousness of bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas cassavae in Rwanda. Field observations have indicated that the disease is most serious where the soil is poor, gravelly, and sandy; therefore, experiments were conducted to determine the effect of soil fertility on bacterial blight.",Included,
"Lal, R.",1981,Effects of soil moisture and bulk density on growth and development of two cassava cultivars,"Tropical root crops production and uses in Africa ; proceedings, 2nd Triennial Symp., Internatl. Society for Tropical Root Crops, Africa Branch, Douala, Cameroon, 14-19 Aug 1983",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9429/,"A study of the effects of soil moisture and soil density on cassava yields was undertaken on a well-drained soil derived from fine-grained biotite gneiss and Schist parent materials. Two soil densities and two soil moisture treatments were used. Two cassava varieties were tested -Isunikakiyan and improved 30211. Water use, plant growth, and dry-matter production were evaluated. The findings showed that soil-moisture stress adversely affects shoot and root growth, water consumption, and water use efficiency, although there are varietal differences to drought stress. The adverse effects of soil-moisture stress are accentuated when the plant's root system development is inhibited by high soil bulk density or low total porosity",Included,
"Fukai, S., Alcoy, A.B., Llamelo, A.B., Patterson, R.D.",1984,Effects of solar radiation on growth of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.). I. Canopy development and dry matter growth,Field Crops Research,v. 9,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5963/,,Included,
"Aresta, R.B., Fukaf, S.",1984,Effects of solar radiation on growth of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.). II. Fibrous root length,Field Crops Research,9,,10.1016/0378-4290(84)90039-X,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1282/,"Effects of solar radiation on the growth of fibrous roots of cassava cv. M Aus 7 were examined by growing plants without shading (control) and under shade cloths which reduced input to 78% and 32% respectively of full solar radiation. Plants were at two different stages of growth when shading treatments were imposed.

The experimental results indicate that cassava can develop fibrous root systems rapidly and extensively. Within 50 days of planting, root length density in the 0–20 cm soil layer was 1.6 cm cm−3 and by 84 days it had increased to 3.6 cm cm−3. Maximum root depth also increased from 60–80 cm at 29 days after planting to 100–120 cm by day 50 and beyond 120 cm by day 72. Estimated total fibrous root length per m2 ground area to a depth of 120 cm was 32 km m−2 and 23 km m−2 at the end of the experiment for the two crops, 133 days old and 84 days old, respectively.

Shading the plants for 35 days reduced the rate of increase in root length density and hence decreased total root length in the two crops. Reduction in solar input to 32% resulted in a 50% reduction in elongation rate of fibrous roots. Reduction to 78% resulted in a similar reduction in elongation rate when plants were at tuber bulking stage, but much less reduction when plants were at the tuber initiation stage. The results indicate that under limited carbohydrate supply shoot was a stronger sink than both fibrous roots and tubers. At tuber initiation stage tuber was a weaker sink than fibrous roots, but at bulking stage it was about equal to fibrous roots.",Included,
"Cock, J. H., Wholey, D., Gutierrez De Las Casas, O.",1977,Effects of spacing on cassava (manihot esculenta),Experimental Agriculture,13,3,10.1017/S0014479700008024,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3809/,"Three varieties in one cassava trial and five in another were planted in a systematic density experiment which showed that optimum plant density for root yield changes with plant age. Some varieties showed a pronounced optimum plant population, whilst others showed a flattopped response curve. Reduction in yield above the optimum is due to a reduced harvest index. Yields of over 50 tha were obtained with varieties that respond to close spacing. 1977, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Uchechukwu-Agua, A. D., Caleb, O. J., Manley, M., Opara, U. L.",2015,Effects of storage conditions and duration on physicochemical and microbial quality of the flour of two cassava cultivars (TME 419 and UMUCASS 36),CYTA - Journal of Food,13,4,10.1080/19476337.2015.1029524,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18035/,"This study investigated the effects of storage conditions cool (15 1C, 90% relative humidity (RH)), ambient (23 2C, 60% RH) and higher (38 2C, 60% RH) on changes in physicochemical quality attributes of two cassava flour cultivars (TME 419 and UMUCASS 36) packaged in paper bags and stored for 12 weeks. Physicochemical and microbial qualities were studied at weeks 0, 4, 8 and 12. Moisture content decreased from 12.0% to 7.1% and 9.8% to 6.8% in cultivars 'TME 419' and 'UMUCASS 36', respectively. Carotenoid content was higher in cultivar (cv.) 'UMUCASS 36' (2.5 0.10 mg/g) compare to cv. 'TME 419' (1.8 0.11 mg/g). Colour indices of the cassava flour were significantly influenced by storage duration. A slight decrease in microbial load from 5.4 to 4.8 log CFU/g was observed, with increase in temperature from 15C to 38C at the end of storage. The ambient storage condition best maintained nutritional and physicochemical quality. 2015 The Author(s). Published by Taylor & Francis.",Included,
"Kanto, U., Jutamanee, K., Osotsapar, Y., Jattupornpong, S., Kaewprasit, C.",2012,Effects of swine manure extract by foliar application and soil drenching on soil chemical properties and variable soil strength of cassava planted soils,Kasetsart Journal - Natural Science,46,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8656/,"The effects were investigated of swine manure extract (SME) application on soil chemical properties and on soil strength, which are essential to soil management for cassava. The results of one cropping study revealed that an application of SME to the soil (SSME) or a combination of soil and foliar application of SME (FNSSME) tended to increase soil organic matter, cation exchange capacity and extractable Zn, but reduced soil strength. Nine split applications of SME in both the foliar or soil regimes had no effect on soil pH, but markedly reduced electrical conductivity indicating the depletion of soluble salts. FNSSME significantly decreased available P and exchangeable K while foliar application of SME decreased exchangeable K and exchangeable Mg. FNSSME significantly increased extractable Cu, and a similar result on extractable Mn was noted in the SME-treated soil. SME improved the availability of these two micronutrients. Chemical fertilizer (standard NPK) and FNSSME treatments reduced both exchangeable Ca and Mg. Soil strength calculated from penetration energy was maintained by a soil application of aqueous swine manure extract, SSME and FNSSME but not by an application of NPK fertilizer. The long term effects of SME application as a soil drench on the chemical properties of the soil and on soil strength over longer periods should be investigated.",Included,
"Figueiredo, P. G., Bicudo, S. J., Chen, S. B., Fernandes, A. M., Tanamati, F. Y., Djabou-Fondjo, A. S. M.",2017,Effects of tillage options on soil physical properties and cassava-dry-matter partitioning,Field Crops Research,204,,10.1016/j.fcr.2016.11.012,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5699/,"Conservation tillage is efficient at reducing soil degradation, but affects soil physical properties, and leads to soil compaction, negatively impacting root production, and so it is rarely adopted by cassava cultivators. The objective of this study was to evaluate the dry-matter partitioning (DMP) during a full cassava season under different tillage methods. The effects of minimum tillage (MT), conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) on soil water content, soil penetration resistance, macroporosity, microporosity and total porosity were evaluated at 70, 120, 230, 300 and 350 days after planting (DAP). Additionally, the DMP in cassava plants was evaluated every 30 days until 360 DAP at Botucatu, Brazil on an Alfisol soil. Our result revealed that the tillage type affected soil penetration resistance, macroporosity and total porosity as well as the dry matter content (DMC) on cassava leaf, stem, root and planted cutting. No significant difference was observed in total DMC. However, DMP differed significantly between 150 and 210 DAP, corresponding respectively to the root-thickening phase end and the dormancy phase beginning. The highest DMC of stem and planted cutting was observed in NT-developed plants. Shoot DMC was positively correlated with soil penetration resistance. CT and MT did not differ in root yield; hence, MT should be adopted instead of CT, as an effort to control soil erosion. NT increases the soil penetration resistance, and results in greater accumulation of DM in the stem and planted cutting than in the roots. Data suggest that increased soil penetration resistance under NT can decrease cassava root growth and induce the stem and planted cutting to play the role of storage organs. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V.",Included,
"Lockard, R. G., Saqui, M. A., Wounuah, D. D.",1985,Effects of time and frequency of leaf harvest on growth and yield of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Liberia,Field Crops Research,12,C,10.1016/0378-4290(85)90063-2,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10032/,"An experiment was carried out on cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz, var. Caricass 2) to test the effects of leaf harvesting on plant growth and yield. The terminal five or six leaves of each shoot were collected starting at 4, 5 or 6 months after planting and at intervals of 1 or 2 months. The time at which collection started had very little effect on the weight of leaves collected or on the yield of tuberous roots. However, the frequency of collection had a marked effect on both. It is recommended that leaf collection should start 4 months after planting, and harvesting should be carried out at 2-month intervals in order to obtain the best yields of both leaves and tuberous roots. 1985.",Included,
"Hong, N. T. T., Wanapat, M., Wachirapakorn, C., Pakdee, P., Rowlinson, P.",2003,Effects of timing of initial cutting and subsequent cutting on yields and chemical compositions of cassava hay and its supplementation on lactating dairy cows,Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,16,12,10.5713/ajas.2003.1763,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7300/,"Two experiments were conducted to examine the production and quality of cassava hay and its utilization in diets for dairy cows. In experiment I, a 2x2 Factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications was carried out to determine the effects of different initial (IC) and subsequent cutting (SC) on yield and composition of cassava plant. The results revealed that cassava could produce from 4 to 7 tonne of DM and 1.2 to 1.6 tonne of CP for the first six months after planting. CP content in cassava plant ranged from 20.8 to 28.5% and was affected by different SC regimes. Condensed tannin in cassava foliage ranged from 4.9 to 5.5%. Initial cutting at 2 months with subsequent cutting at 2 month intervals was the optimal to obtain high dry matter and protein yield. In the second experiment, five crossbred Holstein-Friesian cows in mid lactation with an initial live-weight of 5056.1 kg and average milk yield of 10.781.2 kg/d were randomly assigned in a 5x5 Latin square design to study the effects of 2 levels of CH (1 and 2 kg/hd/d) and concentrate (1 to 2 kg of milk and 1 to 3 kg of milk) on milk yield and milk composition. The results showed that cassava hay increased rumen NH3-N and milk urea nitrogen (MUN) (p&lt;0.05). Cassava hay tended to increase milk production and 4% FCM. Milk protein increased in cows fed cassava hay (p&lt;0.05). Moreover, cassava hay could reduce concentrate levels in dairy rations thus resulting in increased economic returns. Cassava hay can be a good source of forage to reduce concentrate supplementation and improve milk quality.",Included,
"Chanjula, P., Sornnok, S.",2007,"Effects of varieties and timing of subsequent cutting on yield, chemical composition and ruminai degradability of cassava Hay in Southern Thailand",Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology,29,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3351/,"A 22 factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications was carried out to investigate the effects of varieties (V, KU50 and RY72) and timing of subsequent cutting (SC, 2 and 3 months after cutting) on yield and chemical composition of cassava hay. The results revealed that both total hay yield and crude protein dry matter yield were not significantly (P>0.05) influenced by variety or subsequent cutting. Cassava could produce from 4.98 to 6.15 t/ha of DM and 1.29 to 1.39 t/ha of CF. CP content in cassava plant ranged from 23.03 to 26.55% and was affected by different SC regimes. Their DM and CP rate of de-gradability of cassava hay (CH) were studied using the nylon bag technique, in ruminally fistulated crossbred beef steers. The ruminai disappearance characteristics of CH and the effective degradability of DM and CP of all treatments were not significantly different (P>0.05) among the treatments. Based on this research, it was concluded that two varieties with subsequent cutting at 2 or 3 months intervals for 9 months was optimal to obtain high dry matter and protein yield as well as moderate-high nutritive value cassava hay. Moreover, it could be cultivated to produce CH with high nutritive value in southern conditions.",Included,
"Kayode, G.O.",1983,"Effects of various planting and harvesting times on the yield, HCN, dry-matter accumulation and starch content of four cassava varieties in a tropical rainforest region","J. agric. Sci., Camb",v. 101,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8798/,,Included,
"Lawanson, A.O., Imevbore, A.M.A., Fanimokun, V.O.",1984,effects of waste-gas flares on the surrounding cassava plantations in the Niger Delta Regions of Nigeria,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9563/,,Included,
"Wagaba, H., Beyene, G., Trembley, C., Alicai, T., Fauquet, C. M., Taylor, N. J.",2013,Efficient transmission of Cassava brown streak disease viral pathogens by chip bud grafting,BMC Research Notes,6,1,10.1186/1756-0500-6-516,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18595/,"Background Techniques to study plant viral diseases under controlled growth conditions are required to fully understand their biology and investigate host resistance. Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) presents a major threat to cassava production in East Africa. No infectious clones of the causal viruses, Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) or Ugandan cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV) are available, and mechanical transmission to cassava is not effective. An improved method for transmission of the viruses, both singly and as co-infections has been developed using bud grafts. Findings. Axillary buds from CBSD symptomatic plants infected with virulent isolates of CBSV and UCBSV were excised and grafted onto 6-8 week old greenhouse-grown, disease-free cassava plants of cultivars Ebwanateraka, TME204 and 60444. Plants were assessed visually for development of CBSD symptoms and by RT-PCR for presence of the viruses in leaf and storage root tissues. Across replicated experiments, 70-100% of plants inoculated with CBSV developed CBSD leaf and stem symptoms 2-6 weeks after bud grafting. Infected plants showed typical, severe necrotic lesions in storage roots at harvest 12-14 weeks after graft inoculation. Sequential grafting of buds from plants infected with UCBSV followed 10-14 days later by buds carrying CBSV, onto the same test plant, resulted in 100% of the rootstocks becoming co-infected with both pathogens. This dual transmission rate was greater than that achieved by simultaneous grafting with UCBSV and CBSV (67%), or when grafting first with CBSV followed by UCBSV (17%). Conclusions The bud grafting method described presents an improved tool for screening cassava germplasm for resistance to CBSD causal viruses, and for studying pathogenicity of this important disease. Bud grafting provides new opportunities compared to previously reported top and side grafting systems. Test plants can be inoculated as young, uniform plants of a size easily handled in a small greenhouse or large growth chamber and can be inoculated in a controlled manner with CBSV and UCBSV, either singly or together. Disease symptoms develop rapidly, allowing better studies of interactions between these viral pathogens, their movement within shoot and root systems, and how they induce their destructive disease symptoms. 2013 Wagaba et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.",Included,
"Cruz, J. L., Alves, A. A. C., LeCain, D. R., Ellis, D. D., Morgan, J. A.",2016,Elevated CO2 concentrations alleviate the inhibitory effect of drought on physiology and growth of cassava plants,Scientia Horticulturae,210,,10.1016/j.scienta.2016.07.012,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4040/,"Due to the rise in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations, the earth's climate is expected to change, with precipitation being reduced in some areas resulting in growth-limiting drought and, as a consequence, reduced plant productivity. We investigated the physiological and growth responses of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) to approximate present-day ambient (390LL1) and elevated (750LL1) atmospheric CO2 concentrations under well-watered and water deficit conditions, aiming at understanding how cassava would face those problems. Water deficits led to reductions in the Leaf Elongation Rate of plants grown at ambient as well as CO2-enriched concentrations. However, plants grown at 750LL1 of CO2 maintained leaf growth two days longer than plants grown at 390LL1. Three Days After Withholding Water (DAWW), photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were reduced in plants grown under ambient CO2, while in plants under an elevated CO2 concentration, these physiological functions remained similar to that of control plants grown under good water availability. Five DAWW plants grown with 750LL1 continued to have enhanced gas exchange compared with plants grown under 390LL1. Under drought stress, the instantaneous transpiration efficiency was always greatest for plants grown under elevated CO2. The positive response of elevated CO2 levels on total dry mass was 61% in the water-stressed plants and only 20% for the plants grown under good water availability. Stomatal limitation was an important factor reducing CO2 assimilation in cassava growing under drought conditions.",Included,
"Feng-bo, L. I., Guang-de, L. U., Xi-yue, Zhou, Hui-xiang, N. I., Chun-chun, X. U., Chao, Y. U. E., Xiu-mei, Yang, Jin-fei, Feng, Fu-ping, Fang",2015,"Elevation and Land Use Types Have Significant Impacts on Spatial Variability of Soil Organic Matter Content in Hani Terraced Field of Yuanyang County, China",Rice science,22,,10.1016/j.rsci.2015.05.005,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5623/,"Soil organic matter (SOM) content is one of the most important indicators of the sustainability of soil. To maintain sustainable soil utilization and management in fragile Hani terraced field, it is meaningful to investigate the effects of topography and land use type on SOM content. Descriptive statistics and geostatistics were used to analyze the data and the kriging method was applied to map the spatial patterns of SOM content. The results showed that the mean SOM content was 32.76g/kg, with a variation coefficient of 40%. The SOM content was affected by elevation and land use type. As the increase of elevation, the SOM content in Hani terraced field also increased obviously. The SOM content in tea garden, which is almost at high elevation, was the highest in all six land use types, and the SOM content decreased in a following sequence tea garden > paddy field > corn field > banana garden > cassava field > sugarcane field. In addition, at the same elevation, the paddy field had the highest SOM content compared with other land use types. All these results demonstrate that paddy field is the most efficient and suitable land use type for SOM conservation at high, middle or low elevations in the fragile Hani terraced field. In order to protect soil quality and maintain the sustainable agricultural development, it is necessary to maintain or even to enlarge the area of paddy field in Yuanyang county, Yunnan Province, China.",Included,
"Kawuki, R. S., Kaweesi, T., Esuma, W., Pariyo, A., Kayondo, I. S., Ozimati, A., Kyaligonza, V., Abaca, A., Orone, J., Tumuhimbise, R., Nuwamanya, E., Abidrabo, P., Amuge, T., Ogwok, E., Okao, G., Wagaba, H., Adiga, G., Alicai, T., Omongo, C., Bua, A., Ferguson, M., Kanju, E., Baguma, Y.",2016,Eleven years of breeding efforts to combat cassava brown streak disease,Breeding Science,66,4,10.1270/jsbbs.16005,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8797/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) production is currently under threat from cassava brown streak disease (CBSD), a disease that is among the seven most serious obstacles to worlds food security. Three issues are of significance for CBSD. Firstly, the virus associated with CBSD, has co-evolved with cassava outside its center of origin for at least 90 years. Secondly, that for the last 74 years, CBSD was only limited to the low lands. Thirdly, that most research has largely focused on CBSD epidemiology and virus diversity. Accordingly, this paper focuses on CBSD genetics and/or breeding and hence, presents empirical data generated in the past 11 years of cassava breeding in Uganda. Specifically, this paper provides 1) empirical data on CBSD resistance screening efforts to identify sources of resistance and/or tolerance; 2) an update on CBSD resistance population development comprising of full-sibs, half-sibs and S1 families and their respective field performances; and 3) insights into chromosomal regions and genes involved in CBSD resistance based on genome wide association analysis. It is expected that this information will provide a foundation for harmonizing on-going CBSD breeding efforts and consequently, inform the future breeding interventions aimed at combating CBSD.",Included,
"Asante, S. K.",2010,Empowering farming communities in northern Ghana with strategic innovations and productive resources in dryland farming,Empowering farming communities in northern Ghana with strategic innovations and productive resources in dryland farming,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1401/,"The Strategic Innovations in Dryland Farming Project of the Challenge Program for Water and Food is an effort to improve income, labour, land and water productivity for rural households in the Volta Basin in Northern Ghana. The project’s outputs were developed, adapted, and improved through pilot site participatory research with farmers in 300 focal households in 16 communities in 8 Districts that fall within the desertification hazard areas in Northern Ghana (EPA, 2002). The pilot site work led by SARI staff and participating farmers, was executed in collaboration with two CGIAR and three local NARES centers. The Project’s institutional arrangement capitalized on existing operating procedures of the Research-Extension Linkage Committee (RELC) model of Ghana, such that it provided the platform for ownership by the NGOs, farmer groups and the Agricultural Extension Service. The Project emphasized increasing harvestable crop yield per drop of rainfall by intensifying crop production using varieties improved for enhanced water-use efficiency, soil and water conservation strategies, and analyses of climatic data from the Sudan and Guinea savannah zones of the Volta Basin to refine drought prediction and detection models for selected communities. This participatory technology development approach was underpinned by adoption and impact studies in beneficiary communities that refined project interventions for communities during various stages of the implementation process.",Included,
"Siritunga, D., Sayre, R.",2004,Engineering cyanogen synthesis and turnover in cassava (Manihot esculenta),Plant Molecular Biology,56,4,10.1007/s11103-004-3415-9,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16540/,"Cassava is the major root crop for a quarter billion subsistence farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. It is valued for its ability to grow in adverse environments and the food security it provides. Cassava contains potentially toxic levels of cyanogenic glycosides (linamarin) which protect the plant from herbivory and theft. The cyanogens, including linamarin and its deglycosylated product, acetone cyanohydrin, can be efficiently removed from the root by various processing procedures. Short-cuts in processing, which may occur during famines, can result in only partial removal of cyanogens. Residual cyanogens in cassava foods may cause neurological disorders or paralysis, particularly in nutritionally compromised individuals. To address this problem and to further understand the function of cyanogenic glycosides in cassava, we have generated transgenic cassava in which cyanogenic glycoside synthesis has been selectively inhibited in leaves and roots by antisense expression of CYP79D1/D2 gene fragments. The CYP79D1/D2 genes encode two highly similar cytochrome P450s that catalyze the first-dedicated step in cyanogenic glycoside synthesis. Transgenic plants in which the expression of these genes was selectively inhibited in leaves had substantially reduced (60– 94% reduction) linamarin leaf levels. Surprisingly, these plants also had a greater than a 99% reduction in root linamarin content. In contrast, transgenic plants in which the CYP79D1/D2 transcripts were reduced to non-detectable levels in roots had normal root linamarin levels. These results demonstrate that linamarin synthesized in leaves is transported to the roots and accounts for nearly all of the root linamarin content. Importantly, transgenic plants having reduced leaf and root linamarin content were unable to grow in the absence of reduced nitrogen (NH3). Cassava roots have previously been demonstrated to have an active cyanide assimilation pathway leading to the synthesis of amino acids. We propose that cyanide derived from linamarin is a major source of reduced nitrogen for cassava root protein synthesis. Disruption of linamarin transport from leaves in CYP79D1/D2 anti-sense plants prevents the growth of cassava roots in the absence of an alternate source of reduced nitrogen. An alternative strategy for reducing cyanogen toxicity in cassava foods is to accelerate cyanogenesis and cyanide volatilization during food processing. To achieve this objective, we have expressed the leaf-specific enzyme hydroxynitrile lyase (HNL) in roots. HNL catalyzes the breakdown of acetone cyanohydrin to cyanide. Expression of HNL in roots accelerated cyanogenesis by more than three-fold substantially reducing the accumulation of acetone cyanohydrin during processing relative to wild-type roots.",Included,
"Opabode, J. T.",2017,Enhanced mass regeneration of pro-vitamin a cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) varieties through multiple shoot induction from enlarged axillary buds,Biotechnologia,98,4,10.5114/bta.2017.72291,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13291/,"An efficient mass propagation system for a rapid delivery of pro-vitamin A cassava varieties to farmers is essential for acquiring food sufficiency and reducing vitamin A deficiency in Africa. The study investigated multiple shoot inductions from axillary buds of three pro-vitamin A enriched cassava varieties using a combination of 10 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 0.1-0.5 mg/l naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Growth, photosynthetic pigment content and molecular stability of the regenerated plants with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers are also assessed. Shootbud formation in TMS 30572 variety was found to be 8.9% higher than in the three pro-vitamin A varieties. But, the number of regenerated shoots was higher by 7.3% in pro-vitamin A varieties than in TMS 30572. The formation of roots was outstanding in UMUCASS 38. Root carotene contents of regenerated and mother plants were not different. The highest number of shootbuds per explant and frequency of regenerated shoots were obtained through a medium containing 10 mg/l BAP and 0.3 mg/l NAA. The RAPD analysis of regenerated plants showed a uniform profile of 1628 bands among the regenerants and mother plants. The study concluded that a combination of 10 mg/l BAP and 0.3 mg/l NAA enhances a multiple shoot induction with no genetic infidelity of regenerated plants. 2017, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Xu, J., Duan, X. G., Yang, J., Beeching, J. R., Zhang, P.",2013,Enhanced Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging by Overproduction of Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase Delays Postharvest Physiological Deterioration of Cassava Storage Roots,Plant Physiology,161,3,10.1104/pp.112.212803,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19573/,"Postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD) of cassava (Manihot esculenta) storage roots is the result of a rapid oxidative burst, which leads to discoloration of the vascular tissues due to the oxidation of phenolic compounds. In this study, coexpression of the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging enzymes copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (MeCu/ZnSOD) and catalase (MeCAT1) in transgenic cassava was used to explore the intrinsic relationship between ROS scavenging and PPD occurrence. Transgenic cassava plants integrated with the expression cassette p54MeCu/ZnSOD-35SMeCAT1 were confirmed by Southern-blot analysis. The expression of MeCu/ZnSOD and MeCAT1 was verified by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzymatic activity analysis both in the leaves and storage roots. Under exposure to the ROS-generating reagent methyl viologen or to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the transgenic plants showed higher enzymatic activities of SOD and CAT than the wild-type plants. Levels of malondialdehyde, chlorophyll degradation, lipid peroxidation, and H2O2 accumulation were dramatically reduced in the transgenic lines compared with the wild type. After harvest, the storage roots of transgenic cassava lines show a delay in their PPD response of at least 10 d, accompanied by less mitochondrial oxidation and H2O2 accumulation, compared with those of the wild type. We hypothesize that this is due to the combined ectopic expression of Cu/ZnSOD and CAT leading to an improved synergistic ROS-scavenging capacity of the roots. Our study not only sheds light on the mechanism of the PPD process but also develops an effective approach for delaying the occurrence of PPD in cassava.",Included,
"Trung, Nguyen Thanh, Nakasathien, Sutkhet, Vichukit, Vichan",2013,"Enhancing sustainable cassava production in hilly areas of Van Yen, Yen Bai province, Vietnam",Kasetsart Journal (Natural Science),47,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12118/,"Low awareness on sustainable production and farming techniques are major factors limiting cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) production in the northern mountainous region of Vietnam. In 2011, three experiments were conducted in Van Yen District of Yen Bai province, Vietnam, to determine the appropriate plant density (a control at 10,000 plants.ha-1, high stocking at 12,500 plants.ha-1 and extra-high stocking at 14,000 plants.ha-1), the proper NPK+S fertilizer level (low at 800 kg.ha-1, a control at 1,000 kg.ha-1, a high level at 1,200 kg.ha-1 and an extra-high level at 1,400 kg.ha-1), as well as incorporating the study of a suitable cassava intercropping system for controlling soil erosion. The high density and high fertilizer levels significantly increased the fresh root yield, harvest index, root dry matter and starch content compared to those of the control. However, these parameters were not different at both the extra-high density and extra-high fertilizer levels from those of the high density and high fertilizer levels. In addition, there were no significant differences in the sprouting percentage, the stem diameter with increased stocking and the fertilizer level. It was found that cassava intercropped with peanut, using Tephrosia candida hedgerows, not only considerably increased the plant height, fresh root yield, harvest index, root dry matter and starch content, but also effectively decreased the dry soil loss compared to mono-cropping.",Included,
SADCC,1988,"Enhancing the contribution of cassava to food security in SADCC: Proceedings of a workshop held at Mzuzu, Malawi, 28th November to 2nd December 1988","Enhancing the contribution of cassava to food security in SADCC: Proceedings of a workshop held at Mzuzu, Malawi, 28th November to 2nd December 1988",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14490/,,Included,
"Zundel, Christine, Nagel, Peter, Hanna, Rachid, Korner, Frnzi, Scheidegger, Urs",2009,Environment and host-plant genotype effects on the seasonal dynamics of a predatory mite on cassava in sub-humid tropical Africa,Agricultural and Forest Entomology,11,3,10.1111/j.1461-9563.2009.00429.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/20141/,"1 In tropical dry seasons, survival of small arthropods such as predatory mites is often negatively affected by low relative humidity (RH). For species that do not diapause or migrate to refuges, the ability of the habitat to mitigate climatic conditions becomes crucial. 2 The relative effect of macro-habitat (dry grassland hill, humid multiple cropping area, humid riparian forest) and microhabitat (host-plant genotypes with hairy, semi-hairy and glabrous apices) on the seasonal dynamics of the phytoseiid mite Typhlodromalus aripo, a predator of Mononychellus tanajoa on cassava, was examined in a field experiment during a dry season. The effect of RH and plant genotype on T. aripo egg survival was determined in an environment control chamber. 3 Predator abundance was higher in humid multiple cropping areas and on hairy cassava compared with the other habitat types and cassava genotypes. 4 Discriminant and regression analyses showed that the predator's dry season persistence was related to high RH, high plant vigour and hairy apices, but not to prey abundance. 5 In the controlled climate experiment, the effect of host-plant morphology was evident only at the intermediate RH level of 55%. An effect of apex hairiness was not found. 6 It is concluded that the effect of genotype on T. aripo persistence diminishes under low RH conditions, and that supportive effects of apex hairs become effective only in the field, probably through protection from wind and/or intraguild predation. Humid multiple cropping areas planted with hairy and vigorous cassava genotypes are suitable dry season reservoirs for T. aripo.",Included,
"Keating, B.A., Evenson, J.P., Fukai, S.",1982,Environmental effects on growth and development of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) I. Crop development,Field Crops Research,5,,10.1016/0378-4290(82)90030-2,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/20320/,"Morphological development of serial plantings of the cassava cultivar M Aus 10, made over a year and each grown for 1 year duration, were studied with sequential harvests in the relatively high latitude (27 ° 37'S) environment of S.E. Queensland, Australia under favourable moisture and nutritional conditions. The extent and timing of storage root initiation was relatively unaffected by the different temperature, solar radiation and photoperiod conditions associated with the different planting dates. Likewise, main stem and lateral branch number showed little variation either between planting dates or with time in any one planting. The time to first flowering and forking was substantially reduced for mid-summer planting dates, an effect being most likely related to the longer photoperiods of these months. Canopy development was also highly seasonal with leaf area indices ranging from above 10.0 in March and April for early planted crops to zero in the cooler months of August and September for all planting dates.",Included,
"Keating, B.A., Evenson, J.P., Fukai, S.",1982,Environmental effects on growth and development of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) II. Crop growth rate and biomass yield,Field Crops Research,5,,10.1016/0378-4290(82)90031-4,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8811/,"Frequent harvests of serial plantings of cassava (cv. M Aus 10) in S.E. Queensland, Australia (latitude 27° 37′S) were used to examine the effect of environment on dry matter growth and biomass yield.

Maximum crop growth rates (CGR) calculated from fitted logistic curves ranged from 23.8 to 2.4 g m−2 day−1 for the various planting dates and occurred in late summer to autumn, becoming progressively smaller and later for plantings made later in the growth season. Crop growth rate declined to zero or near zero for all planting dates in late winter. Maximum CGR's were higher than those reported for cassava at lower latitudes but, because of the restricted growing season, annual biomass yields from early planting times were similar and of the order of 30 t ha−1 year−1.

Multiple regression models were developed which could account for 89% of the variation in CGR in terms of mean air temperature or solar radiation and leaf area index (LAI). Temperature and solar radiation were highly correlated at this experimental site and it was not possible to distinguish their separate effects on CGR.",Included,
"Keating, B.A., Evenson, J.P., Fukai, S.",1982,Environmental effects on growth and development of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) III. Assimilate distribution and storage organ yield,Field Crops Research,5,,10.1016/0378-4290(82)90032-6,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8812/,"Assimilate distribution and storage organ (storage roots plus swollen planting piece) yield of serial plantings of the cassava cultivar M Aus 10, made throughout a year, and grown for one year duration were studied with sequential harvests in S.E. Queensland (latitude 27° 37′S), Australia.

Seasonal differences in the proportion of total dry matter assimilation partitioned to storage organs over a given time period (referred to as distribution ratio, DR) were observed with low DR over the mid-summer (January to March) period (0.1 to 0.3) when crop growth rate (CGR) was at a maximum compared with 0.4 to 0.5 in November to December and 0.5 to 1.0 in late autumn to winter (April to July). This period of low DR restricted storage organ yields which were generally lower (6–9 t DW ha−1 year−1) than those reported for adapted germplasm at lower latitudes.

Multiple regression models were developed which accounted for much of the variation in DR in terms of mean air temperature or photoperiod and leaf area index (R2 = 0.73). High temperatures, long photoperiods and high leaf area indices were associated with reduced DR. Mean air temperature and photoperiod are highly correlated in this environment and their separate effects on DR could not be distinguished. This model of distribution ratio was combined with earlier published models of CGR, and storage organ growth rate predicted.",Included,
"Zinga, I., Chiroleu, F., Legg, J., Lefeuvre, P., Komba, E. K., Semballa, S., Yandia, S. P., Mandakombo, N. B., Reynaud, B., Lett, J. M.",2013,Epidemiological assessment of cassava mosaic disease in Central African Republic reveals the importance of mixed viral infection and poor health of plant cuttings,Crop Protection,44,,10.1016/j.cropro.2012.10.010,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/20107/,"Cassava is a vital crop in Africa and represents the main food crop in Central African Republic (CAR). CAR has recently faced large reductions in cassava yields that have led to a surge in market prices. To better understand the causes of the reduction in yield, we identified biotic constraints to cassava production by means of a large-scale plant epidemiological survey conducted in 2007 and 2008. Standard protocols were used for the assessment of the major cassava pests and diseases. Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) was shown to be the most serious constraint to cassava in CAR, with symptoms observed at all localities surveyed. CMD is distributed throughout the country, with an average incidence of 85%. Importantly, 94% of diseased plants had cutting-derived CMD infection suggesting that farmers mostly use virus-infected cuttings for planting. PCR amplification and direct sequencing of partial fragments of the Rep ORF revealed that the causal agents of CMD in CAR are African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and the Uganda strain of East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV-UG). We also demonstrated that 58% of CMD samples present mixed infections (ACMV and EACMV-UG) and that these samples had significantly higher symptom severities. Our results suggest that mixed infection and synergism between CMGs, could be an important feature in the yield reduction of cassava plants in CAR, similar to the other severe CMD epidemics reported in East Africa.",Included,
"Daniel, J. F., Boher, B.",1985,Epiphytic phase of Xanthomonas campestris pathovar manihotis on aerial parts of cassava,Agronomie,5,2,10.1051/agro19850203,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4248/,"Study of the bacterial microflora of the phyllosphere of cassava plants growing in fields previously infected with cassava bacterial blight demonstrated the epiphytic activity of Xanthomonas campestris pv. manihotis. An epiphytic phase was found to be a normal part of the disease cycle of cassava bacterial blight. In the rainy season, when disease spread occurs, large numbers of the pathogen were present on symptomless leaves, constituting a potential inoculum which could explain the sudden outbreaks and rapid spread of the disease. In the dry season the numbers of the pathogen decreased to undetectable levels, but the presence of X. campestris pv. manihotis a few weeks before the first new symptoms at the beginning of the next rainy season suggested that the pathogen could survive as an epiphyte throughout the dry season. The role of the endophytic population in the first step of the epiphytic life of the pathogen was also investigated. The capacity of X. manihotis to have an epiphytic phase in its disease cycle contributes to the buildup of primary inoculum and to the establishment of the pathogen in the field, and enhances its survival.",Included,
"Perez, J.C., Ceballos, H., Jaramillo, G., Morante, N., Calle, F., Arias, B., Bellotti, A.C.",2005,Epistasis in cassava adapted to midaltitude valley environments,Crop Science,45,4,10.2135/cropsci2004.0600,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14020/,"Little is known about the inheritance of agronomic traits in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). The vegetative multiplication of cassava allows cloning of individual genotypes, and separates environmental from genetic variation in the within-family variation. Knowing the magnitude of between- and within-family variation is important for defining breeding strategies and for measuring different components of genetic variances, particularly the seldom-estimated epistasis. A group of nine genotypes, adapted to midaltitude environments, was used for a diallel study. Thirty clones were obtained from every F1 cross (each clone was represented by six plants), and planted in three replications at two locations. Statistical differences among crosses were found for fresh-root yield, harvest index, root dry-matter content, and reaction to mites (Mononychellus tanajoa Bondar) and to whiteflies (Aleurotrachelus socialis Bondar). General combining ability (GCA) was significant for all traits except fresh-root yield and dry-matter content, and specific combining ability (SCA) was significant for all traits except whitefly damage score. Fresh-root yield was the only trait with significant epistatic effects, which, combined with a large dominance variance, suggested a prevalence of nonadditive effects. The introduction of inbreeding would be one approach for the efficient exploitation of these nonadditive effects found for fresh-root yield. For the remaining traits, epistasis was negligible and current schemes exploiting additive effects may suffice.",Included,
"Cach, N. T., Perez, J. C., Lenis, J. I., Calle, F., Morante, N., Ceballos, H.",2005,Epistasis in the Expression of Relevant Traits in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) for Subhumid Conditions,Journal of Heredity,96,5,10.1093/jhered/esi084,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2897/,"There is limited knowledge on the inheritance of agronomic traits in cassava and the importance of epistasis for most crops. A nine-parent diallel study was conducted in subhumid environments. Thirty clones were obtained from each F cross. Each clone was represented by six plants, which were distributed in three replications at two locations. Therefore the same 30 genotypes of each F cross were planted in the three replications at the two locations. Analysis of variance suggested significant genetic effects for all variables analyzed (reaction to thrips, fresh root and foliage yields, harvest index, dry matter content, and root dry matter yield). Significant epistatic effects were observed for all variables, except harvest index. Dominance variance was always significant, except for dry matter content and dry matter yield. Additive variance was significant only for reaction to thrips. Results suggested that dominance plays an important role in complex traits such as root yield. The significance of epistasis can help us understand the difficulties of quantitative genetics models and QTLs in satisfactorily explaining phenotypic variation in traits with complex inheritance. Significant epistasis would justify the production of inbred parental lines to fix favorable allele combinations in the production of hybrid cassava cultivars.",Included,
"Adejare, G. O., Coutts, R. H. A.",1981,Eradication of cassava mosaic disease from Nigerian cassava clones by meristem-tip culture,"Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture",1,1,10.1007/BF02318900,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/290/,"Methods previously established for the propagation of cassava plants free from cassava mosaic disease have been applied to Nigerian clones. Meristem tips from diseased plants subjected to heat treatment for not less than 30 days at 35°–38°C were cultured on modified Murashige-Skoog medium. Concentration ranges of benzyladenine in combination with α-naphthalene acetic acid and gibberellic acid were investigated and, at optimal levels, 36% of the meristems regenerated. Regenerants, with callus and shoots only, were rooted with 80% efficiency by sub-culturing following a dip in a hormone rooting powder. All plants raised from heat-treated meristems were free of the disease as judged by visual inspection of the leaves, rooted explants and assay for the suspected pathogenic agent of the disease.",Included,
"Van De, N., Douglas, I., McMorrow, J., Lindley, S., Binh, Dknt, Van, T. T., Thanh, L. H., Tho, N.",2008,Erosion and nutrient loss on sloping land under intense cultivation in southern Vietnam,Geographical Research,46,1,10.1111/j.1745-5871.2007.00487.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18261/,"To help improve the well-being of the local people, a joint Vietnamese-UK team set out to establish a way of estimating soil and nutrient losses under different land management scenarios, using field data extrapolated through remote sensing and GIS, to obtain catchment-wide estimates of the impact of land cover change. Immigration from remote provinces to the Dong Phu District of Binh Phuoc Province, about 120 km north of Ho Chi Minh City, has led to disruption of soil surface stability on easily eroded clayey sandstones, creating rapid nutrient depletion that affects crop yields and siltation in the channel of the Rach Rat river downstream. The poor farmers of the areas see crop yields drop dramatically after two or three years of cultivation due to the fertility decline. Soil loss varies dramatically between wet season and dry season and with ground cover. Erosion bridge measurements showed a mean loss of 85.2 t ha(-1) y(-1) under cassava saplings with cashew nuts, 43.3 t ha(-1) y(-1) on uncultivated land and 41.7 t ha(-1) y(-1) under mature cassava. The rates of erosion were higher than those reported in many other parts of Vietnam, reflecting the high erodibility of the friable sandy soils on the steep side-slopes of the Rach Rat catchment. However, although the actual measurements provide better soil loss data than estimates based on the parameters of soil loss equations, a large number of measurement sites is needed to provide adequate coverage of the crop and slope combinations in this dissected terrain for good prediction using GIS and remote sensing.",Included,
"Howeler, R. H., Asher, C. J., Edwards, D. G.",1982,Establishment of an Effective Endomycorrhizal Association on Cassava in Flowing Solution Culture and Its Effects on Phosphorus Nutrition,New Phytologist,90,2,10.1111/j.1469-8137.1982.tb03255.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7382/,"Eight cassava (Manihot esculenta) cultivars were grown with or without mycorrhizal inoculation in flowing solution cultures containing approximately 0.1, 1, 10 or 100 μM phosphate. Rice (Oryza sativa), maize (Zea mays), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) were included in the experiment for comparative purposes.

Cassava required a higher external phosphorus concentration for maximum yield (≥ 10 μM) than the other species (≥ 1 μM) regardless of the inoculation treatments. Roots of inoculated cassava plants were heavily infected with VA endophytes at 0.1 and 1 μM phosphate, but not at 10 or 100 μM. Non‐inoculated cassava plants were free of infection, and no infections were observed in any treatment on the other species.

At 1 μM phosphate, infection of cassava roots was associated with large increases in whole plant dry wt, concentration of phosphorous in tops and roots, and total phosphorus uptake. At 0.1 μM phosphate there were also substantial increases in phosphorus concentration in tops and roots but the infected cassava plants were still severely phosphorus deficient and growth was not improved.

The results are discussed in relation to the present state of knowledge about the phosphorus nutrition of cassava.",Included,
"Obiagwu, C. J.",1995,"Estimated yield and nutrient contributions of legume cover crops intercropped with yam, cassava, and maize in the Benue River Basins of Nigeria",Journal of Plant Nutrition,18,12,10.1080/01904169509365099,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12538/,"Intercropping trials were established in the sandy soils of the Benue River Basins of Nigeria to assess the effect of some food legumes used as cover crops in cassava, yam, and maize based cropping systems. The soil productivity and yield contributions of ground akidi (Sphenostylis stenocarpa), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), local (Kafanji), and improved (IAR-355) cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) varieties to the main crops were assessed and presented on a fertilizer- equivalent basis. The cowpea varieties and ground akidi helped maize to increase the efficiency of nitrogen (N)-phosphorus (P)-potassium (K) fertilizer use by producing an additional 2.74 and 1.59 kg grains/kg, respectively. While an additional six tons of yam tubers was contributed by the kafanji intercrop per hectare, only about three tons was contributed by ground akidi. With the exception of pigeon pea, the test legumes were suitable for use as cover crops for cassava, yam, and maize in the Benue River Basins of Nigeria.",Included,
"Lebot, V., Kaoh, J.",2017,"Estimating sugars in 212 landraces and hybrids of sweet type cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz, Euphorbiaceae)",Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution,64,8,10.1007/s10722-017-0499-z,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9617/,"Sweet-type cultivars of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) are consumed boiled directly after harvest. Farmers are selecting landraces with various levels of sugars, and the characterisation of germplasm collections necessitates robust and accurate techniques for high-throughput analysis of numerous accessions. The objectives of the present study were to develop and test a high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) protocol for the fast quantitation of the cyanogenic glycoside linamarin and individual sugars (maltose, sucrose, glucose, fructose), to determine variation within and between roots and different clones of the same genotype, as well as to compare 147 landraces and 65 hybrids from Vanuatu for their total sugar contents. There is variation in total sugar content in the fresh root depending on where the sample is collected. A protocol based on the analysis of three samples per root (proximal, central and distal parts) was used to compare roots of the same plant and clones of the same accession. Overall, 1030 samples were analysed for major and unidentified minor sugars. For the 147 landraces, the minimum sugar content was 2.53g (per cent fresh weight) and the maximum 10.36g. Interestingly, selected hybrids presented a similar range of variation, from a minimum 4.99g to a maximum of 11.75g. Of the 212 accessions analysed, 43 accessions presented less than 6g sugars, 159 accessions presented 69g sugars and only 10 were greater than 9g. Linamarin was not detected in the genotypes analysed. Applications and perspectives for cassava breeding programmes are discussed.",Included,
"Sobowale, S. S., Awonorin, S. O., Shittu, T. A., Oke, M. O., Adebo, O. A.",2016,Estimation of Material Losses and the Effects of Cassava at Different Maturity Stages on Garification Index,Journal of Food Processing & Technology,7,2,10.4172/2157-7110.1000554,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15537/,"Gari, a West African staple food was processed using fresh cassava tubers (TMS 30572 cultivar). Material losses and garification rate indexas affected by the cassava ages of maturity, fermentation days and processing stages were determined. The material losses and yield of gari from 9, 12 and 15 months old cassava plants at different processing stages and fermentation days were evaluated. Results showed that the average peeling loss at different maturity ages ranged between 21 and 28.86% while percentage grating loss ranged from 3.71 to 5%. Likewise, estimated percentage dewatering/fermentation loss ranged from 25.55 to 30%, while sieving loss ranged from 4.24 to 5.14%. Garification losses ranged from 17.45 to 19.79% with an average gari yield between 19.86 and 23.68%. Cassava of 15 months maturity age generally produced higher yields of gari than those harvested early. The mean garification conversion rate achieved was 22% (0.22, wt/wt).",Included,
"Benesi, I. R. M., Labuschagne, M. T., Herselman, L., Mahungu, N.",2010,"Ethnobotany, morphology and genotyping of cassava germplasm from Malawi",Journal of Biological Sciences,10,7,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2108/,"The objectives of this study were to collect and characterise Malawian cassava germplasm using ethnobotany, morphological and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Exploration of accessions with the help of indigenous knowledge was done. Ninety three accessions collected from farmers fields and commercial programs were planted and morphologically characterised at Chitedze Agricultural Research Station (Malawi). A subsample of 28 accessions was used for DNA fingerprinting. Preferences of farmers for traits in cassava varieties were diverse according to use and areas. Ethnobotany revealed wide genetic diversity in the germplasm, as did morphological characterisation, but morphological characterisation failed to uniquely differentiate all analysed accessions. AFLP markers showed narrow genetic diversity but managed to distinguish all accessions. Hence, there is need to use all three techniques at different levels to identify genetic diversity.",Included,
"Marriott, J., Been, B. O., Perkins, C.",1979,Etiology of Vascular Discoloration in Cassava Roots after Harvesting: Development of Endogenous Resistance in Stored Roots,Physiologia Plantarum,45,1,10.1111/j.1399-3054.1979.tb01662.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10721/,"The susceptibility of cassava roots, Manihot esculenta Crantz, to vascular discoloration beneath two types of injury site, transverse cuts and periderm injuries, was compared for freshly harvested and stored roots. Susceptibility beneath transverse cuts changed rapidly, so that roots stored at ambient temperature for 5–9 days were largely resistant to vascular discoloration beneath this type of injury. Susceptibility to localized deterioration beneath periderm injuries changed more slowly, but significant decreases were observed in roots stored at ambient temperature for 10–16 days. Changes in susceptibility were observed in all cultivars tested, seven in Colombia and one in Jamaica. These changes were retarded but not prevented by storage at 2°C and by storage in sealed polyethylene bags. Pruning plants 1 to 3 weeks prior to harvesting, which has been shown to reduce the rate of post‐harvest deterioration of roots, was also found to reduce the susceptibility of roots to vascular discoloration beneath injuries made immediately after harvesting. Water loss through injuries caused a respiratory response as well as vascular discoloration. This respiratory response was as large in stored (resistant) roots as in freshly harvested (susceptible) ones. The potential of cassava roots to develop endogenous resistance to vascular discoloration either before or after harvesting is discussed in relation to the problems of storage of harvested cassava roots.",Included,
"Lutaladio, N.B.",1984,Evaluaiton of cassava clones for leaf production in Zaire,"Tropical root crops: production and uses in Africa, proceedings of the second triennial symposium of the international society for tropical root crops, Africa branch held in Douala, Cameroon, 14-19 August 1983",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10262/,,Included,
"Chukwuma Sr, C.",1995,"Evaluating baseline data for copper, manganese, nickel and zinc in rice, yam, cassava and guinea grass from cultivated soils in Nigeria","Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment",53,1,10.1016/0167-8809(94)00554-R,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3715/,"Soil samples and leaves and grains of rice (Oryza sativa), yam (Dioscorea esculenta), cassava (Manihot esculenta) and guinea grass (Panicum maximum) were systematically collected in September 1992, during the rainy season from tilled/cultivated farms in Abakaliki urban, certain rural communities, and a derelict PbZn mine in Nigeria. The samples were analysed for their concentrations of the essential trace elements copper, manganese, nickel and zinc. The investigated soils consisted mostly of loamy, clay-loamy and clayey soils with mean soil pH of 5.9, and mean organic matter content of 6.7%. The phytoavailability of the trace elements generally corresponded to their soil concentrations. The phytoavailability of the trace elements investigated depended on their speciation rather than on total soil concentrations. This was illustrated by the fact that the elemental concentrations in all the plant parts decreased in the order Mn > Zn > Cu > Ni; whereas in the soils, the order was Mn > Zn > Ni > Cu. The best indicator plant species in the studied areas were grass (Cu), yam leaves (Cu, Ni), rice leaves (Mn), rice leaves and grains (Ni), and cassava leaves (Zn). 1995.",Included,
"Chukwuma, C., Sr.",1994,"Evaluating baseline data for lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in rice, yam, cassava and guinea grass from cultivated soils in Nigeria",Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry,45,01-Feb,10.1080/02772249409358069,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3717/,"Plant samples collected from urban, rural cultivated sites and an abandoned mine in Nigeria during the rainy season showed mean lead (Pb) contents in the plant parts to decrease in the order Panicum maximum (guinea grass) > Dioscorea esculenta (yam) > Oryza sativa (rice leaves) > Maninhot esculenta (cassava) > Oryza sativa (rice grains); while for cadmium (Cd) it was guinea grass > rice leaves > rice grains > cassava > yam. Pb and Cd concentrations in the plants reflected the amount of Pb and Cd in soils with respect to pH and organic matter content. The two elemental pollutants showed generally similar behavior intake as regards the various plant species. The results show that the best indicator plant species for Cd and Pb is Panicum maximum. 1994, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Le, Kieu Ngoc, Jha, Manoj K., Reyes, Manuel R., Jeong, Jaehak, Doro, Luca, Gassman, Philip W., Hok, Lyda, S, Joo Carlos de Moraes, Boulakia, Stphane",2017,Evaluating carbon sequestration for conservation agriculture and tillage systems in Cambodia using the EPIC model,"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment",251,1,10.1016/j.agee.2017.09.009,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9604/,"Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration was evaluated for several long-term rain-fed cropping systems for conservation agriculture (CA) and conservation tillage (CT) in Cambodia using the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model. The mean crop yield, biomass and SOC stocks of four treatments and three replication in each primary cropping system (rice, soybean and cassava) were used for calibration and validation during the period 20092013. The CT and CA1 treatments were assigned to continuous cropping of primary crops. CA2 and CA3 treatments were assigned to rotated primary crops with maize. In all CA treatments, forage or legume cover crops were prior planted and intercropped with the primary crops to maintain full soil cover. The results show that EPIC successfully simulated crop yields, biomass, and SOC. However, the model tended to underestimate SOC in the CT treatments and overestimate SOC in the CA2 and CA3 treatments. Crop residue was found to highly influence SOC sequestration. Sediment loss in the CT treatments was found to be four times greater than CA treatments due to the CT tillage effects. The 20-year future simulations, using historical weather and automatically generated by EPIC, showed a decrease trend in SOC stocks in all CT treatments and an increase trend in most CA treatments, with the greatest increase for CA2 and CA3 treatments. Thus, the CA treatments in combination with the maize rotation were demonstrated to be more efficient to manage SOC sequestration over CA with one continuous primary crop.",Included,
"Ramirez, O. D., Green, J. J., Decaloni, I. B.",1983,Evaluation and Acceptability of Cassava Cultivars,Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico,67,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14841/,"On the basis of yield and organoleptic evaluation, out of 10 cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars, IAC-12-829, IAC-Mantequeira, Jamaica 18 and Trinidad 14-56 are the most promising in this preliminary evaluation. The 10 cassava cultivars were evaluated in the hilly humid East Central region of Puerto Rico. The highest yielders were lAC 12-829, IAC-Mantequeira, Jamaica 18, and SRT-598-Sta. Catarina with 41.98, 39.24, 35.17 and 31 .13 tons/ha, respectively. Hydrocyanic acid content among cultivars was well below the toxicity level (50-100 mg/kg). The mean values ranged from 0.0 up to 22.3 mg HCN/kg of fresh peeled root. Regarding overall acceptability by the tasting panel all except Sta. Catarina cultivar were acceptable.",Included,
"Fokunang, C. N., Akem, C. N., Dixon, A. G. O., Ikotun, T.",2000,Evaluation of a cassava germplasm collection for reaction to three major diseases and the effect on yield,Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution,47,1,10.1023/A:1008797225343,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5771/,"Thirty-five cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genotypes from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), germplasm collection were planted in May 1992 under natural disease infection conditions, at the IITA field plots at Ibadan, Nigeria. The genotypes were evaluated at monthly intervals for six months, for incidence and severity of cassava anthracnose disease (CAD), cassava bacterial blight (CBB) and African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV). The effect of the pathogens on yield was also evaluated twelve months after planting (MAP). CAD, CBB and ACMV incidence and severity were significantly different (P <0.05) among the cassava genotypes at 3 and 6 months after planting. ACMV incidence and severity reached the maximum levels at 3 MAP while CAD and CBB had a low incidence and severity at that period but exhibited a high disease symptom expression at 6 MAP. Yield parameters (plant stand, tuber number, tuber weight and tuber dry matter) differed significantly (P <0.05) between the cassava genotypes. ACMV and CBB severity was negatively correlated with tuber number (r = -0.54 and r = -0.62 respectively). CAD severity was negatively correlated with tuber number (r = -0.46) and tuber weight (r = -0.63). Percentage dry matter was significantly correlated with ACMV severity (r = 0.71), CBB severity (r = 0.63) and CAD severity (r = 0.42). There was also a significant correlation between CBB and ACMD severity (r=0.46) and CBB and CAD severity (r=0.62). Tuber number and yield were significantly correlated (r=0.60), while% dry matter content and root rot showed a significant negative correlation (-0.42).",Included,
"Mbah, E. U., Muoneke, C. O., Okpara, D. A.",2009,Evaluation of cassava (Manihot esculenta (Crantz) planting methods and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] sowing dates on the yield performance of the component species in cassava/soybean intercrop under the humid tropical lowlands of southeastern Nigeria,African Journal of Biotechnology,8,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10887/,"Field study was conducted during 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 cropping seasons to evaluate the effect of cassava planting methods (horizontal or slanting) and soybean sowing dates (4 and 2 weeks before cassava, simultaneous with cassava, 2 and 4 weeks after cassava) on the yield and yield components and biological productivity of the crop species grown in sole and intercrop. The treatments were arranged in a 2 5 factorial laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Intercropping significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the yield of cassava and soybean compared with their sole crops. Horizontal method of planting cassava (P < 0.05) depressed yield and yield components of the crop species in the mixture. Soybean yields were generally low due to the shading effect of the cassava component in both cropping seasons. In 2001/2002 and 2002/2003, sowing soybean four weeks before cassava increased grain yield than when sown two weeks before, simultaneously, and two or four weeks after cassava planting. There was no interaction effect between cassava planting method and soybean sowing date in the two cropping seasons. Regardless of the cassava planting method used, soybean sown 4 or 2 weeks before cassava gave the highest monetary returns and net profit than soybean sown at any other time in the mixture or by growing the component crops separately.",Included,
"Akpan, E.A, Udoh, V.S.",2017,"Evaluation of Cassava (Manihot Esculenta crantz) Genotype for Yield and Yield Component, Tuber Bulking, Early Maturity in Cross River Basin Flood Plains, Itu, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria",Canadian Journal of Agriculture and Crops,2,2,10.20448/803.2.2.68.73,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4865/,"Field experiments was conducted in 2013 and 2014 at Cross River flood plains , Itu, Akwa Ibom State to assess the yield, yield components, early tuber bulking and maturity among cassava genotype and identify superior ones for the environment. Experiment was conducted at Itu Irrigation Erosion and Flood Control project farm of the Cross River Basin Development Authority Oku Iboku. A land area of 416m was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. Five cassava genotypes NR 8082, TMS 01/1168, TMS 01/1412, TME 419 and a local cultivar (obubit okpo) constituted the treatments. Growth parameters studied were plant height (cm), Number of branches, leaf area (cm), Number of leaf lobes, stem girth (cm) and length of petiole (cm). Also, Number, length (cm), and circumference of tubers and tuber yield per hectare (t/ha) were studied at 4,6,8,10 and 12 months after planting (MAP). Analysis of variance was conducted on all the characters and significant means separated with least significant difference (LSD) at 5% probability level. Plant height (cm), number of branches and leaf area (cm) at harvest showed significant differences (P<0.05%) among cassava genotypes .Yield parameters also differed significantly (p<0.05) at 4,6,8 and 10 MAP for circumference of tubers, number of tubers and tuber yield per hectare (t/ha). TMS 01/1412 produced largest cassava tubers (40.10 cm and 39.40 cm) at 8 MAP in both cropping seasons, highest number of tubers at 6 MAP (13.20 and 11.80), 8 MAP (13.60 and 11.80), 10 MAP (1 3.80 and 11.80) and 12 MAP (13.80 and 11.80) and highest tuber yield per hectare at 8 and 10 MAP (42.60t, 46.30t and 46.30t, 46.00t), respectively. Therefore TMS 01/1412 with early rooting, rapid tuber bulking potential, early maturity and highest tuber yield (t/ha) at 8 MAP would best fit into the farming systems of Cross River flood plains, since it will mature before the peak of flood water.",Included,
"Avijala, M. F., Bhering, L. L., Peixoto, L. A., Cruz, C. D., Carneiro, P. C. S., Cuambe, C. E., Zacarias, A.",2015,Evaluation of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genotypes reveals great genetic variability and potential selection gain,Australian Journal of Crop Science,9,10,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1526/,"The aim of this study was to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters of cassava in order to contribute in the orientation of selection strategies of breeding programs in cassava. In this sense, genetic and phenotypic variances, heritability coefficient, coefficients of genetic and phenotypic correlation, and expected gains from selection were estimated. Twenty-one genotypes of cassava collected from Mozambique were evaluated in a complete randomized block design (CRBD) with three replications for one year. The following traits were evaluated plant height (PH); first branch height (FBH); shoot biomass weight (SBW); number of roots per plant (NRP); tuberous root yield (TRY); production of commercial roots (PCR); harvest index (HI) and dry matter content (DMC). Statistical analyses were carried out using the GENES program. Genetic and phenotypic parameters were estimated among the evaluated traits. The coefficient of genetic variation ranged from 8.86 to 54.74%, and the highest CVg values were for shoot biomass weight (54.74%), and mean number of roots per plant (47.71%). The ratio of genetic and environmental variation coefficients was higher than 1 for 6 of the 8 evaluated traits. These same traits presented high values for heritability, indicating that most of the observed variation is of genetic nature. The genotypic correlations were higher than the phenotypic correlations in all cases. It was possible to identify positive and highly significant genetic correlations among SBW vs. TRY (rg = 0.85), and NRP vs. TRY (rg = 0.94). The graphical dispersion analysis, based on the first two canonical variables allows the formation of six clusters. Selection based on shoot biomass weight had indirect gain greater than direct gain for root yield. Therefore, based on these results, it was found that shoot biomass weight and number of roots per plant can be used as auxiliary criteria for selection of more productive cassava genotypes.",Included,
"Hernandez Romero, L. A.",1991,Evaluation of cassava clones with farmer participation,Integrated Cassava Projects,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7117/,,Included,
"Zinga, Innocent, Chiroleu, Frdric, Valam Zango, Adonise, Ballot, Christian Simplice Arnaud, Harimalala, Mireille, Kosh Komba, Ephrem, Yandia, Prosper Simplice, Semballa, Silla, Reynaud, Bernard, Lefeuvre, Pierre, Lett, JeanMichel, Dintinger, Jacques",2016,Evaluation of Cassava Cultivars for Resistance to Cassava Mosaic Disease and Yield Potential in Central African Republic,Phytopathologische Zeitschrift,164,11-Dec,10.1111/jph.12511,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/20109/,"Eleven cassava genotypes were tested against cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and compared to a local susceptible cultivar in field conditions from June 2011 to July 2012 in Central African Republic (CAR) at two sites representative of the savanna (Damara) and forest (Pissa) zones of the country. The mean number of whiteflies observed on plants varied among genotypes within each site, but was found nearly three times higher at Damara than at Pissa, resulting in a CMD incidence nearly five times higher at Damara than at Pissa. However, no relation was observed between the number of insect on the plants and the level of susceptibility/resistance of the genotypes. The difference of disease pressure between the two sites revealed high level of resistance in several genotypes, while some other ones indicated rather only a partial resistance. Nevertheless, none of the genotypes tested was found immune, in the end, the virus being detected at least in one site in every genotype, including those ones presenting no symptoms in both sites. The impact of CMD on yield components was assessed on the local susceptible check and three partially resistant genotypes, showing that the disease has no significant effect on the tuberous roots number as well as their weight in both sites. The yield potential varied among different genotypes and between the two sites, the mean number of tuberous roots as well as their mean weight being higher in Damara than in Pissa. This study identified highly resistant genotypes such as Gabon that performed well in both sites, and 91/02322 that was symptomless and presented a yield potential equivalent to the local check. These genotypes could be distributed to growers with the main advantage to be resistant to CMD and, therefore, reducing the risk to spread sources of inoculum all over the cassava cropping areas in the country.",Included,
"Dahniya, M.T.",1984,Evaluation of cassava for leaf and root production in Sierra Leone,"Proceedings, Sixth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops / hosted by CIP in Lima, Peru, 21-26 February 1983",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4205/,"Cassava is the second most important food crop in Sierra Leone after rice. Both the tuberous roots and leaves are eaten. Studies over a 2-year period show that variety Nucass 3 significantly out yielded the other varieties while the local cultivar, Cocoa, had the lowest production. Cassava varieties reacted differently to leaf harvest in terms of tuberous root yields. Compared with plants whose leaves were not harvested, there was a total fresh tuberous root yield reduction ranging from 22% to 42% when leaves were harvested monthly.",Included,
"Eder Jorge de Oliveira, Carolina Vianna Morgante, Saulo de Tarso Aidar, Agnaldo Rodrigues de Melo Chaves, Rafaela Priscila Antonio, Jailson Lopez Cruz, Mauricio Antonio Coelho Filho",2017,Evaluation of cassava germplasm for drought tolerance under field conditions,Euphytica,213,188,10.1007/s10681-017-1972-7,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4939/,"The development of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) with a high yield under water-deficit conditions is one of the goal of the breeding programs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and to select cassava accessions based on drought tolerance indices and productive potential under water stress. Forty-nine accessions were evaluated for five agronomic traits (plant heightPH, root yieldRoY, shoot yieldShY, harvest indexHI; and dry matter content of rootsDMC) under full irrigation conditions and drought stress (DS). The accessions were selected based on (i) high yield under drought conditions (HY-DS) and (ii) high drought tolerance (Dr-To) based on six different indices. Overall, water stress dramatically reduced the traits means (RoY72.98%, ShY54.95%, DMC26.15%, HI31.05%, and PH32.95%). Low coincidence among the top ten accessions was identified based on HY-DS and Dr-To criteria. Therefore, considering only the most important traits (RoY and ShY), five accessions (BGM0815, BGM0598, 9624-09, BGM0818, and BRS Formosa) presented high HY-DS. In contrast, to Dr-To criterion, eight and nine accessions were selected for high yield of the aerial part (ShY and PH) and roots (RoY and DMC), respectively. The mean productivity, geometric mean productivity, and drought tolerance indices were the most promising to identify genotypes with high agronomic attributes, while drought susceptibility index, susceptibility, and yield stability index were suitable to identify the most drought tolerant accessions. This set of selected accessions can be used in breeding programs aimed at high yield and drought tolerance.",Included,
"Osorio, M., Gamez, E., Molina, S., Infante, D.",2012,Evaluation of cassava plants generated by somatic embryogenesis in different stages of development using molecular markers,Electronic Journal of Biotechnology,15,4,10.2225/vol15-issue4-fulltext-3,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13403/,"Background Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a crop that is high in carbohydrates in the roots and in protein in the leaves, important for both human consumption and animal feed, and also has a significant industrial use for its starches. In this study we evaluated the genetic variability with molecular markers in different stages in micropropagated plants from somatic embryos of Venezuelan native clone 56. Results Three markers were used ISTR, AFLP and SSR, finding that ISTR showed the highest polymorphism among individuals tested. With AFLP a high similarity between the evaluated individuals was observed and with SSR total monomorphism was seen. Using cluster analysis it was found that individuals from an embryo labeled as fasciated at the beginning of the somatic embryogenesis process were grouped as independent of the other plants when analyzed at the acclimatization stage. The differences found with the different markers used are discussed. In field trials, micropropagated plants had a yield between 4 and 5 times the average yield of cassava in Venezuela. Conclusion Despite variability in terms of DNA markers, somatic embryogenesis is suitable for mass propagation of highly performing cassava clones.",Included,
"Liu, L. C., Orengo-Santiago, E., Lugo, M. de L.",1997,Evaluation of clomazone in arracacha and cassava,Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico,81,03-Apr,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9957/,,Included,
"Ekere, Nwachukwu R., Eze, Ifeanyi S.",2014,Evaluation of Cyanogenic Potentials of Local Cassava Species and Residual Cyanide Contents of Their Locally Processed Food Products in Southeast Nigeria,Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal,20,3,10.1080/10807039.2012.723185,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5040/,"The cyanogenic potentials and residual cyanide contents of local cassava parenchyma and their locally processed food products in southeastern Nigeria were studied. Seven species of cassava locally grown and four main food products from them were analyzed colorimetrically for their cyanide contents. Results of the analyses indicated that five of the species contain cyanide potentials between 50 and 100mg HCN/kg fresh weight while only one contains cyanogens level greater than 100mg HCN/kg fresh weight. Of the cassava products analyzed, two contained cyanide above the level recommended by the WHO/FAO (10mg HCN/kg). The result raises concern as these cassava products constitute about 8090% of the diet of the local people and the facts known about cyanide poisoning from intake of high cyanide containing food.",Included,
"Nwabueze, Titus U., Anoruoh, Glory A.",2011,Evaluation of Flour and Extruded Noodles from Eight Cassava Mosaic Disease (CMD)-Resistant Varieties,Food and Bioprocess Technology,4,1,10.1007/s11947-009-0200-4,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12373/,"Flours processed from eight cassava roots were selected from recently developed Cassava Mosaic Disease resistant varieties (92b/00061, 95/0289, 92/0057, 96/1632, 98/0505, 97/2205, TME419 and 92/0326). They were evaluated for proximate composition, hydrogen cyanide, vitamin A and functional properties. They were also processed into noodles adapting a locally fabricated cold extruder as a single-screw extruder. The extruded cassava noodles were cooked and subjected to sensory analysis. Principal component and cluster analyses of the parameters were adopted using the correlation matrix with the objective of grouping the varieties into functional groups. The proximate composition showed that mean protein value ranged from 1.93% (98/0505) to 2.60% (96/1632) and fat ranged from 0.46% (92/0326 and 95/0289) to 0.95% (96/1632). The principal component analysis showed that PC, PC and PC were key components contributing 90.90% of the variables. Vitamin A determined as carotenoid ranged from 1.94 (92/0057) to 2.40 g/g (TME419) while hydrogen cyanide concentration ranged from 8.20 (92/0057) to 11.14 mg/kg (96/1632). Noodles made from 95/0289 CMD variety had the least acceptable sensory properties while those made from 98/0505 were most generally acceptable. No significant (P 0.05) differences were noticed in taste, colour and general acceptability of all the samples. The sensory evaluation of noodles made from the eight cassava varieties (colour, taste, flavour, texture and general acceptability) produced two principal components which accounted for 85.80% while the functional properties explained 81.30% of the variations. The key sensory properties with significant eigenvalues based on their loadings (0.5) were colour, taste, texture and general acceptability. Compared to raw samples, dried noodles were about 1.98 times, while cooked noodles were up to three times greater in diameter, respectively. The result showed that cassava flour could serve as a good substitute to wheat flour in noodle production and utilisation.",Included,
"Adeniyan, O. N., Ayoola, O. T.",2007,Evaluation of four improved soybean varieties under different planting date in relayed cropping system with maize under soybean/maize/cassava intercrop,African Journal of Biotechnology,6,19,10.5897/AJB2007.000-2348,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/342/,"Field experiments were conducted at Ibadan; Southwest Nigeria in 2001 and 2002 to evaluate the effects of relayed intercropping of four improved soybean varieties with maize in soybean/maize/cassava intercropped. Intercropping depressed maize grain yield and cassava fresh tuber yield. The response observed in the yields of maize and cassava under different soybean varieties in intercropping systems with maize and cassava was not significant. Soybean plant height at harvest, number of days to 50 percent flowering, number of pods per plant, weight of 100 seeds and seed yield were significantly affected by intercropping systems. Soybean variety TGX 1019-2E gave the highest values (66.69, 20.73 g and 1.02 t/ha) for number of pods per plant, weight of 100 seeds and seed yield, respectively, under intercropping systems. The response observed in 2001 and 2002 was significant for weight of 100 seed and seeds yield. The higher values (18.53 g and 0.87 t/ha) were obtained for 2001 compared to that of 2002. The number of weeds per 1 m x 1 m guardant significantly varied among intercropping systems. Cassava/soybean relayed with maize under intercropping system gave the least values (50.29 and 35.63) at 5 and 7 weeks after sowing respectively. Among the four improved soybean varieties evaluated under intercropping, TGX 1019-2E and TGX 1448-2E gave the least values at 7 and 9 weeks after sowing.",Included,
"Atu, U.G., Okeke, J.E.",1981,Evaluation of insecticides for control of cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti),Tropical Pest Management,27,2,10.1080/09670878109413659,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18019/,"A field trial on a moderately infested four-month old cassava plot was initiated at Ugwuoba field station of National Root Crops Research Institute, to determine the efficacy of five insecticides for control of cassava mealybug (CMB), Phenacoccus manihoti Mat-Ferr. The insecticides were Rogor 40 (dimethoate), Supracide 40 (methidathion), Basudin 60 (diazinon), Nuvacron 40 (monocrotophos) and Dimecron (phosphamidon) and were applied at the rate of 0.05 percent active ingredient (500 ppm). A CP3 type sprayer was used to discharge the insecticides. The treatments were replicated five times.

Knock-down effect on the crawlers (nymphs) and adult mealybugs was recorded 24 hours after insecticide application. Mean percentage knock-down figures were Dimecron, 25; Nuvacron, 37; Basudin, 40; Rogor, 20 and Supracide, 45. Although the highest knock-down was recorded in Superacide, there were no significant differences between Superacide, Basudin and Nuvacron. At five weeks after insecticide application, mean plant vigour (improvement) based on the mealybug infestation on new plant growths were rated on a scale of 1–5 as follows: Basudin, 4.9; Superacide, 4.6; Dimecron, 4.5; Nuvacron, 4.4; and Rogor, 3.6.",Included,
"Abaca, A., Kawuki, R., Tukamuhabwa, P., Baguma, Y., Pariyo, A., Alicai, T., Omongo, C. A., Bua, A.",2012,Evaluation of local and elite cassava genotypes for resistance to cassava brown streak disease in Uganda,Journal of Agronomy,11,3,10.3923/ja.2012.65.72,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/91/,"Cassava production in the East African region is seriously being constrained by the devastating Cassava Brown Streak Disease (CBSD) that causes characteristic above and below ground symptoms, making cassava roots unfit for human consumption. Development of cassava varieties that are resistant and/or tolerant to CBSD is an important component in the CBSD management. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was; to evaluate both local and elite cassava genotypes for possible sources of resistance to CBSD. One hundred and sixteen cassava genotypes were screened for CBSD resistance under field conditions. The experiment was laid out using a Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates at Namulonge where CBSD pressure is high. A single row plot of six plants per genotype was used. CBSD data were collected monthly for a period of 12 months. Results indicated that foliar and root incidences and severities varied significantly among genotypes (p<0.001). All the local genotypes showed foliar CBSD symptoms with incidence ranging from 0-98% and severity from 1-3.23 whereas, ten of the elite genotypes did not show foliar symptoms. The genotypes NASE 1, MM96/4271, CR 20A-1, TZ06/130, MM96/0686 and MM96/0876 were consistently associated with low CBSD as they had both foliar and root incidence and severity of zero and one, respectively and thus, can be considered parental breeding stock for CBSD resistance breeding. There was a further strong association between CBSD foliar and root symptom as most genotypes that showed foliar symptoms showed root necrosis.",Included,
"Enidiok, S. E., Attah, L. E., Otuechere, C. A.",2008,"Evaluation of moisture, total cyanide and fiber contents of garri produced from cassava (Manihot utilissima) varieties obtained from Awassa in southern Ethiopia",Pakistan Journal of Nutrition,7,5,10.3923/pjn.2008.625.629,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5211/,"Cassava (Manihot esculent crantz) as one of the most important root crops in Sub-Saharan Africa plays a vital role in the diet of many African countries especially the grass root people, being the major source of daily carbohydrate intake. Traditionally processed staple foods from cassava are available in Western and some Eastern African countries, such as garri, foofoo, boiled cassava meal, etc. Several varieties of M. Utilissima obtained from Awassa, Ethiopia, were processed, fermented and converted into garri. The moisture, total cyanide and fibre contents of the processed garri were analyzed. The results showed that the moisture, total cyanide and fiber contents varied from 26.12-40.02 %, 1.51-2.81 mg HCN/100 g and 1.80-2.40% respectively. The largest reduction in cyanide content (41%) between the third and fourth day fermentation was found in the MM 96/5280 variety which had an increase of 32% fiber content when compared with other varieties. These results compared favorably with similar garri products obtained from Ghana and Nigeria. The ease of preparation and potential nutritional value resulting from fermentation, the low moisture, cyanide and improved fiber contents found, indicate the suitability of the garri products as nutritional food items. The Kello44/72 and MM96/5280 varieties with the lowest cyanide and comparable fiber contents are most suitable. In order to enrich the nutritional contents of the garri product, fortification with leguminous plants or fish is recommended so as to make it more suitable as an alternative food product to injera in Ethiopia.",Included,
"Olusola, A. J., Adebiyi, O. B., Riyaad, K.",2015,Evaluation of new cassava varieties for adhesive properties,Starch-Starke,67,07-Aug,10.1002/star.201400239,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13099/,"Cassava varieties Red stick, Butter stick, Maracas Black stick, and M Col 22 were evaluated for pulp yield, starch yield, amylose, and protein contents in a screening exercise of new cassava varieties. Starch content of the tubers was determined. Starch was extracted from freshly harvested nine-month-old tubers using standard method. The starch paste was air dried before final drying at 50 degrees C for 8 h in an oven. Amylose and protein contents of the starch were determined by approved methods. Adhesive was made by heating 10% starch slurry in 0.1 M KOH solution to 70 and 80 degrees C, respectively. Color, pH, viscosities, adhesive force, adhesiveness, stickiness, and storage properties of the adhesives were determined. Pulp yields (74.1-83.1%), starch yields (11.8-20.3%); starch amylose (23.5-26.5%) and protein contents (0.34-0.82%) of cassava tubers differed. Also peak viscosity (297-393 RVU), breakdown viscosity (195-263 RVU), and set back viscosity (43-52 RVU) of the starches were significantly different. Similarly the adhesive force (-77 to -146 and adhesiveness (-1952 gs to -3075 gs) varied significantly. Adhesive from variety M Col 22 resolved into two fractions at two weeks of storage and completely broke down by week three. Pastes produced at 80 degrees C were less viscous, had lower adhesiveness and adhesive force and were darker than pastes produced at 70 degrees C. Storage reduced the adhesive force and adhesiveness of the adhesives. The adhesive pastes were alkaline (pH10.69-11.58). The Maracas Black Stick and Butter Stick varieties produced the best adhesives in terms of stickiness and resistance to degradation than the other two varieties.",Included,
"Njoku, B.O., Odurukwe, S.O.",1987,Evaluation of nitrogen fertilizer sources and rates for a cassava-maize intercrop,Tropical Root Crops: Root Crops and the African Food Crisis,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12232/,"Three readily soluble nitrogen (N) fertilizers — sulphate of ammonia (SA), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), and urea — and two slow-release forms — sulphur-coated urea of 11% (SCU-11) and 30% (SCU-30) dissolution rate in 7 days — were each tested at four rates on a cassava-maize intercrop for two cropping seasons in the high rainfall zone of Nigeria. Cassava plots that were treated with CAN produced significantly higher tuber and starch yields than those that received SA and the two slow-release forms. Urea was the second-best N source, although plots treated with urea did not yield significantly higher than other plots. Maize dressed with urea produced significantly higher grain yields than those that received N from other sources. Increasing the rate of N applied up to 100 kg N/ha produced a higher significant increase in maize grain yield and a nonsignificant depression in cassava tuber yield. Total energy yields from CAN-treated plots were significantly the highest. The results indicate that 100 kg N/ha in the form of CAN or urea is best for cassava-maize cultivation in this high-rainfall zone.",Included,
"Kvitschal, M. V., Vidigal Filho, P. S., Scapim, C. A., Gonalves-Vidigal, M. C., Pequeno, M. G., Sagrilo, E., Rimoldi, F.",2006,Evaluation of phenotypic stability of cassava clones by AMMI analysis in northwestern Paran state,Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology,6,3,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9337/,"High yield stability and adaptability of storage root are highly desirable attributes of cassava clones. The objective of this study was therefore to evaluate the effect of the genotype x environment interaction (G x E) and the stability of cassava clones developed at IAC. A subset of eight cassava genotypes was chosen in trials of storage root yield, arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications, in two counties (Araruna and Maring), in the northwestern region of Paran State, over five growing seasons (1997-2001). The G x E interaction was evaluated by joint variance analysis and stability and adaptability by AMMI analysis. The G x E interaction was significant (P<0.05) for storage root yield. Results indicated AMMI analysis as an efficient tool for the evaluation of phenotypic adaptability and stability of cassava clones and IAC 190 as the most promising clone.",Included,
"Braun, A. R., Guerrero, J. M., Bellotti, A. C., Wilson, L. T.",1987,Evaluation of Possible Nonlethal Side Effects of Permethrin Used in Predator Exclusion Experiments to Evaluate Amblyseius limonicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in Biological Control of Cassava Mites (Acari: Tetranychidae),Environmental Entomology,16,4,10.1093/ee/16.4.1012,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2587/,"Permethrin has been recommended for use in predator exclusion studies of Amblyseius limonicus Garman & McGregor (formerly in Typhlodromalus), an important predator of tetranychid cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) pests: green mite, Mononychellus progresivus Doreste, and twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. Among criteria for a chemical exclusion agent are selective toxicity and lack of side effects such as enhanced pest fecundity, stimluation of plant growth, or improvement of host plant nutritional quality. Laboratory and field tests provided no evidence for phytostimulation, change in cassava nutritional quality, or increased spider mite fecundity; however, abundance of nontarget arthropods was significantly reduced in permethrin-treated field plots. A possible repellency effect of permethrin on M. progresivus was suggested under laboratory conditions. Implications of repellency and lowered abundance of nontarget species for field use of permethrin as a predator exclusion agent are discussed.",Included,
"Raju, S., Stephen, R., Ravi, V., Neelakantan, S., Makasana, J., Chakrabarti, S. K.",2015,Evaluation of postharvest physiological deterioration in storage roots of cassava (Manihot esculenta) genotypes,Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,85,10,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14797/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important tropical root crop grown worldwide for food, feed and industrial purposes. Harvested cassava roots quickly deteriorate and loose the shelf-life due to a phenomenon called postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD). PPD symptom starts within 24 hr after harvest, initially as blue black discolouration in the storage parenchyma and quickly spread to entire root. The roots become unfit for consumption within 2-3 days after the harvest in most cases. Identification of delayed PPD genotypes in cassava will help breed superior varieties tolerant to deterioration with long shelf-life. Low molecular weight phytochemicals produced during PPD are reported to have significant role in PPD development. We analyzed the biochemical changes associated to secondary metabolites in 61 cassava genotypes during storage and evaluated the relationship with PPD. PPD evaluation was done visually at specified intervals by taking transverse sections at 25, 50 and 75% along length of roots from proximal to distal end and the roots were categorized into different PPD classes based on the visual scoring. Root morphological, starch, and carotene content had no direct correlation with PPD. The HPTLC chromatographic data on phytoconstituents of methanolic extract of cassava roots and its relation with PPD symptoms were analyzed and polymorphic bands were assessed for grouping the genotypes based on PPD expression levels. Cluster analysis revealed a close association between PPD expression and phytochemical constituents of stored roots and this can help to categorize the genotypes based on PPD.",Included,
"Alamu, E. O., Maziya-Dixon, B., Dixon, A. G.",2017,Evaluation of proximate composition and pasting properties of high quality cassava flour (HQCF) from cassava genotypes (Manihot esculenta Crantz) of β-carotene-enriched roots,LWT-Food Science and Technology,86,,10.1016/j.lwt.2017.08.040,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/818/,"Cassava farmers are yet to fully exploit its full potential in terms of improvement of livelihood. Forty-five genotypes of cassava genotypes were processed into High Quality Cassava Flour (HQCF). These genotypes were planted in two sets, set 1 comprised 22 clones of β-carotene enriched roots and 3 check clones of white roots and set 2 comprised 18 clones and 2 check clones. The effects of variety on the proximate composition and pasting profile of the flour were investigated. The starch content ranged between 67.1 g/100 g (for 01/1663) and 82.4 g/100 g (for 30572) in set 1 and between 69.6 (01/1560) to 77.8 g/100 g (for Z97/0474) in set 2. Peak viscosity values ranged between 295.6 RVU (rapid visco unit) (30572) and 467.0 RVU (01/1115) across clones in set 1 while for set 2, it ranged from 271.9 RVU (for 01/1404) to 471.3 RVU (for 01/1417). Significant differences (P < 0.05) existed in the proximate composition and pasting properties of the flour from different cassava genotypes investigated. The high peak viscosity exhibited by most genotypes is indicative that the flour may be suitable for products requiring high gel strength and elasticity. The proximate composition compares competitively with values obtainable from conventional clones.",Included,
"Okeke, J.E., Kang, B.T.",1981,Evaluation of some major soils from Southern Nigeria for cassava production,Tropical Root Crops: Research Strategies for the 1980s,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12853/,"A pot trial was carried out with cassava and seven benchmark soils commonly used for cassava production in the forest and derived savanna of southern Nigeria. Soils from basement complex rocks from the forest zone (Araromi, Egbeda, and Apomu series) have higher potential for cassava production than those derived from sandy sedimentary rocks (Alagba, Onne, and Nkpologu series) or sandy soil from derived savanna (Shante series). Differential N, P, K, Mg, S responses and Zn deficiency were also observed among the seven soils. The data obtained can be used as a guide for fertilizer experiments",Included,
"Wheatley, C., Gomez, G.",1985,Evaluation of Some Quality Characteristics in Cassava Storage Roots,Qualitas Plantarum-Plant Foods for Human Nutrition,35,2,10.1007/BF01092127,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18900/,"The susceptibility to physiological deterioration and the hardness (penetration) of fresh peeled cassava roots as well as the cooking time, taste and texture of cooked roots of four (one local and three promising) cultivars at four plant ages (6, 8, 10 and 12 months) were evaluated. Variety or cultivar, plant age and their interactions significantly affected all these parameters. Roots produced by the local cultivar (M Col 113) had lower DM contents and susceptibility to physiological deterioration, a longer cooking time and higher penetration measurements than the promising cultivars. Physiological deterioration and penetration values tended to decrease, whereas cooking time increased as the plants became older. The variation in correlation coefficients between quality and chemical parameters among the different cultivars was substantial, with no correlation being significant in all four cultivars. The experimental results demonstrate the great variability among cassava cultivars in the root quality factors.",Included,
"Prasangika, H. M. S., Salim, N., Razak, M. M.",2008,Evaluation of susceptibility of cassava germplasm to cassava mosaic disease,Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka,36,1,10.4038/jnsfsr.v36i1.137,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14411/,"Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) caused by geminiviruses is one of the important diseases of cassava Manihot esculenta Crantz causing severe yield loss. Use of resistant varieties is the most feasible measure to manage virus diseases. Eleven germplasms of cassava including Kirikavadi, MU51 and CARI 555 that are recommended and released for cultivation by the Department of Agriculture (DOA) were evaluated for their susceptibility to cassava mosaic disease. Pot experiments were carried out in a planthouse at 30 3 C. Twenty replicates from each germplasm were inoculated by wedge grafting method and were examined for symptoms of CMD. The germplasms WA/KK/10 and 555/KK/2 were highly resistant to CMD infection as assessed by percentage infection and by Triple Antibody Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (TAS ELISA) tests. All other types (HORDI 28, HORDI 6,CARI 555, MU51, Kirikawadi, BW1, BW2,Wariyapola, and Wagolla) were susceptible to varying degrees. Among the germplasms tested HORDI 6 was highly susceptible to CMD.",Included,
"Adjei, F. K., Osei, Y. A., Kuntworbe, N., Ofori-Kwakye, K.",2017,Evaluation of the Disintegrant Properties of Native Starches of Five New Cassava Varieties in Paracetamol Tablet Formulations,Journal of Pharmaceutics,,,10.1155/2017/2326912,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/437/,"The disintegrant potential of native starches of five new cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) varieties developed by the Crops Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG) was studied in paracetamol tablet formulations. The yield of the starches ranged from 8.0 to 26.7%. The starches were basic pH 8.1-9.9), with satisfactory moisture content (<= 15%), swelling capacity (>= 20%), ash values (<1%), flow properties, and negligible toxic metal ion content, and compatible with the drug. The tensile strength (T-s), crushing strength (C-s), and friability (F-t) of tablets containing 5-10% w/w of the cassava starches were similar (p > 0.05) to those containing maize starch BP. The disintegration times of the tablets decreased with increase in concentration of the cassava starches. The tablets passed the disintegration test (D-T <= 15 min) and exhibited faster disintegration times (p > 0.05) than those containing maize starch BP. The disintegration efficiency ratio (DER) and the disintegration parameter DERc of the tablets showed that cassava starches V20, V40, and V50 had better disintegrant activity than maize starch BP. The tablets passed the dissolution test for immediate release tablets (>= 70% release in 45 min) with dissolution rates similar to those containing maize starch BP.",Included,
"Udeme, N., Okafor, P., Eleazu, C.",2017,"Evaluation of the distribution of cyanide in the peels, pulps and leaves of three new yellow cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) varieties for potential livestock feeds",Progress in Nutrition,19,,10.23751/pn.v19i1-S.5500,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18045/,"The total and free cyanide levels in fresh peels, pulps and leaves of three cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) varieties TMS 01/1368 (UMUCASS 36), TMS 01/1412 (UMUCASS 37) and TMS 01/1371 (UMUCASS 38) were determined using standard enzymatic methods. Results showed that the total cyanide levels in the peels, pulps and leaves of these cassava varieties were lower than the reference range for fresh cassava peels, pulps and leaves which were given as 364.2 to 814.70 for the peels, 34.3 to 301.30 for the pulps and 200 to 800 mgkg-1 CN-for the leaves respectively. Te cyanide levels in the peels, pulps and leaves of TMS 01/1412 were found to be lower than that of TMS 01/1368, TMS 01/1371 and the reference range. Furthermore, the peels had the highest levels of total and free cyanide followed by the leaves and lastly the pulp. Results obtained from this study indicate the usefulness of the peels, pulps and leaves of these cassava varieties as potential livestock feeds. Finally, results obtained suggest that these cassava byproducts may require simpler processing compared with byproducts of high cyanide cassava varieties before being converted into livestock feeds. 1885 Mattioli.",Included,
"Ikegwu, O. J., Nwobasi, V. N., Odoh, M. O., Oledinma, N. U.",2009,Evaluation of the pasting and some functional properties of starch isolated from some improved cassava varieties in Nigeria,African Journal of Biotechnology,8,10,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7677/,"Improved cassava of 13 cultivars [NR01/004, NR01/0161, NR01/0071, CR14A-1, CR.41-10, AR38-3, TMS01/0040, TMS01/1086, TMS00/0210, TMS00/0203, TMS00/0214, TMS30572CK and Local Best Ck] were converted into starch and analysed for some functional and pasting properties. Variations were observed in the functional properties of the starch samples; water absorption capacity ranged from 59.75-68.02%; oil absorption capacity 60.70-80.01%; swelling power 5.49-6.92% and solubility index 4.25-5.96%. Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed in the functional properties of the starch samples. The peak viscosity, ranged from 74.25-178.25RVU. Starch from the Local Best Ck had the highest peak viscosity (at a temperature of 63.800C in 3.68 minutes) and TMS01/0040 had the lowest (at 63.900C in 3.88 minutes). The breakdown viscosity ranged from 56.50-107.75RVU with starch from Local Best Ck having the highest and starch from TMS01/0040 had the lowest. The final viscosity ranged from 21.50-111.33RVU. Starch from Local Best Ck had the highest and that from TMS00/0203 had the lowest. The setback viscosity ranged between 9.75-49.25RVU with starch from Local Best Ck having the highest and that from TMS01/0040 having the lowest. The pasting temperature ranged from 63.00-64.700C, with starch from TMS00/0214 having the highest and that from NR01/0161 having the lowest. There were significant differences (P<0.05) in the pasting properties of the starch samples. The apparent starch amylose ranged from 13.88-16.35% with Local Best Ck having the highest and that from AR 38-3 having the lowest; percentage starch content ranged between 48.25-52.05%. The Local Best Ck had the highest and that from TMS00/0203 had the lowest. Significant differences were observed in the amylase and starch contents of the cassava cultivars.",Included,
"Onwueme, I. C.",1978,Evaluation of the performance of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) when grown from inverted stem cuttings,Journal of Agricultural Science,90,1,10.1017/S0021859600048693,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13220/,"In order to investigate the characteristics of inverted cassava plantings, seven-node cuttings were planted upright or inverted, and such that four nodes of each cutting were within the soil in a glasshouse. They were observed for 7 weeks. The inverted cuttings sprouted less rapidly, but the percentage of the cuttings which eventually sprouted was not decreased. The inverted cuttings produced more sprouts than the upright ones, and a greater percentage of their sprouts were produced below ground than for the upright cuttings. At 5 and 7 weeks, the total leaf area per cutting was less for the inverted cuttings. The number of leaves per cutting did not differ between the treatments.

In a field experiment comparing upright and inverted stem pieces, field emergence and tubering were slower in the inverted cuttings. Yield per plant and per unit area was significantly lower for the inverted cuttings. In the upright planting, most of the tubers originated at the lowest extremity of the cutting and formed a compact bunch there. For the inverted planting, most of the tubers arose from the shallower-lying submerged nodes, but the tubers did not form a compact bunch. The inverted planting had a lower percentage of its tubers lying along the ridge. In a few of the inverted plantings, but not in the upright, the bases of some stems became tuberous. The treatments did not differ with respect to mean tuber length, radius of spread of the tuber tip, and the number of major stems per plant.",Included,
"Eke-Okoro, O. N., Njoku, D. N., Ikeorgu, J. G.",2008,Evaluation of the productivity of low cyanide cassava varieties in cassava/soybean intercrop,Scientific Research and Essays,3,10,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5026/,"The productivity and compatibility of low cyanide cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) intercropped with soybean (Glycine max Merril.) were evaluated in Southeastern Nigeria, in 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 cropping seasons. Significant (P<0.05) variations in growth and yield components of cassava and soybean were evident irrespective of crop varieties. Intercropping low cyanide cassava varieties of sparse to medium branching habits (NR.84292 and Iwa) significantly (P<0.05) improved cassava plant height, number of roots and root yields. Intercropping early maturing soybean variety with low cyanide cassava varieties enhanced cassava yields. Low cyanide cassava variety-NR.84292 and TMS 4(2) 1425 could be intercropped with early maturing soybean variety TGX 1485-2E with minimal loss of yield in both crops.",Included,
"Rivera, M.F., Laberry, R., Lozano T, J.C.",1993,Evidences for endophytes parasiting traditional clones of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),"Proceedings of the First International Scientific Meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology Network, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, 25-28 August 1992",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15167/,"The existence of endophytes in cassava was suspected for the following reasons: (a) A wide range variation of root yield is frequent among disease-symptomless plants growing on the same plot; (b) root yield of low-yielding, virus-free plants of traditional clones can be increased by meristem culture; (c) the performance (i.e. root yield) of meristem-culture derived plants decreases sharply and uniformly under field conditions; and (d) the long growing cycle of cassava and its vegetative propagation allow infection and dissemination of these parasites. The existence of endophytes affecting cassava was demonstrated by the following: (a) Several fungal species were isolated from internal tissues of the epidermis, colenchyma and parenchyma of stems of symptomless low-yielding plants of various clones. Most of these species have been reported as endophytes in the literature; (b) inoculation on plantlets and callus tissues did not induce visible symptoms, but inoculated fungal species were reisolated from internal tissues near the inoculated points 30 days afterwards; (c) total root dry weights (Vha) of plots planted with stakes taken from commercial fields and treated with a systemic fungicide were higher than for similar plots treated with a protectant fungicide or untreated controls; and (d) histological studies observing fungal invasion into the host tissues have shown hyphal growth in colenchyma and parenchyma tissues of affected stems. Additionally, the existence of beneficial endophytes is suspected; this could be of importance to increase biomass production or induce plant protection against detrimental parasites.",Included,
"Doubi, B. T. S., Kouassi, K. I., Kouakou, K. L., Koffi, K. K., Baudoin, J. P., Zoroa, B. I. A.",2016,Existing competitive indices in the intercropping system of Manihot esculenta Crantz and Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standley,Journal of Plant Interactions,11,1,10.1080/17429145.2016.1266042,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4739/,"An assessment of the competitive indices in intercropping between cassava (Manihot esculenta) and bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) was conducted with the aim of increasing the productivity of these crops. For this purpose, three farmers preferred landraces of cassava (yace, blebou and six mois) and three morphotypes of gourd (dark green and round fruit, light green and round fruit, light green and long fruit) were used to test the three intercropping ratios (gourd cassava with 642, 624 and 6 18). Intercropping systems were assessed by land equivalent ratio (LER), area time equivalent ratio (ATER), relative crowding coefficient (K), actual yield loss (AYL), aggressivity (A) and competition ratio (CR). LER, ATER and K values were greater than 1 for gourd-cassava (624). These findings indicate an advantage of intercropping for exploiting the resources of the environment. Cassava clones were more competitive than gourd component.",Included,
CIAT,1992,Expansion of the germplasm base for Africa,Cassava Program 1987-1991,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19201/,,Included,
"Cudjoe, A.R., Neuenschwander, P., Copland, M.J.W.",1992,"Experimental determination of the efficiency of indigenous and exotic natural enemies of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. (Hom., Pseudococcidae), in Ghana",Journal of Applied Entomology,114,01-May,10.1111/j.1439-0418.1992.tb01098.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4047/,"The efficiency of natural enemies, especially the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) and the indigenous predator Exochomus troberti Mulsant, in reducing populations of the cassava mealybug (CM), Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr., was studied through exclusion experiments. In the physical exclusion experiment lasting 52 days, CM numbers on tips in open sleeves, where access by natural enemies was allowed, were on average 43 times lower than on infested tips enclosed by a sleeve cage. In comparison to the situation in closed sleeve cages with CM only, host densities were reduced by only 3.9 and 1.4 times, where E. lopezi and coccinellid larvae, respectively, had been added. In the chemical exclusion experiment, mealybug numbers increased continuously up to the end of the experiment, after nine weeks, reaching 694 CM per group of 10 tips treated with insecticide, as compared to between 11.5 and 19.6 CM on the same unit of plants sprayed with water",Included,
"Neuenschwander, P., Schulthess, F., Madojemu, E.",1986,"Experimental Evaluation of the Efficiency of Epidinocarsis lopezi, a Parasitoid Introduced into Africa against the Cassava Mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti",Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata,42,2,10.1111/j.1570-7458.1986.tb01013.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12027/,"The capability of Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) to control the cassava mealybug (CM) Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) was investigated in Nigeria using physical and chemical exclusion experiments. In two sleeve cage experiments CM populations, about 2 months after artificial infestation, were 7.0 and 2.3 × lower on artificially infested cassava tips covered with open cages than on tips in closed cages which excluded most parasitoids. On similarly infested but uncovered tips, CM populations were 24.3 and 37.5 × lower, and parasitisation rates were higher. In an artificially infested field which was treated weekly with carbaryl, parasitisation rates were below 10% and CM populations exceeded 200 per tip. In the chemically untreated plot, parasitisation rates were up to 25% and CM densities were mostly below 10 per tip. This study demonstrates the efficiency of E. lopezi in controlling its host under the experimental conditions.",Included,
"Mulebeke, Robert, Kironchi, Geoffrey, Tenywa, Moses M.",2015,Exploiting Cropping Management to Improve Agricultural Water Use Efficiency in the Drylands of Eastern Uganda,Sustainable Agriculture Research,4,,10.5539/sar.v4n2p57,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11514/,"A remarkable challenge lies in maximizing agricultural water productivity, particularly in the drought prone regions of sub Saharan Africa. It is hypothesized that water use efficiency (WUE) can be increased by selection of appropriate cropping management systems. This study seeks to establish the effects of cropping management on water use efficiency in cassava-sorghum cropping systems in the drylands of eastern Uganda. A randomised complete block design (RCBD) consisting of six treatments: sole cassava, sole sorghum, sole cowpea, cassava + sorghum, cassava + cowpea, and sorghum + cowpea, replicated three times were used. Two tillage practices; mouldboard ploughing (Mb) and, ripping (Rp) were used to assess the effect of tillage. WUE (kg ha-1  mm-1 ) was calculated as a ratio of yield (kg ha-1 ) to evapotranspiration (ET) (mm). ET was estimated using the soil water balance. WUE varied significantly (α = 0.05) between cropping systems with the highest observed in cassava (34.38 kg ha-1  mm-1 ) while the lowest was 3.76 kg ha-1  mm-1  for sorghum. WUE did not differ appreciably in both Mb and Rp tillage practices. Farmers growing sole cassava could use either of the tillage practices. The best yield was recorded in cassava + cowpea cropping system under Mb ploughing and sole sorghum under Rp gave the poorest combined yield (1,676 kg ha-1 ).",Included,
"Vanderschuren, H., Moreno, I., Anjanappa, R. B., Zainuddin, I. M., Gruissem, W.",2012,Exploiting the Combination of Natural and Genetically Engineered Resistance to Cassava Mosaic and Cassava Brown Streak Viruses Impacting Cassava Production in Africa,PLoS ONE,7,9,10.1371/journal.pone.0045277,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18319/,"Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) and cassava mosaic disease (CMD) are currently two major viral diseases that severely reduce cassava production in large areas of Sub-Saharan Africa. Natural resistance has so far only been reported for CMD in cassava. CBSD is caused by two virus species, Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) and Ugandan cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV). A sequence of the CBSV coat protein (CP) highly conserved between the two virus species was used to demonstrate that a CBSV-CP hairpin construct sufficed to generate immunity against both viral species in the cassava model cultivar (cv. 60444). Most of the transgenic lines showed high levels of resistance under increasing viral loads using a stringent top-grafting method of inoculation. No viral replication was observed in the resistant transgenic lines and they remained free of typical CBSD root symptoms 7 month post-infection. To generate transgenic cassava lines combining resistance to both CBSD and CMD the hairpin construct was transferred to a CMD-resistant farmer-preferred Nigerian landrace TME 7 (Oko-Iyawo). An adapted protocol allowed the efficient Agrobacterium-based transformation of TME 7 and the regeneration of transgenic lines with high levels of CBSV-CP hairpin-derived small RNAs. All transgenic TME 7 lines were immune to both CBSV and UCBSV infections. Further evaluation of the transgenic TME 7 lines revealed that CBSD resistance was maintained when plants were co-inoculated with East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV), a geminivirus causing CMD. The innovative combination of natural and engineered virus resistance in farmer-preferred landraces will be particularly important to reducing the increasing impact of cassava viral diseases in Africa.",Included,
"Khucharoenphaisan, K., Rodbangpong, K., Saengpaen, P., Sinma, K.",2016,Exploration on Soil Actinomycetes Against Phytophthora sp. Causing Root Rot of Cassava and Plant Growth Promoting Activities,Journal of Plant Sciences,11,1,10.3923/jps.2016.38.44,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8982/,"Actinomycetes have been promised as biocontrol and stimulating agents for use in agriculture without detrimental effects to the environmental due to their antifungal with secondary metabolites produced. The aim of this study was to screen soil actinomycetes according to its ability to produce various secondary metabolites against Phytophthora sp. that causing root rot disease of cassava and stimulating agent has also determined. Firstly, soil actinomycetes were isolated and tested for antagonistic activity toward the fungus by the dual culture technique. After that the selected isolate was determined on the stimulating agent as IAA production. Finally, extracellular anti-fungal metabolites produced by selected isolates were evaluated for anti-fungal potential toward the fungus with agar core technique. The result showed that 98 isolates from soil samples were screened on their anti-fungal activity. Among these, 38 isolates showed the inhibition activities against Phytophthora sp. in which was isolated from infected cassava. The culture supernatants without cell obtained from 16 isolates were affective against the fungus whereas 10 isolates produced affective thermostable compound. In total, the isolate LB35 was most promising on the basis of its interesting antimicrobial activity and could produce IAA with 50 g mL-1. Based on its 16S rDNA sequence and phylogenetic tree analysis, isolate LB35 belong to the Streptomyces malaysiensis. The addition of isolate LB35 as fresh inoculums to the cassava field, the cassava showed more height comparing to control experiment. Moreover, S. malaysiensis has not to be phytopathogenic microorganism of cassava. This finding has been increased scope of agriculturally important actinomycetes applications.",Included,
"Banito, A., Kpemoua, K. E., Wydra, K.",2008,Expression of resistance and tolerance of cassava genotypes to bacterial blight determined by genotype x environment interactions,Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection,115,4,10.1007/BF03356261,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1871/,"The interaction of twenty-two cassava genotypes with Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis, the causal agent of bacterial blight, was evaluated under field conditions in three different sites, in the forest, forest savanna transition and wet savanna zones of Togo. Although no genotype with disease resistance in all sites was found due to high genotype x environment interactions, genotypes with promising levels of tolerance were identified. Cassava bacterial blight severity was negatively correlated to cassava root yield in artificially inoculated plots in the forest zone in two years, and in non-inoculated plots in the forest savanna transition zone and the wet savanna zone in the first and the second year, respectively. Evaluating symptom development, four genotypes (CVTM4, Main27, TMS30572, TMS92/0429) were resistant in at least one environment and moderately resistant in other environments, while three genotypes (Lagos, Toma289, Toma378) were over all susceptible. Combining symptom and yield data, seven genotypes (TMS92/0057, TMS29/0326, Cameroon, TMS92/ 0343, Ben86052, Lagos, Gbazkout) were identified as tolerant. Due to high interaction with the environment and tolerance reactions of some genotypes, a prediction of yield loss due to bacterial blight and the determination of a threshhold for loss seems hardly possible.",Included,
"Kurosawa, K. (Kyushu Univ., Fukuoka (Japan)), Nguyen, M.D., Nguyen, C.T., Trinh, H.Q., Do, H.T.D.",2004,Factors affecting soil erosion on cassava [Manihot esculenta] cultivated hill slope in northern Vietnam,Japanese Journal of Tropical Agriculture,v. 48,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9311/,,Included,
"Asadu, C.L.A., Nweke, F.I., Ekanayake, I.J.",1998,Factors affecting the fertility status of soils growing cassava in sub-Saharan Africa,Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,v. 29,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1382/,"The soils of cassava-growing areas of sub-Saharan Africa were sampled in 1991 during the second phase of the Collaborative Study of Cassava in Africa (COSCA) in order to assess and document their fertility status. About 500 fields specifically grown to cassava or cassava-based crop mixtures were sampled and the soils analyzed for nineteen physico-chemical soil properties. The soil data reported in this paper were obtained from Cote d' Ivoire, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Uganda. The variations in soil properties as may be attributed to differences in climate, altitude, depth of sampling, and cassava intercropping systems were also analyzed. The soils used for cassava in these four countries were generally of medium to high fertility status. Here low, medium, and high fertility classes refer to soil nutrient levels where response by cassava to the application of such nutrients is definite, may be obtained, and not expected, respectively. The fertility status across the agroecological zones ranges from high to low in the order nonhumid>highland humid>subhumid>lowland humid. The soils used for cassava in the mid-altitude zones were significantly more fertile than those of the low-altitude zones. Similarly, soils from 0-20 cm depth contained significantly higher nutrients than those from 20-40 cm depth. Generally, soils grown to sole cassava or where cassava was considered a major or minor crop were statistically similar in terms of their nutrient contents. The nutrient ratings obtained from three scales suggest that the cassava-growing soils are not 'marginal' in terms of both nutrient content and availability. Low levels of organic matter and total nitrogen (N) were the major soil constraints identified. Research needs to address these because the low nutrient reserve is essentially due to low organic matter levels in the soils.",Included,
"Terry, E.R.",1977,Factors affecting the incidence of cassava bacterial blight in Africa,"Proceedings of the fourth symposium of the international society for tropical root crops held at CIAT, Cali, Colombia, 1-7 August 1976",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17496/,,Included,
"Laopoolkit, K., Kheoruenromne, I., Suddhiprakarn, A.",2011,"Factors controlling carbon sequestration of major upland soils in Northeast Plateau, Thailand",Thai Journal of Agricultural Science,44,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9501/,"Soil characteristics and land uses can affect the ability of surface and subsurface soils on their organic carbon sequestration and their contribution to mitigation of the global greenhouse effect. In this study fifteen representative sites of major upland agricultural soils in Northeast Plateau, Thailand including Oxisols, Ultisols and Alfisols were selected for the analysis of these effects. Land uses at the time of sampling were uncultivated lands, corn fields, tree with forage crops and cassava fields. The results revealed that organic carbon sequestration (OC seq) in their surface soils and subsoils interaction with soil types and land uses are different. The extreme value of soil organic carbon (SOC) stored in Ap horizons is in uncultivated lands but the amount of OC seq in 2 m depth depends on land use types. The relationship of soil properties with OC seq in Ap and subsoil horizons are different. These relationships depend on the dominating characteristics in each soil depth fraction. The differences among soil parent materials have a slight effect on SOC and OC seq. Especially, OCseq in Oxisols and Ultisols are not different among parent materials. For Alfisols however, there are significant differences in OCseq seq among parent materials. The OCseq values of soils on similar altitudes are affected by types of land use. Silt plus clay content is the important factor controlling OC seq in these soils. However, in surface soils SOC addition and land use types also have important effects on their OC seq.",Included,
"Gibson, R.W., Otim-Nape, G.W.",1997,Factors determining recovery and reversion in mosaic-affected African cassava mosaic virus resistant cassava,,131,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6264/,"The severity and persistence of symptoms of mosaic virus disease were monitored during the first six months of two growing seasons in cassava of the African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV)‐resistant cv. TMS 30572 either inoculated by grafting with a mild or severe strain or infected from the planted cutting. Symptomless shoots developed between January and March 1995 in two field trials differing in age by c. 6 months; this recovery occurred during particularly hot weather. Recovery was often only temporary in the plants inoculated with the severe strain and occurred later compared with those inoculated with the mild. In 1996, the weather was cooler and recovery that year was delayed until flowering, c. 7 months after planting, when recovered shoots were often produced from buds in the axils of symptomless leaves produced amongst diseased leaves. Most cuttings taken from the upper parts of diseased plants produced symptomless (reverted) progenies whereas most cuttings taken from the base of diseased plants produced diseased progenies. Reversion seemed to be associated with the recovery that had already occurred in the upper stems of the parent plants.",Included,
"Barrios, E., Cobo, J.G., Rao, I.M., Thomas, R.J., Amezquita, E., Jimenez, J.J., Rondon, M.A.",2005,Fallow management for soil fertility recovery in tropical Andean agroecosystems in Colombia,"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment",110,01-Feb,10.1016/j.agee.2005.04.009,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1938/,"Andean hillsides dominate the landscape of a considerable proportion of Cauca Department in Colombia. The typical cropping cycle in the region includes monocrops or intercrops of maize (Zea mays L.), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and/or cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Cassava is usually the last crop before local farmers leave plots to natural fallow until soil fertility is recovered and a new cropping phase can be initiated. Previous studies on land use in the Ro Cabuyal watershed (6500 ha) show that a considerable proportion of land (about 25-30%) remains under natural fallow every year. The focus of our studies is on systems of accelerated regeneration of soil fertility, or improved fallow systems, as an alternative to the natural regeneration by the native flora. Fallow improvement studies were conducted on plots following cassava cultivation. The potential for soil fertility recovery after 12 and 28 months was evaluated with two fast growing trees, Calliandra calothyrsus Meissn (CAL) and Indigofera constricta L.(IND), and one shrub, Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) Gray (TTH), as slash/mulch fallow systems compared to the natural fallow (NAT). All planted slash/mulch fallow systems produced greater biomass than the natural fallow. Greatest dry biomass (16.4 Mg ha-1 year-1) was produced by TTH. Other planted fallows (CAL and IND) produced about 40% less biomass than TTH and the control (NAT) about 75% less. Nutrient levels in the biomass were especially high for TTH, followed by IND, CAL, and NAT. The impact of fallow management on soil chemical, physical and biological parameters related to residual soil fertility during the cropping phase was evaluated. Soil parameters most affected by slash/mulch fallow systems included soil total N, available N (ammonium and nitrate), exchangeable cations (K, Ca, Mg and Al), amount of P in light fraction, soil bulk density and air permeability, and soil macrofauna diversity. Results from field studies suggest that the Tithonia slash/mulch fallow system could be the best option to regenerate soil fertility of degraded volcanic-ash soils of the Andean hillsides.",Included,
"Da Silva, J. M., De Medeiros, E. V., Duda, G. P., De Barros, J. A., Dos Santos, U. J.",2017,FAMEs and microbial activities involved in the suppression of cassava root rot by organic matter,Revista Caatinga,30,3,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4173/,"The incorporation of organic matter has been used to manage of diseases caused by soilborne pathogen, but there is a gap in the use of coffee residues on disease supressiveness. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of organic matter sources against cassava root rot caused by F. solani CFF109. Fertilization with coffee residue (CR), cattle manure (CM), earthworm excrements (EE) and goat manure (GM) resulted in suppression of cassava root rot. The treatments of CR and CM presented higher reduction in the cassava disease severity. There were changes in the soil microbial community structure by organic matter incorporation, mainly in total fungi and Gram-negative bacteria populations. The total organic carbon and magnesium are negatively associated with disease severity. The microbial quotient, alkaline and acid phosphatase activities were positively and the biomarker a-15 0 was negatively associated with disease severity. This study indicated that agro-industrial residues can be recycled for providing organic matter and nutrients with effect for management of plant diseases by suppressing soilborne pathogens. This is the first evidence that the industrial residue of coffee can be use in the management of cassava root rot, caused by F. solani. 2017, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Arid. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Kaimian, Li, Jianqiu, Ye, Huang, Jie, Howeler, Reinhardt H.",2007,Farmer participatory research (FPR) in the Nippon Foundation cassava project in Hainan Province of China,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8556/,,Included,
"Watananonta, Watana, Vongkasem, Wilawan, Klakhaeng, Kaival, Howeler, Reinhardt H.",2007,Farmer participatory research activities in the Nippon Foundation cassava project in Thailand,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18797/,,Included,
"Weite, Zhang, Xiong, Lin, Kaimian, Li, Jie, Huang",1998,Farmer participatory research in cassava soil management and varietal dissemination in China,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Farmer Participatory Research in Asia: Proceedings of the Fifth Regional Workshop held in Danzhou, Hainan, China, Nov 3-8, 1996",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18850/,"This paper mainly describes the objectives of the FPR project, the results of the RRA that weas conducted in Hainan and the demonstration plots at CATAS, as well as the demonstration and FPR trials at the pilo sites (especially in Kongba village of Baisha county). The major existing problems and suggestions to improve the FPR trials in the future are also presented.",Included,
"Chiwona-Karltun, L., Nyirenda, D., Mwansa, C. N., Kongor, J. E., Brimer, L., Haggblade, S., Afoakwa, E. O.",2015,"Farmer Preference, Utilization, and Biochemical Composition of Improved Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Varieties in Southeastern Africa",Economic Botany,69,1,10.1007/s12231-015-9298-7,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3645/,"Farmer Preference, Utilization, and Biochemical Composition of Improved Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Varieties in Southeastern Africa Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) varieties are ethnobotanically classified by farmers into two distinct classessweet or bitterbased on their taste, most often reflecting the inherent cyanogenic glucoside potential and intended end use. Varietal preference based on general utilization as well as more targeted end use for preferred local and improved varieties is poorly understood and not well documented. The objectives of this study were to investigate prevailing varietal preferences based on utilization and the biochemical composition of local and recently improved cassava varieties. Interviews were conducted with farmers to document the existing varieties, their origin and taste classification, and processing in relation to end use. Biochemical composition was determined for flour samples with particular emphasis on color and perceived dryness. Of the nine varieties identified, four were classified as local, while the rest were classified as improved varieties. Two varieties were classified as bitter, and the rest were classified as sweet based on end use. The classification dichotomy based on taste is an important factor in determining potential toxicity. Labile varieties that are easily affected by microenvironmental factors were classified as bitter. Reasons for preference and utilization focus as much on the leaves for use as vegetables as on the roots. The taste classification of the roots determines how and whether they are to be processed. The varieties Mweulu and Tanganyika were perceived by farmers as having excellent characteristics for making the staple dish nshima, reflected by their high carbohydrate contents. The variety Bangweulu was identified as having bigger and starchier roots in interviews, and the biochemical assay verified these observations. The flour sample analysis revealed crude protein content ranged from 4.86% to 7.09%. Cluster and principal component analyses showed four groupings, with the single Malawian variety exhibiting the greatest differences from the Zambian clones, while the improved varieties bred from a single mother line displayed the closest similarities. The high energy and carbohydrate values of the nine varieties provide a good basis for acceptance; however, factors such as shelf life, storage, and other postharvest qualities such as susceptibility to weevil attacks also play a determining role in the acceptance of improved cassava varieties. 2015, The New York Botanical Garden.",Included,
"Lebot, V., Malapa, R., Sardos, J.",2015,Farmers selection of quality traits in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) landraces from Vanuatu,,v. 62,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9616/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) was introduced into Vanuatu shortly after 1850. Farmers have since selected and clonally propagated volunteer seedlings and new morphological variants found in cultivated plots. As cassava is free of serious pests and diseases in Vanuatu, it is unknown what are the farmers sought traits leading to diversification. The aim of the present study is to investigate the diversification process and to identify the cultural factors that contribute to shape cassava diversity in Vanuatu. We characterized morphologically, using twelve descriptors, and chemically (dry matter, starch, sugars, proteins, cellulose, minerals), the national germplasm collection composed of 145 landraces collected from eleven different islands. Farmers traditional knowledge on landraces was documented in ten villages, each located on a different island. A wide morphological variation was found among the accessions with few duplicates, the number of distinct morphotypes is 141. However, the sampling strategy most likely underestimated the total number of existing landraces. Cluster analysis revealed no geographical structuring among morphological groups, confirming the wide movement of germplasm between islands across the archipelago. Dry matter (DM) and starch are the least variable compounds with CV% of respectively 12.3 and 3.4%; these two traits being highly correlated. Sugars (CV 42%), cellulose (30.3%), proteins (34.4%) and total minerals (17.4%) are more variable. The human selection pressure is focusing on good quality landraces based on high DM and starch contents, with different farmers in different islands focusing independently on the same traits. Implications for germplasm conservation and use strategies are discussed.",Included,
"Chipeta, Michael M., Shanahan, Paul, Melis, Rob, Sibiya, Julia, Benesi, Ibrahim R. M.",2016,Farmers' knowledge of cassava brown streak disease and its management in Malawi,International journal of pest management,62,3,10.1080/09670874.2016.1167268,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3616/,"There is little information on farmers knowledge about cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) brown streak disease (CBSD), despite extensive studies on incidences and severities. The objective of this study was to assess farmers knowledge of CBSD diagnosis and management. The study was conducted in three districts of Malawi by administering semi-structured interviews in combination with disease incidence and severity surveys. Farmers knowledge of disease diagnosis and management was associated with CBSD incidence and severity. High levels of knowledge about CBSD were observed in areas with high disease incidence. Only 10.1% of the farmers were capable of identifying the foliar symptoms of the disease. On average, 75.0% and 71.7% of the farms had leaf and storage root incidences, respectively. At harvest, 88.3% of the farmers fields exhibited storage root necrosis. CBSD leaf and storage root severities differed significantly (P < 0.001) from one district to the other and between varieties. Most farmers were found to lack a source of clean planting material. High needs for extension services on cassava cultivation methods and pest management were identified, but few farmers received such services. The lack of new improved varieties was reported as the most important constraint of cassava production, beyond CBSD. Education of farmers on the efficient management of this viral disease through selection of clean planting material should be provided. Additionally, the development of early root bulking cultivars as a long-term solution in avoiding CBSD impact should be supported.",Included,
"Dixon, Alfred G. O., Akoroda, Malachy O., Okechukwu, Richardson U., Ogbe, Francis, Ilona, Paul, Sanni, Lateef O., Ezedinma, Chukwuma, Lemchi, Jones, Ssemakula, Gorrettie, Yomeni, Marie O., Okoro, Emelike, Tarawali, Gbassey",2008,Fast track participatory approach to release of elite cassava genotypes for various uses in Nigeria's cassava economy,Euphytica,160,1,10.1007/s10681-007-9487-2,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4659/,"The aim of the Integrated Cassava Project (ICP) of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture was to pre-emptively manage the cassava mosaic disease (CMD) to avert an imminent and increasing possible threat of the Ugandan strain of the CMD virus of the pathogen from doing damage to the Nigerian cassava economy. The strategy was to engage in activities that would lead to cultivar-substitution by replacing the susceptible varieties on farmers' fields with superior genotypes that are not only CMD resistant or tolerant but also high yielding with good dry matter content. A fast track participatory selection approach was used in 2 years to release nine new lines in Nigeria. It was intensive and several lessons were learnt. The varieties released after 2 years were TMS 98/0510, TMS 98/0581, TMS 97/2205, TMS 98/0505, TME 419, TMS 92/0326, TMS 96/1632, TMS 98/0002, and TMS 92/0057.",Included,
"Ardjasa, W. S., Abe, T., Ando, H., Kakuda, K., Kimura, M.",2002,Fate of basal N and growth of crops cultivated under cassava-based intercropping system with reference to K application rate,Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,48,3,10.1080/00380768.2002.10409213,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1263/,"Cassava is the fourth most important staple food crop in Asia and main crop in the cropping systems used in upland areas. Among staple crops, cassava most abundantly absorbs potassium (K), suggesting that a nutrient disorder might occur among the intercrops. A nutrient disorder in intercrops may affect the fate of applied nitrogen (N) through the growth of intercrops. Strong K-absorption ability of cassava can be potentially antagonistic to other crops. If so, when the soil K level is critical in an intercropping system, K application may result in increased yield through mitigation of the K antagonism among intercrops, accompanied with nutrition improvement of other nutrients. We conducted a field experiment to evaluate the growth of crops and the fate of N fertilizer with reference to the application rate of K in a cassava-based cropping system in South Sumatra. The results obtained were as follows 1) The dry weight values and yield of cassava, upland rice, and corn without K application were lower than those with K application treatment. However, no significant differences in the dry weight and yield of these crops were observed between K application treatments of standard and double dose. 2) The recovery rate of basal N by upland rice and cassava was positively related to the yield of each crop. Amount of immobilized N in soil applied to upland rice was not affected by the application rate of K. 3) Total recovery rate of basal N applied to upland rice was 2 times higher in the K application treatment than without K application treatment. It appears that K application alleviated the N pollution problem by inducing a high uptake rate of N fertilizer by crops.",Included,
"Teles, F.F.F., Oliveira, J.S., Silveira, A.J., Batista, C.M., Stull, J.W.",1985,"Fatty acids, carbohydrates and crude protein in twenty cassava cultivars (Manihot esculenta Crantz)",Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society,62,4,10.1007/BF03028734,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17465/,"Twenty cassava cultivars (Manihot esculenta Crantz) were analyzed for fatty acids, nonstructural carbohydrates and crude protein contents. The main constituent fatty acids were myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic. Trace amounts of lauric, myristoleic and palmitoleic acids were detected. Saturated acids ranged from 26.58 to 58.05%. Acid-digestible carbohydrates ranged from 11.82 to 40.70% of the green matter. Reducing and non-reducing soluble oligosaccharides also were determined. Crude protein ranged from 1.39 to 4.70% of the dry matter. Linear regression analyses were made, but no significant correlations were found. Some possible genetic relationships are proposed for certain cultivars.",Included,
"Xiang, C., Liu, J., Yu, Y., Shao, W., Mei, C., Xia, L.",2017,Feasibility assessment of renewable energies for cassava irrigation in China,Energy Procedia,142,,10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.004,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19536/,"In recent years, clean energies are more and more valued. Applying wind power and solar power to farm irrigation can contribute to energy saving and carbon emission reduction. Based on the irrigational water demand of cassava in an area in Guangxi Province, China, this study compared the supply capacity of hybrid wind/solar power water pumping and that of photovoltaic (PV) water pumping through experiments and calculation. Results show that, the hybrid pumping system supported by a 22kW solar panel and wind turbines of 44kW can fully satisfy cassava's water demand for irrigation in a 26.66 ha field with surplus energy, so shutdown of wind turbines in the initial stages of cassava growth is suggested. The 22kW photovoltaic water pump alone is not sufficient for a 26.66 ha field, but a 1.5-time larger solar panel (33kW) with an enhanced pump should be able to meet the demand. Considering local uneven distribution of wind power and relative high cost of a hybrid power system, the enhanced photovoltaic water pumping is recommended for popularization.",Included,
"Mburu, J., Borner, J., Hedden-Dunkhorst, B., Mendoza-Escalante, A., Frohberg, K.",2007,Feasibility of mulching technology as an alternative to slash-and-burn farming in eastern Amazon: A cost–benefit analysis,Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems,22,2,10.1017/S1742170507001639,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10910/,"This paper addresses the question as to whether it is profitable to apply a mechanical mulching technology (MT) in the Bragantina region of Brazil and assesses the technology's feasibility as an alternative to the slash-and-burn practices of the Amazon. Using empirical data collected from a prototype assessment and a few secondary sources, the paper employs a cost-benefit analysis of 'with' and 'without' technology cropping systems (plots that applied the technology are compared with those that did not) to assess the financial and economic feasibility of investing in the MT. The analysis showed that the technology is profitable, both financially and socially, mainly because it is able to produce yields that are high enough to offset the costs, including the hiring of the mulching equipment. However, it may not be a feasible alternative to slash-and-burn farming unless certain conditions are fulfilled by farmers. Most of these conditions relate to farmers' adherence to a set of rules for the successful application of the technology. These rules include the abandonment of a single cropping cycle, typical for the traditional slash-and-burn system, and the adoption of two cycles of crop cultivation. In addition, farmers have to choose profitable crop combinations, such as cassava and beans for both cycles. Since most of the trial farmers did not meet these conditions, the technology received a notably low acceptability (8%). Further analysis indicated that the main reason for this trend was the increase of total labor requirement (by 32%), though the technology reduced labor demand during land preparation to almost zero. Similarly, there was a 22% increase in requirement for inorganic fertilizers. Thus, compared with the slash-and-burn practices of the Amazon, the MT can be regarded as a more intensive method of farming which gives higher crop yields but demands higher quantities of inputs such as labor and inorganic fertilizers. The paper concludes by deriving policy implications for the feasibility of the MT as an alternative to slash-and-burn agriculture in the Amazon. Among these is the importance of creating incentives to extend the cropping period from one to two consecutive cycles. Moreover, the necessity to conduct further studies after the technology has been adopted by the farmers is underscored.",Included,
"Ezui, K.S., Franke, A.C., Mando, A., Ahiabor, B.D.K., Tetteh, F.M., Sogbedji, J., Janssen, B.H., Giller, K.E.",2016,Fertiliser requirements for balanced nutrition of cassava across eight locations in West Africa,Field Crops Research,185,,10.1016/j.fcr.2015.10.005,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5378/,"Insufficient and unbalanced fertiliser use widens cassava yield gaps. We assessed the spatial variability of optimal fertiliser requirements of cassava for enhanced nutrient use efficiency and increased yield using the balanced nutrition approach of the QUEFTS model. Two datasets comprised of five fertiliser experiments conducted at eight locations across Southern Togo, Southern Ghana and Northern Ghana from 2007 to 2012 were used. The ratio of storage roots dry matter yield over the sum of available N, P and K expressed in crop nutrient equivalent from the soil and nutrient inputs was used as a proxy to estimate nutrient use efficiency. Nutrient use efficiencies of 20.5 and 31.7kg storage roots dry matter per kilo crop nutrient equivalent were achieved at balanced nutrition at harvest index (HI) values of 0.50 and 0.65, respectively. N, P and K supplies of 16.2, 2.7 and 11.5kg at an HI of 0.50, and 10.5, 1.9 and 8.4kg at an HI of 0.65 were required to produce 1000kg of storage roots dry matter. The corresponding optimal NPK supply ratios are 6.01.04.2 and 5.31.04.2. Nutrient use efficiencies decreased above yields of 7793% of the maximum. Evaluation of the performance of blanket fertiliser rates recommended by national research services for cassava production resulted in average benefitcost ratios of 2.40.9, which will be unattractive to many farmers compared to 3.81.1 for the balanced fertiliser rates. The indigenous soil supply of nutrients revealed that, at balanced nutrition, K was the most limiting nutrient to achieve storage roots yields up to 8Mg dry matter ha1 at most sites, whereas N and P were needed at greater yields. Dry weight of storage roots measured on the control plots in our researcher managed experiment ranged from 5.6 to 12.2Mgha1, and were larger than the average weight in farmers fields in West Africa of 4Mgha1. Substantial yield increase could be attained in the region with improved crop management and fertiliser requirements formulation on the basis of balanced nutrition.",Included,
"Fening, J.O., Adjei Gyapong, T., Ampontuah, E.O., Yeboah, E., Gaisie, E.",2005,Fertilizing for profit: the case of casava cultivation in Ghana,Tropical Science,45,2,10.1002/ts.57,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5628/,"In two years of farm trials the recommended rates of NPK and poultry manure for cassava cultivation offered no advantage over half quantities. The root yield increase over the control was 70 to over 100%, and a partial budget analysis indicated that 2.5 t/ha poultry manure should increase farmers' monetary returns by at least 50%.",Included,
"Bock, K.R., Guthrie, E.J., Seif, A.A.",1977,"Field control of cassava mosaic in Coast Province, Kenya","Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, Held at CIAT, Cali, Columbia, 1-7 August 1976",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2339/,"A series of simple observational trials to study the epidemiology of cassava mosaic in the field was undertaken at the Coast Agricultural Research Station, Mtwapa, during 1973-76 on moderately tolerant cultivar 46106/27 and highly susceptible cultivar F279.  The results indicate that control of mosaic in the field in coastal districts of Kenya is possible by the use of mosaic-free planting material, the roguing of infected plants, and by allowing a reasonable degree of isolation of clean plots from infected plots. They also suggest that under the prevailing climatic conditions, man is a more efficient vector, by his use of infected cuttings, than a whitefly. Loss of yield due to mosaic in cv 46106/27 and cv F279 was 70 and 86%, respectively, and the drop in yield was significantly greater for cv F279 than for cv 46106/27.",Included,
"Hountondji, F. C. C., Lomer, C. J., Hanna, R., Cherry, A. J., Dara, S. K.",2002,"Field evaluation of Brazilian isolates of Neozygites floridana (Entomophthorales: Neozygitaceae) for the microbial control of cassava green mite in Benin, West Africa",Biocontrol Science and Technology,12,3,10.1080/09583150220128149,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7363/,"Two Brazilian isolates and one Benin (indigenous) isolate of Neozygites floridana were released against the cassava green mite, Mononychellus tanajoa, in January 1999 in the Adjohoun district, Oum administrative region, Republic of Benin. Post-release monitoring conducted 8, 14, 22 and 36 weeks later showed very low mean infection rates on M. tanajoa by isolate (0.03-0.4%). However, 48 weeks after releases, mean infection rates increased noticeably to between 2.3 and 18.7%, and higher infection rates were observed for the Brazilian isolates compared with the indigenous one. The highest infection rate for the indigenous isolate was 4.5% while it reached over 30% for the Brazilian isolates (36.5 and 34.0%). Observations made to study dispersal from inoculated plants showed the absence of infected mites at 4 m from the inoculated plants in all fields 8 weeks after the releases, while they were already present on those at 2 m away. From the next monitoring, 14 weeks after the releases, infection was found at all three sampling positions (inoculated plants and plants at 2 and 4 m away). Only four mites with resting spores were found in over 460 000 mites examined. The highest infection levels were observed in December during 'harmattan' a period characterized by hot days and cool nights with high relative humidity.",Included,
"Bravato, M., Zapata, C., Coll, H.",1993,Field evaluation of in vitro plants of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) for several generations,"Proceedings of the First International Scientific Meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology Network, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, 25-28 August 1992",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2595/,"Plants of forty-two cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars micropropagated in vitro have been introduced in Trujillo State (70 degrees 46' LW, 09 degrees 38'LN and 60 m.a.s.l.) for the production in large scale of cassava planting material. Under greenhouse conditions, in vitro plants were acclimatized, prior to the establishment of the field adaptation trials. From the forty-two, fifteen cultivars were selected in the first generation which were evaluated in the successive ones. A randomized block design was used for the evaluation of in vitro plants (first generation) and for the successive generations a simple random sampling method was applied. The planting material used for the evaluation of the successive generations was obtained through multiplication of the in vitro plants. A period of harvest of eight months was established for all the evaluations. The results are presented in terms of fresh root yield and starch content. Two cultivars cv 28 and cv 29, sweet and bitter respectively, under the edaphoclimatic conditions of the zone, maintained a high and stable yield for five generations. The statistical analysis showed no significant correlation between yield vs. generations r= 0.136, respectively. For both cultivars, the mean yield of cv 29 was 2.52 plus or minus 0.1 and 3.97 plus or minus 0.2 Kg/plant, respectively. Preliminary results of the evaluations of eight sweet and five bitter cultivars for two generations are presented. These results suggest that for the selection of a cultivar, it is necessary to evaluate more than two generations prior to its establishment in a large scale production of cassava planting material.",Included,
"Onyeka, T.J., Dixon, A.G.O., Ekpo, E.J.A.",2005,Field evaluation of root rot disease and relationship between disease severity and yield in cassava,Experimental Agriculture,41,3,10.1017/S0014479705002668,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13258/,"Reports of cassava root rot disease from different African countries have increased in recent times. Field studies were conducted from July 1998 to October 1999 to determine a reproducible disease assessment method that would allow the comparison of results from different locations and an evaluation of the relationship between disease severity and root yield. Single point disease assessments at 6, 9, 12 and 15 months after planting (MAP) were compared to multiple points assessment based on the area under a disease progress curve (AUDPC). Single point assessments at 12 and 15 MAP, and the AUDPC identified continuous variation (p≤0.01) among the genotypes. However, a consistent result across trials was obtained only with the assessment based on AUDPC. Root dry yield (DYLD) at 15 MAP showed a strong negative correlation with AUDPC (r=−0.74). Regression analysis also confirmed the negative relationship between yield and root rot severity. The five genotypes compared were separated into resistant (91/02324, 30572 and 92/0427) and susceptible (92/0057 and TME-1) groups. It was concluded that root rot disease may cause significant yield loss; however, the magnitude of the yield loss will depend on the susceptibility of the cassava genotype.",Included,
"Kaweesi, Tadeo, Kawuki, Robert, Kyaligonza, Vincent, Baguma, Yona, Tusiime, Geoffrey, Ferguson, Morag E",2014,Field evaluation of selected cassava genotypes for cassava brown streak disease based on symptom expression and virus load,Virology Journal,11,,10.1186/s12985-014-0216-x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8790/,"BACKGROUND Production of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), a food security crop in sub-Saharan Africa, is threatened by the spread of cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) which manifests in part as a corky necrosis in the storage root. It is caused by either of two virus species, Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) and Ugandan cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV), resulting in up to 100% yield loss in susceptible varieties. METHODS This study characterized the response of 11 cassava varieties according to CBSD symptom expression and relative CBSV and UCBSV load in a field trial in Uganda. Relative viral load was measured using quantitative RT-PCR using COX as an internal housekeeping gene. RESULTS A complex situation was revealed with indications of different resistance mechanisms that restrict virus accumulation and symptom expression. Four response categories were defined. Symptom expression was not always positively correlated with virus load. Substantially different levels of the virus species were found in many genotypes suggesting either resistance to one virus species or the other, or some form of interaction, antagonism or competition between virus species. CONCLUSIONS A substantial amount of research still needs to be undertaken to fully understand the mechanism and genetic bases of resistance. This information will be useful in informing breeding strategies and restricting virus spread.",Included,
"Fondong, V. N., Thresh, J. M., Fauquet, C.",2000,Field experiments in Cameroon on cassava mosaic virus disease and the reversion phenomenon in susceptible and resistant cassava cultivars,International Journal of Pest Management,46,3,10.1080/096708700415553,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5789/,"Cassava is mainly propagated through stem-cuttings. There is evidence that some cuttings propagated from plants infected by cassava mosaic geminiviruses may produce virus-free plants. Field experiments were conducted under contrasting ecological conditions at two sites in southern Cameroon to study the reversion phenomenon, in particular the extent to which the virus causing cassava mosaic disease (CMD) was absent from cuttings collected from CMD-affected plants. Cuttings were taken from the basal, middle and upper portions of the stems of diseased plants of susceptible and partially resistant cassava cultivars. The proportions of disease-free shoots developing from the different batches of cuttings were recorded to indicate the extent of reversion. This was significantly less frequent in cv. Red Local (susceptible) (5-43%) than in the susceptible cv. Bambui Local (65%) and cv. Improved (70%), which is partially resistant to infection. Reversion was significantly higher with cuttings collected from the youngest portions of the stem compared with older portions and with short cuttings (5, 10 cm) compared with those 20 or 25 cm long. There was a significant negative correlation between symptom severity in different cultivars and the extent of reversion. This was greater at the lowland Mile 17 site, near Buea (ca 400 masl) than at the mid-altitude site at Dschang (ca 1300 masl) where conditions were cooler, suggesting an influence of temperature. In order to assess the effect of CMD in cassava the Disease Index (DI) was developed. The result of DI analyses showed that the DI could be used to identify cultivars on the basis of their ability to revert from CMD and the severity of CMD on the non-reverted plants.",Included,
"Salako, F. K., Kirchhof, G.",2003,Field hydraulic properties of an Alfisol under various fallow systems in southwestern Nigeria,Soil Use and Management,19,4,10.1111/j.1475-2743.2003.tb00324.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15642/,"The effects of various fallow management systems and cropping intensities on water infiltration were measured on an Alfisol at Ibadan in southwestern Nigeria. The objective was to determine the influence of the land use systems (a combination of crop-fallow sequences and intercropping types) on soil hydraulic properties obtained by disc permeameter and double-ring infiltration measurements. The experiment was established in 1989 as a split-plot design with four replications. The main plots were natural fallow, planted Pueraria phaseoloides and planted Leucaena leucocephala. The subplots were 1 year of maize/ cassava intercrop followed by 3-year fallow (25% cropping intensity), or 2-year fallow (33% cropping intensity), or 1-year fallow (50% cropping intensity), or no fallow period (100% cropping intensity). Water infiltration rates and sorptivities were measured under saturated and unsaturated flow. Irrespective of land use, infiltration rates at the soil surface (121-324 cm h-1) were greater than those measured at 30cm depth (55-144 cm h -1). This indicated that fewer large pores were present below 30cm depth compared with 0-30 cm depth. Despite some temporal variation, sorptivities with the highest mean value of 93.5 cm h-1/2 increased as the cropping intensity decreased, suggesting a more continuous macropore system under less intensive land use systems. This was most likely due to continuous biopores created by perennial vegetation under long fallow systems. Intercropped maize and cassava yields also increased as cropping intensity decreased. The weak relationship between crop yields and hydraulic conductivity/infiltration rates suggests that the rates were not limiting.",Included,
"Wagaba, H., Beyene, G., Aleu, J., Odipio, J., Okao-Okuja, G., Chauhan, R. D., Munga, T., Obiero, H., Halsey, M. E., Ilyas, M., Raymond, P., Bua, A., Taylor, N. J., Miano, D., Alicai, T.",2017,Field level RNAi-mediated resistance to cassava brown streak disease across multiple cropping cycles and diverse east African agro-ecological locations,Frontiers in Plant Science,7,,10.3389/fpls.2016.02060,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18597/,"Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) presents a serious threat to cassava production in East and Central Africa. Currently, no cultivars with high levels of resistance to CBSD are available to farmers. Transgenic RNAi technology was employed to combat CBSD by fusing coat protein (CP) sequences from Ugandan cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV) and Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) to create an inverted repeat construct (p5001) driven by the constitutive Cassava vein mosaic virus promoter. Twenty-five plant lines of cultivar TME 204 expressing varying levels of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were established in confined field trials (CFTs) in Uganda and Kenya. Within an initial CFT at Namulonge, Uganda, non-transgenic TME 204 plants developed foliar and storage root CBSD incidences at 96-100% by 12 months after planting. In contrast, 16 of the 25 p5001 transgenic lines showed no foliar symptoms and had less than 8% of their storage roots symptomatic for CBSD. A direct positive correlation was seen between levels of resistance to CBSD and expression of transgenic CP-derived siRNAs. A subsequent CFT was established at Namulonge using stem cuttings from the initial trial. All transgenic lines established remained asymptomatic for CBSD, while 98% of the non-transgenic TME 204 stake-derived plants developed storage roots symptomatic for CBSD. Similarly, very high levels of resistance to CBSD were demonstrated by TME 204 p5001 RNAi lines grown within a CFT over a full cropping cycle at Mtwapa, coastal Kenya. Sequence analysis of CBSD causal viruses present at the trial sites showed that the transgenic lines were exposed to both CBSV and UCBSV, and that the sequenced isolates shared >90% CP identity with transgenic CP sequences expressed by the p5001 inverted repeat expression cassette. These results demonstrate very high levels of field resistance to CBSD conferred by the p5001 RNAi construct at diverse agro-ecological locations, and across the vegetative cropping cycle. 2017 Wagaba, Beyene, Aleu, Odipio, Okao-Okuja, Chauhan, Munga, Obiero, Halsey, Ilyas, Raymond, Bua, Taylor, Miano and Alicai.",Included,
"Van Driesche, R.G., Castillo, J., Bellotti, A.C.",1988,Field placement of mealybug-infested potted cassava plants for the study of parasitism of Phenacoccus herreni,Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,46,2,10.1111/j.1570-7458.1988.tb01101.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18280/,"During 4-day field exposure intervals, Phenacoccus herreni Cox & Williams, third-instar mealybugs on artificially infested potted cassava plants were reduced 73% from initial densities of 235.7–1100.2/infested plant to 63.7–314.2/plant due to dispersal, rain, and predation. Frequency of parasitoid attack did not differ between high and low mealybug densities. The same species of parasitoids, in approximately the same proportions, were reared from mealybugs on artificially infested potted plants as from field mealybugs (Acerophagus coccois Smith, 88.1% and Epidinocarsis diversicornis (Howard), 11.3%). Parasitoid attack rates on artificially exposed mealybugs, when combined with a simulation model of parasitism, accurately predicted observed levels of stage-specific parasitism in the field population.",Included,
"Kasirivu, J.B.K., Terry, E.R., Esuruoso, O.F.",1981,Field screening of cassava clones for resistance to Cercospora henningsii,Tropical Root Crops: Research Strategies for the 1980s,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8725/,"Field screening of cassava clones for resistance to Cercospora henningsii was conducted by artificial inoculation and natural infection during October-November 1977 and June-July 1978, dry and wet seasons, respectively. During both screening seasons, clones K7709, K7713, K7717, and K7718 showed some resistance, whereas clones Isunikakiyan, TMS 711121, TMS 30395, K7707, and K7711 showed susceptibility. Cercospora leaf spot, which generally was more severe during the wet season, developed more reliably following artificial inoculation than from natural infection. Although none of the clones proved to be immune, the differences in responses to C. henningsii suggest that opportunities exist for breeding clones with brown leaf spot resistance",Included,
"Owor, B., Legg, J.P., Okao-Okuja, G., Obonyo, R., Kyamanywa, S., Ogenga-Latigo, M.W.",2004,Field studies of cross protection with cassava mosaic geminiviruses in Uganda,Journal of Phytopathology,152,4,10.1111/j.1439-0434.2004.00837.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13502/,"The effect of cassava mosaic virus disease (CMD) was compared on plants grown from cuttings that were initially virus‐-ree at planting and those infected with a mild strain of East African cassava mosaic virus‐Uganda (EACMV-UG). All initially healthy plants developed CMD symptoms within 5 months of planting (MAP) at both trial sites in Uganda, although spread was more rapid at Kamuli than at Serere. Significantly (P < 0.001) higher symptom severity scores were recorded in initially healthy plants, which had average scores of 3.6 and 3.5 at Kamuli and Serere, respectively, compared with 2.8 for mildly diseased plants at each location. Severity scores of 4 and 5 were more frequent in initially healthy plants, accounting for 77 and 39% of the total infections recorded in comparison with 47 and 11% in mildly diseased plants at Kamuli and Serere, respectively. Mildly diseased plants were significantly taller than initially healthy plants 8 and 12 MAP at both locations. However, the converse was true 4 MAP although differences were significant at Serere but not at Kamuli. Mildly diseased plants yielded significantly more tuberous roots than initially healthy plants at Kamuli but not at Serere. Average total weights of tuberous roots per plant were 2.48 and 1.63 kg for mildly diseased and initially healthy plants at Kamuli and 4.46 and 4.61 kg at Serere, respectively. These results may help to explain the increased prevalence in recent years of mildly diseased plants of local CMD-susceptible cultivars in eastern Uganda, from where these varieties virtually disappeared following the severe CMD epidemic in the 1990s. The results also provide the first field evidence of a cross protective effect of mild strains of a cassava mosaic geminivirus.",Included,
"Togun, Adeniyi Olumuyiwa, Akparobi, Sunday Oba, Ekanayake, Indira Janaki",2004,Field studies on chlorophyll a fluorescence for low temperature tolerance testing of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),"Food, Agriculture & Environment",2,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17760/,"Fifteen cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genotypes were grown at two field sites of Nigeria from 1994 to 1996 (Ibadan: 28±5°C, altitude 210 masl and Jos: 18±5°C, altitude of 1260 masl) to evaluate the use of chlorophyll fluorescence in screening for cold tolerance in cassava. At 12 months after planting, the total dry tuberous root weight produced at Ibadan was significantly (P<0.05) greater than at the Jos Plateau location. Genotypic differences were observed among the genotypes both across locations and within locations for dry tuberous root weight. Genotypes TMS 91934, TMS 30572, TME1 and Danwaru performed better than the other genotypes in Jos. In Jos, variable fluorescence (Fv), maximal fluorescence (Fm) and chlorophyll fluorescence ratio (Fv/Fm) of cassava leaves were significantly (P<0.05) reduced when compared to cassava leaves grown in Ibadan. The predictive capability of fluorescence parameters was assessed by comparison with a yield-based cold susceptibility index (CSI). There was a significant correlation between Fv/Fm and CSI (r = 0.64, n=15). Genotypic differences were observed both across locations and within locations for chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. The cold tolerant genotypes TME1, TMS 30572 and Danwaru had higher Fv/Fm ratios under low temperatures whereas cold sensitive genotypes, such as Isunikankiyan and TMS 4(2) 1425 had lower Fv/Fm ratios. This work suggests that chlorophyll fluorescence might be used as a screening test for chilling tolerance in cassava.",Included,
"Koehorst-van Putten, H. J. J., Sudarmonowati, E., Herman, M., Pereira-Bertram, I. J., Wolters, A. M. A., Meima, H., de Vetten, N., Raemakers, C. J. J. M., Visser, R. G. F.",2012,Field testing and exploitation of genetically modified cassava with low-amylose or amylose-free starch in Indonesia,Transgenic Research,21,1,10.1007/s11248-011-9507-9,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9111/,"The development and testing in the field of genetically modified -so called- orphan crops like cassava in tropical countries is still in its infancy, despite the fact that cassava is not only used for food and feed but is also an important industrial crop. As traditional breeding of cassava is difficult (allodiploid, vegetatively propagated, outbreeding species) it is an ideal crop for improvement through genetic modification. We here report on the results of production and field testing of genetically modified low-amylose transformants of commercial cassava variety Adira4 in Indonesia. Twenty four transformants were produced and selected in the Netherlands based on phenotypic and molecular analyses. Nodal cuttings of these plants were sent to Indonesia where they were grown under biosafety conditions. After two screenhouse tests 15 transformants remained for a field trial. The tuberous root yield of 10 transformants was not significantly different from the control. Starch from transformants in which amylose was very low or absent showed all physical and rheological properties as expected from amylose-free cassava starch. The improved functionality of the starch was shown for an adipate acetate starch which was made into a tomato sauce. This is the first account of a field trial with transgenic cassava which shows that by using genetic modification it is possible to obtain low-amylose cassava plants with commercial potential with good root yield and starch quality.",Included,
"Lessa, A.S.N., Anderson, D.W., Moir, J.O.",1996,"Fine root mineralization, soil organic matter and exchangeable cation dynamics in slash and burn agriculture in the semi-arid northeast of Brazil","Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment",59,3,10.1016/0167-8809(96)01044-4,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9746/,"The objective of this study was to understand the causes of crop productivity decline on a soil cultivated by the slash and burn method. The contribution of ashes, fine roots, and soil organic matter (SOM) mineralization to the pool of available nutrients of a nutrient-poor Haplustox of the semi-arid zone of northeastern Brazil was documented. Ashes were the most important input of nutrients to the soil. The burning of the vegetation debris produced 11 Mg ha−1 of ash containing considerable quantities of Ca and K, and some N, Mg and P. The ashes, in general, contained more Ca and Mg, and less N and K, than the estimated requirements of the cassava (Manihot esculenta) crop during the cultivation cycle, whereas the P in ashes was equivalent to the crop P uptake.

About 65% of the fine roots from the native vegetation decomposed in the soil during the first rainy season after the slash and burn, contributing Ca, N, and Mg to stores of available nutrients, with limited supply of K and P. The SOM content decreased with cultivation. The losses ranged from 4 to 16%, 6–18%, and 10–20%, for C, N and organic P, respectively.

The sum of exchangeable cations, base saturation and pH increased after the burn, whereas the exchangeable Al and Al saturation strongly decreased, promoting better growing conditions for the cassava crop, particularly during the first years of the cultivation cycle. The soil properties reverted to pre-burn conditions within two or three crop years, productivity declined and the field was abandoned to natural fallow.",Included,
"Kato, M. S. A., Kato, O. R., Denich, M., Vlek, P. L. G.",1999,Fire-free alternatives to slash-and-burn for shifting cultivation in the eastern Amazon region: The role of fertilizers,Field Crops Research,62,02-Mar,10.1016/S0378-4290(99)00021-0,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8744/,"Forest fires in slash-and-bum agriculture rank high in the list of environmental concerns. The objective of this study in Para State, Brazil, was to evaluate fire-free alternatives to burning of the slashed fallow vegetation for crop production in the humid tropics. Burning, mulching and incorporation of fallow biomass were compared in two successive cropping periods with rice, cowpea and cassava, with and without NPK fertilizer. In the traditional system, with slash-and-burn technology and without fertilizer, the shortening of the fallow period from 10 to 4 years caused a reduction of 30% only in the rice yields of the first cropping period. In the second cropping period, rice yields were lower in the area with 10 years of fallowing and similar with the shorter fallowed area when compared to the first season. Cowpea did not show any differences, whereas cassava yields decreased from the first to the second cropping period in both fallow situations. When fertilizers were applied, fallow periods beyond 4 years and doubled cropping periods appeared to have little effect on yields. Transforming the fallow vegetation into wood chips instead of slash burning reduced rice yields in the first cropping period 47 and 80% after 4 and 10 years of fallowing, respectively, and made cowpea production impossible after 10 years of fallowing. Cassava yields were not affected by fire-free land preparation. Application of fertilizers raised yields from around 0.7 t ha-1 to over 2 t ha-1 for rice, and from around 0.2 t ha-1 or less to around 1.5 t ha-1 for cowpea. Fertilizer use was essential to obtain acceptable yields for the two crops under fire-free land preparation. Residual fertilizer doubled cassava yields. Comparing the two successive cropping periods, rice and cowpea yields increased, on average, 47 and 27%, respectively, in the second cropping period, irrespective of fallow age, but with fertilizer application. Over the entire cropping period, use of fertilizer led to a greater exploitation of soil N and K but not of P. The risk of soil degradation due to intensified cropping by shortened fallow or prolonged cropping periods is considered low, provided that sufficient plant material and nutrients are supplied to the soil by fire-free land preparation and fertilization.",Included,
"Joslin, Aaron H., Markewitz, Daniel, Morris, Lawrence A., DeAssis Oliveira, Francisco, Figueiredo, Ricardo O., Kato, Oswaldo R.",2011,Five native tree species and manioc under slash-and-mulch agroforestry in the eastern Amazon of Brazil: plant growth and soil responses,Agroforestry Systems,81,1,10.1007/s10457-010-9356-1,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8419/,"Throughout the Amazon of Brazil, manioc (Manihot esculenta) is a staple crop produced through slash-and-burn agriculture. Nutrient losses during slash-and-burn can be large and nutrient demand by food crops so great that fields are often abandoned after two years. In recent decades, farmers have reduced the fallow phase from 20 to ~5 years, limiting plant nutrient accumulation to sustain crop yields. Improved fallows through simultaneous planting of trees with food crops may accelerate nutrient re-accumulation. In addition, slash-and-mulch technology may prevent loss of nutrients due to burning and mulch decomposition may serve as a slow-release source of nutrients. This study in Par, Brazil, in a 7-year-old secondary forest following slashing and mulching of the vegetation, involved two main plot treatments (with and without P and K fertilizers) and two sub-plot treatments (with or without a N-fixer Inga edulis). A mixed-culture of trees and manioc was planted in all plots. P and K fertilizer increased tree mortality due to weed competition but growth of surviving trees in four of the five tree species tested also increased as did biomass production of manioc. In the N-fixer treatment trends of greater growth and survival of four of five tree species and manioc biomass were also observed. Fertilization increased the biomass of competing vegetation, but there was a fertilizer by N-fixer interaction as I. edulis caused a reduction in competing biomass in the fertilized treatment. After one year, fertilization increased decomposition of the mulch such that Ca, Mg, and N contents within the mulch all decreased. In contrast, P and K contents of mulch increased in all treatments. No influence of the N-fixer on 0-10 cm soil N contents was observed. Two years after establishment, this agroforestry system succeeded in growing a manioc crop and leaving a well-maintained tree fallow after the crop harvest.",Included,
"Eggleston, G., Omoaka, P. E., Arowshegbe, A. U.",1993,"Flour, starch and alternative (wheatless) breadmaking quality of various cassava",Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,62,1,10.1002/jsfa.2740620108,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4991/,"Alternative (wheatless) cassava breads were made with cassava flour from eight different cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) clones fortified with soya flour (200 g kg(-1) total flour) using margarine and egg white, or xanthan, as additives. In this study, bread specific volumes were reliably predicted from only the diastatic activity and maximum paste viscosity of the cassava flour, although further variables still need to be investigated. Flours with diastatic activities above approximately 145 mg of maltose, and indirectly low maximum paste viscosities, produced dense, pudding-like structures with completely gelatinised crumbs. The flour diastatic activity was dependent on the moisture content of the freshly harvested tuberous root; above a critical threshold moisture (approximately 75%) content the specific air intake of the loaves decreased sharply. The extent of starch gelatinisation and solubilisation did not critically affect loaf volumes but affected crumb structures.",Included,
"Tung, C. M., Liang, J. B., Tan, S. L., Ong, H. K., Jelan, Z. A.",2001,Fodder Productivity and Growth Persistency of Three Local Cassava Varieties,Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,14,9,10.5713/ajas.2001.1253,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17984/,"Three cassava varieties, namely MM 92 (MM), Black Twig (BT) and Local (LC), were arranged in a randomized complete block design to evaluate their dry fodder and crude protein (CP) productivity as well as growth persistency. Cassava plants grown in small plots of 5 mx10 m at a planting distance of 25 cmx25 cm were harvested every 6 weeks starting from 3 months after planting. Dry fodder yields of MM, BT and LC over the 8 harvests were 8.55, 8.01 and 6.15 t/ha, respectively. All varieties produced more leaves than stems with average leafstem ratios of 5, 5.9 and 4.8 for MM, BT and LC, respectively. In terms of CP production, MM was the highest yielder (272 kg/ha/harvest), followed by BT and LC (238 and 184 kg/ha/harvest, respectively). The total accumulative CP amounts over the 8 harvests were 2179, 1903 and 1474 kg/ha for MM, BT and LC, respectively. The mortality rates were 9.91, 14.01 and 13.98% for MM, BT and LC, respectively. Phosphorus content was more stable than potassium content during defoliation. MM, BT and LC had whole plant phosphorus contents of 0.41, 0.41 and 0.39%, respectively; whole plant potassium contents were 1.25, 138 and 1.20%.",Included,
"Ennin, Stella Ama, Banful, Ben, Andoh-Mensah, Emmanuel, Issaka, Roland Nuhu, Lamptey, Joseph Nii, Aduening-Manu, Joseph, Bolfrey-Arku, Grace, Dery, Sylvester Kuunaa",2009,Food crop intercropping alternatives for replanting coconut farms destroyed by lethal yellowing disease,"Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment",7,3&4,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5214/,"A two-year (2006-2008) study involving coconut - cassava and coconut - plantain as food crop intercropping alternatives for revamping the coconut industry of Ghana which has been hampered by Lethal Yellowing Disease (LYD) was conducted in eight locations in the Central and Western regions of Ghana. The locations were Antado, Kissi and Ayensudo in the Central Region and Tumentu, Nvuma, Aiyinase, Menzezor and Nuba in the Western Region. Both cassava as an intercrop in coconut production and integrated pest management of plantain in coconut-plantain intercrop studies were established in 2006. In each study, the experimental design was split plot with age of coconut (0-2 year old LYD tolerant hybrid MYD x VTT and 40-45 year old WAT coconut) as main plot and 5 cropping systems as subplots, with three replications. The objective was to develop biologically efficient and more profitable intercropping systems of coconut and food crops, mainly cassava and plantain. The study indicated that young coconut plantings may be intercropped with cassava with fertilizer application of 30 - 45 - 45 kg ha-1 N - P2O5 - K2O or plantain using pared planting material treated with 15 ml l-1 chlorpyrifos insecticide (Dursban 4E) per litre of water. These coconut - food crop intercropping systems showed biological compatibility in that they did not affect the vegetative development of young coconut significantly (P<0.05), had minimal levels of major diseases and pests, produced high cassava yield (mean of 35.3 t ha-1) and plantain yield (mean of 2.9 t ha-1) and high economic returns with a value cost ratio of 5 for cassava. In mature coconut plantings, mean yield of cassava was 11.6 t ha-1 while plantain could not thrive due to adverse effect of competition for light and probably root competition. This was an indication of coconut age being a significant factor in food intercrop performance. Replanting of coconut with LYD tolerant hybrid could be boosted by intercropping with pared plantain planting material treated with chlorpyrifos insecticide and intercropping with cassava with minimum fertilizer application.",Included,
"Moura-Silva, A. G., Aguiar, A. C. F., Jorge, N., Agostini-Costa, T. S., Moura, E. G.",2017,Food quantity and quality of cassava affected by leguminous residues and inorganic nitrogen application in a soil of low natural fertility of the humid tropics,Bragantia,76,3,10.1590/1678-4499.007,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11438/,"The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the quality and quantity of biofortified cassava root in a humid tropical environment can be modified with the application of a combination of low- and high-quality residues of leguminous tree species. The experiment was designed as a 6 x 2 factorial (a combination of 4 legume species versus 2 levels of nitrogen) with 4 replications in a randomized block design and the following treatments Gliricidia + Acacia, Gliricidia + Leucaena, Gliricidia + Clitoria, Leucaena + Acacia, Leucaena + Clitoria, and a control without legumes. We analyzed the shoot weight, number of roots/plant, root weight, root production, proximate composition, as well as the mineral, carotenoid, and pro-vitamin A contents. Root production increased with the application of high-quality residues. The protein level influenced the carotenoid content. The allelopathic effect of exotic genera — Leucaena and Acacia —, especially when combined, can decrease the mineral content such as potassium and, therefore, reduce the accumulation of starch.",Included,
"Wong, C.C., Mohd. Sharudin, M.A.",1986,Forage productivity of three fodder shrubs in Malaysia,MARDI Research Bulletin,14,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19047/,"Three fodder shrubs comprising Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala and Manihot esculenta together with the control species, napier, were evaluated for forage productivity with and without nitrogen fertilization and under 4, 8 and 12-week cutting intervals. Napier was the best yielder in dry matter (15.6 t/ha/yr) followed by M. esculenta (6.2 t/ha/yr), L. leucocephala (5.5 t/ha/yr) and G. sepium (2.1 t/ha/yr). Dry matter yields generally increased with increased cutting intervals and nitrogen fertilization. In vitro dry matter digestibilities of the dicot fodders were low but their nitrogen and mineral contents were higher than those of napier. Leucaena leucocephala was the most persistent fodder with napier the least. Hydrocyanic acid in the foliage of M. esculenta was high but declined with increased cutting intervals",Included,
"Olaifa, J.I., Orafidiya, O.O., Faniran, O.O., Adenuga, A.O.",1993,Formulation of a locust lotion concentrate for grasshopper control,Insect Science and Its Application,14,1,10.1017/S1742758400013412,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12974/,"An emulsion concentrate (locust lotion) containing 20% v/v neem oil and 40% w/v aqueous extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera L. was found to be most stable when subjected to viscosity measurement, creaming rate determination, droplet size analysis and accelerated stability tests. The emulsion supported the growth of microorganisms which was prevented by a combination of 0.2% w/v methylparaben and 0.1% w/v propylparaben. Octylgallate, 0.1% w/v was added as an antioxidant to prevent the oxidation of neem oil in the locust lotion concentrate. The recommended use concentration for protection of cassava Manihot esculenta Crantz from damage by grasshopper Zonocerus variegatus L. was 1.8-2.2%. At 2.5%, locust lotion was phytotoxic to cassava.",Included,
"Reichert, J. M., Rodrigues, M. F., Bervald, C. M. P., Brunetto, G., Kato, O. R., Schumacher, M. V.",2015,"Fragmentation, fiber separation, decomposition, and nutrient release of secondary-forest biomass, mechanically chopped-and-mulched, and cassava production in the Amazon","Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment",204,1,10.1016/j.agee.2015.02.005,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15017/,"No-tillage planting in mechanically-chopped secondary-forest seeks to replace slash-and-burning agriculture. We evaluated the effect of horizontal (HC) and vertical (VC) chopping-and-mulching mechanisms on vegetation fragmentation and decomposition rate and nutrient release from chopped residue, and on cassava production in eastern Amazon. Chopped-and-mulched residue was classified into four residue-size (Fs1 = 1–7, Fs2 = 7–25, Fs3 = 25–35, and Fs4 = >35 mm) and six residue-type (with husk/bark – WB, partially chopped – PC, compact – C, partially shredded into fibers – PS, completely shredded into fibers – CS, and formless residue – F) classes. In litter-bags, residual dry matter (DM) was determined at five different days after chopping-and-mulching and residue distribution on soil surface (DAD), whereas release of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg was evaluated at four days. Residues-size and -type classes showed similar decomposition behavior, with a reduction of approximately 60% of initial DM at 90 DAD. Nevertheless, reduction in DM was slow, where 52 days are necessary for half of labile residue to be decomposed, with part of labile and recalcitrant residue remaining on soil surface. DM and nutrients in residue reduced over time. DM was 25% for residues-size classes for HC, 20% for VC, and 26% for residue-type classes, on average, at 300 DAD. Nutrients remaining in residues at 300 DAD were 26% and 27% of N, 26% and 22% of P, 29% and 22% of K, 16% and 15% of Ca, and 17% and 23% of Mg, respectively for HC and VC. Release of nutrients was, generally, greater for smaller residue-size classes, similar between chopping-and-mulching mechanisms, and did not affect cassava yield.",Included,
"Noerwijati, K., Nasrullah, Taryono, Prajitno, D.",2014,Fresh Tuber Yield Stability Analysis of Fifteen Cassava Genotypes Across Five Environments in East Java (Indonesia) Using GGE Biplot,Energy Procedia,47,,10.1016/j.egypro.2014.01.209,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12270/,"The research aimed is to determine the yield stability of 15 cassava genotypes using GGE biplot. The study was conducted at five locations starting in November 2010 to August 2011. The results showed that environment, genotype, and genotype-by-environment interactions significantly affect the yield. Environment gives the most effect (64.69%), followed by genotype-by-environment interaction effect (6.53%), and genotype effect (4.94%). CMM 03038-7 has the highest yield among other clones, and higher than the controls clones (UJ5, Malang 6, and Adira 4), but not significantly different from Malang 4. GGE biplot identified that CMM 03038-7 is the most stable clones with high yield.",Included,
"Kanmegne, J., Degrande, A.",2002,From alley cropping to rotational fallow: Farmers' involvement in the development of fallow management techniques in the humid forest zone of Cameroon,Agroforestry Systems,54,2,10.1023/A:1015095320293,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8645/,"Alley cropping was introduced in the humid forest zone of Cameroon to increase soil fertility in 1987, but until 1992 the adoption rate had remained low. To better understand the reasons behind this, three types of on farm trials were established from fully researcher controlled to fully farmer controlled. During the evaluation of the technology with farmers a number of modifications were registered (1) Pruning height and frequency: Because of the difficulties to consistently cut back at 30 cm, farmers decided to slash at ground level as they normally do while slashing the natural fallow vegetation. This equally allowed for more flexibility in time of pruning. (2) Cropping intensity and pattern: Initially, alleys were cropped each year. This however had several shortcomings. Having observed the positive impact of incidental fallow period in a farmer's field, it was decided to introduce a fallow phase of at least one year. During the fallow period the plot can be used for fodder production, bee farming and production of stakes. (3) Residue management: Fire went incidentally in a farmer's tree plot after slashing, and the trees were not affected. This gave farmers an alternative way to manage the residue, by controlling the fire, before bringing in other crops such as groundnut and cassava. (4) Agroforestry species: Because Leucaena leucocephala, in spite of it soil fertility restoration potential, rapidly became a noxious weed, farmers have asked for a less invasive species. Calliandra calothyrsus was introduced for this purpose and became a good bee forage. With these modifications, the original alley cropping system has evolved into a rotational tree fallow with higher adoption potential. From about 15 farmers who were testing the technology in 1992, the number increased to 52 in 1996, 120 in 1997 and 236 in 1998.",Included,
"Osundahunsi, Oluwatooyin Faramade, Mueller, Rudolf",2011,Functional and dynamic rheological properties of acetylated starches from two cultivars of cassava,Starch,63,1,10.1002/star.201000076,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13432/,"The starches derived from two different cultivars of cassava were modified with acetic anhydride. The increase in swelling power and solubility of the cassava starch (CS) pastes treated with different acetic anhydride concentration could be attributed to easier hydration, resulting from reduction of interaction between starch chains due to the substitution. The transition temperatures (To, Tp and Tc) and enthalpy of gelatinisation (H) of acetylated CS, were determined. The values were lower than those of native starches. Rheological properties of CS pastes (5% w/w) as a function of the degree of substitution were evaluated in dynamic shear force measurements. Magnitude of storage modulus (G), loss modulus (G) and complex viscosity (Eta*) of acetylated CS pastes were determined also. Dynamic moduli (G, G and Eta*) values of acetylated sweet cultivar pastes were generally higher than those of native starch whereas the acetylated samples of the bitter cultivar were lower than those of native starch. The magnitudes of G were greater than those of G and Eta* at all frequencies (). The fact that all the tan (ratio G/G) values (0.7-0.48 and 0.25-0.44) were less than one is an indication that the samples are more elastic than viscous. The acetylated starches could find promising industrial uses in food products like Lemon curd and Mayonnaise and other non-food applications.",Included,
"Eke, J., Achinewhu, S. C., Sanni, L. O.",2010,Functional properties of cassava tapioca grits,International Journal of Food Properties,13,3,10.1080/10942910802571737,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5030/,"This study investigated the functional properties of tapioca grits produced from wet starches from 39 different cassava varieties (36 cassava mosaic disease resistant varieties CMD clones and 3 checks TMS 30572, 4(2) 1425 and 82/00058). There were significant differences (p < 0.05) for functional properties of tapioca grits from different cassava varieties. Dispersibility of tapioca ranged from 6–29%, water absorption capacity (WAC) ranged from 415.13–595.26%, swelling power ranged from 20.76–26.92%, solubility index ranged from 4.04–20.42%, color intensity ranged from 87.79–92.09%. Granule size of pre-gelatinized tapioca ranged from 12.50–22.50 μm. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were obtained on the effect of cassava varieties, viscometer speeds and temperature of tapioca meal. The viscosity of the tapioca meal decreased (37.90–0.72 Pa.s) with increasing shear rates at both 30 and 40°C, but higher for lower temperature respectively. Tapioca meal produced from cassava variety M98/0028 had the highest viscosity 37.90 Pa.s at 13.66 (s-1).",Included,
"Ibe, D.G., Ezedinma, F.O.C.",1981,Gari yield from cassava: is it a function of root yield?,Tropical Root Crops: Research Strategies for the 1980s,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7579/,"Twelve cassava cultivars constituting 11 hybrids, namely TMX 30395, TMX 1325, TMX 1624, TMX 59/159/91, TMX 30568, TMX 750, TMX 6, TMX 90, TMX 20, TMX 30211 from IITA, and 60506 were harvested 1 year after being planted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Marketable roots of each cultivar were labeled and 100 kg were weighed out from each cultivar and processed into gari in a semimechanized gari factory. The cultivars were grown without fertilizers as is the practice among most farmers. The results showed that the cultivar with the highest root yield was not necessarily the best for gari production. Observations on gari yield and quality in relaions to root yields are discussed. Plant breeders and agronomists should consider quality and quantity of gari, rather than mere root yields, in selecting new cassava cultivars for farmers. The hybrids have a lot of promise if the gari yield can be determined by means of time-of-harvesting experiments in the various ecological zones.",Included,
"Palta, J. A.",1982,Gas exchange of four cassava cultivars in relation to light intensity,Experimental Agriculture,18,4,10.1017/S001447970000079X,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7984/,"Gas exchange measurements were carried out on four cassava cultivars, M. COL22, M. MEX59, M. COL638, and M. VEN218, under a range of light intensities, to investigate possible differences in photosynthesis and transpiration. Over the range of photon flux density 100–1500 μE m−2 s−1 leaves showed a light saturation response typical of C-3 plants with little increase in photosynthetic rate above 1000–1500 μE m−2 s−1 (200–300 Wm−2 PAR). At light saturation there were significant differences in photosynthetic rates between cultivars, with the highest 10% greater than the lowest. Part of the response could be attributed to increased stomatal aperture, and a greater part to a direct effect of light intensity on the photosynthetic apparatus. Transpiration increased with light intensity levels, but no significant differences were observed between cultivars.",Included,
"Almazan, A.M.",1988,"Gel consistency, viscosity and amylose content of cassava flour","VIIth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, Gosier (Guadeloupe), 1-6 July 1985",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/890/,Qualities of processed products from cassava tubers and flour depend on the varieties or lines used. Rapid screening methods for these qualities are being developed based on their correlations with some chemical and physical properties of the flour. Paste viscosity values obtained from the Brabender viscograph and amylose content were correlated to gel consistency. Maximum paste viscosity and setback viscosity correlate negatively with gel consistency while amylograph consistency correlates positively with gel consistency. A simple method of determining gel consistency and its application in screening cassava lines are described.,Included,
"Timothy, A. T., Adeoti, A. I.",2006,Gender inequalities and economic efficiency: New evidence from cassava-based farm holdings in rural South-western Nigeria,African Development Review,18,3,10.1111/j.1467-8268.2006.00147.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17728/,"It is a widely accepted fact that persistent inequality between men and women constrains a society's productivity and ultimately slows its rate of economic growth. The economy pays for this inequality in reduced labour productivity today and diminished national output tomorrow. Motivated by this, the study aim is to assess the possibilities of enhancing productivity gains by improving the efficiency of small-scale agriculture through gender-responsive intra-household allocation of resources in south-western Nigeria. The study adopts a stochastic parametric decomposition method which yields efficiency measures that are not distorted by statistical noise to estimate the efficiency level of resource allocation by small-scale cassava producers. The results indicate that average overall productive efficiency in the sample was 75.78 per cent, implying that small-scale cassava farmers in the sample could reduce total variable cost by 24.22 per cent if they reduce labour, fertilizer, land and capital applications to levels observed in the changing input mix (technical efficiency) and then obtain optimal input mix for the given input prices and technology (allocative efficiency). The average technical efficiency and allocative efficiency indexes for the sample were 82.2 per cent and 92.2 per cent respectively. Also, evidence from empirical analysis of data from the male respondents showed that the average economic, technical and allocative efficiency indexes were 88.06 per cent, 89.34 per cent and 78.67 per cent respectively while the same computed for the female sample were 94.9 per cent, 74.85 per cent and 71.03 per cent respectively. Labour was the most limiting factor in cassava production suggesting that the technologies that enhance the productivity of labour are likely to achieve significant positive effects on cassava production. The paper shares the notion that producers' control over the means of production and impact of development are related and has influence on the economic efficiency and growth of society. Again, technical inefficiency constituted a more serious problem than allocative inefficiency, thus most cost savings will accrue to improvement in technical efficiency.",Included,
CIAT,1992,Gene pool and varietal development in Asia,Cassava Program Annual Report 1992,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19202/,,Included,
CIAT,1992,Gene pool development for Africa,Cassava Program Annual Report 1992,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19212/,,Included,
CIAT,1995,Gene pool development: Africa,Cassava Program Annual Report 1994,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19312/,,Included,
"Siritunga, D., Sayre, R. T.",2003,Generation of cyanogen-free transgenic cassava,Planta,217,3,10.1007/s00425-003-1005-8,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16539/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) is the major source of calories for subsistence farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. Cassava, however, contains potentially toxic levels of the cyanogenic glucoside, linamarin. The cyanogen content of cassava foods can be reduced to safe levels by maceration, soaking, rinsing and baking; however, short-cut processing techniques can yield toxic food products. Our objective was to eliminate cyanogens from cassava so as to eliminate the need for food processing. To achieve this goal we generated transgenic acyanogenic cassava plants in which the expression of the cytochrome P450 genes (CYP79D1 and CYP79D2), that catalyze the first-dedicated step in linamarin synthesis, was inhibited. Using a leaf-specific promoter to drive the antisense expression of the CYP79D1/CYP79D2 genes we observed up to a 94% reduction in leaf linamarin content associated with an inhibition of CYP79D1 and CYP79D2 expression. Importantly, the linamarin content of roots also was reduced by 99% in transgenic plants having between 60 and 94% reduction in leaf linamarin content. Analysis of CYP79D1/CYP79D2 transcript levels in transgenic roots indicated they were unchanged relative to wild-type plants. These results suggest that linamarin is transported from leaves to roots and that a threshold level of leaf linamarin production is required for transport.",Included,
"Kawano, K., Fukuda, W.M.G., Cenpukdee, U.",1987,Genetic and environmental effects on dry matter content of cassava root,Crop Science,27,1,10.2135/cropsci1987.0011183X002700010018x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8778/,"Genetic and environmental variabilities of root dry matter content (RDMC) of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) clones (accessions and breeding lines) were estimated at different harvest months (8 12 months), seasons (wet and dry), and locations (three altitudes). To assess the possibility of obtaining higher dry matter yield through selection for RDMC, genetic studies based on F1 variability and parents-offspring regressions also were conducted. Age of plant, season, and location significantly affected root dry matter content. Temperature appeared to be an important factor related to the effect of location. The highest RDMC was obtained with 8 month-old plants harvested at the beginning of the dry season in the high altitude location, while the lowest occurred with 12-month-old plants harvested at the beginning of the wet season at the low altitude location. The clone effect was highly significant and a broad-sense heritability of 0.87 was obtained. Clone ✕ location interaction was also significant, but the magnitude of this effect was much smaller than that of the clone effect. Genetic analyses suggested that inheritance of RDMC was controlled mainly by polygenic additive factors. Narrow-sense heritabilities ranging from 0.51 to 0.67 were obtained. There was no indication of negative response in root dry matter content after intensive mass selection for root fresh yield. The data indicate that RDMC can be increased by simple breeding techniques such as phenotypic mass selection. Selection of clones at one location was largely valid for other locations; however, final selection should be made at each specific location for maximum potential gain.",Included,
CIAT,2002,Genetic base of cassava and related Manihot species evaluated and available for cassava improvement,Project IP-3 Improved cassava for the developing world Annual Report 2002,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19391/,,Included,
"Nick, C., Carvalho, M., De Assis, L. H. B., De Carvalho, S. P.",2008,Genetic dissimilarity in cassava clones determined by multivariate techniques,Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology,8,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12165/,"The genetic dissimilarity in 15 cassava clones was evaluated based on seven morpho-agronomic traits and multivariate procedures, aiming to select the most divergent and best in an approach to future hybridizations. The experiment was carried out in 2003/2005, in random blocks, with three replications. Based on the matrix of Mahalanobis' generalized distance, the clones were grouped as related to similarity, using the algorithms of Tocher and Nearest neighbor. The relative importance of the traits was also evaluated. The multivariate techniques were concordant in the study of genetic dissimilarity and efficient in grouping clones with short genetic distance. The following traits contributed most to the genetic diversity total weight of the aerial part, root diameter, root weight, length of tuber roots and harvest index.",Included,
"De Souza Silva, R., Moura, E. F., De Farias Neto, J. T., Sousa, N. R., Moura, M. F., Sampaio, J. E.",2016,"Genetic divergence among accessions of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) sampled in the Tapajs region, State of Par, using agronomic characters and microsatellite markers",SeminaCiencias Agrarias,37,5,10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n5p2989,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4408/,"The aim of this work was to estimate the genetic divergence among accessions of cassava sampled in the Tapajs region in the State of Par, Brazil, and conserved at the Regional Germplasm Bank of Eastern Amazon, using agronomic descriptors and molecular markers. Twenty-two accessions of cassava were evaluated in the field for two successive years, based on six agronomic descriptors in twelve-months-old plants without a specific experimental design. Accessions were also evaluated with eleven microsatellite loci in an automatic DNA analyser. Descriptive and multivariate statistical analyses were applied. Based on principal components analysis, the character weight of the aerial portion of the plant contributed most to the phenotypical variation. The six traits were used in the analysis of genetic dissimilarity between accessions, and the correlation between matrices generated by morphological and molecular data was estimated. The matrices of genetic dissimilarity were used in the construction of dendrograms using the UPGMA method. We observed a high variation of agronomical descriptors and molecular markers evaluated, which were capable to separate the accessions into distinct groups. A weak positive correlation was detected among the two matrices of genetic distances, which indicates the possibility to explore the genetic diversity using crossings and accessions Amarelinha 36 and Olho roxo 13 are divergent and potentially promising for the generation of heterotic hybrids.",Included,
"Balyejusa Kizito, Elizabeth, Chiwona-Karltun, Linley, Egwang, Thomas, Fregene, Martin, Westerbergh, Anna",2007,Genetic diversity and variety composition of cassava on small-scale farms in Uganda: an interdisciplinary study using genetic markers and farmer interviews,Genetica,130,2,10.1007/s10709-006-9107-4,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1837/,"Cassava is a tropical crop and grown for its tuberous starchy roots. In Africa it is mainly cultivated by small-scale farmers who observe, select and name their cassava varieties based on morphology, food, social and economic interest. Here we have used an interdisciplinary approach involving farmer interviews, genetic markers and morphological descriptors to study the composition of cassava varieties on small-scale farms in 11 villages located in three districts in Uganda, the genetic structure within and between these varieties and their morphology. The composition of local, newly introduced and improved varieties differed widely between villages and districts. The Ugandan farmers in our study seemed to adopt improved varieties to a greater extent when there was a nearby market, prevalence of disease epidemics and good extension service. We found considerable genetic variation both within and between cassava varieties though the variation was larger between varieties. However, most local and improved varieties showed predominating genotypes at many loci. Accessions of commonly grown varieties meeting farmers' preferences could therefore be selected and implemented in future breeding programmes involving development, dissemination and adoption. The like-named varieties in different villages were genetically similar, demonstrating farmers' ability to differentiate and maintain the same variety over large areas. However, some varieties with different names in different villages showed both genetic and morphological similarity, suggesting that farmers may rename plants when they are introduced into their fields. The large differences found in variety and genetic composition between villages and districts in Uganda may be a result of the diverse needs and growing conditions characteristic for traditional farming system. This suggests that efforts to conserve and increase the genetic diversity in farmers' fields will require policies tailored to each area.",Included,
"Esuma, W., Rubaihayo, P., Pariyo, A., Kawuki, R., Wanjala, B., Nzuki, I., Harvey, J. J. W., Baguma, Y.",2012,Genetic Diversity of Provitamin A Cassava in Uganda,Journal of Plant Studies,1,1,10.5539/jps.v1n1p60,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5313/,"Global efforts are being made towards developing provitamin A cassava (Manihot esculenta Cranz) varieties for sustainably addressing vitamin A malnutrition commonly noted in communities where cassava is a major staple. To elucidate the diversity in Uganda’s core collection of yellow root cassava germplasm, genetic variability was assessed for 64 yellow and white root cassava accessions including Ugandan landraces, and accessions introduced from the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). Phenotypic characterization was based on 12 morphological descriptors, total carotenoid content (TCC) and dry matter content (DMC). Variation of twenty six simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers was assessed and compared with morphological data. Total carotenoid content varied from 1.2 to 14.2 μ g/100 g and correlated negatively (R2  = -0.46) with dry matter content which ranged from 27.2 to 39.8 %. Genetic diversity was high in all accession groups with an average heterozygosity of 0.5583 ± 0.0182. Phenetic analyses using Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) and Principle Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) clustered the CIAT accessions into a distinct group, discriminating them from the landraces and IITA accessions. Based on the clustering pattern, it suffices to suggest limited gene flow between CIAT accessions and the landraces/IITA accessions which is an opportunity for broadening the genetic base through hybridization by exploiting the heterotic pool in the germplasm.",Included,
"Avijala, M. F., Bhering, L. L., Peixoto, L. A., Cruz, C. D., Carneiro, P. C. S., Cuambe, C. E., Zacarias, A.",2015,Genetic diversity revealed dissimilarity among Mozambican cassava cultivars,Australian Journal of Crop Science,9,8,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1527/,"The present study aimed to estimate the genetic diversity among 21 cassava genotypes from Mozambique. We also suggested the genotypes with potential to be used as cultivars or in breeding programs based on Mahalanobis distance and agronomic performance. Estimation of relative contribution of each phenotypic trait to genetic diversity was also carried out. Genotypes were evaluated using eight phenotypic traits in an experiment at Mogincual district, Mozambique. The experiment consisted of a randomized block design with 21 genotypes with three replications. The plant height, first branch height, shoot biomass yield, mean number of tuberous roots per plant, tuberous roots yield, production of commercial roots, harvest index and dry matter content were evaluated in the analyses. The obtained data were subjected to analysis of variance and to Scott and Knott (p≤0.05). Genetic diversity was expressed by the generalized Mahalanobis distance with subsequent clustering of genotypes by the Tocher’s analysis, UPGMA and graphical dispersion. Graphical dispersion was used to illustrate differences between genotypes and to verify the agreement of the results obtained these different clustering methods. The results showed that Tocher and UPGMA formed 4 groups and genotypes were allocated in each group for both methods. The relative contribution of the traits for diversity was based on the method of Singh. There are genetic differences among the studied genotypes. The genotypes MzMg10/096, MzMg10/630, MzMg10/240, MzMg10/314 and MzMg10/162 are potentially useful to participate in breeding programs because they are divergent with high mean for the evaluated traits. Shoot biomass weight (48.10%) and number of roots per plant (18.40%) were the most important traits for genotypes discrimination.",Included,
"Okechukwu, R. U., Dixon, A. G. O.",2008,Genetic gains from 30 years of cassava breeding in Nigeria for storage root yield and disease resistance in elite cassava genotypes,Journal of Crop Improvement,22,2,10.1080/15427520802212506,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12850/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is crucial for both food security and poverty alleviation in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Cassava improvement for SSA started at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture in 1970, and several improved lines with different characteristics have been developed to date. The primary focus of breeding work has been to increase root yield, early bulking, tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and increased dry matter content. This paper represents a study of 112 varieties cloned and introduced between 1970 and 2000, and evaluated in 2003 and 2004 to quantify genetic gains in root yield and disease resistance. The genetic gain per year was 1.3% for fresh root yield, 1.2% for dry root yield, 0.65% for cassava mosaic disease resistance, 0.21% for cassava anthracnose disease resistance, and -0.03% for cassava bacterial blight disease resistance. Though there was no statistical significance in the net negative genetic gain in cassava bacterial blight resistance, it is essential that more emphasis be placed on improving this trait to enhance stability and productivity in African environments.",Included,
"Kawano, K.",1980,Genetic improvement of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) for productivity,Series 10EC (CIAT). no. 3.,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8506/,,Included,
"Akano, A. O., Dixon, A. G. O., Mba, C., Barrera, E., Fregene, M.",2002,Genetic mapping of a dominant gene conferring resistance to cassava mosaic disease,Theoretical and Applied Genetics,105,4,10.1007/s00122-002-0891-7,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/672/,"Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) is the most-important disease of cassava (Manihot esculenta) in Africa, and is a potential threat to Latin American (LA) cassava production. Although this viral disease is still unknown in LA, its vector - the whitefly - has recently been found. The disease is best controlled through host-plant resistance, which was first found in third backcross derivatives of an interspecific cross between cassava and Manihot glaziovii, and is thought to be polygenic. Recently, high levels of resistance were also found in several Nigerian cassava landraces. Classical genetic analysis and molecular genetic-mapping of the landraces showed that a major dominant gene confers this resistance. Bulk segregant analysis (BSA) was used to quickly identify a simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker linked to the CMD-resistance gene. The marker, SSRY28, is located on linkage group R of the male-parent-derived molecular genetic map. The gene, designated as CMD2, is flanked by the SSR and RFLP marker GY1 at 9 and 8 cM, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report of qualitative virus resistance in cassava, and of molecular markers that tag CMD resistance in cassava. We discuss the use of markers linked to CMD2 for marker-assisted breeding of CMD resistance in Latin America and for increasing the cost-effectiveness of resistance breeding in Africa.",Included,
"Okogbenin, E., Fregene, M.",2003,Genetic mapping of QTLs affecting productivity and plant architecture in a full-sib cross from non-inbred parents in Cassava (Manihot esculents Crantz),Theoretical and Applied Genetics,107,8,10.1007/s00122-003-1383-0,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12884/,"An attempt was made to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for several productivity and plant architecture traits in a full-sib progeny of 144 individuals from two non-inbred parents in cassava. A molecular linkage map of this cross constructed previously with over 250 markers was the source of molecular markers. The progeny were grown under field conditions at two locations (Palmira and Quilichao) in Colombia and evaluated in 2 years (1998 and 1999) for architecture and productivity traits. Architecture traits evaluated were plant height (PH), branching height (BH), branching levels (BL), branching index (BI), stem portion with leaves (SPL) and leaf area index (LAI). Productivity traits were those related to total dry matter production and distribution, namely fresh root yield (FRY), fresh shoot yield (FSY), harvest index (HI) and the number of storage roots (NR). Phenotypic evaluation of the traits in this population revealed continuous variation for all traits. Broad-sense heritability estimates, ranged from 36% (for NR) to 94% (for BH). Several significant phenotypic correlations were observed between architecture and productivity traits. Primary QTLs, using the single-QTL model, and secondary QTLs, by a primary QTL interaction model, were detected by interval mapping. A total of 30 primary QTLs and 84 secondary QTLs were detected. We identified 35% of detected QTLs in two or more trials, the other QTLs were environment-specific. These results underscore the significant genotype x environment interactions found for most of the traits. Several genomic segments affecting multiple traits were identified and were in agreement with correlation among traits. All QTLs identified for FRY were found associated with either component traits of productivity or architecture traits. This study suggests that QTLs for plant architecture can be used to improve productivity. However an exhaustive search and analysis of QTLs controlling architecture is required before marker-assisted selection (MAS) for increasing productivity can be initiated.",Included,
"Rabbi, I., Hamblin, M., Gedil, M., Kulakow, P., Ferguson, M., Ikpan, A. S., Ly, D., Jannink, J. L.",2014,Genetic mapping using genotyping-by-sequencing in the clonally propagated cassava,Crop Science,54,4,10.2135/cropsci2013.07.0482,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14653/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta L.) is one of the most important food crops in the tropics, but yields are far below their potential. The gene pool of cassava contains natural genetic diversity relevant to many important breeding goals, but breeding progress has been slow, partly because of insufficient genomic resources. As a first step toward implementing genomewide genetic studies that will facilitate rapid genetic gain through breeding, we genotyped-by-sequencing a set of 182 full-sibs population of cassava that segregated in several traits resistance to the cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and yield under CMD pressure; increased carotenoid content in storage roots; color of stem exterior and anthocyanin pigmentation in the petioles, inner root skin, and apical leaves. Employing a rare-cutting restriction enzyme, PstI, in a genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) library preparation, we obtained 2478 segregating single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), of which 1257 passed standard filtering for missing genotypes and deviation from expected genotypic frequencies. We mapped 772 SNPs across 19 linkage groups and anchored 313 unique scaffolds from the version 4.1 of the cassava genome assembly. Most of the studied morphological traits as well as resistance to CMD and root carotenoid content showed qualitative inheritance. As expected, quantitative trait loci analysis for these traits revealed single loci surrounded by small confidence intervals. Yield under CMD was associated with the CMD resistance locus. We show that GBS is a powerful genotyping tool that provides a sufficient number of markers for unraveling the genetic architecture of Mendelian traits in cassava in addition to the development of a robust genetic map that can help anchor unassembled genomic scaffolds.",Included,
"Ihemere, Uzoma, Arias-Garzon, Diana, Lawrence, Susan, Sayre, Richard",2006,Genetic modification of cassava for enhanced starch production,Plant Biotechnology Journal,4,,10.1111/j.1467-7652.2006.00195.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7654/,"To date, transgenic approaches to biofortify subsistence crops have been rather limited. This is particularly true for the starchy root crop cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Cassava has one of the highest rates of CO fixation and sucrose synthesis for any C3 plant, but rarely reaches its yield potentials in the field. It was our hypothesis that starch production in cassava tuberous roots could be increased substantially by increasing the sink strength for carbohydrate. To test this hypothesis, we generated transgenic plants with enhanced tuberous root ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) activity. This was achieved by expressing a modified form of the bacterial glgC gene under the control of a Class I patatin promoter. AGPase catalyses the rate-limiting step in starch biosynthesis, and therefore the expression of a more active bacterial form of the enzyme was expected to lead to increased starch production. To facilitate maximal AGPase activity, we modified the Escherichia coli glgC gene (encoding AGPase) by site-directed mutagenesis (G336D) to reduce allosteric feedback regulation by fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. Transgenic plants (three) expressing the glgC gene had up to 70% higher AGPase activity than control plants when assayed under conditions optimal for plant and not bacterial AGPase activity. Plants having the highest AGPase activities had up to a 2.6-fold increase in total tuberous root biomass when grown under glasshouse conditions. In addition, plants with the highest tuberous root AGPase activity had significant increases in above-ground biomass, consistent with a possible reduction in feedback inhibition on photosynthetic carbon fixation. These results demonstrate that targeted modification of enzymes regulating source-sink relationships in crop plants having high carbohydrate source strengths is an effective strategy for increasing carbohydrate yields in sink tissues.",Included,
"Silva, R. de S., Moura, E. F., Neto, J. T. de F., Sampaio, J. E.",2016,Genetic parameters and agronomic evaluation of cassava genotypes,Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira,51,7,10.1590/S0100-204X2016000700006,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16341/,"The objective of this work was to estimate genetic parameters and predict genetic values for the selection of cassava (Manihot esculenta) genotypes in the state of Para, Brazil. The trial was performed with 56 genotypes in two growing seasons (2012/2013 and 2013/2014), in the municipality of Igarape-Acu, in the state of Para, using the augmented blocks design with two control treatments. The evaluated traits were plant shoot weight (PSW), number of roots per plant (NRP), number of rotten roots per plant (NRRP), fresh root yield (FRY), harvest index (HI), and starch content in the roots (SCR). The restricted maximum likelihood (REML) and best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) methods were used. There was genetic variability among genotypes for PSW, NRP, HI, and SCR. Broad-sense heritability estimates were low for PSW and SCR, but were moderate for NRP and HI. However, the heritabilities of the average of genotypes were higher for PSW and SCR. The genetic gains of the five best genotypes varied from 6.0 to 11.08% (PSW), 15.81 to 27.10% (NRP), 9.82 to 12.14% (HI), and 1.90 to 2.20% (SCR). There is genetic variability among cassava genotypes, and the possibility of genetic gains based on selection is moderate for this region in the state of Para.",Included,
"Oliveira, E. J., Santana, F. A., Oliveira, L. A., Santos, V. S.",2014,Genetic parameters and prediction of genotypic values for root quality traits in cassava using REML/BLUP,Genetics and Molecular Research,13,3,10.4238/2014.August.28.13,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13034/,"The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters and predict the genotypic values of root quality traits in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) and best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP). A total of 471 cassava accessions were evaluated over two years of cultivation. The evaluated traits included amylose content (AML), root dry matter (DMC), cyanogenic compounds (CyC), and starch yield (StYi). Estimates of the individual broad-sense heritability of AML were low (h2g = 0.07 ± 0.02), medium for StYi and DMC, and high for CyC. The heritability of AML was substantially improved based on mean of accessions (h2m = 0.28), indicating that some strategies such as increasing the number of repetitions can be used to increase the selective efficiency. In general, the observed genotypic values were very close to the predicted average of the improved population, most likely due to the high accuracy (> 0.90), especially for DMC, CyC, and StYi. Gains via selection of the 30 best genotypes for each trait were 4.8 and 3.2% for an increase and decrease for AML, respectively, an increase of 10.75 and 74.62% for DMC for StYi, respectively, and a decrease of 89.60% for CyC in relation to the overall mean of the genotypic values. Genotypic correlations between the quality traits of the cassava roots collected were generally favorable, although they were low in magnitude. The REML/BLUP method was adequate for estimating genetic parameters and predicting the genotypic values, making it useful for cassava breeding.",Included,
"De Farias Neto, J. T., Moura, E. F., De Resende, M. D. V., Filho, P. C., Augusto, S. G.",2013,"Genetic parameters and simultaneous selection for root yield, adaptability and stability of cassava genotypes",Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira,48,12,10.1590/S0100-204X2013001200005,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4356/,"The objective of this work was to estimate genetic parameters and to evaluate simultaneous selection for root yield and for adaptability and stability of cassava genotypes. The effects of genotypes were assumed as fixed and random, and the mixed model methodology (REML/Blup) was used to estimate genetic parameters and the harmonic mean of the relative performance of genotypic values (HMRPGV), for simultaneous selection purposes. Ten genotypes were analyzed in a complete randomized block design, with four replicates. The experiment was carried out in the municipalities of Altamira, Santarm, and Santa Luzia do Par in the state of Par, Brazil, in the growing seasons of 2009/2010, 2010/2011, and 2011/2012. Roots were harvested 12 months after planting, in all tested locations. Root yield had low coefficients of genotypic variation (4.25%) and broad-sense heritability of individual plots (0.0424), which resulted in low genetic gain. Due to the low genotypic correlation (0.15), genotype classification as to root yield varied according to the environment. Genotypes CPATU 060, CPATU 229, and CPATU 404 stood out as to their yield, adaptability, and stability.",Included,
"de Oliveira, E. J., Aidar, S. D., Morgante, C. V., Chaves, A. R. D., Cruz, J. L., Coelho, M. A.",2015,Genetic parameters for drought-tolerance in cassava,Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira,50,3,10.1590/S0100-204X2015000300007,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/20233/,"The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of drought on genetic parameters and breeding values of cassava. The experiments were carried out in a completely randomized block design with three replicates, under field conditions with (WD) or without (FI) water deficit. Yield of storage roots (RoY), shoot (ShY), and starch (StY), as well as the number of roots (NR), and root dry matter content (DMC) were evaluated in 47 cassava accessions. Significant differences were observed among accessions; according to heritability, these differences had mostly a genetic nature. Heritability estimates for genotypic effects (h(g)(2)) ranged from 0.25 +/- 0.12 (NR) to 0.60 +/- 0.18 (DMC), and from 0.51 +/- 0.17 (NR) to 0.80 +/- 0.21 (RoY and StY) for WD and FI, respectively, as a consequence of greater environmental influence on WD. Selective accuracy was lower in WD, and ranged from 0.71 (NR) to 0.89 (RoY, DMC, and StY). However, genetic gains were quite high and ranged from 24.43% (DMC) to 113.41% (StY), in WD, and from 8.5% (DMC) to 75.70% (StY) in FI. These genetic parameters may be useful for defining which selection strategies, breeding methods, and experimental designs are more suitable to obtain cassava genetic gains for tolerance to drought.",Included,
"Mahungu, N. M., Chheda, H. R., Hahn, S. K., Fatokun, C. A.",1984,Genetic parameters of cassava,Tropical root crops: production and uses in Africa; Proceedings of the 2nd Triennial Symposium,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10492/,"We investigated six diverse cassava populations grown during 1979-80 and 1980-81 at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, to estimate genetic parameters for 22 traits of cassava. The data, when analyzed, revealed that: considerable variation existed both within and between the populations for most of the characters; the coefficients of variation for phenotype and genotype were largest for root yield (85% and 62%, respectively), quite large for the roots per plant and root size (60% and 40%), moderate for harvest index and total number of branches (45% and 30%, respectively), and low (less than 30% and 15%) for stem girth, canopy width, and plant height at harvest. Heritability estimates as well as expected genetic gain also varied considerably. On average, root yield and number of roots showed moderately high heritability (50%) and high expected response to selection (88% and 64%, respectively). Relatively high heritability values were obtained for harvest index (49%) and dry-matter content (52%), but they were associated with expected genetic gains of only 50% and 29%, respectively. Agronomic traits such as stem girth, canopy width, and plant height at harvest showed moderate-to-low heritability values (32-42%) associated with low expected genetic advance (15-18%).",Included,
"Iglesias, C., Mayer, J., Chavez, L., Calle, F.",1997,Genetic potential and stability of carotene content in cassava roots,Euphytica,94,3,10.1023/A:1002962108315,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7638/,"People in vast areas of the tropics suffer from vitamin A deficiency, resulting in progressive eye damage and eventually leading to blindness. Improving the content of vitamin A precursors in staple crops could alleviate or solve such a problem. The objective of this work was to study the range of variability for carotene content in a sub-set of the global cassava germplasm collection, and to determine the inheritance of carotenes, as well as their stability in response to different processing methodologies. Genotypes with more than 2 mg carotenes/100 g of fresh roots have been selected as parental material for population development. Although root colour is highly correlated with carotene content, a quantitative evaluation of genotypes selected by colour is required in order to increase the efficiency of selection. Relatively few major genes are involved in the determination of carotene accumulation in cassava roots. Stability of carotenes in response to different processing methods is genotypically dependant, representing a trait to be evaluated after selecting for high carotene concentration in fresh roots. The results from this work have provided the basis for defining future strategies for the improvement of the nutritional quality of cassava.",Included,
"Ceballos, H., Chavez, A. L., Sanchez, T., Bedoya, J. M., Echeverri, J., Tohme, J.",2002,Genetic potential to improve carotene content of cassava and strategies for its deployment,Journal of Nutrition,132,9,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3166/,"Over 100 million preschool-age children suffer from vitamin A deficiency, the single most important cause of blindness in children, which is also widespread among women in the reproductive age. Variability of vitamin A in the roots and leaves of different cassava genotypes were evaluated, as well as the stability of the vitamin after processing by three methods. The concentrations of the vitamin in the leaves were considerably higher, ranging from 12.05 to 96.42 mg/100 g FW than in the roots that contained between 0.10 and 1.04 mg/100 g FW. Stability of the vitamin after processing ranged between 40% and 61%. Preliminary results suggest that high concentration of the vitamin delays the onset of physiological deterioration in the roots. Different strategies are underway for successfully deploying high-carotene cassava varieties. For Africa, high carotene content will be combined with resistance to the cassava mosaic disease in collaboration with IITA. For the Americas and Asia, high vitamin A varieties will also be targeted to special food preparations, the snacks industry and animal feed. The trait is controlled by few genes and it is, therefore, suitable for transfer from clone to clone through genetic transformation.",Included,
"Lokko, Y., Dixon, A. G. O., Offei, S. K., Danquah, E. Y.",2009,Genetic relationships among improved cassava accessions and landraces for resistance to the cassava mosaic disease,"Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment",7,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10054/,"This study was conducted to determine the genetic relationships among 21 accessions of cassava (Manihot esculenta), with varying levels of resistance to cassava mosaic disease (CMD), based on their phenotypic response to the disease. The accessions were ranked according to their area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). Hierarchical cluster analysis based on Ward’s linkage method separated the accessions into three major groups and the susceptible clones were distinct from the resistant accessions. Further analysis using K-means defined four groups which were similar to the groupings by the hierarchical method, but the susceptible landrace TME 117 was distinct from the other susceptible accessions. Principal component analysis showed that there was considerable amount of variation and the first three components accounted for 78.87% of the total variation in the accessions. A scatter-plot of the scores of the first and second principal components for responses to CMD showed that, generally, the resistant accessions were different from the susceptible accessions and the most susceptible landrace TME 117 formed a single member group distinct from the other susceptible groups. The large amount of variation implies that using any combination of resistant accessions to recombine different favorable alleles will not reduce the overall diversity of the breeding population.",Included,
"Adeniji, O. T., Odo, P. E., Ibrahim, B.",2011,"Genetic relationships and selection indices for cassava root yield in Adamawa state, Nigeria",African Journal of Agricultural Research,6,13,10.5897/AJAR10.143,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/337/,"Variation, correlations and path coefficient analysis were calculated for root yield among 19 improved cassava clones for two harvesting periods over two years of evaluation in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Root width and leaf length were significant at 6 months harvesting, but not at 9 months harvesting. Estimates of phenotypic, genotypic and environmental variance for both harvesting periods provided evidence for genetic improvement. Heritability was low for root length, meaning that environment had a strong influence in this phenotype. The path coefficient analysis for data set at 6 months harvesting indicated that leaf width recorded the largest direct effect on tuber yield; this was masked by the indirect influence through cassava anthracnose disease, plant height, root length, percent starch, petiole length and top weight. The incidence of cassava anthracnose disease manifest in a significant negative correlation coefficient with root yield. The large positive direct effect of tuber/plant was masked by the indirect influence of petiole length and top weight. The dry matter yield had a positive direct effect on yield, but this was indirectly lowered by cassava anthracnose disease incidence and percent starch. At 9 months harvesting, leaf width had the largest direct effect on tuber yield, this was masked largely by indirect influence of percent dry matter. This study summarized the influence of leaf width, leaf length and tuber/plant as important selection indices for root yield at 6 months. The path analyses for both sampling months demonstrated that leaf width, leaf length, and tuber/plot are important selection indices for root yield.",Included,
"Kawano, K., Rojanaridpiched, C.",1983,Genetic study on post-harvest root deterioration in cassava,Kasetsart Journal,17,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8774/,"Post-harvest root deterioration (vascular streaking) of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) clones (accessions and breeding lines) was evaluated with harvests from different ages, seasons and locations to assess the effect of environmental factors on cassava genotypes. Vascular streaking was sensitive to any of these environmental factors. Genotype x location interaction was highly significant suggesting that final cultivar selection should be carried out in each location. Genetic analysis carried out in one location suggested that inheritance of vascular streaking was, at least partly, controlled by additive factors and quantitative rather than qualitative. Narrow sense heritability of 0.64 was obtained. Vascular streaking was highly significantly correlated with root dry matter content in all the trials conducted during seven years. Since free recombination between resistance to vascular streaking and high root dry matter content may not be possible, the most acceptable balance between these two traits should be defined according to the use of product and edafo-climatic condition of production area prior to selection program.",Included,
"Aina, O. O., Dixon, A. G. O., Akinrinde, E. A.",2007,Genetic variability in cassava as it influences storage root yield in Nigeria,Journal of Biological Sciences,7,5,10.3923/jbs.2007.765.770,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/618/,"Genetic variability in shoot and root characteristics among 20 broad-based cassava genotypes was studied in four agroecological zones in Nigeria to determine its effects on root yield. Seventeen agronomic parameters were evaluated on a plot size of 40 m2, at spacing of 1x1 m in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in four replicates. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant differences (p< 0.001) among genotypes within and across locations for most parameters. Significant genotype by environment (GxE) interaction effects was also observed. Estimates of genetic variances for phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were higher for root characters than for shoot characters. PCV ranged from 4.3 to 36.5%; GCV ranged from 3.2 to 22.6%. Broad sense heritability (H2) estimates were high for root characters, ranging from 75 to 88.6%, but low for shoot characters, ranging between 10.6 and 38%. Consequently, considerable scope exists for the improvement of economic traits, such as storage root yield. Shoot traits have little control on storage root yield while root traits with high genetic influence had major control on storage root yield. Number of roots, root size and Harvest Index are major yield determinants to be considered when selecting for root yield in cassava.",Included,
"Adjebeng-Danquah, Joseph, Gracen, Vernon Edward, Offei, Samuel Kwame, Asante, Isaac Kwadwo, Manu-Aduening, Joseph",2016,Genetic variability in storage root bulking of cassava genotypes under irrigation and no irrigation,Agriculture & food security,5,1,10.1186/s40066-016-0055-7,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/429/,"BACKGROUND Early bulking in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a very important trait in semi-arid ecologies of the tropics. Farmers tend to select early-maturing cassava varieties to escape terminal drought and destruction by domestic animals during the dry season. However, early harvesting is associated with yield penalty due to unavailability of high-yielding early-maturing cassava varieties. In order to develop early-bulking cassava varieties for the savanna ecologies, this study was carried out to assess genetic variation in the pattern of storage root bulking and as well as traits associated with early storage root bulking under moisture stress and well-watered conditions. METHODS Twenty cassava genotypes were arranged in a randomised complete block design with three replications under irrigation and no irrigation. The genotypes were sequentially harvested at 6, 8, 10 and 12months after planting to study their pattern of dry matter accumulation. Irrigation water was supplied using a drip irrigation system with a discharge capacity of 1.6l/h. RESULTS Analysis of variance indicated significant effect of genotype, harvesting time and irrigation on most of the yield traits studied. The interaction between genotype and irrigation effect was significant for all traits except mean storage root weight, storage root girth, storage root length and storage root dry matter content. Apart from storage root girth and storage root dry matter content, genotype harvesting time interaction was not significant. Pearson correlation analysis of root yield at different times showed significant positive correlation between early storage root yield and final root yield indicating the possibility of selecting early-bulking genotypes with high yield potential. CONCLUSION The study indicated that dry matter is partitioned more for root elongation than expansion in root girth under moisture stress conditions compared with irrigation, resulting in high storage root length girth ratio. This ratio can be used to study the pattern of photosynthates accumulation in cassava roots under stress conditions. The study helped to provide improved understanding of the genetic basis and the mechanism of storage root bulking in cassava under moisture stress conditions, which can be exploited to develop high-yielding cassava varieties for drought-prone areas to ensure food security.",Included,
"Perez, J. C., Lenis, J. I., Calle, F., Morante, N., Sanchez, T., Debouck, D., Ceballos, H.",2011,Genetic variability of root peel thickness and its influence in extractable starch from cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) roots,Plant Breeding,130,6,10.1111/j.1439-0523.2011.01873.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14023/,"Cassava roots are the most important commercial product from this crop. Roots have two major components the starchy parenchyma and the peel with higher amount of fibre and cyanogenic glucosides. In this study, a sample of 64 clones grown in replicated trials in five locations were evaluated for peel thickness (PT) that ranged from 1.48 to 2.55 mm. Roots from a sample of 33 of these clones were further analysed for the amount of extractable starch. Broad sense heritability for PT was high (0.93) compared with that for yield (0.63). The values obtained demonstrate that there is a very strong genetic component in the expression of PT. Extractable starch depended heavily on dry matter content but also on PT. In an additional evaluation, 1448 accessions from the germplasm collection were evaluated for PT and showed a wide range of variation (from 0.79 to 5.14 mm).",Included,
"TUMUHIMBISE, R., SHANAHAN, P., MELIS, R., KAWUKI, R.",2015,Genetic variation and association among factors influencing storage root bulking in cassava,Journal of Agricultural Science,153,,10.1017/S0021859614000999,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17225/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important storage root crop with largely unexplored and unexplained potentially valuable genetic variability. Genetic variability is important in selecting suitable genotypes for crop improvement. The present study was aimed at assessing the extent of variability in cassava storage root bulking, based on fresh storage root yield accumulated over time. Twelve cassava genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design at three contrasting locations in Uganda. Assessments were done from 5 to 13 months after planting at intervals of 2 months. Genotype, harvest time, location and their interactions were significantly different for fresh storage root yield and most of the other traits assessed. Estimates of variance components revealed that a large portion of the phenotypic variance was accounted for by the genotypic component for all traits assessed indicative of substantial genetic variability among the genotypes evaluated. This genetic variability is important in a hybridization and/or selection programme because it implies that significant genetic gain through phenotypic selection is possible for the traits assessed. Fresh storage root yield was positively and significantly correlated with storage root girth, harvest index, shoot mass and storage root number. The information generated will inform future breeding initiatives to develop early-bulking cassava genotypes with farmer-preferred traits in Uganda.",Included,
"Tumuhimbise, Robooni, Melis, Rob, Shanahan, Paul",2015,Genetic variation in cassava for postharvest physiological deterioration,Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science,61,9,10.1080/03650340.2014.995641,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17972/,"Cassava storage roots start deteriorating 1 to 3 days after harvest due to postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD) which reduces the potential of cassava as a commercial crop. The objective of this study was to examine the extent of genetic variability in cassava for PPD. Genetic variability is important in selecting suitable genotypes for crop improvement. Twelve cassava genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design at three different locations in Uganda for five different harvest times, and PPD assessment was done 7 days after each harvest time. Genotype, location, harvest time, genotype × harvest time and harvest time × location were highly significantly different for PPD. Estimates of phenotypic, genotypic and environmental variance components revealed that a large portion of the phenotypic variance was accounted for by the genotypic component which is an indication of substantial genetic variability among the test genotypes for PPD. This genetic variability is important in a breeding programme because it indicates that significant genetic gain through phenotypic selection is possible for PPD. The results give guidance to breeding efforts for improved shelf life of cassava storage roots.",Included,
"Maziya-Dixon, B., Kling, J. G., Menkir, A., Dixon, A.",2000,"Genetic variation in total carotene, iron, and zinc contents of maize and cassava genotypes",Food and Nutrition Bulletin,21,4,10.1177/156482650002100415,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10870/,"Deficiencies of vitamin A, iron, and zinc are widespread in sub-Saharan Africa, where the diets are mainly plant-based and the intakes of animal products are low. The overall objective of this investigation was to determine the extent of genetic variation of these micronutrients in 16 yellow-seeded improved maize varieties, 109 maize inbred lines (60 from mid-altitude and 49 from lowland/ savannah agroecologies), and 162 cassava clones resistant to the cassava mosaic disease. The yellow-seeded improved maize varieties were analysed for physical and chemical characteristics and total carotene content; the maize inbred lines and cassava clones were analysed for iron and zinc content. The results showed statistically significant and large genotypic differences in total carotene content among the 16 yellow-seeded improved, open-pollinated maize varieties. The total carotene content ranged from 143 to 278 ug/g. Significant genotypic variation was also observed for iron and zinc concentrations in maize inbred lines and cassava storage roots. Iron concentration ranged from 15 to 159 ppm for mid-altitude and from 14 to 134 ppm for lowland maize inbred lines; zinc concentration ranged from 12 to 96 ppm for mid-altitude inbreds and from 24 to 96 ppm for lowland inbred lines. For cassava storage roots, the range was 4 to 95 ppm for iron and 4 to 18 ppm for zinc. A strong and positive relationship was observed between iron and zinc concentrations for both mid-altitude and lowland maize inbred lines, but this relationship was weak for the cassava clones. The potential exists for improving carotene, iron, and zinc contents in maize and cassava genotypes through plant-breeding.",Included,
"Moyib, K. O., Mkumbira, J., Odunola, O. A., Dixon, A. G., Akoroda, M. O., Kulakow, P.",2015,Genetic variation of postharvest physiological deterioration susceptibility in a cassava germplasm,Crop Science,55,6,10.2135/cropsci2014.11.0749,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11446/,"Postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD) is an unresolved major stress in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), which constrains the crop suitability for commercial and industrial purposes. The present study sourced for PPD tolerance from different genetic resources available within a cassava germplasm. Six hundred and twelve cassava accessions within International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)-lbadan germplasm were evaluated 2, 4, 6, and 8 days after harvest (DAH) for PPD and rate of PPD per day (PPD d-1) over the evaluation dates. Sixteen cassava genotypes that had mean PPD d-1 of 0.0% d-1 were classified as non-deteriorators (NoDs) with possible delayed-PPD trait and nine genotypes with mean PPD d-1 70% d-1 as extra-super fast deteriorators (xSPDs) with possible early-PPD trait. The PPD was more pronounced at the proximal end of a root than at the middle and distal regions. Polyploid genotypes showed higher PPD tolerance than diploids but local varieties were more susceptible to PPD than the improved varieties. The study suggests that polyploidy could be an additional genetic resource for PPD tolerance in cassava. In addition, the knowledge of PPD status of a cassava germplasm allows its proper utilization. The NoD genotypes could sustain storage and transport within 8 d for commercial and industrial purposes and xSPD genotypes could be immediately processed into fermented foods and dried chips. The results presented in this study are explanatory in nature and could be explored further for integration into improvement programs in cassava.",Included,
"El-Sharkawy, M. A., Cadavid, L. F.",2000,Genetic variation within cassava germplasm in response to potassium,Experimental Agriculture,36,3,10.1017/S0014479700003045,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5083/,"As cassava is grown mostly by small resource-limited farmers throughout the tropics on low-fertility soils with little fertilization and, due to the large potassium (K) export in harvested roots, genotypes that tolerate low-K soils and respond to K fertilization are warranted. The objective of this study was to evaluate cassava germplasm and identify such genotypes. Fourteen cultivars of cassava (Manihot esculenta) selected from the core germplasm at CIAT were grown under rainfed conditions for ten months over five consecutive seasons in Inceptisols either with no K application or with 50, 100 or 200 kg K ha-1 applied annually together with adequate nitrogen and phosphorus. All cultivars responded to K application both in terms of root and shoot biomass with the highest yields obtained by CM 507-37 and M Ven 25 in the absence of K application and at high K levels. These cultivars had the highest adaptation indices to low K and the highest K use efficiency for total biomass production. CM 507-37 had the highest K use efficiency for root production at all K levels. Thus, it is desirable to use this material for breeding cassava which is adapted to low-K soils and is able to respond to fertilizer application. However, because of the high hydrocyanic acid (HCN) content in their roots, these cultivars should be crossed with genotypes that are low in HCN, such as HMC-1 and M Cub 74, in order to select lines with both high K use efficiency and low HCN for fresh cassava consumption. Root HCN contents were significantly reduced by application of K across all cultivars. Application of K fertilizer to low-K soils is warranted to minimize health hazards when fresh cassava is used for human consumption.",Included,
"Nebiyu, A.",2006,"Genetic variations in cassava at Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia",Tropical Science,46,3,10.1002/ts.171,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11985/,"Relatively large phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were observed for harvest index, storage root yield per plant, above ground biomass, number of branches and number of nodes of 36 germplasm accessions of cassava. There is a considerable amount of genetic variability for most of the characters of interest in cassava.",Included,
"Brito, A. C., Oliveira, S. A. S., Oliveira, E. J.",2017,Genome-wide association study for resistance to cassava root rot,Journal of Agricultural Science,155,9,10.1017/S0021859617000612,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2647/,"Cassava root rot (CRR) disease associated with a complex of soil pathogens has caused great yield losses in the crop. The objective of the current work was to obtain insights about the genetic architecture of CRR resistance caused by Fusarium (dry root rot – DRR), Phytophthora (soft root rot – SRR) and Botryosphaeriaceae (black root rot – BRR) species, using genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Phenotyping data of 263 accessions (artificial inoculation) and 14 094 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) (missing data 0·05) were used. The severity of CRR in peel and pulp was variable among accessions, but the pathogens that caused DRR were more aggressive. Broad-sense heritability (h2g) was of medium magnitude for all groups of resistances for pathogens, with variation from 0·16 ± 0·019 (Fspp Pulp) to 0·31 ± 0·028 (Fspp Peel). The kinship matrix was used to correct for stratification as well as for clustering the accessions. Overall, this analysis showed that there was no relationship between agronomic traits and resistance to CRR and the four clusters obtained from kinship matrix. The GWAS identified 38 significant SNPs, of which eight and 22 are related to the severity of DRR in the pulp and peel, respectively. The other eight SNPs were associated with SRR-peel (1), SRR-pulp (1), BRR-peel (3) and BRR-pulp (3). Half of the SNPs associated with CRR resistance have functional annotations related to defence and response to pathogen attack as well as general cellular processes. The current study revealed that resistance to CRR is controlled by multiple loci with small effects, and significant SNPs can be used to identify putative genes that control these traits.",Included,
"de Oliveira, Eder Jorge, de Resende, Marcos Deon Vilela, da Silva Santos, Vanderlei, Ferreira, Cludia Fortes, Oliveira, Gilmara Alvarenga Fachardo, da Silva, Maiane Suzarte, de Oliveira, Luciana Alves, Aguilar-Vildoso, Carlos Ivan",2012,Genome-wide selection in cassava,Euphytica,187,2,10.1007/s10681-012-0722-0,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/20225/,"The main objective of this study was to estimate the selection accuracy and to predict the genetic gain in cassava breeding using genomic selection methodologies. We evaluated 358 cassava genotypes for the following traits shoot weight (SW), fresh root yield (FRY), starch fraction amylose content (AC), dry matter content (DMC), and starch yield (S-Y). Genotyping was performed using 390 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which were used as covariates in the random regression-best linear unbiased prediction model for genomic selection. The heritability values detected by markers for the SW, FRY, AC, DMC, and S-Y traits were 0.25, 0.25, 0.03, 0.20, and 0.26, respectively. Because the low heritability detected for AC, this trait was eliminated from further analysis. Using only the most informative SNPs (118, 92, 56, and 97 SNPs for SW, FRY, DMC, and S-Y, respectively) we observed higher selection accuracy which were 0.83, 0.76, 0.67, and 0.77, respectively to SW, FRY, DMC, and S-Y. With these levels of accuracy and considering a selection cycle reduced by half the time, the theoretical gains with genomic selection compared to phenotypic selection for DMC, FRY, and SW would be 39.42%, 56.90%, and 73.96%, respectively. These results indicate that in the cassava, genomic selection can substantially speed up selection cycles, thereby increasing gains per unit time. Although there are high expectations for incorporating this strategy into breeding programs, we still need to validate the model for other traits and evaluate whether the selection accuracy can be improved using more SNPs.",Included,
"Tan, S. L., Mak, C.",1995,Genotype environment influence on cassava performance,Field Crops Research,42,02-Mar,10.1016/0378-4290(95)00016-J,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17316/,"To study the relative influence of genotype, environment and genotype environment (g × e) effects on six agronomic traits of importance, fifteen morphologically diverse cassava genotypes were tested in 12 environments, comprising six locations over two seasons per location. The locations were representative of three major agro-ecological zones in Peninsular Malaysia, as well as of two major soil types mineral and peat. Fresh root yield, commercial root number and root cyanide content were not associated with soil type, but high yield on peat might be related to high rainfall. Peat environments seemed to favour high harvest index except when there was a prolonged drier season. On mineral soils, high soil P and K contents may explain high harvest indices. Low rainfall prior to harvest may increase root cyanide content. Root starch content may be associated with high pH on mineral soils. Dry matter content in the roots was greatest when soil pH exceeded 4.6, except when rainfall was heavy just prior to harvest. Genotype effects were strongest in controlling root cyanide content, harvest index and root dry matter content, while environment was the main source of variation for commercial root number and fresh root yield. Location season effects were the most prominent of the environment components. Season had a significant effect only in the expression of root dry matter content, but was nevertheless smaller in magnitude than the genotype effect. Genotype environment (g × e) effects were significant for fresh root yield, commercial root number, harvest index, and for root starch and cyanide contents. Except for fresh root yield and commercial root number, these effects were smaller than the genotype effect. Only root cyanide content showed a linear g e relationship with environment.",Included,
"Dixon, A. G. O., Ngeve, J. M., Nukenine, E. N.",2002,Genotype x environment effects on severity of cassava bacterial blight disease caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis,European Journal of Plant Pathology,108,8,10.1023/A:1020876019227,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4658/,"Nine cassava genotypes were grown for three years at six sites representing three agro-ecological zones in Nigeria to study their reaction to cassava bacterial blight (CBB), investigate genotype x environment (G x E) interaction patterns for their reaction to CBB, and to identify genotypes with stability to the disease, using the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) statistical model. Environments, genotypes and G x E interactions accounted for 71.8%, 12.0% and 16.2% of the treatment sums of squares (SS), and were highly significant (P < 0.0001) for the disease, indicating that genotypes responded differentially to CBB infection across environments. Clones 30555, 91934, U/41044, and 4(2)1425 showed the least CBB disease ratings. Other clones showed erratic and fluctuating reactions to CBB from environment to environment and were thus considered unstable to the disease. CBB was most severe in 1989 (with a mean score of 2.46) and least so in 1990 (with a score of 2.06). The sites with the most disease were Ibadan, Ilorin and Ubiaja (1989), Ibadan and Ubiaja (1990) and Mokwa (1991). Because of the favourable conditions for disease development at those sites, they could be appropriate for screening cassava genotypes for CBB resistance. The AMMI model selected AMMI1 as the best predictor for CBB because it had the smallest actual root mean square prediction difference (0.37646), and explained 90.7% of the G x E interaction for CBB. The AMMI model was successful in selecting the genotypes 30555, U/41044 and 4(2)1425 and the environments Ibadan 1989, Ilorin 1989 and Onne 1990 with stability of reaction to the disease.",Included,
"Chipeta, M. M., Melis, R., Shanahan, P., Sibiya, J., Benesi, I. R. M.",2017,Genotype x environment interaction and stability analysis of cassava genotypes at different harvest times,The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences,27,3,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3617/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) like most other crops responds to the effect of genotype by environment interaction (GEI), which makes it difficult to identify the superior genotypes in terms of performance, stability and adaptability. Currently there is limited information about the adaptability of cassava genotypes at different times of harvesting (TOH). Due to increasing demand for early storage root bulking varieties, and confounding effects of site, crop age, and season during selection, there is a need for the objective characterization of genotypes in terms of adaptability and stability with respect to TOH. The study was, therefore, conducted to identify high yielding, stable and adaptable cassava genotypes at different times of harvesting (6, 9 and 12 months after planting, MAP) through the application of multivariate analysis techniques. The study was conducted in four environments using sixteen genotypes using a triple lattice design. Variance components for individual environment were analysed using Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) while combined analysis was performed using Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model. The AMMI analysis of variance at three TOH revealed that variances due to genotypes, environments, and GEI were significant for most of the traits. However, at 6 MAP, GEI was not significant for most of the traits. Significance of main effects indicated stability of some genotypes across environments while GEI significance indicated that some genotypes were specifically adapted to certain environments. The non-significance of GEI at 6 MAP for almost all traits means that genotypes can be reliably evaluated in any single environment. Selection of a) high yielding genotypes based on mean performance, b) stable genotypes based on GSI (mean performance and ASV) and c) adaptability of genotypes based IPCA1 versus IPCA2 identified five genotypes (Mulola, Phoso, Maunjili, Beatrice and Unknown) that exhibited consistent performance, stability and adaptability across the three harvest periods. These genotypes are therefore best candidates for production in any of the studied and other similar environments.",Included,
"Tumuhimbise, R., Melis, R., Shanahan, P., Kawuki, R.",2014,Genotype x environment interaction effects on early fresh storage root yield and related traits in cassava,The Crop Journal,2,5,10.1016/j.cj.2014.04.008,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15216/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important root crop worldwide. It exhibits substantial differential genotypic responses to varying environmental conditions, a phenomenon termed genotype x environment interaction (GEI). A significant GEI presents challenges in the selection of superior genotypes. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of genotype, environment and GEI on early fresh storage root yield (FSRY) and related traits in cassava. Accordingly, 12 cassava genotypes were evaluated in a randomised complete block design at three contrasting locations (Jinja, Nakasongola and Namulonge) in Uganda. Trials were harvested nine months after planting and the data collected were analysed using the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model. The AMMI analysis of variance showed significant variation among genotypes for early FSRY and all other traits assessed. Locations were significantly different for all traits except for cassava brown streak disease root necrosis. The GEI effect was non-significant for early FSRY, but significant for other traits. For early FSRY, 48.5% of the treatment sum of squares was attributable to genotypes, 27.3% to environments, and 24.1% to GEI, indicating a predominance of genotypic variation for this trait. Predominance of genotypic variation was also observed for all the other traits. A majority of the genotypes (67%) had low interaction effects with locations for early FSRY, with Akena, CT2, CT4 and NASE14 being the most stable genotypes for the trait. Significant negative correlation was observed between cassava mosaic disease severity and early FSRY and storage root number, indicating significant negative effects of cassava mosaic disease on early FSRY and stability in cassava. The information generated will inform future selection initiatives for superior early-yielding cassava genotypes combining resistance to cassava mosaic and brown streak diseases in Uganda.",Included,
"Ssemakula, G., Dixon, A.",2007,"Genotype X environment interaction, stability and agronomic performance of carotenoid-rich cassava clones",Scientific Research and Essays,2,9,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16876/,"Cassava is widely consumed in Africa where malnutrition is rampant; there is, therefore, a major effort to produce micronutrient biofortified cassava. Adoption of such cassava genotypes will largely depend on their agronomic performance, resistance to biotic stresses, and the stability of these traits. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the influence of genotype (G) environment (E), and G x E interaction on fresh root yield (FRY), dry root yield ( DRY), dry matter content (DM), cassava mosaic disease (CMD), bacterial blight (CBB), cassava anthracnose diseases (CAD), and cassava green mite (CGM) in carotenoid-rich cassava, (ii) evaluate performance of the selected clones for the traits and establish any linear relationships between them, and (iii) determine the most stable clones for FRY, DRY, and DM. Genotypes were evaluated over two years (2004/2005,2005/2006) at five locations in Nigeria. All clones expressed mild CBB and CAD symptoms; eleven clones did not have CMD symptoms, while CGM was the most severe biotic stress. There were significant negative correlations between CMD and CBB, CBB and CAD, CBB and FRY, CBB and DRY, CAD and CGM, and CGM and FRY. This implies that selecting for one trait in a pair may be indirectly selecting against the other. There were significant positive correlations between CMD and CAD, CMD and FRY, CMD and DRY, CBB and CGM, CAD and FRY, and CAD and DRY. This implies that improving one trait in a pair may indirectly improve the other. G effects had the largest impact on CMD, CGM, and DM; location effect (L) had largest impact on CBB, CAD, FRY and DRY. Effects of L, G x L and G x year x L interaction were significant for all traits. The high influence of E on FRY, DRY, CBB, and CAD, will limit progress in breeding and selection for these traits in carotenoid-rich cassava. The substantial E and G x E effects on CMD, CGM, and DM, albeit with high G effects, suggest prospects for advance in breeding for these traits though the extent may be limited by the failure of some genotypes to respond. Clones 01/1235, 94/0006, 01/1206, 01/1412 and 91/2324 (check) were stable with relatively high FRY; 01/1380, 94/0006, and 30572 were stable with high DRY; 94/0330, 01/1646, 01/1277, and 95/0379 were stable with relatively high DM.",Included,
"Zinsou, V., Wydra, K., Ahohuendo, B., Hau, B.",2005,Genotype x environment interactions in symptom development and yield of cassava genotypes with artificial and natural cassava bacterial blight infections,European Journal of Plant Pathology,111,,10.1007/s10658-004-2877-6,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/20116/,"Thirty-seven cassava genotypes from Benin, including advanced breeding lines, were tested for their reaction to bacterial blight in the forest–savanna transition, wet savanna and dry savanna zones of Benin. Sixteen genotypes were repeated in 12 environments. In year 1998, genotypes RB92164, RB92022, TMS30572, BEN86004, RB92033 and Dangbo2, and in year 2000, genotypes RB92202, RB92151, RB92132 and TMS30572 were resistant in one ecozone. Among the more resistant genotypes, CAP94030, BEN86040, RB89509, RB92132 and TMS30572 showed low interaction across environments and were most stable in disease reaction. Ten genotypes were classified as high yielding across environments. Among the more resistant group of genotypes, only TMS30572 and RB89509 were high yielding, with RB89509 being unstable in yield across environments. Selection of genotypes proved reliable only after artificial inoculation. Comparing environments, artificially inoculated treatments in the wet savanna zone and in the forest–savanna transition zone with stable high symptom severity proved most suitable for screening of genotypes, while the wet savanna zone with low natural infection in year 1998 was suitable for production of propagation material, and the site in the dry savanna zone with natural infection in year 1998 was the best environment for cassava production. The correlation between disease severity and root yield was significant only for the non-inoculated treatment in the dry savanna zone in year 2000 (R = −0.58), but not in any other environment. Among the 37 genotypes tested, several genotypes can be recommended to farmers in specific ecozones, and genotype TMS30572 revealed as relatively stable in disease resistance and in high yield across ecozones.",Included,
"Maroya, G., Norbert, Kulakow, Peter, Dixon, O., Alfred G., Maziya-Dixon, B., Busie",2012,"Genotype × Environment Interaction of Mosaic Disease, Root Yields and Total Carotene Concentration of Yellow-Fleshed Cassava in Nigeria",International Journal of Agronomy,8,,10.1155/2012/434675,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10710/,"Twenty-one yellow-fleshed cassava genotypes were evaluated over two years in five major cassava growing agroecological zones in Nigeria. The trials were established in a randomized complete block design with four replications to assess genotype performance and Genotype Environment interaction for cassava mosaic disease (CMD), fresh and dry root yield (FYLD; DYLD), root dry matter content (DMC), and total carotene concentration (TCC). Combined analysis of variance showed significant differences (P < 0.001) among genotypes (G), environment (E), and Genotype Environment interaction (GE) for all the traits tested. For reaction to CMD, the best genotypes showing stable resistance were TMS 07/0539 and TMS 07/0628. For root yield, the best genotypes were TMS 01/1368 and TMS 07/0553. Genotype TMS 07/0593 was the best for DMC and TCC across the 10 environments. Variation among genotypes accounted for most of the Total Sum of Squares for CMD (72.1%) and TCC (34.4%). Environmental variation accounted for most of the Total Sum of Squares for FYLD (42.8%), DYLD (39.6%), and DMC (29.2%). This study revealed that TMS 07/0593 has the highest and most stable TCC, DMC with the lowest CMD severity score and appeared to be the best genotype.",Included,
"Baafi, E., Safo-Kantanka, O.",2008,"Genotype-environment interaction (GXE) effects on some major rheological properties of cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz)",American Journal of Food Technology,3,3,10.3923/ajft.2008.214.219,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1683/,"Trials were conducted at two different locations in the Forest and Transition ecozones of Ghana to determine the presence and relative importance of GXE interactions on rheological properties of cassava using 8 genotypes. Data collected include solubility, swelling power, water-binding capacity (flour and starch) and swelling capacity and pH for the gari. The data were subjected to the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in a Factorial Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD). Genotypic differences (p<0.05) were observed for all the traits studied except water-binding capacity and swelling power of starch. GXE interaction was significant (p<0.05) for all traits studied. These differential genotypic responses across locations means that the relative performance of varieties will differ across environments and this can complicate evaluation and selection of genotypes for specific domestic and industrial uses. Thus, indicating the importance of GXE interactions on cassava improvement and industry in Ghana.",Included,
"Bokanga, M., Ekanayake, I.J., Dixon, A.G.O., Porto, M.C.M.",1994,Genotype-environment interactions for cyanogenic potential in cassava,Acta Horticulturae,375,,10.17660/ActaHortic.1994.375.11,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2375/,"The distribution of the cyanogenic potential in cassava germplasm has been found to be a continuum from very low values to high levels. Within the same genotype, the cyanogenic potential is affected by the planting season; it is low when planted at the beginning of the rainy season, and high when planted at the end of the rainy season. Water stress is known to increase the cyanogenic potential. Recent findings indicate that the effects of water stress on cyanogenic potential are more complex than originally thought. A high ground water table with an associated low water stress to the developing cassava roots does not necessarily lead to lower cyanogenic potential. Excess water stress created by an above ground water table leads to higher cyanogenic potential. The location effect on cyanogenic potential is very pronounced. The cyanogenic potential of a genotype can increase up to five-fold when planted in a different location. The genotype-environment interactions are less pronounced but significant; some genotypes maintain the same cyanogenic potential ranking when planted in various agroecological zones, even though the absolute values of cyanogenic potential may be increased or decreased. These effects of the environment on cassava cyanogenic potential are explained using available knowledge on biosynthesis, regulation and translocation of cyanogenic glucosides.",Included,
"Okogbenin, E., Ekanayake, I.J., Porto, M.C.M.",2003,Genotypic variability in adaptation responses of selected clones of cassava to drought stress in the Sudan savanna zone of Nigeria,Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science,189,,10.1046/j.1439-037X.2003.00050.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12883/,"Identification of drought-tolerant and -resistant varieties of cassava is of paramount importance for the maximization of productivity potential in drought-prone areas. Nine improved cassava varieties developed in humid and subhumid agro-ecologies were evaluated for their growth responses and adaptability in the dry savannas of Nigeria. Field trials were set up in two cropping seasons at three different locations. Parameters evaluated included fresh root yield (FRY), fresh shoot yield (FSY), cumulative leaves formed (CLF), cumulative leaf scars (CLS), root dry-matter content (DMC), harvest index (HI), and root cyanogenic potential (CNp). Results demonstrated that varietal response differed with water table site, implying different adaptation responses of varieties to the water regime. Variations in all characters studied were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by genotype, suggesting a strong genetic basis for the phenotypic differences amongst varieties. Compared with variation attributable to location, the genotypic components were strong for FRY, FSY, CLF, CLS, HI and DMC. HI and DMC were not significantly affected by location. CNp tended to increase with increasing drought stress. The significance of genotype × environment effects for FRY suggested that genotypes may be selected for specific adaptation for drought‐prone environments. The poor adaptability responses of the majority of the varieties implied that an agro-ecologically targeted breeding scheme for the dry savanna would be a more appropriate approach for the development of drought-tolerant varieties.",Included,
"Adjebeng-Danquah, J., Manu-Aduening, J., Gracen, V. E., Offei, S. K., Asante, I. K.",2016,"Genotypic variation in abscisic acid content, carbon isotope ratio and their relationship with cassava growth and yield under moisture stress and irrigation",Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology,19,4,10.1007/s12892-016-0004-9,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/430/,"This study was carried out to assess genotypic variability in abscisic acid content, carbon isotope ratio, and their relationship to storage root yield and yield components in cassava under irrigation and moisture stress. The study involved 20 cassava genotypes arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation water was applied using a drip irrigation system with a discharge rate of approximately 5.33 L m-2 hr-1. Significant (P &lt; 0.05) genotypic variability was observed for all physiological, growth, and yield traits assessed. Abscisic acid content was higher under stress than irrigation and negatively correlated with root yield (r = -0.45), harvest index (r = -0.43), and above-ground biomass yield (r = -0.20) indicating that it can be used as indirect selection criteria against unproductive genotypes. Carbon isotope ratio was significantly and positively correlated with above-ground biomass yield (r = 0.20) but not root yield (r = 0.09). Estimates of genotypic variability indicated high values for most of the growth and yield components but low heritability values for abscisic acid content, carbon isotope ratio, stomatal conductance, and root yield under stress conditions. However, higher estimates were recorded under irrigation and in the combined analysis. It was also found from this study that carbon isotope ratio influences above-ground biomass but not storage root yield under stress conditions. The results from this study provide useful information on the relationship between abscisic acid content, carbon isotope discrimination, and storage root yield in field-grown cassava.",Included,
"Subere, J.O.Q., Bolatete, D., Bergantin, R., Pardales, A., Belmonte, J.J., Mariscal, A., Sebidos, R., Yamauchi, A.",2009,Genotypic variation in responses of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) to drought and rewatering: Root system development,Plant Production Science,12,4,10.1626/pps.12.462,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16965/,"Soil moisture condition is a major factor that affects root system development and thus, crop production. This study aimed to evaluate genotypic variations of cassava in root system structures and their responses to different soil moisture conditions by examining various root traits including production and elongation of adventitious roots and their laterals. Four pot experiments were conducted and different genotypes of various backgrounds were grown under well-watered, droughted, and droughted to rewatered conditions. One field experiment was also conducted with selected genotypes till maturity. Results showed that substantial genotypic variations exist in root system structure, and the effects of the soil moistures were significant for most of the root traits. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the lateral root development mainly accounted for the variations in root system structure regardless of soil moisture conditions. The PCA on the differences between droughted and well-watered control, and droughted-rewatered and the control further indicated that the branching ability of adventitious roots was mainly responsible for the root system responses to drought as well as rewatering. Genotypic ranking in root system responses to drought was almost consistent among the pots and field experiments. Genotypic variations in rooting depth were relatively small while those in horizontal spread were apparent in the field experiment. The ability to maintain adventitious root elongation under drought, resulting in relatively large horizontal spread of root system and to recover sharply from drought by lateral root branching may be related to good growth and yield performance under field.",Included,
"de Oliveira, E. J., Santana, F. A., de Oliveira, L. A., da Silva Santos, V.",2014,Genotypic variation of traits related to quality of cassava roots using affinity propagation algorithm,Scientia Agricola,72,1,10.1590/0103-9016-2014-0043,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/20231/,"The conservation, sustainable evaluation and use of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genetic resources are essential to the development of new commercial varieties. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of cassava roots and to estimate genetic variation and clustering in cassava germplasm using the Affinity Propagation algorithm (AP), which is based on the concept of ""message passing"" between data points. AP finds ""exemplars"" of each group and members of the input set representative of clusters. The genotypic data of 474 cassava accessions were evaluated over a period of two years for starch yield (StYi), root dry matter (DMC), amylose content (AML), and the level of cyanogenic compounds (CyC). The AP algorithm enabled the formation of nine diversity groups, whose number reflects the high genetic diversity of this germplasm. A high homogeneity of genetic distances was observed within all the groups, except for two groups in which there was a partial overlap caused mainly by a high variation of the CyC trait. In addition, no relationship between the genetic structure and CyC (sweet and bitter cassava) was observed. Analysis of variance of the nine clusters confirmed the presence of differences between the groups. Thus, the results of this study can be used in future breeding programs (hybridization or selection) to introduce new genetic variability into commercial cultivars to avoid problems related to low genetic variation and to improve the quality of cassava roots.",Included,
"El-Sharkawy, M. A., Lopez, Y., Bernal, L. M.",2008,Genotypic variations in activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and correlations with leaf photosynthetic characteristics and crop productivity of cassava grown in low-land seasonally-dry tropics,Photosynthetica,46,,10.1007/s11099-008-0038-4,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5092/,"Field trials with a large group of cassava germplasm were conducted at the seasonally-dry and hot environments in southwest Colombia to investigate photosynthetic characteristics and production under drought conditions. Measurement of net photosynthetic rate (P N), photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE), mesophyll conductance to CO diffusion (g m), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) activity of upper canopy leaves were made in the field. All photosynthetic characteristics were significantly correlated with final dry root yield (Yield). Correlations among the photosynthetic traits were also significant. PEPC activity was highly significantly correlated with P N and PNUE, indicating the importance of the enzyme in cassava photosynthesis and productivity. Among a small selected group from the preliminary trial for yield performance, the second year Yield was highly significantly correlated with P N measured on the first year crop. Thus variations in the measured photosynthetic traits are genetically controlled and underpin variations in yield. One short-stemmed cultivar M Col 2215 was selected for high root dry matter content, high harvest index, and tolerance to drought. It was tested under the semi-arid conditions of the west coast of Ecuador; participating farmers evaluated cultivar performance. This cultivar was adopted by farmers and officially released in 1992 under the name Portoviejo 650.",Included,
"Ekanayake, Indira J., Lyasse, Omar",2003,Genotypic variations in physiological deterioration of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) storage roots under inland valley conditions,"Food, Agriculture & Environment",1,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5015/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important starchy food crop in the inland valley ecosystem areas in West Africa where harvesting and marketing infrastructure is not optimal and post harvest losses are high. An attempt was therefore made to assess the genotypic variability of physiological deterioration (PD) of storage roots obtained from plants grown under inland valley field conditions. Cassava storage roots showed rapid PD within 48 hours after harvesting due to wounding related discoloration. After 6-months field growth under hydro-morphic conditions during the dry season, roots were harvested and the root PD scores obtained visually at 24 and 48 h after was compared among 60 genotypes. The differences in root PD reaction between these genotypes were highly significant (P<0.001) at 24 h after harvest. Genotypic differences in root PD (at 24h after) were expressed more in the distal than the proximal region of roots. At 48 h after harvest, however the genotypic differences became apparent only at proximal ends of roots. Location of the field with respect to water regime significantly (P<0.001) affected the root PD response 24 h after harvest. Rapid PD test was appropriate to differentiate the genotypic differences 24 and 48-h after root harvest. This study provides an early visual scoring method on cassava root quality and thereby aids to detect a key part of post harvest deterioration losses incurred.",Included,
"Oluwole, O. S. A., Oludiran, A.",2013,Geospatial association of endemicity of ataxic polyneuropathy and highly cyanogenic cassava cultivars,International Journal of Health Geographics,12,,10.1186/1476-072X-12-41,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13118/,"Background Exposure to cyanide from cassava foods is present in communities where ataxic polyneuropathy is endemic. Ataxic polyneuropathy is endemic in coastal parts of southwest and southeast Nigeria, and coastal Newala, south India, but it has been reported in epidemic or endemic forms from Africa, Asia, or Caribbean. This study was done to determine if cyanogenicity of cassava cultivars is higher in lowland than highland areas, and if areas of endemicity of ataxic polyneuropathy colocalize with areas of highest cyanogenicity of cassava. Methods Roots of cassava cultivars were collected from 150 farmers in 32 of 37 administrative areas in Nigeria. Global positioning system was used to determine the location of the roots. Roots were assayed for concentrations of cyanogens. Thin Plate Spline regression was used to produce the contour map of cyanogenicity of the study area. Contour maps of altitude of the endemic areas were produced. Relationship of cyanogenicity of cassava cultivars and altitude, and of locations of areas of high cyanogenicity and areas of endemicity were determined. Results Geometrical mean (95% CI) cyanogen concentration was 182 (142-233) mg HCN eq/kg dry wt for cassava cultivars in areas 25 m above sea level, but 54 (43-66) mg HCN eq/kg dry wt for areas > 375 m. Non-spatial linear regression of altitude on logarithm transformed concentrations of cyanogens showed highly significant association, (p < 0.0001). Contour map of concentrations of cyanogens in cassava cultivars in Nigeria showed four areas with average concentrations of cassava cyanogens > 250 mg HCN eq/kg dry wt, and one area of moderately high cyanogen concentration > 150 mg HCN eq/kg dry wt. The endemic areas colocalized with areas of highest cassava cyanogenicity in lowland areas close to the Atlantic Ocean. Conclusion This study shows strong geospatial association of areas of endemicity of ataxic polyneuropathy and areas of highest cyanogenicity of cassava cultivars. Finding of higher cyanogenicity of cassava in lowland than highland areas indicate strong influence of altitude on expression of cyanogens in cassava cultivars.",Included,
"Mumford, P.M., Grout, B.W.W.",1978,Germination and liquid nitrogen storage of cassava seed,Annals of Botany,42,1,10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a085447,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11536/,,Included,
"Ellis, R.H., Roberts, E.H.",1979,Germination of stored cassava seed at constant and alternating temperatures,Annals of Botany,44,6,10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a085782,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5167/,"Cassava seed is only capable of germinating over a restricted range of constant temperatures. During storage the optimum constant temperature for germination decreases from about 35 to 30 °C or possibly less. The rate at which the optimum temperature changes during dry storage increases with increase in storage temperature over the range 0 to 40 °C. Some alternating-temperature regimes (16 h at the lower temperature; 8 h at the higher temperature) can provide conditions as favourable for germination as the optimum constant temperatures. Furthermore, it has been shown that temperature alternation itself is stimulatory because when the range of the alternation does not include the optimum constant temperature value, percentage germination is often higher than could be obtained at any constant temperature within the range, though this stimulatory response declines during storage. For these reasons it is provisionally recommended that cassava seed should be germinated at 25/35 °C which is as stimulatory a treatment as any which has so far been investigated and has the advantage of encompassing the range over which the optimum constant temperature changes during storage.",Included,
CIAT,1992,Germplasm management and improvement,Cassava Program 1987-1991,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19226/,,Included,
"Alabi, Bamidele S., Ayeni, Albert O., Agboola, Akinola A., Majek, Bradley A.",2001,Giant sensitiveplant interference in cassava,Weed Science,49,2,10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0171:GSIIC]2.0.CO;2,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/794/,"Giant sensitiveplant interference at different population densities in cassava established at 10,000 plants ha was investigated on a Ferric Luvisol in a humid tropical environment. Interference for 12 mo was compared at 0, 10,000, 20,000, 30,000, and 40,000 plants ha and at natural populations (averaging 630,000 plants ha) in four randomized complete blocks. Results showed that the order of cassava growth parameter response to giant sensitiveplant interference for 12 mo was leaf number > height > stem girth > leaf size == petiole length. The natural population density of giant sensitiveplant reduced growth faster and more than populations of 10,000 to 40,000 plants ha in cassava. All giant sensitiveplant populations from 10,000 plants ha and higher reduced storage root yield in cassava 12 mo after planting. Yield reduction increased as giant sensitiveplant population increased and the highest reduction of 85%% occurred in the natural population of giant sensitiveplant.",Included,
"Cock, J.H.",1986,"Global Workshop on Root and Tuber Crops Propagation: Proceedings of a Regional Workshop held in Cali, Colombia, 13-16 September, 1983","Global Workshop on Root and Tuber Crops Propagation: Proceedings of a Regional Workshop held in Cali, Colombia, 13-16 September, 1983",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3823/,,Included,
"Tscherning, K., Leihner, D.E., Hilger, T.H., Müller-Sämann, K.M., El Sharkawy, M.A.",1995,Grass barriers in cassava hillside cultivation rooting patterns and root growth dynamics,Field Crops Research,43,02-Mar,10.1016/0378-4290(95)00028-O,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17926/,"Living grass barriers can effectively reduce soil erosion on hillsides under cassava [Manihot esculenta Crantz]. Competition below ground in barrier-crop systems is, however, poorly understood. The objectives of this study were, therefore, (i) to describe rooting patterns and spatial root distribution of cassava and of grasses commonly used as live barriers in soil conservation, and (ii) to determine root growth dynamics over time, using direct observation and quantitative methods. Field research was carried out near Santander de Quilichao, Colombia, on a Typic Dystropept soil where average annual precipitation is 1799 mm. Single 20-m rows of vetiver grass [Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash], lemon grass [Cymbopogon citratus (DC. ex Nees) Stapf] and guatemala grass [Tripsacum andersonii J.R. Gray] were grown on a 13% slope. Cassava was planted in rows on either side of the grass barriers. Observation pits were dug in the cassava-grass plots and perspex sheets fitted closely to exposed walls. These pits allowed periodic tracing of roots. Root length was recorded in metres either per total of an exposed surface measuring 0.8 (depth) and 1.2 m (width) or measuring 0.2 (depth) × 1.2 m (width). Because of their vertical growth and their weak tendency to branch, the roots of vetiver grass rarely mixed with cassava roots, signifying a largely separate soil exploration by the two plants. In contrast, the profuse vertical and horizontal spread of guatemala grass and cassava roots indicated a joint exploration of soil volume. The cassava-lemon grass system revealed an intermediate pattern. The longest roots per exposed area of 0.2 × 1.2 m were observed for cassava growing on both sides of the vetiver grass barrier, and increasing from 6.0 m in the 0–20 cm profile segment to 7.3 m in the 20–40 cm segment. In contrast, roots of cassava with guatemala grass shortened from 5.4 m in the uppermost profile segment to 3.6 m in the 20–40 cm segment. Vetiver grass exhibited the slowest and steadiest root growth and guatemala grass the fastest. Final total root lengths obtained from the entire exposed soil profile were 7 m for vetiver grass, 16 m for guatemala grass and 17 m for lemon grass. Cassava root growth was very slow initially, but increased 25–28 weeks after grass planting when grass root growth temporarily slowed down as a result of cutback. Final total cassava root lengths obtained from the exposed soil profile were 17, 10 and 10 m in association with the three grasses, respectively. The differences in rooting pattern, root growth dynamics and final root lengths suggest that different degrees of root interaction may have occurred, with possible consequences for soil exploration, and nutrient and water uptake.",Included,
"Sinkumkoon, P., Thanachit, S., Anusontpornperm, S., Kheoruenromne, I.",2014,Green Manure and N Fertilizer Rate Effects on Cassava and Sweet Corn Sequential Cropping in a Sandy Typic Plinthustult,Soil Science,179,7,10.1097/SS.0000000000000077,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16510/,"ABSTRACT Appropriate N fertilizer rate for cassava and sweet corn sequential cropping grown after different green manures was investigated on a Typic Plinthustult in the tropical climate of Thailand. Split-plot experimental design was used, and three treatments, ruzi grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis), sun hemp (Crotalaria juncea), and local weeds (e.g., jungle rice (Echinochloa colana), crabgrass (Digitaria biformis), and coat button (Tridox procumbens)) grown as green manure, were chosen as the main plot. Nitrogen fertilizer levels, 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 times the rates recommended for cassava (94 kg N ha) and sweet corn (191 kg N ha), were tested as subplots. Comparing average yield over all fertilizer treatments, ruzi grass statistically had the highest dry biomass and the lowest N content and released the highest NH4-N but gave the lowest tuber yield and peeled sweet corn grown after cassava. Incorporation of sun hemp, having the highest N content and the highest NO3-N released to the soil, significantly gave the highest yields of cassava (25.1 t ha) and peeled sweet corn (3.5 t ha) and aboveground biomass. Incorporated sun hemp and N applied at recommended rates significantly gave the highest cassava fresh tuber yield of 27.2 t ha. Either crop grown sequentially showed no response to N fertilizer rates except for cassava starch content that significantly decreased with increasing N fertilizer rates. In a separate experiment, sun hemp decomposition resulted in a slightly higher available N production than did ruzi grass. The sun hemp decomposition was greater in most weeks during the experiment.",Included,
"Bowichean, R., Thanachit, S., Anusontpornperm, S., Kheoruenromne, I.",2013,"Green manuring effect on yield of cassava-sweet corn sequential cropping on degraded sandy soil, Northeast Thailand",Kasetsart Journal - Natural Science,47,3,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2527/,"The green manuring effect on cassava-sweet corn sequential cropping was evaluated in a sandy Typic Plinthustult soil in Thailand. The highest fresh biomass was observed for ruzi grass (18.53 t.ha-1) followed by local weeds (14.08 t.ha-1), sword bean (12.69 t.ha--1) and sun hemp (12.39 t.ha-1). Sword bean tended to contain the highest nitrogen content (2.28%) while ruzi grass had the greatest potassium content (2.32%). The control (local weeds) had the highest phosphorus content (0.15%) but released more nitrogen than did the others with 148.65 mg.kg-1 followed by sword bean, sun hemp and ruzi grass (133.83, 92.77 and 59.5 mg.kg-1, respectively). The release of nitrogen was greatest at 2 wk after the incorporation of these green manures and the amount continuously reduced, while the release from local weeds ended before the others. Sun hemp was found the most suitable green manure in cassava-sweet corn sequential cropping on this soil and gave the highest tuber yield (27.19 t.ha-1) and fresh-peeled sweet corn (4.19 t.ha-1) but it gave the lowest starch content (30.13%) of cassava tuber. The incorporation of sword bean gave the lowest cassava yield (13.56 t.ha-1) whereas the lowest amount of sweet corn yield (2 t.ha-1) was obtained from the incorporation of ruzi grass. The three green manure plants showed almost no effect on soil properties due to the soil still having low residual plant nutrients and weak soil structure but ruzi grass tended to improve the soil physical properties more than did sun hemp and sword bean.",Included,
"Oku, E., Aiyelari, A., Truong, P.",2014,Green structure for soil and water conservation on cultivated steep land,Kasetsart Journal - Natural Science,48,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12940/,"A study was conducted on a farmer's field on a 35% slope in the humid forest zone, Nigeria on the use of a green structure that performed some engineering functions on cultivated steep lands to help curtail soil and water losses. Treatments consisted of a vetiver grass strip as a green buffer structure at different surface spacings of 5, 15, 25 m with no vetiver as the control and were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three blocks. Twelve erosion plots each measuring 50 m long and 3 m wide were used for the study. The plots were planted with cassava and maize in a simple crop mixture. The runoff, soil loss and crop yield were assessed under the four treatments. The rainfall lost as runoff with no vetiver (control plot) was 24.8% compared to 7.7, 11.5 and 11.6% lost on the green structure plots at spacings of 5, 15 and 25 m, respectively. Soil loss on the no vetiver plot was 40 times higher than the acceptable soil loss limit of 12 t.ha-1 yr-1 for the tropics, whereas the soil loss on plots under vetiver at spacings of 5, 15 and 25 m was 1.4, 6.8 and 6.5 times higher than the acceptable limit. The maize grain yield and the fresh cassava tuber yield were significantly lower in the control plots and highest with the 5 m spacing. A vetiver strip as a green structure was more effective at a spacing of 5 m as it reduced soil and water losses and increased crop yield. This spacing was also adequate for traditional pre- and post-farming activities.",Included,
"Nolte, C., Tiki-Manga, T., Badjel-Badjel, S., Gockowski, J., Hauser, S.",2005,"Groundnut, maize and cassava yields in mixed-food crop fields after calliandra tree fallow in southern Cameroon",Experimental Agriculture,41,,10.1017/S0014479704002145,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12279/,"Shortened fallow periods lead to a decline in crop yields in traditional mixed-food crop fields in southern Cameroon. Farmers use no inputs such as fertilizers for crop production in these field types. Planted fallows with adapted tree species might sustain or increase crop production under those conditions, as found in other parts of Africa. Two-year-old calliandra tree fallows, with trees planted in alleys, clusters, equidistantly or around plot borders, were compared with two- and four to five-year-old natural fallows for their effect on groundnut, maize and cassava yields on eighteen farmer fields in southern Cameroon. Trial fields covered a wide range of soil and environmental conditions. The tree fallows had no significant effects on the yields of maize and cassava with the exception of the border planting, in which trees were not rigorously pruned back prior to cropping. Here, cassava tuber yields were reduced. Cassava tuber yields declined generally with decreasing planting distance to trees. The yield of groundnut, the most important crop in this field type, was adversely affected. However, maize grain yields were positively related to biomass produced by calliandra trees, notably on soils with pH over about 5.3. The data indicated that yields of all crops could be increased with higher plant densities, irrespective of fallow type. The tree fallows, with the exception of border planting, showed less adaptability than four to five-year-old natural fallows to sites with low crop yields, whereas no difference compared with two-year-old natural fallows was found.",Included,
"Hauser, S.",2008,Groundnut/cassava/maize intercrop yields over three cycles of planted tree fallow/crop rotations on Ultisol in southern Cameroon,Biological Agriculture and Horticulture,25,4,10.1080/01448765.2008.9755063,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7025/,"Lack of crop yield response to planted tree fallow led to introducing a two-year fallow phase to determine if planted tree fallow can improve soil fertility and yields over a no-tree control. Three cycles of two years fallow followed by slash-and-bum land preparation and one year of groundnut /cassava/maize intercropping were conducted with Senna spectabilis, Flemingia macrophylla and Dactyladenia barteri as planted hedgerow fallows and a no-tree control on an Ultisol in southern Cameroon. The land had been continuously cropped to maize/cassava intercrop for 5 years previous to the first two-year fallow phase. Groundnut grain yields were unaffected by fallow system in 1998 and 2001 and tbe sum of the three cropping years. Maize grain yield was unaffected by fallow system in 1998. In 2001 and 2004 maize grain yield was highest in tbe S. spectabilis system. Total maize grain yield across tbe three cropping years was higher in tbe F macrophylla and S. spectabilis systems than in the D. barteri system. Cassava root yields were in all years and the sum of the 3 years unaffected by fallow system. Cassava root (1998, 2001) and groundnut grain (200 I) yields had significant spatial responses to tbe distance from hedgerows, with yield increases with increasing distance from hedgerows. Annual biomass production of hedgerow prunings during cropping phases ranged from zero (D. barteri) to 3.4 Mg ha-1 (S. spectabilis). During the growtb of groundnut and maize, hedgerows produced < 1 Mg ha-1 in 1998, < 0.6 Mg ha- 1 in 2001 and < 0.8 Mg ha-1 at any individual pruning. Combined relative crop yields over tbe three cycles were lower in planted fallow than in the no-tree control. The N export with groundnut and maize grain and cassava roots, as an indicator of crude protein production was lower in the planted hedgerow fallow systems than in no-tree control. The planted fallow hedgerow system appears unsuitable to improve crop yields because the nutrient supply from prunings is low due to their low biomass production. Yet on short distances, tbe spatial response of cassava and groundnut indicates competition between hedgerows and crops, which was most pronounced on cassava and groundnut in the S. spectabilis system. The crop combination appears incompatible as benefits realized by the maize were outweighed by losses in groundnut.",Included,
"Hauser, S., Norgrove, L., Nkem, J. N.",2006,"Groundnut/maize/cassava intercrop yield response to fallow age, cropping frequency and crop plant density on an ultisol in southern Cameroon",Biological Agriculture and Horticulture,24,3,10.1080/01448765.2006.9755026,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7024/,"Two methods of intensifying crop production in 'no-external-input' slash and burn crop fallow rotation systems: increased crop density and increased cropping frequency, were tested on an Ultisol in southern Cameroon. Two common fallow types, secondary forest (forest fallow) and young volunteer regrowth dominated by Chromolaena odorata (bush fallow) were cleared, burned and planted to a groundnut/maize/cassava/plantain intercrop for one year or two consecutive years. Maize, cassava and plantain were planted at the 'traditional' low density, at a 30% higher density and at high density with Calliandra calothursus hedgerows as a soil fertility replenishment treatment. An increased maize density did not increase maize grain yield but reduced the groundnut grain yield in both years. Cassava root yield was not affected by planting density. In the second year of cropping, cassava yields were higher in bush fallow than in forest fallow. The cumulative maize grain yield of two consecutive years was unaffected by plant density in the bush fallow but was higher in the high plant density with C. calothyrsus than in low plant density in the forest fallow. Cumulative groundnut grain yields were higher in the low plant density than in high density in bush fallow and higher in the low density than the high density and the C. calothyrsus system in forest fallow. Cumulative cassava root yields had the same response as groundnut grain yields in the forest fallow, yet in the bush fallow, high and low plant density out-yielded the C. calothyrsus system. Yield increases through increased maize and cassava density were not possible. An increased total production through higher land use frequency appears possible at low plant density, yet not for maize. Alternative intensification options are discussed.",Included,
"Mkumbira, J., Mahungu, N.M., Gullberg, U.",2003,Grouping locations for efficient cassava evaluation in Malawi,Experimental Agriculture,39,2,10.1017/S0014479702001199,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11172/,"Cassava, a crop widely adapted in the tropics, has the important attribute of withstanding adverse environmental conditions better than do many other staple crops. The performance of an individual genotype, however, is influenced by the environment in which it grows. In Malawi, the heterogeneity of agro-ecologies requires the cumbersome and costly assessment of new cassava genotypes at many sites. This study was conducted, therefore, to test the feasibility of selecting only a few locations for cassava evaluation that would be representative of all the agro-ecologies in which cassava is grown in Malawi. Enormous environmental effects, largely contributed by the interaction between season and location, were manifested. Genotype × environment interaction, due largely to a third level interaction (genotype × season × location), was highly significant for all the traits studied. A principal component analysis scatter plot showed no particular grouping of environments, but a pair-wise comparison showed that some of the locations had limited genotype × environment interaction, indicating that it would be sufficient to use one of these sites for evaluating these traits. The value of the residual was often large, probably as an effect of environmental heterogeneity in the test sites. The authors conclude that cassava genetic improvement will continue to be slow if Malawi is used as a single breeding zone. They recommend a much finer grouping of the locations and the use of smaller plot sizes to allow more clones to be tested at more sites for the same cost. Locations may be selected for intensive cassava breeding work from those that give the best discrimination between genotypes while having insignificant genotype × environment interactions in a relatively large number of environments.",Included,
"Ahit, O.P., Abit, S.E., Posas, M.B.",1981,Growth and development of cassava under the traditional and the Mukibat systems of planting,Annals of Tropical Research,3,3,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/581/,"Two methods of propagating cassava were compared using 4 levels of fertilizer application. One method was the Mukibat system based on the grafting of Manihot glaziovii with M. esculenta. The other method was the Traditional or the engrafted system using the stalks of the M. esculenta as planting material. Higher rates of NPK application resulted in a significant increase in plant height, leaf area index (LAI), root diameter, root length and root weight of cassava for both methods of planting. However, cassava plants under the Mukibat system had taller stature, larger root diameter and heavier root weight compared to those planted using the traditional system, although the latter had higher LAI.",Included,
"Williams, C.N.",1971,Growth and productivity of tapioca (Manihot utilissima) II. Stomatal functioning and yield,Experimental Agriculture,7,1,10.1017/S0014479700004786,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18969/,"The stomatal functioning of high, medium and low yielding clones of tapioca was examined to see whether yield could be associated with conductivity and/or resistance to moisture stress. A sensitive falling pressure porometer was used to measure stomatal conductivity to the viscous flow of air at small pressure differences. No marked differences were observed which could account for the large range in yields shown by the varieties, but stomatal functioning could be related to canopy type and to planting conditions. In general the conductivity values of all three varieties were very low compared to many other crop species, which suggests that increases in canopy efficiency and yield could be obtained in certain environments by an increase in leaf conductivity.",Included,
"Williams, C.N.",1972,"Growth and productivity of tapioca (Manihot utilissima) III. Crop ratio, spacing and yield",Experimental Agriculture,8,1,10.1017/S0014479700023450,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18970/,"High yield in the tapioca varieties studied appears to be associated with sink activity of the tubers and consequently with crop index. Growth measurements indicate that assimilation is significantly affected by sink activity as well as by the functioning of the assimilation apparatus. The form of the crop growth curve, and the effect of spacing on yield and distribution of dry matter are also considered.",Included,
"Williams, C.N.",1974,Growth and productivity of tapioca (Manihot utilissima) IV. Development and yield of tubers,Experimental Agriculture,10,1,10.1017/S0014479700006359,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18973/,"Root measurements on three Malayan varieties of tapioca (high, medium and low-yielding clones) showed that the onset of tuberization brings about a slowing-down or cessation of growth in root length, but no changes in stem growth rate were associated with the onset of tuber growth. High yield was associated with high tuber weight rather than with tuber number, which could be related to the size of storage tissue cells formed by the root cambium. The process of tuberization in tapioca is discussed generally.",Included,
"Williams, C.N., Ghazali, S.M.",1969,Growth and productivity of tapioca (Manihot utilissima)—I. Leaf characteristics and yield,Experimental Agriculture,5,3,10.1017/S0014479700004439,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18968/,"The shoots of high, medium and low yielding clones of tapioca were examined to see whether yield was associated with morphological characteristics of the foliage and/or with leaf area development. The lowest yielding variety had the highest leaf area per stem, and vice versa, differences in leaf area being mainly due to differences in leaf size. Leaves of the highest yielding variety possessed attenuated lobes, which tended to have a more vertical mid-day orientation, whereas the lowest yielding variety possessed large broad-lobed leaves with more horizontal orientation. The intermediate variety had acutely attenuated lobes and showed a much more vertical day-time orientation. The relationship between the leaf properties and canopy efficiency is discussed.",Included,
"Prammanee, S., Kamprerasart, K., Salakan, S., Sriroth, K.",2010,"Growth and starch content evaluation on newly released cassava cultivars, Rayong 9, Rayong 7 and Rayong 80 at different harvest times",Kasetsart Journal - Natural Science,44,4,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14401/,"The objectives of this study were to evaluate the growth and the starch content of cassava at different harvest times for four promoted cultivars (Rayong 5, Rayong 90, Kasetsart 50 and Huay bong 60), three newly released cultivars (Rayong 9 or CMR 35-64-1, Rayong 80 or CMR 35-22-196 and Rayong 7 or CMR 35-21-199) and one variety of CMR 35-55-166. The results showed that the newly released cultivars, Rayong 9 and Rayong 7, had good average growth. However, their plant and fresh root weights were not significantly different from the other cultivars. Huay bong 60 and Rayong 9 tended to have higher average plant and fresh root weights than the other cultivars. Rayong 80 had the highest starch content analysis using the Reimann scale balance method, followed by Rayong 9, Kasetsart 50 and Rayong 7, respectively. The newly released cultivars, Rayong 80 and Rayong 9, had good starch content based on both fresh and dry starch analysis when the roots were harvested at 10 or 12 months after planting. These cultivars could be recommended for growing in Prachinburi province and a suitable harvest time should be 10 or 12 months.",Included,
"Njoku, D. N., Afuape, S. O., Ebeniro, C. N.",2010,Growth and yield of cassava as influenced by grain cowpea population density in Southeastern Nigeria,African Journal of Agricultural Research,5,20,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12234/,"The use of some leguminous crops for soil fertility improvement is being promoted for root and tuber crops production in Nigeria. Cowpea has a lot of advantages and is more compatible with cassava than other legumes. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) was intercropped with cassava (NR 8082 at 10,000 plants per hectare) at four plant densities (20,000; 40,000; 60,000 and 80,000 plants per hectare) in 2004 and 2005 planting seasons at the National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI) research farm in Umudike (07 33 ' E, 05 29 ' N), Southeastern Nigeria. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The leaf area index (LAI) of cassava was highest with the highest cowpea planting density in 2005, but not in 2004 planting year. Similarly, maximum fresh root yield (t/ha) of cassava was influenced by population density in 2005, but not in 2004 planting year. Cassava root yield was highest with the cowpea planting density of 80,000 plants/ha. Cowpea variety IT93K- 452-1 at a population density of 80, 000 plants/ha is recommended for increased soil fertility for cassava production in the Southeastern Nigeria.",Included,
"Tsay, J.S., Fukai, S., Wilson, G.L.",1989,Growth and yield of cassava as influenced by intercropped soybean and by nitrogen application,Field Crops Research,21,2,10.1016/0378-4290(89)90044-0,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17925/,"Earlier experiments on cassava/soybean intercropping showed that early-maturing soybean reduced the growth of cassava, but that after soybean maturity partitioning of assimilates favoured tuber growth so that tuber yield was not reduced below that of sole cassava. An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that this favourable partitioning was due mainly to limited N availability to the intercropped cassava, and also to examine if performance of cassava/soybean intercropping was affected by the level of N application. There were three N treatments in both sole and intercropped cassava; no application, and application of 80 kg N ha−1 either at planting or at day 85 when soybean was harvested in intercropping. The experimental area was irrigated frequently to minimize the development of plant water stress.

In sole-cropping, application of N at planting enhanced leaf area and dry-matter production during early stages of growth, but the effects did not persist until the final harvest. Dry-matter partitioning to tubers was reduced, and in consequence tuber yield tended to be less in this treatment than in the no-N control, although not significantly. Application at day 85 had negligible effects on dry-matter production and partitioning.

The adverse effect of soybean on the growth and morphology of intercropped cassava was similar to, but more severe than, that of the no-N application in sole crop. Total dry-matter of intercropped cassava was always less than that of sole cassava in any N treatment. Lateral-branch production and leaf turnover were reduced by the presence of soybean, and the consequent reduction in shoot demand for assimilates resulted in an increased proportion of assimilates partitioned to tubers. When N was applied at planting, harvest index was higher in intercropped than in sole cassava, and tuber yield was similar in the two crops.

Intercropping under no N application made only a slight further improvement in harvest index over the corresponding sole cassava, while severely reducing total dry-matter production. It appears, therefore, that the tuber-yield advantage of cassava/soybean intercropping is likely to be small under low availability of soil N.",Included,
"Salami, A.O., Osonubi, O.",2006,Growth and yield of maize and cassava cultivars as affected by mycorrhizal inoculation and alley cropping regime,Journal of Agricultural Sciences,51,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15655/,"Effect of mycorrhizal inoculation and two pruning regimes in experimental alley cropping treatments on the leaf biomass and nutrient yield of sole and mixed Gliricidia sepium (a nodulating plant) and Senna siamea (a non-nodulating plant) were investigated both in the greenhouse and in the field. The impact of the mixtures of these legumes as hedgerows on maize and one cultivar of cassava was also studied on the field. Gliricidia sepium prunnings were found to have high nutrient yields, notably 358.4 kg ha-1 of N and 14.7 kg ha-1 of P as well as fast decomposition and nutrient release. In both Gliricidia and Senna, there was similar leaf dry matter values in sole and mixed inoculated or non-inoculated trees for either of the pruning regime and for most of the pruning harvests, although significant differences occurred between inoculated and non-inoculated mixed or sole trees. There was no difference between the total leaf dry matter of the two- and three-month pruning regimes in G. sepium. However. in contrast to G. sepium, the total leaf dry matter of the two-month pruning regime of S. siamea was lower than its three-month pruning regime, except for sole non-inoculated trees. Generally, inoculation and mixing of trees in the same hedgerows significantly increased the total N and P yield in G. sepium and S. siamea with greater values in the former than the latter. Mycorrhizal inoculations consistently increased the yield of the cassava root tuber and maize grain over their non-inoculated counterparts.",Included,
"Lilley, J.M., Fukai, S., Hicks, L.N.",1988,Growth and yield of perennial cassava in the subhumid subtropics,Field Crops Research,18,1,10.1016/0378-4290(88)90058-5,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9893/,"Growth and tuber yield of perennial cassava crops of up to 4 years' duration were compared with those of annual crops in a subhumid subtropical environment where low winter temperature limits crop growth to 8–9 months per year.

Resumption of growth by perennial cassava was rapid; sprouting occurred at many nodes in spring, and its canopy intercepted more solar radiation than did young annual crops. However, total biomass production during a season was generally slightly less than that of annual crops.

After four seasons of cropping, four annual crops combined produced 49.4 t ha−1 of tuber dry weight. Corresponding yields for two 2-year crops, one annual plus one 3-year crop, and one 4-year crop, were 44.7, 40.3 and 38.1 t ha−1, respectively. The higher productivity of the annual crops was partly related to irrigation applied in the first three seasons to the annual crops. In the fourth season when no irrigation was applied to any crop, the annual increments of tuber weight in 2- and 4-year crops were similar to the tuber yield of the annual crop. It was concluded that productivity of a 2-year crop is 90–100%, and that of 3- and 4-year crops is 80–90%, that of annual cassava.",Included,
"Manrique, L. A.",1992,Growth and Yield Performance of Cassava Grown at Three Elevations in Hawaii,Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,23,01-Feb,10.1080/00103629209368576,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10636/,"Although cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is grown at different elevations in the tropics, little is known of the effects of the environment at these elevations on leaf area development and dry matter production. An experiment was conducted in 1988 on the Island of Maui, HI at elevations of 282, 640, and 1097 m to study the effects of temperature and solar radiation on leaf area index (LAI), dry matter production and dry matter partitioning of cassava. Cassava (cv. Ceiba) was planted on 10 February 1988 at all elevations and was harvested 300 d later. Mean air temperatures (MAT) during the growing season were 22.4-degrees-C, 20.6-degrees-C, and 18.1-degrees-C at 282, 640, and 1097 m, respectively. Corresponding mean solar radiation (SR) were 21, 15, and 15 MJ /m2/d. Maximum LAI at 282 m was 4.0 compared to 1.8 at 1097 m. After 240 d, edible root yield at 282 m was 2.0 times and 6.7 times greater than corresponding yields at 640, and 1097 m, respectively. At harvest, yields of roots of marketable size (root diameter > 5 cm) were nearly one fourth of the total root yield at 282 m compared to one fifth at 640 m and zero at 1097 m. The effect of MAT on plant growth was critical during early plant growth as MAT was closer to the threshold (17-degrees-C) for plant growth. Low temperatures at 640 and 1097 m delayed emergence, branch appearance, and leaf area development. Later on, as temperatures became warmer in summer, SR primarily determined plant growth responses among elevations.",Included,
"Adeniyan, O. N., Ayoola, O. T.",2006,Growth and yield performance of some improved soybean varieties as influenced by intercropping with maize and cassava in two contrasting locations in Southwest Nigeria,African Journal of Biotechnology,5,20,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/341/,"Four improved varieties of soybean (TGX 1448-2E, TGX 1445-2E, TGX 1485-1D and TGX 1019-2E) were evaluated for growth and yield performance under intercropping system with maize and cassava at Ibadan and Oniyo in 2001 and 2002. Plant height at harvest, number of pods per plant, weight of 100 seeds and seed yield were used to assess the performance of improved varieties of soybean while grain yield and fresh tuber yield were considered for maize and cassava under the intercropped. Combined analysis of variance of growth and yield parameters showed variations among improved varieties of soybean, maize and cassava for intercropping, location, year and their interactions. Soybean variety TGX 1485-1D with highest number of pods per plant, weight of 100 seeds and seed yield was the most desirable variety for intercropping with maize and cassava across the two locations. Maize grain yield and cassava fresh tuber yield were similar among the four improved varieties of soybean in their response under the intercropped across the two locations. Higher seed yields of soybean varieties were obtained from Oniyo (derived savanna agro ecology) compared to Ibadan (rain forest agro ecology) probably due to differences in climatic conditions. The study has indicated that TGX 1485-1D, which was highest yielding across the different locations, will fit well into the farming systems of small-scale farmers of Southwest Nigeria.",Included,
"Oka, M., Sarakarn, S., Limsila, J.",1989,"Growth Characteristics of a Recommended Cassava Cultivar, Rayong 3, in Thailand",Japanese Journal of Crop Science,58,3,10.1626/jcs.58.390,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12818/,"Growth characteristics of Rayong 3, a recommended cultivar with sparse branching habit, were compared with those of Rayong 1, a traditional cultivar with tall and erect stems. Root production was largely influenced by the total dry matter production during the rainy season which was closely associated with a leaf area index (LAI). Rayong 3 showed some advantages in root production when compared with Rayong 1; i) high dry matter production during the rainy season, which was associated with a high LAI due to mainly the high leaf production rate per plant, ii) a high harvest index and iii) high dry matter and starch contents of storage roots. A moderate branching habit, represented by Rayong 3, could maintain a high harvest index when the total dry matter production and leaf area increased under the prevailing growth conditions of cassava in Thailand.",Included,
"Fagbola, O., Osonubi, O., Mulongoy, K.",1998,Growth of cassava cultivar TMS 30572 as affected by alley-cropping and mycorrhizal inoculation,Biology and Fertility of Soils,27,1,10.1007/s003740050392,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5479/,"The effect of inoculation with Glomus clarum, a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus, and alley-cropping on the growth of the cassava cultivar, TMS 30572, was investigated under field conditions in a low nutrient tropical soil. Cassava was grown either interplanted between two hedgerow tree species (alley-cropped) or sole-cropped. Sub-plots were either inoculated with G. clarum or were not inoculated. No effort was made to destroy the indigenous mycorrhizal fungi. Three months after planting, no significant influence of G. clarum inoculation was observed on the growth of roots, shoots or leaf area index (LAI). However, with time, inoculation and system of cropping enhanced these growth parameters. Nine months after planting, the total biomass of alley-cropped cassava was significantly higher than that of inoculated and non-inoculated sole-cropped cassava. Inoculation had led to an increase in the fresh tuber yield of both the alley- and sole-cropped cassava 12 months after planting. The LAI of both alley- and sole-cropped cassava inoculated with G. clarum increased.",Included,
"Lian, Tan Swee",1980,Growth parameters related to productivity in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17301/,"Dry matter production and distribution to major plant organs were studied by periodic harvests over 12 months in six varieties of cassava with varying branching patterns. Simultaneous studies traced the pattern of branching, leaf size and leaf area development, rates of leaf production and of node weight increase, and leaf life. Total dry matter production depends on leaf area index (LAI) and leaf photosynthetic rate. Measurements by an infrared gas analyzer on single attached leaves indicated varietal differences in apparent photosynthetic rates. The LAI of three varieties, with high, intermediate and low rates, was altered by leaf and apex clipping. A relationship was found between crop growth rate (CGR) and LAI, and a possible association between CGR and photosynthetic efficiency. LAI is influenced by canopy characteristics, viz. leaf size, rate of leaf production and leaf life. Leaf production has two components: production rate per apex, and rate of apex production which relates to branching. Root bulking has a lower optimal LAI than CGR, implying competition with dry matter utilization by stems, leaves and stakes. The capacity for branching determines LAI but also establishes the potential for top growth and its competitive sink strength. Node weight increased throughout the crop duration, and branching both augmented the stem mass and accelerated leaf production rate through rapid apex increase. Results from leaf and apex clipping suggest that new leaves constituted a very substantial sink.",Included,
"Enyi, B.A.C.",1973,Growth rates of three cassava varieties (Manihot esculenta Crantz) under varying population densities,Journal of Agricultural Science,81,1,10.1017/S0021859600058251,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5224/,"The effect of variety and spacing on growth, development and yield of cassava and the relationship between growth, development and yield in three cassava varieties were investigated during the 1971 and 1972 growing seasons. Msitu Zanzibar outyielded Aipin Valenca and these two varieties in turn outyielded Amani 4026/16. The varietial effect was associated with differences in the rate of bulking. Increase in plant density led to an increase in the yield of tubers per hectare, the mean increase with increasing plant density being greater in Aipin Valenca than in either Amani 4026/16 or Msitu Zanzibar. Increase in plant density from 12000 to 18000 plants/ha led to a decrease in root tuber yield in Amani 4026/16. The calculated optimum density for maximum yield was 6·7, 6·4 and 5·6 plants/m2 respectively for Msitu Zanzibar, Aipin Valenca and Amani 4026/16. The spacing effect on tuber yield was associated with differences in the rate of bulking. Aipin Valenca was usually taller than the other varieties and, in general, increase in plant density increased the height of the plants.

Final total dry matter/m2 was greater in Aipin Valenca and Msitu Zanzibar than in Amani 4026/16 and, with the exception of the last variety, total dry matter/m2 increased with increasing plant density. Total dry matter produced per plant was greater in Msitu Zanzibar than in Aipin Valenca and these two varieties had greater dry weight per plant than Amani 4026/16. In the three cassava varieties, the dry weight per plant increased with decreasing plant density.

A greater proportion of the total dry matter was diverted into the root tubers of Aipin Valenca and Msitu Zanzibar than in Amani 4026/16. Generally, increase in plant density decreased the proportion of total dry matter diverted into the root tubers. Mean crop growth rate increased with increasing plant density while mean net assimilation rate and relative growth rate decreased with increasing plant density. Amani 4026/16 and Aipin Valenca had a greater mean crop growth rate and a greater net assimilation rate than Msitu Zanzibar. Mean relative growth rate was greater in the latter than in the former two varieties.

Leaf area index and leaf area duration were greater in Msitu Zanzibar than in the other two varieties and these tended to increase with increasing plant density.

There was a close and positive relationship between rate of bulking and root tuber yield and the lack of a positive relationship between leaf area duration and tuber yield is discussed.",Included,
"Carretero, Carlos Luis, Cantos, Manuel, Garcia, Jose Luis, Azcon, Rosario, Troncoso, Antonio",2009,Growth Responses of Micropropagated Cassava Clones as Affected by Glomus Intraradices Colonization,Journal of Plant Nutrition,32,,10.1080/01904160802608601,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3061/,"This study reports the effectiveness of an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus intraradices on three clones (SOM-1, 05 and 50) of cassava (Manihot esculenta). Arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation increased plant resistance to transplant stress from in vitro to ex vitro conditions and plant biomass (shoot and root) production was greatly enhanced by AM-colonization. The magnitude of AM growth stimulation over control clones was 861% (SOM-1), 1042% (05) and 854% (50). Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonized cassava plants increased cassava water uptake in terms of percentage, 62% in clone SOM-1, 24% in clone 05, and 157% in clone 50. The highest effect of AM-colonization on water content in root of clone 50 was correlated with the greatest increment in leaf tissue production (1218% over control) and with the maximum shoot/root ratio determined. The biomass distribution between shoot and root was changed by AM symbiosis and such effect varied for each clone that may be caused by mycorrhizal changes in macro/micro-nutrients translocation/compartimentation. Cassava dependence on AM symbiosis was greatest in clone SOM-1 since AM-colonization provided the highest stem (weight, length, and diameters), leaf (weight and number), bud number, and root weight. These results lead to practical applications because AM inoculation is crucial for improving cassava yield (shoot and root) and nutrition irrespective of the clone involved. Thus, importance of AM symbiosis in micropropagated cassava clones is of great practical interest in agriculture and allows the selection of the most suitable clone for dry environments due to the particular effect on root water content that improves drought adaptation.",Included,
"Kiyothong, K., Wanapat, M.",2004,"Growth, hay yield and chemical composition of cassava and stylo 184 grown under intercropping",Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Sciences,17,6,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9069/,"The objective of this field experiment was to investigate the growth, hay yield and chemical composition of cassava and stylo 184 grown under intercropping. The experiment was arranged in a Randomized Complete Block (RCB) design with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments were: sole crop cassava (C); sole crop stylo 184 (S) and three intercropping treatments comprising an additive series of one (SC), two (SSC) and three (SSSC) rows of stylo 184 to one row of cassava. The results showed that leaf area per plant (LA) of cassava was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the sole crop relative to the intercropping treatments. Both total hay yield and CPDM yield were significantly higher (p<0.05) for C treatment and lower (p<0.05) for SSSC treatment. The total hay yield and CPDM yield were significantly greater (p<0.05) in the sole crop relative to the intercropping treatments. At the first and second harvests, CP content was similar among treatments; while at third and fourth harvests, CP contents were significantly greater (p<0.05) for the intercropping treatment relative to the sole crop. At the first and second harvest, NDF contents were significantly greater (p<0.05) in the sole crop relative to the intercropping treatments, whereas NDF contents were similar among intercropping treatments. Leaf area of stylo 184 at first and second harvest were significantly greater (p<0.05) for C, SC and SSC as compared with the SSSC treatments. At each harvesting, there were no significant differences in ash, CP, NDF, ADF and ADL contents of stylo 184 hay between the sole crop and intercropping treatments, except for the first harvest. ADF contents were significantly greater (p<0.05) in S, SC treatments relative to SSC and SSSC treatments. Both collective hay yield and CPDM yield of cassava and stylo 184 were significantly greater (p<0.05) for the SSC treatment and significantly lower (p<0.05) for the S treatment. Collective hay yield and CPDM yield were significantly greater (p<0.05) for the intercropping treatments relative to the sole crop. Based on this research, it was concluded that stylo 184 showed potential for intercropping with cassava. Intercropping cassava with stylo 184 has beneficial effects and can improve foliage biomass yield and soil fertility, which would be a more sustainable system than growing the cassava as a pure stand. In terms of hay yield and CP production, two rows of stylo 184 to one row of cassava could be the optimal pattern for this intercropping system.",Included,
"Polthanee, A., Kotchasatit, A.",1999,"Growth, yield and nutrient content of cassava and mungbean grown under intercropping",Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences,2,3,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14295/,"A field experiment was carried out to investigate growth, yield and yield components of cassava and mungbean and land use efficiency, economic returns, and the uptake of soil nutrients (NPK). The results showed that total top dry weights, leaf area indices (LAI), yield and yield components of cassava were not affected by intercropping patterns and did on total top dry weights and leaf area of mungbean. Whilst grain dry weights, and pods per plant of mungbean were affected by cropping patterns but not with grains per pod and 1000-grain weights. Land equivalent ratio and combined economic value were mush greater for intercropping patterns than that of the sole crop both cassava and mungbean. Nutrient uptake per hectare of roots, stems, leaves of cassava were unaffected by intercropping patterns but did with that of mungbean due to the differences in plant populations. Total NPK uptake of cassava and mungbean grown together under intercropping patterns was similar to that of sole crop of cassava. However, the margin profit was much greater for intercropping plants than that of the sole crop since market prices were higher and the residues of plant materials of mungbean could be used to improve soil fertility apart from nodules of this legume crop being produced.",Included,
"Polthanee, A., Janthajam, C., Promkhambut, A.",2014,"Growth, yield and starch content of cassava following rainfed lowland rice in Northeast Thailand",International Journal of Agricultural Research,9,6,10.3923/ijar.2014.319.324,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14297/,"The objectives of this study were to investigate growth, yield, starch content and economic return of cassava cultivars grown following rice. Five cassava cultivars including Rayong-7, Rayong-11, Rayong-72, Kasetsart-50 and Huaybong-80 were tested in randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The results showed that at 6 months after growing. Rayong-11 gave the highest of leaf area index as well as leaves and stems dry weight. Rayong-7 produced the maximum fresh tuber roots yield, while Rayong-72 gave the highest dry roots yield. The starch content was not significantly affected by cassava cultivars. Kasetsart-50 tended to give the highest starch content. Cassava grown following rice as a bonus crop provided net income over materials cost 1,163-1,810 US dollars ha-1, depending on the cultivar.",Included,
"Aina, O. O., Dixon, A. G. O., Paul, I., Akinrinde, E. A.",2009,GxE interaction effects on yield and yield components of cassava (landraces and improved) genotypes in the savanna regions of Nigeria,African Journal of Biotechnology,8,19,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/621/,"Genetic enhancement of cassava aimed at increasing production and productivity through the provision of broad-based improved germplasm is a major goal for cassava breeders. At the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nigeria, 18 varieties comprising 12 landraces and 6 broad-based and improved varieties were evaluated at 4 locations in 3 years in a randomized complete block design in 4 replicates to determine variability among cultivars for yield components and adaptation to different environments. Results showed fresh root yield was significantly correlated (P < 0.001) with number of roots, harvest index, shoot weight and number of stands harvested. AMMI analysis partitioned main effects into genotypes, environments and G x E with all the components showing highly significant effects (P < 0.001). Environment had the greatest effect (70.3%), G x E interaction (19.0%) and genotype (10.7%). AMMI1 and unadjusted means selected the same winner in 9 out of 12 environments (75%), but differently in 3 environments. The GGE biplot (E and GxE interaction) delineated environments into mega-environments. Cultivar 4(2)1425 (moderately yielding) was the most stable and specifically adapted to Zaria. ABBEY-IFE, ATU-IWO and 2ND-AGRIC though moderately yielding were highly tolerant to CMD, suggesting a rich resource within the germplasm that could be enhanced for further genetic improvement of the crop.",Included,
"Kaiser, W. J., Louie, R.",1982,Heat Therapy of Cassava Infected with African Cassava Mosaic Disease,Plant Disease,66,6,10.1094/PD-66-475,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8562/,"Thermotherapy was used to free three cassava (Manihot esculenta) cultivars of African cassava mosaic, an important viruslike disease of cassava in East Africa. The pathogen was eradicated from 33–44% of tip cuttings (1.0–1.5 cm long) after hot-air treatment of mother plants at 37 C for 87–105 days. Survival of these tip cuttings after 35–105 days ranged from 22–73%. Exposure of entire cassava plants to hot-air treatments at 37 C for 42–96 days caused temporary remission of symptoms in most plants. Only one of 129 surviving plants was freed of disease. Two successive hot-water treatments of diseased stem cuttings at 50 or 55 C for varying intervals were not therapeutic.",Included,
"Nganje, T. N., Adamu, C. I., Ukpong, E. E.",2010,"Heavy metal concentrations in soils and plants in the vicinity of Arufu lead-zinc mine, Middle Benue Trough, Nigeria",Chinese Journal of Geochemistry,29,2,10.1007/s11631-010-0167-x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12074/,"This study focused on the influence of base metal mining on heavy metal levels in soils and plants in the vicinity of Arufu lead-zinc mine, Nigeria. Soil samples (0-15 cm depth) and plant samples were collected from cultivated farmlands in and around the mine, the unmineralized site and a nearby forest (the control site). The samples were analyzed for heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cr and Cd) by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The physical properties of soils (pH and LOI) were also measured. Results showed that soils from cultivated farmlands have neutral pH values (6.5-7.5), and low organic matter contents (<10%). Levels of Zn, Pb and Cd in cultivated soils were higher than the concentrations obtained from the control site. These heavy metals are most probably sourced from mining and agricultural activities in the study area. Heavy metal concentrations measured in plant parts decreased in the order of rice leaves>cassava tubers>peelings. In the same plant species, metal levels decreased in the order of Zn>Fe>Mn>Cu>Pb>Cr>Cd. Most heavy metals were found in plant parts at average concentrations normally observed in plants grown in uncontaminated soil, however, elevated concentrations of Pb and Cd were found in a few cassava samples close to the mine dump. A stepwise linear regression analysis identified soil metal contents, pH and LOI as some of the factors influencing soil-plant metal uptake.",Included,
"Li, M. S., Lai, Y. P., Liang, S.",2011,Heavy metal contamination of agronomic crops grown on three reclaimed mine wastelands in South China and implications for ecological restoration,Pollution in China,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9795/,"Agronomic crops grown on the reclaimed metal-mined wastelands are a pathway for toxic pollutants entering the human food chain. Agricultural rehabilitation of mine spoils in China is pretty common and its effect has been largely overlooked. Extensive sampling of the edible crops and associated soils have been conducted for the three typical manganese mine wastelands (Bayi, Lipu and Pingle) in Guangxi, south China and heavy metal contamination of crops was assessed against China Food Safety Standards. Simple pollution index (Pi) assessment indicated no Zn (except tea) and Cu pollution among these crops, but heavy pollution of Pb, Cd and Cr was found. Composite pollution index (Nemerow index, PN) showed 36 crops from 41 were heavily polluted with heavy metals. Peanut, soybean, Chinese chestnut, persimmon, cassava, mandarin and sugarcane were the most severely contaminated crops. Consumption of these crops may pose a health risk for humans. Crops tended to have a higher Cd accumulation (as indicated by Biological Accumulation Factor) in edible parts, thus Cd is the most important food safety threat. In terms of China Soil Quality Standard (class II), the minesoils contained much higher Cd and Cr levels, not suitable for agricultural plantation. Simple reclamation for crop plantation on minesoils is legally untenable and must be strictly controlled by the local governments. In addition, more diverse restoration goals with lower environmental risk should be encouraged for the mine wastelands in South China.",Included,
"Obiora, S. C., Chukwu, A., Davies, T. C.",2016,"Heavy metals and health risk assessment of arable soils and food crops around Pb-Zn mining localities in Enyigba, southeastern Nigeria",Journal of African Earth Sciences,116,,10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2015.12.025,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12567/,"This study determined the heavy metals concentration in arable soils and associated food crops around the Pb-Zn mines in Enyigba, Nigeria, and metal transfer factors were calculated. Air-dried samples of the soils and food crops were analyzed for 8 known nutritional and toxic heavy metals by Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) method. Eighty seven percent of all the 20 sampled soils contain Pb in excess of the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) set by Canadian Environmental Quality Guideline (CCME) and European Union (EU) Standard, while Zn in thirty-one percent of the samples exceeded the CCME for MAC of 200 mg/kg. All the food crops, with the exception of yam tuber, contain Pb which exceeded the 0.43 mg/kg and 0.3 mg/kg MAC standards of EU and WHO/FAO respectively, with the leafy vegetables accumulating more Pb than the tubers. The metal transfer factors in the tubers and the leafy vegetables were in the order Mo > Cu > Zn > Mn > As > Cd > Cr > Ni > Pb and Cd > Cu > Zn > Mn > Mo > As > Ni > Pb > Cr, respectively. Risk assessment studies revealed no health risk in surrounding populations for most of the heavy metals. However, Pb had a high health risk index (HRI) of 1.1 and 1.3, in adults and children, respectively for cassava tuber; Pb had HRI > 1 in lemon grass while Mn also had HRI > 1 in all the leafy vegetables for both adult and children. This high level of HRI for Pb and Mn is an indication that consumers of the food crops contaminated by these metals are at risk of health problems such as Alzheimers' disease and Manganism, associated with excessive intake of these metals. Further systematic monitoring of heavy metal fluxes in cultivable soils around the area of these mines is recommended.",Included,
"Ekanade, O.",1997,Hill-slope agro-ecosystems and their implications on environmental systems in rural southwestern Nigeria,"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment",61,02-Mar,10.1016/S0167-8809(96)01109-7,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5014/,"This study investigates the effects of continuous cultivation of hill-slopes for arable crops on the vegetation and soil components of the environment in the rural area of southwestern Nigeria. Annual rainfall in this area is 1300–1600 mm, mostly between April and October. The arable crops planted include rice, maize, vegetables, yams and cassava. The paper also discusses the probable consequences of such cultivation on the overall environmental systems of hill-slopes, including the headwaters.

The results showed that all vegetation parameters considered were significantly lower on hill-slopes than in the forest. The value of 23.79 m3 ha−1 for the volume of wood on hill-slopes compared with 1088.01 m3 ha−1 in the forest demonstrates the extent of forest degradation in the area of study. Not only are the structural and nutrient properties of soils significantly degraded on hill-slopes, but the textural properties of sand, silt and clay are degraded compared with forest soil. The following values were found for forest and hill-slope soils, respectively: water holding capacity, 55.8 vs. 40.5%; organic matter content, 4.27 vs. 2.0%; available phosphorus, 15.8 vs. 12.7 ppm; total nitrogen, 0.4 vs. 0.2%; exchangeable calcium 8.9 vs. 3.2 meq per 100 g; exchangeable magnesium 2.4 vs. 1.9 meq per 100 g; exchangeable potassium, 0.6 vs. 0.3 meq per 100 g.

The implications of the results and the management measures which could ameliorate soil and vegetation degradation to protect the hill-slope and surrounding environmental systems are discussed.",Included,
"Mohammed, I. U., Ghosh, S., Maruthi, M. N.",2016,Host and virus effects on reversion in cassava affected by cassava brown streak disease,Plant Pathology,65,4,10.1111/ppa.12458,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11225/,"The phenomenon of virus-infected plants naturally recovering health is known as reversion, and is a type of resistance mechanism exploited in some crop plants for disease control. Various parameters were investigated that affect reversion from cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) in three cassava varieties (Albert, Kaleso and Kiroba) that differ in levels of resistance to the disease. Cassava plants were inoculated by grafting with two virus species (Ugandan cassava brown streak virus, UCBSV and Cassava brown streak virus, CBSV) that cause CBSD, and the plants grown from them were subsequently assessed for reversion. The rate of reversion depended on the cassava variety, virus species, and the length and position of the stem cuttings used. A significantly high proportion of progenies were virus-free (reverted) for the resistant variety Kaleso (641% for UCBSV and 549% of CBSV), compared to the tolerant variety Kiroba (567 and 455%) and the susceptible control Albert (389 and 351%). The highest number of virus-free plants was generated from short 10cm long cuttings (e.g. 601% for Kaleso for CBSV) compared to 20cm long stem cuttings (e.g. 214% for Albert). Cuttings taken from upper stems of diseased plants produced most virus-free progenies compared to middle and lower parts. More than 50% virus-free plants were obtained in the resistant and tolerant varieties. This is a highly valuable finding and could be exploited for developing strategies to control the current CBSD epidemic in eastern and central Africa.",Included,
"Bellotti, A. C., Arias, B.",2001,Host plant resistance to whiteflies with emphasis on cassava as a case study,Crop Protection,20,9,10.1016/S0261-2194(01)00113-2,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2087/,"Host plant resistance (HPR) to whiteflies is rare in cultivated crops. A literature search revealed that HPR research with the Bemisia tabaci/Bemisia argentifolii complex has increased considerably in recent years, but large-scale screening of a wide selection of genotypes is limited. At the International Center for Tropical Agriculture in Colombia, more than 5000 cassava clones have been evaluated for resistance to Aleurotrachelus socialis. Several cultivars with high levels of resistance have been identified. Nymphal mortality was highest on the resistant cassava clone, M Ecu 72 (72.5%) and lowest on the susceptible clones CMC 40 (33%) and M Bra 12 (25.0%). When feeding on resistant genotypes, A. socialis had less oviposition, longer development periods, reduced size and higher mortality than when feeding on susceptible ones. Mortality is highest during the nymphal stages. Several whitefly resistant hybrids have been developed using M Ecu 72 as the resistant female parent. Three hybrids are being evaluated for release by the Colombian Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.",Included,
"Tindo, Maurice, Hanna, Rachid, Goergen, Georg, Zapfack, Louis, Tata-Hangy, Kasongo, Attey, Alphonse",2009,Host plants of Stictococcus vayssierei Richard (Stictococcidae) in non-crop vegetation in the Congo Basin and implications for developing scale management options,International Journal of Pest Management,55,4,10.1080/09670870902934864,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17732/,"Surveys were carried out in five vegetation types to identify, in non-crop vegetation, host plants of Stictococcus vayssierei Richard, a pest of cassava in the Congo basin. Along transects within each of these vegetation types, all plants with underground storage structures and including those belonging to the plant families known to be used by S. vayssierei were uprooted and inspected for the presence of the scale. Sixteen plant species belonging to 13 families were identified as hosts of S. vayssierei. Eleven out of the host species are indigenous and 13 are newly identified hosts for S. vayssierei. Six new host families were identified. Infestation levels and the distribution of S. vayssierei indicated that native Dioscorea species may play an important role in the maintenance of the scale in long fallows and in secondary and primary forests, while exotic plants such as cassava may contribute to S. vayssierei population growth in fallows less than eight years old. Our findings suggest that destruction and removal of S. vayssierei host plants from non-crop vegetation might be useful in reducing S. vayssierei infestations and improving cassava yields.",Included,
"Dejean, A., Matile-Ferrero, D.",1996,How a ground-dwelling forest ant species favors the proliferation of an endemic scale insect (Hymenoptera: Formicidae; Homoptera: Stictococcidae),Sociobiology,28,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4452/,"An ecological survey enabled us to establish that Arioplolepis tenella Santschi, a ground-dwelling forest ant species, can be considered as a pest permitting the dissemination of Stictococcus vayssierei Richard (Homoptera: Stictococcidae) in manioc fields in southern Cameroon, especially when the forest litter has not been destroyed. In this situation that permits A. tenella colonies to persist, the number of S. vayssieret individuals per 9-month old manioc cutting (68±12.4) is significantly superior to that in well-cleared fields where the litter was burned and the ground ploughed (24±8; p<10-4). Along with this difference in level of attack is a corresponding difference in resistance to the dry season: 76.25% of the cuttings wither during this season in the former case versus 1.4% in the latter case (p<10-4). The latter case permits the colonization of pioneer ant species such as Myrmicaria opaciventris Emery, and to a lesser degree Camponotus acvapimensis Mayr and Paratrechina sp. at the expense of A. tenella.",Included,
"Jorge, M. A. B., Robertson, A. I., Mashingaidze, A. B., Keogh, E.",2000,How in vitro light affects growth and survival of ex vitro cassava,Annals of Applied Biology,137,3,10.1111/j.1744-7348.2000.tb00072.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8380/,"Cassava is one of the most important food crops in Africa. Meristem culture is an effective method of eliminating viruses and other systemic diseases spread through the vegetative propagation of stems. However, in semi-arid conditions, survival of ex vitro plants in the field is often disappointing. When an increasing range of light regimes in vitro was provided, the fresh and dry masses more than doubled their values between 29 and 369 mmol s-1 m-2 PPFDs. Increases in numbers of senescent leaves and stem thickness were also recorded with increasing PPFD. However, PPFD above 101 mmol s-1 m-2 resulted in 30-70% reduction in plant survival, with the thin plants with the smallest fresh and dry masses being the ones with highest survival rates. High light and temperature levels in the greenhouse were also found to be critical for plant survival. It was also shown that transpirational loss from detached leaves and epicuticular wax deposits were not good indicators for predicting survival of ex vitro cassava plantlets during acclimatization.",Included,
"Fotso, A. K., Hanna, R., Tindo, M., Doumtsop, A., Nagel, P.",2015,How plants and honeydew-producing hemipterans affect ant species richness and structure in a tropical forest zone,Insectes Sociaux,62,4,10.1007/s00040-015-0423-5,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5829/,"Extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) and hemipteran honeydew are often discussed as two alternative mechanisms encouraging ant visitation in mutualistic antplant relationships, but little is known about the processes that generate distribution pattern in species-rich insect communities. A case study on the interaction between ants, EFN-bearing plants and hemipterans was investigated along a gradient of increasing disturbance from regenerated forest to mixed crop field. Ants, EFN-bearing plants and hemipterans sampling was conducted in these vegetations during the wet and the dry seasons in five locations. Results showed that partitioning of ant species between season and vegetation was significantly different from random. High specialization index was observed in hemipterans/plants and ant/hemipterans interactions. Low specialization index was observed between ants and EFN-bearing plants mainly in the mixed crop field. Ant species were mostly found in non-aggressive co-occurrence at nectar sources. At the species level, specialization index was high for Anoplolepis tenella (0.860.06) and also for its associated hemipterans Stictococcus vayssierei (0.970.02). This association is detrimental to food crop especially cassava. These results outline the effect of vegetation and food source on the structure of the ant assemblage and interaction in tropical forest zone.",Included,
"Ogburia, M. N., Okele, K.",2001,Hybrid seed production in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) after natural and artificial pollination in a humid agroecological zone,Acta Agronomica Hungarica,49,4,10.1556/AAgr.49.2001.4.7,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12705/,"An effective pollination system is an important pre-requisite for successful hybridization in any breeding programme. A field experiment was conducted between March 1998 and March 1999 at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt in a humid agroecological zone of Nigeria, to evaluate ten selected cassava clones for hybrid seed production efficiency after natural and artificial pollination. The time to 50% flowering and the number of pistillate and staminate flowers showed significant variation (P≥0.05) in the study. More staminate than pistillate flowers were produced in all clones, at a ratio of 8:1= staminate: pistillate per clone. Hybrid seed production was significantly different (P≥0.05) in the ten selected clones of cassava after natural and artificial pollination. Natural pollination was more effective as regards the rate of seed set (26.9 seeds on 0.056 ha–1, equivalent to 480.9 seeds ha–1) than artificial pollination, which produced 8.8 seeds on 0.056 ha–1 or a calculated equivalent of 156.3 seed ha–1. For optimal hybrid seed production, natural pollination using male sterile females and desirable male fecund parents, well arranged in the field to encourage effective natural cross-pollination, either by wind or insects, is suggested for increased hybrid seed production in a cassava breeding programme in a humid ecological zone of Nigeria.",Included,
"Muthuswamy, P., Krishnamoorthy, K. K., Muthukrishnan, C. R., Thamburaj, S., Shanmugam, A.",1974,"Hydrocyanic Acid Content of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Peel, as Affected by Fertilizer Application",Current Science,43,10,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11601/,,Included,
"Buschmann, H., Reilly, K., Rodriguez, M. X., Tohme, J., Beeching, J. R.",2000,Hydrogen peroxide and flavan-3-ols in storage roots of cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) during postharvest deterioration,Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,48,11,10.1021/jf000513p,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2767/,"Cassava storage roots are an important staple food throughout the lowland humid tropics. However, cassava suffers from a poorly understood storage disorder, known as postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD), which constrains its exploitation. In an attempt to broaden the understanding of PPD, nine different cassava cultivars were analyzed for specific compounds accumulating during the process. The production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is involved in the early stages of PPD in cassava roots. H2O2 was quantified and localized histochemically at the tissue and cell level in deteriorating roots. This reactive oxygen species accumulated during the first 24 h after harvest, especially in the inner parenchymatic tissue. Three flavan-3-ols, (+)-catechin, (+)-catechin gallate, and (+)-gallocatechin, accumulated during the storage of cassava roots. However, these potential antioxidants cannot be related to early storage disorders or wound responses because they start to accumulate only after 4-6 days.",Included,
CIAT,1993,I. Manihot genetic resources. 1. Germplasm acquisition and documentation,Cassava Program Annual Report 1993,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19255/,,Included,
CIAT,1993,I. Manihot genetic resources. 3. Germplasm characterization,Cassava Program Annual Report 1993,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19257/,,Included,
"Carvalho, L.J.C.B., de Souza, C.R.B., de Cascardo, J.C.M., Bloch Junior, C., Campos, L.",2004,Identification and characterization of a novel cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) clone with high free sugar content and novel starch,Plant Molecular Biology,56,4,10.1007/s11103-004-4873-9,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3095/,"This study reports the identification of a new class of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) with a storage root showing unusual free sugar accumulation and novel starch. Twenty-seven clones high in free sugar were identified under cultivation in primitive rural community areas in the Amazon. Iodine test and glucose oxidase–peroxidase reagent strips were used, in the field, for identification of starch and glucose, respectively. Five out of these 27 clones of cassava were cultivated at EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology and used for biochemical characterization, starch synthesis enzyme activities and gene expression analysis. Carbohydrates were fractioned into free sugar, polymerized water-soluble and -insoluble α-polyglucan. Clones of series CAS36 accumulate over 100 times more free sugar (mainly glucose) than commercial varieties. Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed one clone with distinct water-soluble sugars not present in the commercial cultivar. Structure analysis of the water-soluble and -insoluble α-polyglucan revealed the presence of a glycogen-like starch in clone CAS36.1. This clone indicated disruption in the starch synthesis pathway for enzyme activities and protein blot analyses in ADPG-pyrophosphorylase and branching enzyme, and their corresponding protein. Gene expression analysis indicated the lack of transcript for the gene coding for branching enzyme, but not for the gene coding for the ADPG-pyrophosphorylase small subunit. In addition, the pattern of distribution of sugar and starch content showed to be related to tissue age in the storage root.",Included,
"Olasanmi, B., Akoroda, O.M., Okogbenin, E., Egesi, C., Nwaogu, S.A., Tokula, S.M., Ukaa, T.G., Agba, J.A., Ogbuekiri, H., Nwakor, W., Nwanguma, F., Eke-Okoro, N.O., Fregene, M.",2017,Identification of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genotypes with early storage root bulking,Journal of Crop Improvement,31,2,10.1080/15427528.2017.1281182,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1670/,"Early bulking (EB) cassava varieties shorten the growth period from planting to harvesting. Cassava is preferred by farmers to many other crops because of its high-yielding potential and ability to survive a 4- to 6-month dry season. However, the crop in some cases is only able to remain alive during the dry season without further starch accumulation. This and some other factors, such as pest destruction during dry season and inability to use the same land for cultivation of other crops such as vegetables, therefore necessitate the development of EB cassava genotypes. The objective of this study was therefore to identify EB cassava genotypes using the difference in fresh storage root yield (FSRY) at different plant ages. Thirty-four cassava genotypes were evaluated at Umudike and Otobi in Nigeria in two seasons at two plant ages of 7 and 12months after planting (MAP) for FSRY. The data generated were used to classify the cassava genotypes as EB or late bulking (LB). Cassava genotypes with less than 100% increase in FSRY at 12 MAP over the yield at 7 MAP were regarded as EB, whereas those with more than 100% increase were regarded as LB genotypes. This basis was used considering the fact that root thickening in cassava commences at about 2 MAP; hence, the root yield at 7 and 12 MAP represents accumulation of assimilates for 5 and 10months, respectively. About 65%, 62%, and 79% of the genotypes were classified as EB genotypes at Otobi, Umudike, and across the two locations, respectively.",Included,
"Onyeka, T.J., Dixon, A.G.O., Ekpo, E.J.A.",2005,Identification of levels of resistance to cassava root rot disease (Botryodiplodia theobromae) in African landraces and improved germplasm using in vitro inoculation method,Euphytica,145,3,10.1007/s10681-005-1646-8,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13259/,"Cassava root rot disease is an increasing problem in Africa where yield losses of about 80% have been recorded. We evaluated 290 African landraces and 306 improved genotypes from the germplasm collections of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), for sources of resistance using root slice laboratory assay. Disease severity was assessed quantitatively by direct percentage estimation (PS) and by use of a rating scale (RS). Both methods of assessment were compared for identification of variability in the germplasm, and genotypes were classified into response groups using an enlarged rank-sum method that combined the PS and RS assessments. The two scoring methods revealed continuous variation (P < 0.001) for resistance in the sets of germplasm. Disease assessments based on PS and RS were highly correlated in both the improved germplasm (r = 0.75) and the landraces (r = 0.72). Based on PS assessment, 50 improved genotypes (16.3%) and 53 landraces (18.3%) showed significantly lower disease scores than the resistant control. The rank-sum method separated each set of collections into highly resistant, resistant, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible, susceptible and highly susceptible groups. Fifty-nine improved genotypes (16.4%) and 61 African landraces (16.9%) were identified as either highly resistant or resistant. Generally, these genotypes exhibited resistance by limiting the growth of the pathogen (reduced amount of invaded surface area). This type of rate-reducing resistance is highly heritable and a quantitative trait which can be harnessed in breeding. Genotypes subsets were identified for further studies into the genetic basis of resistance to root rot disease.",Included,
"Carsky, R.J., Toukourou, M.A.",2005,"Identification of nutrients limiting cassava yield maintenance on a sedimentary soil in southern Benin, West Africa",Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,71,2,10.1007/s10705-004-1803-9,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3069/,"Market opportunities will drive intensification of cassava production and fertilizer will play a role in this. A trial was initiated on 15 farmers ’ fields (replications) in one village territory in Benin on a relatively fertile sedimentary soil site to identify nutrients limiting cassava yield using nutrient omission plots over three cropping years. There was no response to fertilizer in the first year when fresh root yields in the unamended control averaged 19.1 t ha−1. In the second year, the control yield was 16 t ha−1 and there were significant reductions from withholding P (3.5 t ha−1) and K (2 t ha−1) from a complete fertilizer regime. Nutrient balance after 1 and 2 years (cumulative) showed substantial P and K deficits in unamended plots. In the third year, the control yield was 12.9 t ha−1 and effects of withholding K (5.3 t ha−1), P (5.0 t ha−1) and N (3.0 t ha−1) were statistically significant. Soil K was a significant source of variation in yield in the third year. In the third year of annual nutrient additions soil P and K in the top 0.3 m were increased by 37 and 40%, respectively. Based on the cumulative nutrient balance calculation, the annual application needed to compensate nutrient depletion was 13 kg N, 10 kg P, and 60 kg K ha−1. Partial budget analysis based on these amounts of fertilizer suggested that investment was clearly justified in the third year of continuous cropping at current low cassava prices.",Included,
"Wydra, K., Zinsou, V., Jorge, V., Verdier, V.",2004,Identification of Pathotypes of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis in Africa and Detection of Quantitative Trait Loci and Markers for Resistance to Bacterial Blight of Cassava,Phytopathology,94,10,10.1094/PHYTO.2004.94.10.1084,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19117/,"Cassava suffers from bacterial blight attack in all growing regions. Control by resistance is unstable due to high genotype-environment interactions. Identifying genes for resistance to African strains of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis can support breeding efforts. Five F1 cassava genotypes deriving from the male parent ‘CM2177-2’ and the female parent ‘TMS30572’ were used to produce 111 individuals by backcrossing to the female parent. In all, 16 genotypes among the mapping population were resistant to stem inoculation by four strains of X. axonopodis pv. manihotis from different locations in Africa, and 19 groups with differential reactions to the four strains were identified, suggesting that the strains represent different pathotypes. Four genotypes were resistant to leaf inoculation, and three were resistant to both stem and leaf inoculations. Genotypes with susceptible, moderately resistant, and resistant reactions after leaf and stem inoculation partly differed in their reactions on leaves and stems. Based on the genetic map of cassava, single-markeranalysis of disease severity after stem-puncture inoculation was performed. Eleven markers were identified, explaining between 16 and 33.3% of phenotypic variance of area under disease progress curve. Five markers on three and one linkage groups from the female- and male-derived framework of family CM8820, respectively, seem to be weakly associated with resistance to four strains of X. axonopodis pv. manihotis. Based on the segregation of alleles from the female of family CM8873, one marker was significantly associated with resistance to two X. axonopodis pv. manihotis strains, GSPB2506 and GSPB2511, whereas five markers were not linked to any linkage group. The quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping results also suggest that the four African strains belong to four different pathotypes. The identified pathotypes should be useful for screening for resistance, and the QTL and markers will support breeding for resistance.",Included,
"Subekti, I., Khumaida, N., Ardie, S. W.",2017,Identification of potentially high yielding irradiated cassava 'Gajah' genotype with different geographic coordinates,IOP Conference Series-Earth and Environmental Science,54,,10.1088/1755-1315/54/1/012013,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16964/,"Cassava is one of the main and important carbohydrate producing crops in Indonesia. Thus cassava production and its tuber quality need to be improved. 'Gajah' genotype is a local genotypes cassava from East Kalimantan, has high potential yield (> 60 ton Ha(-1)). However, the harvest time of this genotype is quite long (>= 12 months). The objective of this research was to identify the high yielding cassava mutants from the gamma rays irradiated 'Gajah' genotype at M1V3 population and potential yield at different location. Several putative cassava mutants ( 12 mutants) were planted in Cikabayan Experimental Field, IPB from March 2015 to March 2016 and the yields compared with the same genotype grown at different location by seeing its coordinates to observe the potential yield. Our result showed that the fresh tuber weight per plant of some putative mutants could reach more than 8 kg ( yield potential of 64 ton Ha(-1)). The harvested tubers also had sweet flavor, although the tubers of some putative mutants were bitter. Based on previous research study, the different geographic coordinate has resulted variability on fresh tuber yield. It seems that it needs to observe the stability of 'Gajah'- irradiated mutants in several location in Java Island.",Included,
"Njoku, D. N., Egesi, C. N., Gracen, V. E., Offei, S. K., Asante, I. K., Danquah, E. Y.",2014,Identification of Pro-vitamin A Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Varieties for Adaptation and Adoption through Participatory Research,Journal of Crop Improvement,28,3,10.1080/15427528.2014.888694,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12237/,"In spite of diligent efforts by National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI) Umudike and International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) to make Nigeria the largest producer of cassava in the world, the adoption rate of elite cultivars by farmers is about 40% and that is unacceptable. In addition, all cassava cultivars presently grown in Nigeria are low in essential minerals, vitamins, and protein content, and high in cyanogenic content. Cassava with yellow roots contains elevated levels of β-carotene (pro-vitamin A), an essential nutrient, but they are not commonly grown in Nigeria. Because farmers select cultivars based on multiple criteria, participatory rural appraisal and selection are essential for a successful adoption of new improved varieties. A participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and sensory evaluation were conducted in Abia, Imo, and Ebonyi states of Nigeria to assess farmers’ preferences for pro-vitamin A cassava. Some of the farmer-preferred traits included high yield, early maturity, tolerance to pests and diseases, sweetness, high amount of dry matter (DM) content, easy peeling, marketable roots, and roots that keep long in the ground without decaying. High pro-vitamin A cassava cultivars TMS 01-1368, TMS 05-1636, and TMS 05-0473 were better than farmers’ cultivar NR 8082, because of their color, high premium price, nutritional value, texture, among others, and were selected for adoption.",Included,
"Tofio, Adriana, Cabal, Diana, Snchez, Teresa, Ceballos, Hernn",2011,Identification of radiation induced mutants of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) using morphological and physicochemical descriptors,Agronomía Colombiana,29,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17758/,"For mutants of starch and other desirable traits of interest in cassava, we evaluated the physical-chemical morphology of the root and paste in inbred populations of six M2 families, derived from irradiated seeds. 1,097 plants were established, 829 of Gamma treatment and 268 of neutrons. In the morphological description, most chimeras recorded in M1 were identified except hermaphrodite flowers and bark of different colors on the same plant, new abnormalities in M2 were found, such as root without suberification, no anthesis, early flowering, meristems and changes in the supply-demand relationship. However, mortality, reduced vigor, yield and anthesis loss have also been identified as effects of inbreeding. Simple techniques such as optical microscopy and iodine staining were effective for the identification of mutants of the granule and the results were confirmed with electron microscopy analysis and pulp properties, except in mutant granule hole, in which no abnormalities of the granule were correlated with significant variations in the paste. However, Pearson correlations associated the hot paste viscosity with consistency and reorganization. Variability was found in the granule characteristics and properties of the paste between years, suggesting significant influence of genotype-environment interaction. Similarly, there were differences in paste properties associated with the type of radiation. In addition, promising mutants were identified with post-harvest physiological deterioration tolerance associated mainly to gamma.",Included,
"Neuenschwander, P., Hammond, W.N.O., Gutierrez, A.P., Cudjoe, A.R., Adjakloe, R., Baumgartner, J.U., Regev, U.",1989,"Impact assessment of the biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), by the introduced parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)",Bulletin of Entomological Research,79,4,10.1017/S0007485300018733,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12035/,"The impact of Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero on growth and tuber yield of cassava, and the results of its biological control by the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) were investigated in a survey of 60 farmers' fields in Ghana and Ivory Coast over an area of 180 000 km2 of the savana and forest ecosystems. Twenty-nine variables associated with plant growth, agronomic and environmental factors, and insect populations were recorded. Densities of P. manihoti were closely correlated with stunting of the cassava shoot tips and, less so, with the rate of stunting early in the growing season. With increasing mealybug infestations, average harvest indices declined and populations of E. lopezi and of indigenous coccinellids increased, but parasitoids were found at lower host levels than were predators. The length of time E. lopezi had been present in an area was the most important factor influencing mealybug densities. Thus, P. manihoti populations were significantly lower where E. lopezi had been present for more than half the planting season than in areas where E. lopezi was lacking or had been only recently introduced. A significant proportion of the farmers in the savanna zone, where P. manihoti populations were much higher than in the forest zone, had observed this decline due to E. lopezi. Tuber yield losses due to P. manihoti in the absence of E. lopezi were tentatively estimated at 463 g/plant in the savanna zone. No significant effect was found in the forest region. When E. lopezi was present, average P. manihoti damage scores were reduced significantly, both in the savanna and forest regions. The increase in yields was 228 g/plant or about 2.48 t/ha in the savanna region.",Included,
"Sangakkara, R., Bandaranayake, S., Attanayake, U., Stamp, P.",2012,Impact of associated intercrops on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L) in major seasons of South Asia,Maydica,57,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15777/,"Mixed cropping is a feature of smallholder tropical farming systems, and maize (Zea mays L) is the most common highland cereal planted in these systems in Asia, under rainfed conditions. A field study thus determined the effect of intercropping maize with four popular food crops, over two major seasons of tropical Asia. The bean (Phaseolus spp.) intercrop had no significant impact on growth and yields of maize, while cassava (Manihot esculenta) had the most significant adverse effect. The impact of tomato (Lycospersicon esculentum) and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) on maize was in-between those of beans and cassava. The bean, tomato and sweet potato - maize intercrops have LER values greater than unity, while that of cassava maize was lower than 1. Optimizing maize production and resource use in smallholder systems through mixed or intercropping thus requires the selection of suitable crop species.",Included,
"Shittu, T. A., Fadeyi, F. B., Ladipo, M. A.",2015,Impact of cassava flour properties on the sensory quality of composite white bread,Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops and Foods,7,5,10.3920/QAS2014.0451,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16313/,"The quality of composite baked products, which varies due to complex interaction of flour components, needs to be predictable for product optimisation purposes. This paper reports the impact of cassava flour (CF) from five cassava genotypes grown with or without fertiliser application on the quality of composite cassava-wheat bread. Composite breads were made with 10% of wheat flour substituted with CF. Sensory acceptability of the bread samples were determined based on crumb attributes (softness, elasticity, structure and colour), crust appearance, flavour and overall acceptability. Factorial analysis showed cassava genotype and fertiliser application during field cultivation significantly affected the crust appearance and crumb elasticity while their interactions affected all the sensory properties (P < 0.01). Crumb softness influenced the overall acceptability of the composite bread most significantly. The partial least square (PLS) regression models for predicting sensory acceptability scores from CF properties explained about 98-100% of the variability. Based on the PLS regression, the study concluded that pH, cyanogenic potential (CNP), and least gelation concentration (LGC) of CF were the most influential quality criteria affecting the sensory acceptability of composite bread. Generally, CF with lower CNP, acidity, amylose, and higher LGC values will give more acceptable freshly baked composite bread.",Included,
"Berni, P., Chitchumroonchokchai, C., Canniatti-Brazaca, S. G., De Moura, F. F., Failla, M. L.",2014,"Impact of Genotype and Cooking Style on the Content, Retention, and Bioacessibility of β‑Carotene in Biofortified Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Conventionally Bred in Brazil",Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,62,28,10.1021/jf5018302,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2157/,"Biofortification is a strategy for decreasing micronutrient deficiencies in vulnerable populations by increasing nutrient density in staple food crops. Roots from five varieties of cassava biofortified with beta-carotene (beta C), three parental accessions, and one variety of commonly consumed white cassava from Brazil were investigated. Roots from biofortified varieties contained up to 23-fold higher beta C than white cassava, and the additional complement of beta C was primarily the all-trans isomer. At least 68% of beta C per gram fresh weight was retained after boiling or boiling and briefly frying. Micellarization of fit during simulated digestion of fried root exceeded that of boiled root. Apical uptake of all-trans-beta C from mixed micelles by Caco-2 cells was affected by an interaction between variety and cooking style. These results suggest that Brazilian cassava biofortified with beta C has the potential to reduce vitamin A deficiency without requiring major changes in local and ethnic styles of home cooking.",Included,
"Eke-Okoro, O. N., Njoku, D. N., Madu, A., Ezulike, T. O.",2009,Impact of global warming and crop factors on the growth and productivity of four cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars in Nigeria,Scientific Research and Essays,4,10,10.5897/SRE,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5027/,"The integrated effects of weather change (Global warming), genotypic factors and cultivars on the growth and productivity of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) were investigated in South-eastern Nigeria in 1999/2000 and 2000/2001 cropping seasons. Plant height (m), number of roots and fresh root yields (t/ha) differed among the seasons in response to global warming and were dependent on a combined optimum rate of each individual treatment. The optimum plant height (m) obtained during the two seasons ranged from 2.0 to 2.1 M and were obtained by the interaction of TMS 30572 x 750 kg/ha stake weight x 3 shoots per stand. The highest fresh root yield of 28.0 and 13.6 t/ha were obtained by the interaction of cultivar NR 8082 x 875 kg stake weight x 3 shoots per stand. The combined analysis of variance for fresh root yields showed significant (P = 0.05) mean squares for cultivar, stake weight, number of shoots per stand and seasons (years). There was cultivar x stake weight x number of shoot x season interaction, indicating that the yields of the treatments responded differently relative to each other in different years. Higher plant height (2.1 m) and fresh root yield (28.0 t/ha) were obtained in 1999/2000 than in 2000/2001(1.9 m and 13.6 t/ha). Crop factors and weather change tremendously determined growth and productivity of cassava in Nigeria. Crop factors and weather were responsible for the variations in cassava yields in Nigeria.",Included,
"Hayford, E. K., Amin, A., Osae, E. K., Kutu, J.",2009,Impact of Gold Mining on Soil and some Staple Foods Collected from Selected Mining Communities in and around Tarkwa-Prestea Area,West African Journal of Applied Ecology,14,1,10.4314/wajae.v14i1.44708,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7034/,"The principle of neutron activation was used to investigate the presence of toxic elements and possible heavy metals in samples of cassava, plantain and soil from the mining communities in and around Tarkwa in the Western Region of Ghana. The results showed that the maximum concentrations of the respective metals in cassava: plantain: soil samples were arsenic (As = 0.7 μg/g:0.25 μg/g:14.35 μg/g), mercury (Hg = 0.25 μg/g:0.52 μg/g:0.09 μg/g), antimony (Sb = 0.03 μg/g: 0.03 μg/g: 2.98 μg/g ), chromium (Cr = 0.72 μg/g:3.42 μg/g:40.35 μg/g ), vanadium (V = 0.8 μg/g:0.76 μg/g:188.40 μg/g ), zinc (Zn = 38.42 μg/g:24.92 μg/g:42.36 μg/g), and copper (Cu = 66.39 μg/g: 8.74 μg/g: 53.46 μg/g). The concentrations in cassava and plantain were higher than the values proposed by the FAO, the Expert Committee on Food Additives of the WHO and the Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry (ATSDR). The concentrations of Hg (0,09 μg/g) in soil at Teberebie and of V (188.40ìg/g) at the University of Mines and Technology (UMaT) in soil were above the permitted concentrations of 5 μg/g and 90 μg/g, respectively. Samples from communities further away from the centres of mine drainages (mile 8½, mile 10½) had smaller values of element concentrations. An enrichment factor (EF) analysis for both cassava and plantain were Zn (7%) and Hg (90%). The remaining elements together add up to 3%. The enrichment factor analysis for plantain is greater than that for cassava. Mercury is the element that is chiefly enriched in both cassava and plantain. The second predominant element enriched in cassava and plantain is zinc.",Included,
"Boopathi, T., Meena, K. Sankari, Thirunavukarasu, K., Ravi, M.",2017,"Impact of insecticides on spiralling whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus (Hemiptera Aleyrodidae) and its natural enemy complex in cassava under open field conditions",Crop Protection,v. 94,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2444/,"Although insecticides can be used to control pests on cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) they could have detrimental effects on natural enemies. Nine important insecticides, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, buprofezin, acetamiprid, spiromesifen, triazophos, acephate, thiodicarb and thiacloprid, were selected to test their efficacy against spiralling whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus (Hemiptera Aleyrodidae) to clarify selectivity of these insecticides on its natural enemies. All insecticides caused substantial reduction in spiralling whitefly populations on cassava during two seasons. Acephate and triazophos were effective in controlling the spiralling whitefly population (>90% reduction in both seasons) on cassava and recorded higher tuber yield than other insecticidal treatments during both the seasons. All insecticides significantly reduced the emergence of parasitoids (Encarsia guadeloupae Viggiani and Encarsia meritoria Gahan) and percent parasitism (<1%) when compared with the control. However, buprofezin was relatively less toxic to Cybocephalus spp. and Mallada astur (Banks) than other insecticides. To summarize, buprofezin can be included in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs since it was comparatively effective in controlling of A.dispersus (>75% reduction in both seasons) and relatively less toxic to Cybocephalus spp. and M.astur which are the major predators of spiralling whitefly in cassava.",Included,
"Okore, I.K., Tijani-Eniola, H., Agboola, A.A., Aiyelari, E.A.",2007,Impact of land clearing methods and cropping systems on labile soil C and N pools in the humid zone Forest of Nigeria,,v. 120  issue 2-4,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12923/,"Labile soil C and N play vital roles in soil-plant nutrient dynamics, especially in the low input cropping system and are vulnerable to perturbation. Surface (0-0.15 m) soils from three land clearing methods (slash and burn, bulldozed non-windrowed and bulldozed windrowed) and each with two cropping systems (5-and 4-year cropping/2-year cassava fallow) were collected in the humid forest ecosystem of Nigeria. The soils were analysed for total C and N, microbial biomass C and N (SMB C and N), particulate organic matter C and N (POM C and N), water-soluble C, potentially mineralizable N (PMN) and mineral N. The size of the labile C and N and their relative contributions to the organic C and total N differed significantly among land clearing methods, irrespective of the cropping system. Soils under slash and burn had a significantly (p > 0.05) higher particulate organic matter C, N (10.80 and 0.16 g kg-1, respectively) and microbial biomass C and N (1.07 and 0.12 g kg-1) compared to the bulldozed windrow, regardless of the cropping system. Four years cropping/2-year cassava fallow resulted in a significant higher labile C and N, relative to 5-year cropped plots across the land clearing methods. Effect of the treatments on the concentration of PMN and mineral N mirrored the SMB N and POM N. However, the quantity of most of the labile C and N pool and crop yield obtained from the slash and burn and bulldozed non-windrowed treatment did not differ significantly. Hence, bulldozed non-windrowed clearing could be a viable alternative to slash and burn in the case of large-scale farming in ensuring reduced losses of soil organic matter and nutrient during land clearing in the humid tropics.",Included,
"Decans, Thibaud, Lavelle, Patrick, Jimnez Jen, Juan Jos, Escobar, Germn, Rippstein, Georges, Schneidmadl, J., Sanz Scovino, Jos Ignacio, Hoyos, P., Thomas, Richard J.",2001,Impact of land management on soil macrofauna in the Eastern plains of Colombia,,v. p. 19-41,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4446/,"The effects of different types of land management on the soil macroinvertebrate communities on acid soil savannas of Colombia have been assessed using the Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Program (TSBF) methodology. Invertebrates were identified among broad taxonomic units, TU (Orders or Families), counted and grouped in larger units, i.e., earthworms, termites, ants, beetles, spiders, miriapods, and ""other invertebrates"". Both the gallery forest and the savanna had the highest taxonomic richness and population density (average 4293 and 2830 individuals/m2, respectively) with a medium biomass (13.6 and 15.3 g/m2). Termites (47%) and earthworms (31%) were the major components of biomass. Fire had a spectacular short-term effect on macrofauna. After 6 months, the soil fauna had regenerated biomass and density were not significantly different from values recorded in the initial savanna and taxonomic richness increased to 20 TU. Macroinvertebrate communities of improved pastures were characterized by a high biomass and taxonomic richness and a medium population density. Pastures of associations of African grasses and forage legumes, had greatest earthworm biomass (22.9 to 51.1 g/m2), i.e., 4 to 10 times greater than that of the native savanna. Earthworm populations under pastures were composed of native species, with a large macrofaunal diversity (26 to 32 TU represented). Annual high input cropping systems (rice and cassava) had the lowest biomass 3.2-4.3 g/m2 and density 429-592 individuals/m2 and a low taxonomic richness, i.e., 18 TU. Macroinvertebrate communities of the well drained savannas of Colombia are very sensitive to environmental changes associated with agricultural intensification. The results obtained in these studies suggests various alternatives to conserve and stimulate the activities of soil macrofauna",Included,
"Bonato, O., Baumgartner, J., Gutierrez, J. (Laboratoire d'Acarologie Fondamentale et Appliquee, ORSTOM, Avenue Val de Montferrand, B.P. 5045, 34032 Montpellier Cedex 1 (France))",1994,Impact of Mononychellus progresivus and Oligonychus gossypii (Acari Tetranychidae) on cassava growth and yield in Central Africa,,v. 69,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2401/,,Included,
"Ekeleme, F., Chikoye, D., Akobundu, I. O.",2004,"Impact of natural, planted (Pueraria phaseoloides, Leucaena leucocephala) fallow and landuse intensity on weed seedling emergence pattern and density in cassava intercropped with maize","Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment",103,3,10.1016/j.agee.2003.11.001,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5034/,"Knowledge of magnitude and timing of weed seedling flushes is crucial in managing weeds adequately. Such knowledge is especially important for small-scale farmers in West Africa who spend a greater percentage of family labour in controlling weeds. This study assessed the composition, pattern and magnitude of seedling emergence of weed communities of a maize/cassava association in three types of fallow and four landuse intensities (continuous cropping or zero-fallow, 1 year of cropping followed by 1, 2, and 3 years fallow) over a 6-year period in Ibadan, Nigeria, West Africa. The study was carried out on a sandy loam (oxic paleustaff and psammentic ustorthent), <2% organic matter, and pH 6.2. Rainfall pattern at the study site is bimodal with average annual precipitation of 1250 mm. Weed seedling composition in the bush fallow treatment differed with year (e.g. seedling composition increased from 30 species in 1990 to 41 species in 1995) and was different from Leucaena leucocephala and Pueraria phaseoloides fallow treatments where volunteer seedlings of the respective fallow types were also present. At the initiation of the study, 1990, the seedling community was dominated by perennial weeds (60%). After 6 years, 84% of the weed seedlings were broadleaf (53% annuals and 31% perennials). Weed seedling emergence differed with type of fallow, landuse intensity and year (P<0.01). Weed seedlings emerged throughout the sampling period of 3-15 weeks after planting (WAP) crops. The highest number of weed seedlings emerged early in the season (3-5 WAP) followed by a second but smaller peak flush at 8-9 WAP and a decline over the rest of the sampling period in all types of fallow, landuse intensity, and years except in 1994. Natural bush and L. leucocephala fallow had more weed seedlings than P. phaseoloides fallow in all years except 1993 and 1995. Continuously cropped plots and plots cropped every other year had more emerged weed seedlings than plots that were cropped once followed by 2-3 years of uncropped fallow. 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Hernández-Fernández, N., Adriano-Anaya, L., Salvador-Figueroa, M., Betancur-Ancona, D., Vzquez-Ovando, A.",2016,Impact of organic fertilization on physicochemical and functional properties of cassava starch,Starch/Staerke,68,05-Jun,10.1002/star.201500257,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7124/,"Organic fertilizers were applied to cassava plants and the effect on the physicochemical and functional characteristics of the starch was evaluated. We used a full-factorial design (23) with three organic fertilizers as factors liquid bioferment (LB), vermicompost leachate (VL), and bacterial complex (BC, mixture of bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis, and Azospirillum spp.). The leaf area and the chlorophyll content of leaves exhibited similar behavior. BC-LB treatment promoted higher values in both variables. Tubers from BC-VL treatment had the highest moisture content (73.87%). The ash content showed no significant difference (p &gt; 0.05) among treatments. The protein content ranged from 0.87 (VL) to 2.27% (BC). The content of NFE presented negative linear correlation (R2 = -0.746) in fiber content for all treatments, LB-VL being the treatment with higher carbohydrate content and lower crude fiber. Only the BC fertilization promoted a higher proportion (50%) of granule size between 5 and 10 m. BC-VL treatment showed significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher swelling power, solubility, and water absorption capacity when compared to the other treatments at 80 and 90C, while syneresis was not seen to be affected. This behavior was verified by principal component analysis (PCA). The first three components showed two important associations; (i) between BC and BC-VL treatments and functional properties of starch at 90C and (ii) between the LB and BC-LB treatments and the leaf size, chlorophyll content of leaves, and starch recovered.",Included,
"Reyd, G., Leru, B.",1992,Impact of Predation by Coccinellid Larvae on Colonies of the Mealybug Phenacoccus-Manihoti in Crop Lands,Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology,13,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15091/,"A field study of predation by coccinellid larvae (Col. Coccinellidae) on populations of cassava mealybugs Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hom. Pseudococcidae) was made at two localities in the Congo, with an indigenous species Exochomus flaviventris Mader and an exotic one, Hyperaspis raynevali Mulsant. H. raynevali larvae were released on cassava plants on 7 August on 17 +/- 4 mealybugs/plant and on the 5 September on 89 +/- 25 mealybugs/plant. The releases of E. flaviventris larvae occurred on 17 August with 19 +/- 7 mealybugs/plant and on 6 October with 72 +/- 33 mealybugs/plant. 4 weeks after the first introduction of H. raynevali, the numbers of the pest multiplied by 5 on the treated plants and by 12 on the controls. In parallel, E. flaviventris larvae maintained the P.manihoti populations below the level of 20 mealybugs/plant for 3 weeks, whereas on control plants their number increased by 3.3. It was not possible, however, to obtain reliable data for the second release, because it coincided with a decline in mealybug populations attributable to natural regulatory phenomena (local E. flaviventris, rain, physiological state of the host-plant). The impact of E. flaviventris and H. raynevali was influenced by the density and age structure of the prey, but the predatory potential of the two coccinellids could not be compared.",Included,
"Aragon, I., Dufour, D., Escobar, A. F., Calle, F., Ceballos, H., Ferruzzi, M. G.",2016,"Impact of Processing on the Stability and Bioaccessibility of Provitamin A Carotenoids in Biofortified Cassava Roots (Manihot esculanta, Crantz)",Faseb Journal,30,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1241/,"Carotenoid content in cassava roots has been increased through biofortification programs as a strategy to combat vitamin A deficiency. However, incorporation of biofortified cassava into both traditional and industrial food processing has yet to be fully assessed. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of fermentation and thermal processing on the stability and bioaccessibility of pro-vitamin A carotenoids from distinct biofortified cassava roots.

Non-fermented (N-F) and fermented (F) flours were produced from 10 cassava cultivars (GM4414-5, GM4571-3, SM3757-75, SM3758-43, SM3762-15, GM5194-5, GM5194-13, GM5212-6, SM3767-84 and SM3774-24). Non-fermented flours were produced by washing, peeling, grating and oven-drying roots at 40 °C during 2 days. Fermented flours were produced by pressing wet grated cassava roots and allowing for spontaneously fermentation at RT over 2 days. Two cultivars (SM3762-15 and SM3767-84) were selected for production of Gari (G), by toasting of ferments at 150–160 °C during 15–20 min. Test porridges were made from N-F, F and G flours (22.2 % W/V) in boiling water for 5 min. Bioaccessibility of provitamin A carotenoids was then evaluated from finished products using an three-stage in vitro digestion model.

Overall, cassava cultivars contained 23.1–42.7 μg β-carotene equivalents (β-CE) / g on dry weight bases (DW). β-CE retention after fermentation was 72.5–96.6%; after oven-drying were 18.3–77.5% and 45.8–80.4% for N-F and F roots, respectively; after toasting in Gari preparation was 67.3–69.2%; after cooking in porridge preparations were 42.5–74.5%, 20.7–77.3% and 87.2–115.3% for N-F, F and G flours, respectively. Cassava flours, which involved fermentation showed higher β-CE retention (p=0.007) during oven-drying compared with N-F flours. However, no significant differences were found in β-CE retention during porridge preparation (p=0.905).

Test porridges made from N-F, F and G flours ranged from 39–309, 58–343 and 223–323 μg β-CE / 100 g FW, respectively. Bioaccessibility ranged widely from 3.3–56.9 μg β-CE / 100 g FW with bioaccessible content among the cultivars within the porridges groups ranging from 3.3–43.4, 3.66–21.4 and 20.3–56.9 μg / 100 g FW for N-F, F and G flours, respectively. In general, bioaccessible β-CE content from porridges prepared with N-F and F flours were similar with levels of 14.5 ±4.2 and 12.7 ±1.8 μg / 100 g FW, (p = 0.700). Select cassava cultivars showed improved bioaccessibility of β-CE content with the fermentation process, these results suggest that genotype factor and/or another factors in the matrix merit further investigation as they may play a significant role in facilitating bioaccessibility of carotenoids from biofortified cassava products.",Included,
"Rossato, L., Alval, R. C. S., Marengo, J. A., Zeri, M., Cunha, A. P. M. A., Pires, L. B. M., Barbosa, H. A.",2017,Impact of soil moisture on crop yields over Brazilian semiarid,Frontiers in Environmental Science,5,NOV,10.3389/fenvs.2017.00073,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15377/,"The objective of this work was to investigate the relationship between soil water content and rainfall with rice, beans, cassava and corn yields in the semiarid region of Northeast Brazil. Precipitation and modeled soil water content were compared to yields recorded at the county levels in this region. The results were also integrated over the area of the nine States that lie within the officially recognized region of semiarid climate in Brazil. The influence of water balance components was quantified by calculating their correlation coefficient with yields of the different crop species over the municipalities of the region. It was found that rainfall had higher correlation to crop yields over most of the region, while soil water content had lower values of correlation. This result is consistent with the fact that average root depth is 40 cm, lower than the layer of soil used in the model used to estimate soil water content (100 cm). Plants respond better to the precipitation in the top layers of soil, while the water storage in the deep layer of soil might be important only in other temporal and spatial scales of the hydrological cycle. 2017 Rossato, Alval, Marengo, Zeri, Cunha, Pires and Barbosa.",Included,
"Ezedinma, C.I.",1989,"Impact of some improved practices on cassava in Anambra-State, Nigeria",,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5362/,,Included,
"Thakkar, S. K., Huo, T. Y., Maziya-Dixon, B., Failla, M. L.",2009,"Impact of Style of Processing on Retention and Bioaccesibility of beta-Carotene in Cassava (Manihot esculanta, Crantz)",Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,57,4,10.1021/jf803053d,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17546/,"We previously demonstrated that the quantity of beta-carotene (BC) partitioning in mixed micelles during simulated small intestinal digestion, i.e., the bioaccessibility, of boiled cassava is highly correlated with the BC content of different cultivars. However, cassava is also traditionally prepared by fermentation and roasting. These different methods of preparation have the potential to affect both the retention and bioaccessibility of BC. Here, we first compared retention of BC in boiled cassava, gari (fermentation followed by roasting), and fufu (fermentation followed by sieving and cooking into a paste) prepared from roots of three cultivars. BC content in unprocessed cultivars ranged from 6-8 mu g/g wet weight, with cis isomers accounting for approximately one-third of total BC. Apparent retention of BC was approximately 90% for boiled cassava and fufu. In contrast, roasting fermented cassava at 195 degrees C for 20 min to prepare gari decreased BC content by 90%. Retention was increased to 63% when temperature was decreased to 165 degrees C and roasting was limited to 10 min. Processing was also associated with a decline in all-trans-BC and concomitant increase in 13-cis-BC. The efficiency of micellarization of all-trans and cis isomers of BC during simulated digestion was 25-30% for boiled cassava and gari and independent of cultivar. However, micellarization of BC isomers during digestion of fufu was only 12-15% (P < 0.05). These differences in retention and bioaccessibility of BC from cassava products prepared according to traditional processing methods suggest that gari and fufu may provide less retinol activity equivalents than isocaloric intake of boiled cassava.",Included,
"Hammond, W.N.O., Neuenschwander, P., Herren, H.R.",1987,Impact of the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi on cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) populations,,v. 8,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6868/,,Included,
"Bakayoko, S., Tschannen, A., Nindjin, C., Dao, D., Girardin, O., Assa, A.",2009,Impact of water stress on fresh tuber yield and dry matter content of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Cote d'Ivoire,African Journal of Agricultural Research,4,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1783/,"The production and transformation of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) roots are increasing in Cote d'Ivoire. Characteristics of cassava, at different times of planting and harvesting were studied. For the September plantings, the local cultivar produced less than the improved varieties but maintained a superior dry matter content. In the June plantings, there was no significant difference in fresh root weight. In June planting, the fresh tubers yields showed significant increases up to the harvest after 15 months (43.1 t ha(-1)) and declined thereafter about 37.01 t ha(-1) at 18 months, while dry matter were highest from September plantings with 37.32% at 12 months and regularly reduced until 18 months about 33.18%. The highest dry matter content of cassava tubers is attained when the water stress does not exceed one period in the first 6 months. Dry roots yields were highest (15.27 t ha(-1)) when roots were harvested in September, but continued to decrease up to 12.59 t ha(-1) in December with June planting. These findings suggest that the best time to harvest cassava is September if the aim is to transform cassava into ""attieke"" for example. Dry roots yield is markedly influenced by environmental conditions, especially water stress immediately before root harvest.",Included,
"Santisopasri, V., Kurotjanawong, K., Chotineeranat, S., Piyachomkwan, K., Sriroth, K., Oates, C. G.",2001,Impact of water stress on yield and quality of cassava starch,Industrial Crops and Products,13,2,10.1016/S0926-6690(00)00058-3,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15852/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important source of industrial raw materials. Products obtained from cassava include chip/pellets for animal feed and starch. Important for major industrial uses are the amount and quality of starch obtained from this crop. Production efficiency, including yield and quality of starch, from cassava is markedly influenced by environmental conditions, especially water stress during early plant development and immediately before root harvest. In early plant development plants deprived of water for the first 6 months were characterized by a lower yield of starch compared to plants without water stress (starch yields of six varieties including Rayong 1, Rayong 5, Rayong 60, Rayong 90, Kasetsart 50 and CMR 33-57-81 were 0.1-0.2 and 5.0-8.7 t/ha for water-stressed and without water-stressed plants). Furthermore, starch from plants deprived of water for the first 6 months of growth, was functionally different to that laid-down under optimum growing conditions. Plants responded to subsequent rainfall and after 2 months contained significant amounts of starch, though this amount was less than was expected. Despite the fact that water-stressed plants responded to the availability of water by producing starch, most functional properties remained different. The portfolio of changes was sufficient as regards the starch of lower quality. Most effected were the hydration properties. Starch granules despite being smaller (mean size and distribution) than expected were morphologically normal. A second drought period further influenced some of the starch properties, but the sustained influence of the early drought seemed to dominate the response of the plant's starch metabolism. All varieties were similarly affected. 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.",Included,
"Manyong, V. M., Dixon, A. G. O., Makinde, K. O., Bokanga, M., Whyte, J.",2000,Impact: The Contribution of IITA-improved Cassava to Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa,Impact: The Contribution of IITA-improved Cassava to Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10649/,"Since its foundation in 1967, the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) has worked, in partnership with national agricultural research systems in sub-Saharan Africa, on the improvement of cassava and dissemination of improved cassava germplasm. This paper describes the impact of this work, by looking at the spread of improved cassava varieties, their use in national breeding programs, and the ultimate benefits of this work on food security in sub-Saharan Africa. Twenty countries were surveyed, which together account for over 90% of cassava production in sub-Saharan Africa. A total of 206 cassava varieties were released between 1970 and 1998 by the national agricultural research systems of these countries. Genetic materials from IITA represented the major source of germplasm used in the development of released varieties. In 1998, improved cassava varieties were grown on about 22% of the 9 million hectares that were planted to cassava in the 20 countries. The use of improved varieties resulted in a yield increase of 49% over the average yield, and an additional production of 10 million tonnes of fresh storage roots per year, or 2200 kcal per person per day for 14 million people. Between 1970 and 1998 a total of 1381 scientists were trained at IITA, accounting for 38% of senior and 49% of intermediate level researchers currently working in cassava re-search in these countries.",Included,
"Ngobo, M., McDonald, M., Weise, S.",2004,Impacts of type of fallow and invasion by Chromolaena odorata on weed communities in crop fields in Cameroon,Ecology and Society,9,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12103/,"In the humid forest regions of southern Cameroon in central Africa, sectoral and macroeconomic policy reforms introduced in the late 1980s have led to intensified land use, which in turn has resulted in, among other environmental consequences, shortened fallow systems dominated by the Asteraceae shrub, Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson, rather than by secondary forest species. A trial was established to determine the effect of shortened fallow duration and invasion by C. odorata on the weed flora in subsequent mixed food cropping systems. Plots were established in cleared 5- to 7-year-old fallow fields in which the vegetation was either dominated by C. odorata or not, and in which the dominant fallow vegetation in the previous crop-fallow rotation had been either C. odorata, forest, or herbaceous (not dominated by C. odorata). Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), maize (Zea mays L.), and groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) were intercropped and weed species were assessed 6, 14, and 30 weeks after crop planting. Soil analyses were conducted to assess the influence of edaphic traits on the distribution and abundance of dominant weed species. The results clearly indicated an enrichment of the weed flora with time after planting, but little difference between fallow histories. Two groups of weed species corresponded with soil characteristics C. odorata, Cyathula prostrata, Mariscus alternifolius, Mikania cordata, Musanga cecropioides, and Trema orientalis were preponderant on soils with high clay, N, and C contents, and Ageratum conyzoides, Cyperus sp., Haumania danckelmaniana, Paspalum conjugatum, Pouzolzia guineensis, Richardia brasiliensis, Sida rhombifolia, Stachytarpheta cayennensis, Talinum triangulare, and Triumfetta cordifolia were preponderant on sandier soils with high pH, P, and Mg contents.",Included,
"Joslin, A., Markewitz, D., Morris, L. A., Oliveira, F. D., Kato, O.",2016,Improved fallow growth and nitrogen accumulation of five native tree species in Brazil,Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,106,1,10.1007/s10705-016-9783-0,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8421/,"Small-holding farmers of the Brazilian Amazon often use a rotation of secondary forest, slash-and-burn land-clearing and fallow phase regeneration for agriculture. In recent decades reduction of the fallow phase from similar to 20 to similar to 5 years has limited nutrient accumulation by fallow vegetation to sustain future crop growth. Slash-and-mulch and improved fallow schemes, including use of native nitrogen-fixing species, have been investigated to address the issue. In the current study in eastern Amazonia of Brazil, a 7-year old forest site was slash-and-mulched and four treatments applied; no fertilizer and no N-fixer as the control; no fertilizer with N-fixer; P + K fertilizer with no N-fixer; P + K fertilizer with N-fixer. Manioc was planted in all plots at establishment. After manioc harvest and 4 years of fallow, a total of 6 years after planting, use of P + K fertilizer increased tree growth of four of five planted species. In the presence of the N-fixer I. edulis, trends of increased growth and survival among these four tree species were observed. After 6 years, fertilization with P + K significantly increased tree volume and biomass. The N-fixer lowered survival of other species yet increased estimated N uptake of planted trees. Use of P + K fertilizer without N-fixer might allow for commercial harvest of S. amazonicum at the end of one 7-year crop-fallow cycle without jeopardizing agroecosystem N stocks. Use of P + K fertilizer in the presence of I. edulis can increase planted-tree N-content but increases in competition may limit commercial harvest yet may better sustain future food crop growth.",Included,
"Bradbury, J.H., Egan, S.V.",1994,Improved methods of analysis for cyanide in cassava and screening for low cyanide varieties in the Pacific,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2551/,,Included,
"Salako, F. K., Hauser, S., Babalola, O., Tian, G.",2001,Improvement of the physical fertility of a degraded Alfisol with planted and natural fallows under humid tropical conditions,Soil Use and Management,17,1,10.1111/j.1475-2743.2001.tb00006.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15641/,"Topsoil (0-15 cm) bulk density, aggregate stability, soil dispersibility, water retention and infiltration were measured between 1989 and 1996 on an Alfisol under rehabilitation in southwestern Nigeria. The planted leguminous species were Pueraria phaseoloides, Senna siamea, Leucaena leucocephala, Acacia leptocarpa and A. auriculiformis. Also, plots with natural fallow and maize/cassava intercropping were included. Level (minimum) and mound tillage with hoes was adopted for the cultivated areas under study after 4 and 6 year fallow periods. Under fallow, the soil bulk density decreased from 1.56 to 1.11 t m-3. The continuously cropped treatment (level tillage) had significantly higher bulk density than the fallowed subplots after 6 years. Mean soil penetrometer resistance ranged from 75 to 157 kPa for fallowed plots and from 192 to 295 kPa for the continuously cropped (level tillage) subplot. Surface soil water contents were similar for all the treatments during the soil strength measurements. Although soil aggregates were generally of low stability and not well formed, they were improved by fallowing. Soil structural improvement by planted fallows was similar to that by natural fallow, but the trees were more promising for long-term fallow (&gt;6 years) than the herbaceous R phaseoloides. However, the improvement in soil structure after 4 or 6 year fallow could not be maintained in subsequent cropping. Furthermore, the significant improvement in soil bulk density caused by A. auriculiformis and natural fallow was more rapidly lost on the cultivated subplots compared with other fallow treatments. Thus, soil structure recovery under a fallow does not imply a sustained improvement when stress is applied to this soil. Post-fallow soil management options such as residue incorporation and tillage to ameliorate compaction or soil strength will be necessary to enhance the improvements by fallow species.",Included,
"Nassar, N.M.A., Junior, O.P., Sousa, M.V., Ortiz, R.",2009,Improving carotenoids and amino-acids in Cassava,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11910/,"More than 800 million people in tropics and sub tropics use cassava as food. However, its roots are poor in protein content (0.7-2%). Amino acids such as lysine and methionine are also low, and some research reports indicate the absence of methionine in cassava edible roots. By inter-specific hybridization it was possible to increase true protein in cassava roots measured by amino acid contents. The amino acid profiles of a common cassava cultivar and an inter-specific hybrid, namely ICB 300, were determined using the computerized amino acid analyzer Hitachi L-8500. The inter-specific hybrid has 10-fold lysine and 3-fold methionine than common cassava cultivar lysine content was 0.010 g per 100 g in the common cassava cultivar while it reached 0.098 in the inter-specific hybrid. Methionine in the common cassava cultivar was 0.014 g per 100 g whereas it reached 0.041 g per 100 g in the inter-specific hybrid. Total amino acid content in the common cassava cultivar was 0.254 g per 100 g viz. a viz. 1.664 g per 100 g in the inter-specific hybrid. The genetic variability of the profile and quantity of amino acids indicate the feasibility of selecting inter-specific hybrids that are rich in both crude protein and amino acids. Carotenoid content could be improved in cassava edible roots by selecting cultivars rich in carotenoids. In Brazil, the center of cassava origin, cassava landraces have acquired through their domestication a large diversity in relation to many economic traits such as high content of carotenoids and excellent palatability among other characters. One of these clones, which has been grown by indigenous farmers in Brazil and available at the University of Braslia genebank, showed a high level of lycopene content (5 mg/kg viz. a viz. zero in common cultivars, and 12-20 mg/kg in tomato-a lycopene-rich vegetable). The cassava landrace UnB 400 had a high content of -carotene (up to 4 mg/kg). This article also discusses relevant patents to the main subject of this research.",Included,
"Xiong, L., Weite, Z., Xuecheng, T.",1986,Improving the productivity of cassava of China,"Cassava in Asia, Its Potential and Research Development Needs: Proceedings of a Regional Workshop held in Bangkok, Thailand, 5-8 June 1984",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19558/,,Included,
"Howeler, Reinhardt H., Watana, Watananonta, Tran, Ngoc Ngoan",2002,Improving the sustainability of cassava-based cropping systems in Asia: A Farmer participatory approach to technology development and dissemination,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7376/,,Included,
"Riis, L., Bellotti, A. C., Castao, O.",2003,In Field Damage of High and Low Cyanogenic Cassava Due to a Generalist Insect Herbivore Cyrtomenus bergi (Hemiptera Cydnidae),Journal of Economic Entomology,96,6,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15134/,"The hypothesis that cyanogenic potential in cassava roots deters polyphagous insects in the field is relevant to current efforts to reduce or eliminate the cyanogenic potential in cassava. To test this hypothesis, experiments were conducted in the field under natural selection pressure of the polyphagous root feeder Cyrtomenus bergi Froeschner (Hemiptera Cydnidae). A number of cassava varieties (33) as well as 13 cassava siblings and their parental clone, each representing a determined level of cyanogenic potential (CNP), were scored for damage caused by C. bergi and related to CNP and nonglycosidic cyanogens, measured as hydrogen cyanide. Additionally, 161 low-CNP varieties (&lt; 50 ppm hydrogen cyanide, fresh weight) from the cassava germplasm core collection at Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) were screened for resistance/tolerance to C. bergi. Low root damage scores were registered at all levels of CNP. Nevertheless, CNP and yield (or root size) partly explained the damage in cassava siblings (r2 = 0.82) and different cassava varieties (r2 = 0.42), but only when mean values of damage scores were used. This relation was only significant in one of two crop cycles. A logistic model describes the underlying negative relation between CNP and damage. An exponential model describes the underlying negative relation between root size and damage. Damage, caused by C. bergi feeding, released nonglycosidic cyanogens, and an exponential model fits the underlying positive relation. Fifteen low-CNP clones were selected for potential resistance/tolerance against C. bergi.",Included,
"Van der Bruggen, P., Maraite, H., Hahn, S.K.",1987,in vitro cassava-inoculation method for the selection of anthracnose-resistant cultivars,"Tropical root crops: root crops and the African food crisis, proceedings of the third triennial symposium of the international society for tropical root crops – Africa branch help in Owerri, Nigeria, 17-23 August 1986",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18297/,,Included,
"Senthil, Muthukrishnan, Nath, Vishnu Sukumari, LajapathyJeeva, Muthulekshmi, Hegde, Vinayaka Mahabaleshwar, Misra, Raj Shekar",2013,In vitro standardisation of resistance screening methods in cassava against tuber rot disease,,v. 46,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16162/,"Cassava tuber rot caused by Phytophthora palmivora in growing regions of Tamil Nadu and Kerala, is causing yield loss up to 80%. In the present study, resistance reactions of 10 cassava cultivars were analysed on leaf, stem and tuberous roots by artificial inoculation method in search of a suitable in vitro resistant screening method. Leaf and tuber analysis showed positive correlation (0.883) but the stem-based results showed negative correlation with leaf and tuber analysis. The analysis exhibited the susceptibility of the cassava cultivars against P. palmivora. Leaf analysis was superior in discriminating even small variations in resistance reactions than tuber analysis. The cultivar Sree Padmanabha showed higher resistance than other cultivars and the level of resistance in a cultivar is heritable which could be helpful in breeding programme. Based on the results it can be concluded that leaves of cassava could be used for screening resistance in the host and also in analysing the virulence of the isolate. This is the first report on screening the resistance in cassava cultivars against root rot caused by P. palmivora.",Included,
"Fokunang, C. N., Dixon, A. G. O., Ikotun, T., Asiedu, R., Tembe, E. A., Akem, C. N.",2002,"In vitro, greenhouse and field assessments of cassava lines for resistance to anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f.sp. manihotis",Mycopathologia,154,4,10.1023/A1016372208982,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5775/,"Fifty-three cassava lines were selected from breeding populations at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria and screened in vitro for resistance to cassava anthracnose disease (CAD). The in vitro inoculation of stem cuttings with the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis showed significant differences (p 0.05) in acervuli production and in the sensitivity of the cassava lines to the fungal infection after 7 days of incubation at 25 C. Cassava lines 88/01084, 91/00595, 91/00475, 91/00344, 91/00684, 91/00313, 91/00422, and 91/00344 were highly resistant, with necrotic lesion sizes less than 7 mm. In contrast pedigree lines 88/02549, 89/0008, 91/00390 and 91/00402 were highly susceptible with the largest necrotic lesion size being greater than 20 mm. Ten cassava lines from the in vitro screening that showed varying levels of resistance to CAD were selected, based on their flowering abilities for diallel hydridizati0n trials, and were further screened in greenhouse and field trials for CAD resistance. The greenhouse and field screening showed significant varietal differences (p 0.05) in sensitivity to the fungus. In all cases, the progeny lines showed correlated levels of resistance irrespective of the type of screening or assessments. Correlation analysis of the in vitro, greenhouse and field assessments showed that there was a good correspondence among all three methods of evaluating for CAD.",Included,
"Carretero, C. L., Cantos, M., Garca, J. L., Troncoso, A.",2007,In vitroex vitro salt (NaCl) tolerance of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) plants,,v. 43,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3059/,"Three cassava clones (SOM-1, 05, and 50) were cultured in vitro on MS medium plus sucrose (30 g L) and myo-inositol (100 mg L) without plant growth regulators and with additions of 0 (control), 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 g L NaCl to test their salt tolerance. The same cassava clones were cultivated in greenhouse conditions on a sandy soil substratum and irrigated with 20%% strength Hoagland solution, and additions of 0, 4, and 8 g L of NaCl. Salinity negatively affected the survival, development, leaf water content, and mineral composition (mainly by accumulation of Cl and Na) of both in vitro and ex vitro plants, but with different intensity in each clone. In both conditions of culture (in vitro and ex vitro) clone SOM-1, from a desert arid saline zone of Somalia, was the most tolerant and clone 05, from a rainy region of Ivory Coast, the most sensitive. Clone 50 tolerance to in vitro salt treatments, although lower, was not significantly different from that of SOM-1 but the ex vitro response was similar to 05. In general, there was a correlation between in vitro and ex vitro behavior of the cassava plant regarding salt tolerance, which would allow the in vitro culture method to be used for selection of salt-tolerant plants of this crop.",Included,
"Juan, Xavier, Paulo, Freitas, de, Rafael, Parreira, Diniz, Saulo, Santos, Alves, Oliveira, de, Vanderlei, Santos, da Silva, Eder, Jorge, Oliveira, de",2017,Inbreeding depression for severity caused by leaf diseases in cassava,,v. 213 (9,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8433/,"The use of inbred populations in cassava has been little exploited by breeding programs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of inbreeding depression (ID) in S families for resistance to leaf diseases and to select transgressive individuals. Five cassava varieties (Cascuda, BRS Formosa, Fcula Branca, Mani-Branca and BRS Mulatinha) were selfed, and the families S and S were evaluated for severity caused by cassava white leaf spot (CWLS), cassava brown leaf spot (CBRLS) and cassava blight leaf spot (CBLS) under field conditions. Differences among S families and between generations (S S) were identified for all diseases. The wide variation of CWLS (2.1693.38%), CBRLS (15.3169.39%) and CBLS (15.7053.64%) severity highlighted the occurrence of ID in S families, in which the average was 12.61% (CWLS), 13.72% (CBRLS) and 15.92% (CBLS). Mean estimates of homozygous loci contribution (+) were of higher magnitude compared with heterozygous loci contribution () for all diseases and families. Even in the occurrence of ID, it was possible to select resistant S individuals, in a way that the reduction in the severity of diseases based on the selection of the five most resistant individuals was 75.80% (S-BRS Formosa) for CWLS, 38.64% (S-Cascuda) for CBRLS and 33.51% (S-Cascuda) for CBLS. These results demonstrate the predominance of additive genetic effects and the possibility to select transgressive individuals in S families for increasing the resistance to cassava leaf diseases.",Included,
Juan Paulo Xavier de FreitasVanderlei da Silva SantosEder Jorge de Oliveira,2016,Inbreeding depression in cassava for productive traits,Euphytica,v. 209,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19512/,"Understanding inbreeding in cassava can guide breeders to explore its effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of inbreeding depression in cassava, as well as to select transgressive individuals. Five elite cassava varieties were self-pollinated (Cascuda, BRS Formosa, Fcula Branca, Mani-Branca, and BRS Mulatinha), and the S families were evaluated in an augmented block design with six repetitions. The traits evaluated were fresh root yield (RoYi), above ground yield (AGYi), starch yield (StYi), harvest index (HI), dry matter content (DMC), and plant height (PlHe). The inbreeding depression varied widely between families; it was high in BRS Formosa, with averages of 19.38% (RoYi), 1.68% (AGYi), 18.18% (HI), 0.47% (DMC), 17.54% (StYi) and 3.5% (PlHe). Except for the S family of BRS Formosa, the additive effects (+) were the most important, ranging from 69.95% (RoYi) to 98.20% (AGYi). In contrast, the contribution of heterozygous loci () was most relevant to RoYi, HI, and StYi, with averages of 30.05, 23.07, and 27.82%, respectively, although these effects were more pronounced in S derived from BRS Formosa and Mani-Branca. Therefore, the exploitation of inbreeding effects in cassava can contribute to the selection of plants with better agronomic performance in order to obtain cassava inbred with high genetic and agronomic potential for use per se or as parents to produce new hybrids.",Included,
"Lamptey, N.L., Crops Research Institute, CSIR, P.O Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana, Okoli , O.O., National Root Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 7006,Umudike, Imo State, Nigeria, Frimpong-Manso, P.P., Crops Research Institute, CSIR, P.O Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana",1998,Incidence and severity of African cassava mosaic disease (ACMD) and cassava bacterial blight (CBB) on some local and exotic cassava varieties in different ecological zones of Ghana,,v. 31,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9471/,"SUMMARY Seven exotic varieties of cassava, namely TMS 30001, TMS 91934, TMS 4(2)1425, TMS 30555, TMS 50395, TMS 63397, and TMS 30572 developed in /ITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, and three local varieties, namely 'Ankra', 'Bosomensia' and 'Katawia' were evaluated for African cassava mosaic disease (ACMD) and cassava bacterial blight (CBB) resistance in five ecological zones of Ghana. The trials were conducted in experimental fields of Crops Research Institute at Fumesua (Forest zone) in 1988, 1989, 1990; Aiyinase (High Rain Forest zone), Pokuase and Ohawu (Coastal Savanna zone), and Ejura (Forest- Savanna Transition zone) in 1989 and 1990; Techiman (Forest-Savanna Transition zone); and Nyankpala and Damongo (Guinea Savanna zone) in 1990. ACMD and CBB damage at 3 and 6 months after planting were scored on a 1-5 scale based on the severity of the diseases. The exotic varieties were significantly more tolerant to ACMD across the 3 years at Fumesua as well as in 1989 and 1990 across all locations. For CBB in 1990, the exotic varieties were significantly more tolerant than the local varieties in the Coastal'Savanna zone where CBB incidence and severity was relatively high.",Included,
"Pacumbaba, R. P.",1988,Incidence of 3 Major Cassava Diseases on Local Susceptible Cassava Cultivars at 3 Planting Dates,Journal of Phytopathology-Phytopathologische Zeitschrift,122,4,10.1111/j.1439-0434.1988.tb01025.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13607/,,Included,
"Li, K. T., Moulin, M., Mangel, N., Albersen, M., Verhoeven-Duif, N. M., Ma, Q., Zhang, P., Fitzpatrick, T. B., Gruissem, W., Vanderschuren, H.",2015,Increased bioavailable Vitamin B 6 in field-grown transgenic cassava for dietary sufficiency,Nature Biotechnology,33,10,10.1038/nbt.3318,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9832/,,Included,
"Pypers, Pieter, Sanginga, Jean-Marie, Kasereka, Bishikwabo, Walangululu, Masamba, Vanlauwe, Bernard",2011,"Increased productivity through integrated soil fertility management in cassava-legume intercropping systems in the highlands of Sud-Kivu, DR Congo",,v. 120,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14556/,"Smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa are confronted by low productivity and limited investment capacity in nutrient inputs. Integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) aims at increased productivity through the combined use of improved germplasm, judicious fertilizer application and organic matter management, adapted to the local farming conditions. We hypothesize that the application of these different ISFM components can result in significant increases in productivity and economic benefits of cassava-legume intercropping systems. Participatory demonstration trials were conducted in the highlands of Sud-Kivu, DR Congo with 12 farmer groups during 3 seasons. Treatments included the farmers' common practice (local common bean and cassava varieties, seed broadcast and manure addition) and sequentially added ISFM components improved bean and cassava germplasm, modified crop arrangements, compound NPK fertilizer application and alternative legume species (groundnut or soybean). The use of improved germplasm did not result in yield increases without simultaneous implementation of other ISFM components. Modifying the crop arrangement by planting cassava at 2m between rows and 0.5m within the row, intercropped with four legume lines, increased bean yields during the first season and permits a second bean intercrop, which can increase total legume production by up to 1tha and result in an additional revenue of almost 1000USDha. Crop arrangement or a second legume intercrop did not affect cassava storage root yields. Fertilizer application increased both legume and cassava yield, and net revenue by 400-700USDha with a marginal rate of return of 1.6-2.7. Replacing the common bean intercrop by groundnut increased net revenue by 200-400USDha partly because of the higher market value of the grains, but mostly due to a positive effect on cassava storage root yield. Soybean affected cassava yields negatively because of its high biomass production and long maturity period; modifications are needed to integrate a soybean intercrop into the system. The findings demonstrate the large potential of ISFM to increase productivity in cassava-legume systems in the Central-African highlands. Benefits were, however, not observed in all study sites. In poor soils, productivity increases were variable or absent, and soil amendments are required. A better understanding of the conditions under which positive effects occur can enable better targeting and local adaptation of the technologies.",Included,
"Akinbo, Olalekan, Labuschagne, Maryke, Fregene, Martin",2012,Increased storage protein from interspecific F1 hybrids between cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and its wild progenitor (M. esculenta ssp. flabellifolia),Euphytica,185,2,10.1007/s10681-011-0590-z,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/697/,"Cassava is an important food security crop in the developing world, as it is adapted to a wide range of climatic conditions including marginal semi-arid agro-ecologies. Cassava is a starchy staple and the storage roots of commercial cassava cultivar are very low in protein content (0.52%, dry weight basis). A diet predominantly based on cassava, as is the case in several sub-Saharan countries, could lead to malnutrition, especially in young children over time. A wild progenitor of cassava, Manihot esculenta ssp. flabellifolia have been found to have high root protein content, up to 18% (dry weight basis) and is excellent source of genetic variability for this important trait. Accessions of M. esculenta ssp. flabellifolia with high storage root protein content were crossed with commercial cassava cultivars. High content of storage root protein ranged from 2.87 to 11.25% could be recovered in the F1 progenies. The F1 families had an average dry matter content of 29.6%. These F1 interspecific hybrids would be an entry point for improvement of cassava storage root protein content. A brief discussion of the strategy to be followed is presented.",Included,
"J., Lopez Molina, M.A., El Sharkawy",1995,Increasing crop productivity in cassava by fertilizing production of planting material,,v. 44,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8074/,,Included,
"Joseph, R., Yeoh, H.H., Loh, C.S.",2004,Induced mutations in cassava using somatic embryos and the identification of mutant plants with altered starch yield and composition,,v. 23,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8416/,"A cyclic somatic embryogenic system was used to induce mutations in cassava variety PRC 60a in vitro. Globular-stage somatic embryos were selected as suitable experimental materials, and 50 Gy of gamma-rays was determined to be the optimal dose for inducing mutations. During subsequent field trials, more than 50% of the regenerated mutant lines varied morphologically from wild-type plants. Consequently, we used this approach to induce genetic variability for obtaining novel cassava cultivars. Among the different mutant lines obtained, lines S14 and S15 showed large morphological variations. In 10-month-old S14 and S15 mutant lines, storage root yield was reduced 17-fold and 60-fold, respectively, compared to wild-type plants, while the storage roots of S15 mutant plants also exhibited an almost 50% decrease in starch content and a significant reduction (30%) in amylose content. These two features were observed throughout the different developmental stages of the storage roots in S15 plants.",Included,
"Ceballos, Hernan, Sanchez, Teresa, Denyer, Kay, Tofino, Adriana P., Rosero, Elvia A., Dufour, Dominique, Smith, Alison, Morante, Nelson, Perez, Juan C., Fahy, Brendan",2008,"Induction and Identification of a Small-Granule, High-Amylose Mutant in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)",J. Agric. Food Chem.,v. 56,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3174/,"Only two mutations have been described in the literature, so far, regarding starch and root quality traits in cassava. This article reports on an induced mutation in this crop, first identified in 2006. Botanical seed from five different cassava families were irradiated with rays. Seed was germinated, transplanted to the field (M1 plants), and self-pollinated to produce the M2 generation. Abnormal types regarding starch granule morphology were identified during the single plant evaluation of M2 genotypes. To confirm these characteristics, selected genotypes were cloned and a second evaluation, based on cloned plants obtained from vegetative multiplication, was completed in September 2007. Two M2 genotypes presented small starch granules, but only one could be fully characterized, presenting a granule size of 5.80 0.33 m compared with three commercial clones with granule sizes ranging from 13.97 0.12 to 18.73 0.10 m and higher-than-normal amylose content (up to 30.1% in cloned plants harvested in 2007, as compared with the typical values for normal cassava starch of around 19.8%). The gels produced by the starch of these plants did not show any viscosity when analyzed with the rapid viscoanalyzers (5% suspension), and the gels had low clarity. Low viscosity could be observed at higher concentrations (8 or 10% suspensions). Preliminary results suggest that the mutation may be due to a lesion in a gene encoding one of the isoforms of isoamylase (probably isa1 or isa2).",Included,
"Gisloti, L., do Prado, A. P.",2011,Infestation of cassava genotypes by neosilba perezi (Romero & Ruppell) (diptera Lonchaeidae),Neotropical Entomology,40,5,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6311/,"The objectives of this work were to assess the infestation of ten genotypes of cassava by the shoot fly Neosilba perezi (Romero & Ruppell) and to investigate effects of plant age, temperature or precipitation on cassava plants infestation by the shoot fly. Thirty-two individuals of each cassava genotype were planted and analyzed every two weeks in order to calculate the percentage of plants infested by shoot fly larvae at each sampling event and per genotype. Infestation by the fly was different across the genotypes. Genotype IAC Caapora 105-66 and genotype IAC Cascuda were resistant to shoot fly infestation, whereas the genotype IAC 15 was the most susceptible to this insect. Plant age may have an influence on infestation by shoot flies. Advanced plant age apparently favors lower or even inexistent infestation rates. However, infestation rate does not seem to be affected by temperature or precipitation. 2011 Sociedade Entomolgica do Brasil.",Included,
"Khumaida, N., Evii, Ardie, S. W., Sopandie, D.",2016,Influence of agro-ecology on growth and performance of several potential mutants of cassava,Procedia Environmental Sciences,33,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8985/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is an important source for food, feed, and raw material for industries in Indonesia. In order to develop new high yielding and high starch content varieties, two national varieties (i. e. Adira-4 and Malang-4) and introduced variety (UJ5) were irradiated with gamma ray to induce genetic variety. Evaluation of potential cassava mutants was needed to learn their growth and performance in two different agro ecologies, which were acid upland and optimum upland, in order to select adaptive mutants. Cuttings from sixteen mutants and three parent lines (UJ-5 (V3), Adira-4 (V4), and Malang-4 (V5)) were planted in two different locations which were Technical Implementation Unit Field Tenjo, Bogor (pH 4,8; 57 m asl) and Cikabayan Experimental field IPB, Dramaga, Bogor (pH 5,6; 200 m asl). Destructive observation was done at 4 months after planting to observe root length, tuber length, tuber diameter, and tuber mass. There was no significant difference between mutants and their parent lines on every observed variable. Number of leaves, stem diameter, tuber diameter, and tuber mass on every mutant and parent lines in acid upland were not significantly different with those planted in optimum upland. Plant height and tuber length in some mutants in acid upland were significantly higher than those planted in optimum upland. Disease incident of brown leaf spot (Cercospora sp.) was 90% and 47% and disease severity was 25-50% and 0-25% infected part of plant in acid upland and optimum upland respectively. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.",Included,
"Charles, A.L., Chang, Y.H., Ko, W.C., Sriroth, K., Huang, T.C.",2005,Influence of amylopectin structure and amylose content on the gelling properties of five cultivars of cassava starches,,v. 53,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3377/,"Five cassava genotypes were investigated to identify the fine amylopectin structures and granule chemical compositions, which differentiated the starches into high (T(o) = 63.7 degrees C on average) and low (57.3 degrees C on average) gelatinization temperatures. The amylose contents (15.9-22.4%) and granular dimensions (12.9-17.2 micrometer) significantly differed among the starches. Diverse amylopectin structural elements resulted in significant swelling power, viscoelastic properties, and gel firmness. Debranched starches revealed a trimodal amylopectin distribution of three fractions FIII (DP 12), FII (DP 24.31), and FI (DP 63) and FIII (DP 12), FII (DP 24.69), and FI (DP 67) for the low and high gelatinization starch groups, respectively. The higher proportion of FI long chain entanglement with amylose chain lengths to form longer helical structures was confirmed in the high gelatinization starch group, which developed ""true"" gels with better shear resistance, frequency independence, and higher gel firmness. Significant amounts of resistant starch fractions revealed the potential for application of these genotype starches in diverse foods.",Included,
"Olasantan, F.O., Salau, A.W., Onuh, E.E.",2007,Influence of cassava (Manihot esculenta) intercrop on growth and fruit yields of pepper (Capsicum spp.) in south-western Nigeria,Experimental Agriculture,43,1,10.1017/S0014479706004200,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13008/,"In tropical Africa, pepper (Capsicum spp.) is grown as a rainfed crop, and its production is limited by the long, hot growing season. Field experiments were conducted in Nigeria to evaluate the effects of cassava (Manihot esculenta) on the growth and yields of three pepper cultivars and gross returns in 2001-2003. In Experiment 1, pepper (cv. Sombo) was planted between rows of cassava cvs Idileru (PI), Odongbo (PO) and TMS 30572 (PT). In Experiment 2, pepper cvs Sombo, Tatase and Atarodo, were mixed with TMS 30572 (MS, MT or MA). The growth environment for the intercropped pepper differed from sole crops of pepper. Radiant energy reaching the soil surface, maximum diurnal soil and canopy temperatures, and weed growth were lower with intercropping, with the lowest values being observed in the PI and PT intercrops. Similarly, soil moisture content and the number of earthworm casts were greater with intercropping, with the highest values also occurring in the PI and PT intercrops. In both experiments, fresh fruit yields of pepper depended on the duration of harvest, the number of fruits per plant and the weight of fruits. In Experiment 1, although the number of fruits and fruit yield of cv. Sombo were greater in the sole crop (SP) than the PO intercrop, the fruit yields in the PI and PT intercrops were similar to those of the SP plot. In Experiment 2, the number of fruits and yield of intercropped pepper cvs Tatase, Sombo and Atarodo were 25-28 % higher, on average, than in pure stands. Cassava tuber yield was not affected by intercropped pepper in either experiment. Total gross returns were greater than growing either pepper or cassava in monoculture. Increased total gross returns in the intercrops were obtained in the PI and PT treatments and in the MS and MA treatments without a significant reduction in pepper fruit yield. By promoting early fruit set and harvest, and bearing in mind the cumulative gross returns, mixing pepper and cassava enhanced the value of the vegetable, as early fresh pepper fruits command a premium price. It is concluded that pepper can be grown between cassava rows to provide a suitable environment for growth, but that this depends on the cassava cultivar. Using the less tall early cassava cultivar, with a relatively moderate leaf area index in a mixture with pepper is therefore recommended.",Included,
"Teerawanichpan, Prapapan, Lertpanyasampatha, Manassawe, Netrphan, Supatcharee, Varavinit, Saiyavit, Boonseng, Opas, Narangajavana, Jarunya",2008,Influence of Cassava Storage Root Development and Environmental Conditions on Starch Granule Size Distribution,Starch,v. 60,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17453/,"Among starch producing crops, cassava has a higher carbohydrate production than others under suboptimal conditions, more than 163x10 t of cassava starch are produced world-wide each year and are used for direct human consumption, animal feeds and as raw material for a wide range of industrial products. A basic knowledge of starch characteristics and storage process is required to improve cassava starch quality and quantity. This report describes a comparative study of morphology, starch granule size distribution and amylose content in cassava storage roots grown under different conditions. Microscopic evaluation reveals that storage roots contain larger starch granules than fibrous roots. The study on three Asian cassava cultivars demonstrates the increment of starch granule size from outermost to innermost layers of storage root, while no significant change is observed in amylose content. The effects of developmental stage and growing season on cassava starch reveals that granule size is significantly influenced by both factors, while the amylose contents only fluctuate in a narrow range. The size of the starch granules increases particularly in the first six months after cultivation. Planting cassava in the beginning of the wet season in Asia yields larger granule sizes than planting in the dry season. The significance of this study lies in better understanding optimal growing conditions for improved starch characteristics and production, leading to a better quality agricultural production of this important food and materials crop.",Included,
"Jouquet, P., Bernard-Reversat, F., Bottinelli, N., Orange, D., Rouland-Lefvre, C., Tran Duc, T., Podwojewski, P.",2007,Influence of changes in land use and earthworm activities on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in a steepland ecosystem in Northern Vietnam,Biol Fertil Soils,v. 44,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8422/,"This manuscript focuses on the effects of land-use change and earthworm activities on the dynamics of dissolved nutrients (carbon and mineral nitrogen) in a steep slope ecosystem in Northern Vietnam. We investigated the properties of soil aggregates (casts and surrounding soils) sampled in different agrosystems a plantation of Bracharia ruzziziensis (BRA), a fallow (FAL) and a plantation of Acacia mangium and Venicia montana (FOR), following a cultivation of cassava (CAS), and a fallow after a forest of Eucalyptus (EUC). Soil physical, chemical and biological properties were determined on the sampling date and dissolved organic C (DOC), and mineral N (N min) contents were followed during a 21-day incubation period. CAS, BRA and FOR were characterised by a high rate of N mineralisation, followed by a rapid loss of N min. Conversely, FAL and EUC were more interesting in terms of soil fertility because these systems had higher soil N min content that could become available to plants. Lost of C through DOC leaching was very low with values ever less than 0.5% of the total soil C content. The greatest lost of C through leaching was in FAL, EUC and FOR. The impacts of earthworms on the soil seemed site-specific. The protection of organic matter in earthworm casts varied with the initial substrate soil and agroecosystem management. Casts were characterised by greater enzymatic activities, except for alkaline phosphatase, than the surrounding soil. While SOM mineralisation was not affected in casts collected in FAL, EUC and FOR, the leaching of N min was increased over the surrounding soil. Conversely, mineralisation of SOM and nitrification activity were less in BRA-casts than in the surrounding soil, causing a greater retention of N min in soil. While the DOC leached from casts increased in BRA, it was reduced in FAL and was similar in the other sites. Our study indicates that while land-use change occurred only 3 years ago, the extent of leaching was mostly regulated by the type of agroecosystem and by earthworm activities.",Included,
"Sieverding, E., Leihner, D. E.",1984,Influence of crop rotation and intercropping of cassava with legumes on VA mycorrhizal symbiosis of cassava,Plant and Soil,80,1,10.1007/BF02232949,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16363/,"In comparison to cassava grown in monoculture the root infection of cassava with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza was increased by crop rotation with grain legumes in the field. This was also found when cassava was intercropped with legumes and fertilized. A possible specificity of mycorrhizal fungi to increase the yield of one species more than the other when grown in association, is discussed. 1984 Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers.",Included,
"Asawalam, D.O.",2006,Influence of cropping intensity on the production and properties of earthworm casts in a leucaena alley cropping system,Biol Fertil Soils,v. 42,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1409/,"The effect of cropping intensity on surface cast production by earthworms was studied more than 4 years in an alley cropping system. The plots were cultivated to maize-cassava intercrop every year (100% cropping intensity), after 2 years of fallow (33% cropping intensity) and after 3 years of fallow (25% cropping intensity). Cast production was assessed by the continuous sampling technique proposed by Hauser and Asawalam (Z Pflanzenernahr Bodenkd 16123-30, 1998). Results showed that cropping intensity enhanced cast production in the first year, did not affect it in the second and third years and decreased cast production in the fourth year. Amount of casts deposited within the alleys was highest under the hedgerow and decreased towards the middle of the alley. The concentrations of organic matter and plant nutrients were significantly higher in worm casts than in soil, irrespective of the cropping intensity and position of sample collection within the interrow space. Continuous cropping up to 6 years significantly reduced the concentrations of organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and exchangeable calcium, potassium and magnesium in the top 0-5 cm of the soil, irrespective of the distance from the hedgerow. Regardless of the intensity of cropping, there is a strong linear association between the quantity of casts and the amount of organic carbon, and other nutrients in casts.",Included,
"Aos, E. S., Syamsudin, T. S.",2017,Influence of cropping system on root distribution of annual crops,Journal of Agronomy,16,1,10.3923/ja.2017.12.22,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1214/,"Background Root distribution of annual crops is critical for agroecosystem management on sloping dry land. The objectives of this study are to examine the root interactions at intercropping system using combination of annual crops of five species (Rice, maize, peanut, red bean and cassava) and to understand their effects on root distribution and soil physical conditions (Bulk density and soil porosity). Materials and Methods Seven combinations of annual crops (Rice+maize, Peanut+maize, Red bean+maize, Peanut+cassava, Red bean+cassava, Rice+cassava and Red bean) were observed by measuring root biomass, root length, bulk density and soil porosity. Results Combination of Red bean+maize resulted in larger biomass of thin root at 0-5 cm soil layer, longer Root Length Density (RLD) of fine root at 10-15 cm soil layer, longer RLD of fine and thin root at 15-20 cm soil layer, decrease in bulk density and increase in soil porosity. The result of PCA indicates that vertical root distribution is restricted if biomass of fine root is concentrated at 0-5 and 5-10 cm soil layers, if Root Area Ratio (RAR) of fine root is concentrated at 0-5 cm soil layer and if RAR of thin root is concentrated at 15-20 cm soil layer. Horizontal root distribution is restricted if biomass of fine root is concentrated at 10-15 cm soil layer and if biomass of thin root is concentrated at 15-20 cm soil layer. The parameters related to bulk density are RLD of thin root in soil layer 10-15 cm, RLD of fine root in soil layer 5-10 cm and RAR of thin root in soil layers 5-10 and 15-20 cm. Conclusion The combination of Red bean+maize has higher ability of root penetration and it improves the physical conditions of the soil. 2017 Aos et al.",Included,
"Ellis, R.H., Hong, T.D., Roberts, E.H.",1981,Influence of desiccation on cassava seed [Manihot esculenta] germination and longevity,,v. 47,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5168/,,Included,
"Salako, F. K., Hauser, S.",2001,Influence of different fallow management systems on stability of soil aggregates in southern Nigeria,Communications in soil science and plant analysis,32,09-Oct,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15645/,"The effects of different fallow management systems on aggregate stability were studied on an Ultisol and an Alfisol in southern Nigeria. Aggregate stability was measured in natural regrowth, and planted fallows of Pueraria phaseoloides Benth. and Leucaena leucocephala Lam de Wit in a trial established in 1989 on an Alfisol at Ibadan (7 degrees 30'N, 3 degrees 54'E), southwestern Nigeria. Soil samples (0-30 cm depth at this instance) were wetted by immersion for 2 and 10 minutes before wet-sieving at 30 rpm for 5 to 35 minutes at 5 minute increments. Mean-weight diameter (MWD), geometric mean diameter (GMD) and proportions of water-stable aggregates (WSA) were calculated. GMD and WSA were not affected by the length of pre-wetting or by the length of the wet-sieving period. Thus, wet-sieving for more than 5 minutes at 30 rpm was not necessary for these sandy soils. The trends observed for soil aggregate stability differed between the Alfisol and Ultisol, and for the Alfisol, it differed between a degraded and a managed fallow site. Thus, soil aggregate stability was influenced by soil type and soil management. The GMDs for the natural regrowth at 0-10 cm soil depth (0-15 cm soil depth sampling at 5 cm increment in this case) were between 1.12 and 1.42 mm, 1.14 and 1.46 mm for the Pueraria system, and 1.12 and 1.33 mm for the Leucaena system. An adjacent forest soil (0-10 cm) had GMDs between 1.24 and 1.54 mm. On a continuously cropped Alfisol, aggregate stability was significantly higher in the Pueraria live mulch system than in Leucaena alley cropping and natural regrowth. Fallowing for 2 or 3 years after 1 year cropping was essential under any of the systems to keep aggregate stability within the range of the forest soil. The fallow management practices enhanced surface soil aggregate stability.",Included,
"Akobundu, I.O., Ekeleme, F., Chikoye, D.",1999,Influence of fallow management systems and frequency of cropping on weed growth and crop yield,Weed Research,39,3,10.1046/j.1365-3180.1999.00141.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/746/,"The influence of weeds on maize intercropped with cassava was evaluated in three fallow management systems and four cropping frequencies from 1989 to 1996 in Ibadan, Nigeria, West Africa. Fallow management systems consisted of natural bush, Leucaena leucocephala hedgerows and Pueraria phaseoloides fallow. Frequencies of cropping were continuous cropping, 1 cropping year alternating with 1, 2 and 3 years of uncropped fallow. Shrubs and climbers contributed 60–70% and herbs (predominantly weeds) 30–40% to the total dry matter produced in all treatments. Weed dry matter and seedbank increased with time in all treatments but was higher in natural bush fallow by the fifth and sixth years and in continuously cropped plots. Weed seed density increased with time in the continuously cropped plots and in plots cropped after 1 or 2 years of fallow but decreased with time when the fallow period was up to 3 years. Maize grain yield decreased over time in both unweeded and weeded plots irrespective of treatment with the exception of the weeded P. phaseoloides fallow treatment. Cassava tuber yield decreased over time in unweeded plots in all treatments while tuber yield increased in weeded P. phaseoloides fallow treatment and remained relatively constant in L. leucocephala and natural bush fallow plots. The results from this study suggest that planted fallow involving legume species is more effective in weed management in the long term than natural fallow. Fallow period was beneficial to crop yield and yield improvement increased with the length of the fallow cycle, particularly for cassava.",Included,
"Ekeleme, Friday, Okezie Akobundu, I., Isichei, Augustine O., Chikoye, David",2000,Influence of fallow type and land-use intensity on weed seed rain in a forest/savanna transition zone,Weed Science,48,5,10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048[0604:IOFTAL]2.0.CO;2,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5032/,"Weed seed rain was monitored in field plots under three fallow types and four land-use intensities in Ibadan, Nigeria, in 1994 and 1995. The fallow types were natural bush, planted Leucaena leucocephala, and Pueraria phaseoloides. The land-use intensities consisted of continuous cropping, involving Zea mays/Manihot esculenta and fallowing for 1, 2, and 3 yr, with each fallow period followed by 1 yr of Z. mays/M. esculenta cultivation. In 1994, seed rain in plots cropped after P. phaseoloides fallow was significantly lower than in plots cropped after bush or L. leucocephala fallow. Pueraria phaseoloides plots had similar seed rain as bush fallow plots in 1995, and the seed rain in these plots was significantly lower than in L. leucocephala plots. Weed seed rain was significantly higher in continuously cultivated plots across all fallow types than in plots that were cultivated after one or more years of fallow. The lowest seed rain was in plots that were cropped once after a 3-yr fallow. The largest quantity of weed seed input in the plots occurred in either August or September, reflecting the life cycle of the annual weeds that dominated the vegetation. Individual species differed in pattern and duration of shedding seeds within the fallow systems and land-use intensities. Annual weeds dominated the seed rain in continuously cropped plots, and seeds of perennial weeds were dominant in plots fallowed for more than 1 yr before cultivation. Weeds flowered earlier in continuously cropped plots than in plots that were cropped after 2 or 3 yr of fallow. Increased land-use intensity caused an increase in seed rain and consequently increased the soil seed bank. Pueraria phaseoloides fallow was more effective in shading weeds and probably reducing the quantity of light reaching them than the natural bush and planted L. leucocephala fallow systems, and this may have been the basis of the significantly lower seed rain in P. phaseoloides plots.Nomenclature Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit LUAGL, leucaena; Manihot esculenta Crantz TMS 30572, cassava; Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth. PUEPH, tropical kudzu; Zea mays L. TZSRW, corn.",Included,
"Wilson, H., Ovid, A.",1994,Influence of fertilizers on cassava production under rainfed conditions,Journal of Plant Nutrition,v. 17,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18998/,"A fertilizer trial using a local cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivar, Maracas Black Stick, was conducted at the El Carmen Station at Centeno on an acid inceptisol soil (Cunupia Clay) to investigate the effect of different rates of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and phosphorus (P) on the storage root yield of cassava in a three year study during the wet season. The mean results from the three year study showed that the application of fertilizer significantly increased average cassava yield over that of the unfertilized control. Individual applications of N, P, or K fertilizers significantly increased cassava yield. Similar yields were obtained using 400 kg/ha urea (27.1 t/ha) and 200 kg/ha triple superphosphate (26.2 t/ha). Use of 400 kg/ha muriate of potash alone gave cassava yields of 33.4 t/ha. The best yield performance was obtained using 400, 200, 400 kg/ha N, P, and K fertilizer (63.1 t/ha). However, this was similar to the yield obtained with a 400 kg/ha N and K fertilizer (62.8 t/ha). The use of P fertilizer in combination with high levels of N and K fertilizers did not increase cassava yields",Included,
"Eneji, A. E., Ayade, B. B., Oko, B. F. D., Yamamoto, S., Honna, T., Endo, T.",2001,Influence of forest clearing methods on nutrient uptake of some tropical food crops,Journal of Forest Research,6,1,10.1007/BF02762719,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5196/,"The adverse effects of forest clearing on crop yield have often been directly ascribed to decline in soil fertility. However, the effect of various forest clearing methods on crop nutrient uptake as reflected by the content in the leaf tissues has been the subject of few scientific investigations. A study to determine the effect of forest clearing on nutrient content of some arable crops was, therefore, carried out in the tropical rainforest of south-western Nigeria. Three forest clearing methods - mechanical, semi-mechanical and manual clearing - were used, while maize, cowpea, and cassava were the test crops. Nutrient content in the tissues of these crops was assessed by sampling maize ear leaves at silking, youngest mature leaves (YML) of cowpea at flowering and YML of 3-month-old cassava for analysis. Correlation analysis was carried out to establish the relationship between nutrient content and crop yield. The method of forest clearing had no significant effect on the nutrient content of maize and cowpea during the first cropping cycle. However, nutrient content of maize in the manually cleared plots was higher than those in the semi- and mechanically cleared plots for all elements analyzed except Mg. Nitrogen content of cowpea was much higher than that of maize. Except for P and K, the nutrient content of cassava was not markedly different among the forest clearing methods. Calcium and P content in the leaves of maize and cassava varied inversely with their levels in the soil, implying that crop uptake could have accounted for the differences in their availability within the soil. Nitrogen, P and K had significant positive correlations with maize yield (r = 0.77, 0.89, and 0.71). Potassium content also had significant positive correlation with cassava root yield (r = 0.69). This is not surprising because compared with other crops, cassava requires large amounts of K for starch formation and root development. It is concluded that differences observed in crop yields under different forest clearing methods are a function of nutrient uptake and availability within the soil. However, the uptake of some nutrients does not seem to be determined by the level of soil availability alone.",Included,
"Anikwe, M.A.N., J.C. EzeauthorDepartment of Agronomy, Ecological Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources Management, Enugu State University of Science, Technology, Enugu State, Nigeria, A.N. IbudialoauthorDepartment of Agronomy, Ecological Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources Management, Enugu State University of Science, Technology, Enugu State, Nigeria",2015,"Influence of lime and gypsum application on soil properties and yield of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) in a degraded Ultisol in Agbani, Enugu Southeastern Nigeria",,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1131/,,Included,
"Chew, W. Y., Joseph, K. T., Ramli, K., Majid, A. B. A.",1981,Influence of liming and soil pH on cassava (manihot esculenta) in tropical oligotrophic peat,Experimental Agriculture,17,2,10.1017/S001447970001142X,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3561/,"In three field experiments studying the liming needs of cassava on peat, optimum tuber DM was obtained at pH 3.8 and optimum top DM at pH 4.2; liming to higher pH values decreased tuber DM while maintaining top DM. Consequently, the Harvest Index decreased over the whole range of soil pH studied (3.495.50). Increases in tuber DM per hectare with liming, and with an increasing growth period, were associated with mean tuber weight (r = 0.86) and with Harvest Index (r = 0.65) rather than with tuber number (r = 0.37). 1981, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Opara-Nadi, O. A., Lal, R.",1987,Influence of method of mulch application on growth and yield of tropical root crops in southeastern Nigeria,Soil and Tillage Research,9,3,10.1016/0167-1987(87)90071-7,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13294/,"The effects of four methods of mulch application on growth and yields of yam (Dioscorea rotundata) and cassava (Manihot esculenta) were studied for an Ultisol at Onne, Port Harcourt, southeastern Nigeria. Treatments consisted of three different methods of applying 12 t ha-1 of dry mulch which were compared with an unmulched control. The three methods were complete surface mulch, row zone mulch and mulch incorporated in the top 10-15-cm layer with the second hoeing. Mulching had a significant effect on soil bulk density under cassava but not under yam. Application of mulch in the row zone and mulch incorporation in the top layer decreased soil bulk density of the 0-10-cm layer by 9 and 4%, respectively, in comparison with the unmulched control. The least infiltration rate, however, was observed for the mulch incorporated treatment due to formation of surface seal. During the dry season, the cumulative water loss from the soil was least for the complete surface mulch treatment. Soil chemical properties were also more favorable for complete surface mulch treatment. Density of feeder roots of cassava was high for the complete surface mulch and mulch incorporated treatments. Feeder root density of yam was lower than that of cassava and mulching had no effect. The highest tuber yield of yam was obtained for surface mulching. Cassava tuber yield, however, was not significantly affected by mulching. 1987.",Included,
"Assanvo, J. B., Agbo, G. N., Coulin, P., Monsan, V., Heuberger, C., Kati-Coulibaly, S., Farah, Z.",2017,"Influence of microbiological and chemical quality of traditional starter made from cassava on ""attieke"" produced from four cassava varieties",Food Control,78,,10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.02.066,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1458/,"Attieke is a steamed fermented cassava semolina and food now included in many African countries habits. Non-control of production factors is an important constraint causing manufacturing defaults. Moreover, toxic varieties are used in fermented foods. The aim of this study was to characterize and optimize microbiological, physicochemical and biochemical qualities of attieke Ebrie. The analyses were performed on traditional inoculum and 4 cassava varieties. The lactic fermentation of cassava dough had positive impact on microbiological and chemical qualities of prepared attieke that showed slight acidity (pH = 4.6), high starch (80-90 g/100 g) and low cyanide contents (2.79-5.00 mg/kg). Therefore, sweet varieties are suitable for preparing attieke.",Included,
"Cantos, M., Linan, J., Carretero, C.L., Troncoso, A., Azcon, R.",2009,Influence of mycorrhization during the hardening process of micropropagated plants,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2978/,,Included,
"Agbaje, G. O., Akinlosotu, T. A.",2004,Influence of NPK fertilizer on tuber yield of early and late-planted cassava in a forest alfisol of south-western Nigeria,African Journal of Biotechnology,3,10,10.5897/AJB2004.000-2107,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/480/,"Four new cassava varieties ( NR 8082, TMS 00033, TMS 91/ 453 and TMS 00447) were fertilized with NPK ( 20-10-10) at the rates of 0, 200, 400, and 800 kg/ha in an experiment with the crop planted early (April) in 1999 and then late (September) in 2000. Tuber yield was 28% higher in early-planted cassava than in the late cultivation. Yield was reduced by 44% in NR8082, 15% in TMS 00033 and 45% in TMS 00447 as a result of late planting. Tuber yield from NR 8082 (44t /ha) was the highest for early-planting while TMS 00033 gave the highest yield (31 t/ha) in late planting. Fertilizer influence on tuber yield was not significant in early-planted cassava. In late-planted cassava, significant reduction in yields was observed from the application of 400 and 800kg/hectare of fertilizer. Incidence of tuber rot was influenced by varietal differences rather than fertilizer rates. Incidence of rot was lowest in NR8082 (9-10%) and TMS 00033 (10-11%) in both plantings and the severity was mild in all the varieties. TMS 00033, a low cyanide variety, have tuber yields above 30 t/ha in both early and late plantings and is therefore recommended for adoption trials by farmers. 2004 Academic Journals.",Included,
"Amanullah, M. M., Sathyamoorthi, K., Vaiyapuri, K., Alagesan, A., Pazhanivelan, S.",2007,Influence of organic manures on the nutrient uptake and soil fertility of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) intercropping systems,International Journal of Agricultural Research,2,2,10.3923/ijar.2007.136.144,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/957/,"Field experiments were conducted to find out the effect of intercropping and organic manures on the nutrient uptake and soil fertility of cassava intercropping systems at Veterinary College and Research Institute Farm, Namakkal during 2001 and 2002. The popular hybrid of cassava H 226 was tried as test crop. Three intercropping systems viz., sole cassava, cassava + maize (var. African tall) and cassava + cowpea (var. CO 5) were assigned to main plots. Six organic manorial treatments viz., FYM (25 t ha-1), Poultry manure (10 t ha-1), composted poultry manure (10 t ha-1), FYM (12.5 t ha-1) + poultry manure (5 t ha-1), FYM (12.5 t ha-1) + composted poultry manure (5 t ha-1) along with control (no organic manure) were assigned to sub plots. The study revealed that sole cassava had higher uptake of all nutrients (N, P and K) followed by cassava intercropped with cowpea. Among the organic manures, composted poultry manure either alone or with FYM had higher uptake. The depletion of soil nutrients was lesser in sole cassava followed by cassava intercropped with cowpea. Among the organic manures, composted poultry manure recorded higher soil nutrients. The N balance in the systems showed a lesser depletion of soil N due to cowpea intercropping and a higher depletion of soil N due to maize intercropping. Among organic manures, composted poultry manure depleted the soil nutrients, the least. Academic Journals Inc.",Included,
"A.M., Sales de Andrade, D.E., Leihner",1980,Influence of period and conditions of storage on growth and yield of cassava,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/39/,,Included,
"Olaleye, A.O., Akinyemi, S.O.S., Tijani-Eniola, H., Akinyemi, J.O., Fapojuwo, O.E., Oladoja, M.A., Onsanaya, A.S.",2006,Influence of potassium fertilizer on yield of plantain intercropped with cassava on an Oxic paleustalf in southwestern Nigeria,,v. 37,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12979/,"There is very little literature on the influence of plantain-cassava intercropped on this soil type. Therefore, an experiment was conducted in 1993 and 1995 cropping seasons on the influence of potassium (K) fertilizer on the yield of the two crops on a soil classified as Oxic paleustalf (or Ferric Luvisol) in the rain forest agroecological zone of Nigeria. Four rates of K fertilizer (120, 240, 360, and 480 kg K ha(-1)) and control were evaluated on the yield and yield components of these two crops in sole and intercropping. The experimental design was a randomized complete block (RCBD) replicated four times. Results showed that the soil is acidic and the exchangeable cations contents were suboptimal when compared with the optimum required for a sustained cultivation of plantain. Furthermore, the plantain-cassava intercropped yields responded significantly (p < 0.05) to fertilizer applied in terms of the yield and yield components of both crops in sole and intercropping. Highest bunch weight of plantain and tuber yield of cassava was recorded at 360 and 240 kg K ha(-1) (taking the mean of both years). Potassium fertilizer after this point resulted in lower yields of both crops when intercropped.",Included,
"Ayoola, O. T., Adeniyan, O. N.",2006,Influence of poultry manure and NPK fertilizer on yield and yield components of crops under different cropping systems in south west Nigeria,African Journal of Biotechnology,5,15,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1602/,"Field experiments were conducted in two villages (Oniyo and Moloko Ashipa) representing two agro ecologies in the south west area of Nigeria during 2000 and 2001 cropping seasons. The objective was to determine the effects of NPK fertilizer and poultry manure on the yield and yield components in cassava/maize/melon systems. The factors were (1) cropping systems cassava/maize/melon, sole cassava, sole maize and sole melon; and (2) fertilizers no fertilizer, NPK 15-15-15 (400 kg/ha), poultry manure (5 t/ha), 2.5 t/ha poultry manure + 200 kg/ha NPK 15-15-15 and mineral fertilizer (NPK 15-15-15). Intercropping had no significant effect on cassava root yield but it reduced maize and melon seed yield compared to sole cropping. Land equivalent ratio (LER) values were however higher under intercropping than sole cropping. Crop yields were statistically the same under NPK alone and NPK + poultry manure but significantly higher than both poultry manure alone and control in both locations. 2006 Academic Journals.",Included,
"Pardales, J.R. Jr.",1985,Influence of preplanting tillage system on the dry matter and nitrogen accumulations of cassava,Philippine Journal of Crop Science,v. 10,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13777/,"Root growth and development, dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) accumulation of cassava were investigated under zero, minimum and conventional tillage systems. Root density was suppressed in the zero tillage but was greatly favored by the conventional method especially during the early establishment period of the crop. Zero tillage consistently showed depressed DM and N accumulations in the leaves, stems and tubers of cassava practically during all stages in the growth of the crop. Minimum and conventional tillage methods favored the production of DM and N accumulations in the same plant components, but significantly more DM and N were exhibited by the latter than in the former tillage method in almost all stages of crop growth. Percentages of total DM and N in the tubers were generally higher in the tilled plants than in the non-tilled ones. Conventional tillage minimum tillage zero tillage in terms of crop growth rate and nitrogen uptake rate",Included,
"Arene, O. B.",1977,Influence of shade and intercropping on the incidence of cassava bacterial blight,"Cassava bacterial blight: report of an interdisciplinary workshop held at IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 1-4 November 1976",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1281/,,Included,
"Onwueme, I. C., Johnston, M.",2000,"Influence of shade on stomatal density, leaf size and other leaf characteristics in the major tropical root crops, tannia, sweet potato, yam, cassava and taro",Experimental Agriculture,36,4,10.1017/S0014479700001071,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13222/,"Since shading often occurs under normal growing conditions in various cropping systems (for example, intercropping, alley cropping), field experiments were carried out to determine the effects of shading on stomatal density, leaf size, leaf dry matter, and leaf lamina thickness in the major tropical root and tuber crops, tannia (Xanthosoma sagittifolium), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), yam (Dioscorea esculenta), cassava (Manihot esculenta), and taro (Colocasia esculenta). Shading decreased stomatal density in the lower epidermis of tannia, sweet potato, yam and cassava, and in the upper epidermis also in tannia and sweet potato; the upper epidermis of yam and cassava were devoid of stomata. In contrast to the other species, taro under shade had an increased stomatal density in both the upper and lower epidermis, a finding which was confirmed in subsequent pot experiments. This response of taro was postulated as a possible manifestation of greater shade adaptation by the species. For all the species, shading generally resulted in the production of larger (in terms of surface area) but thinner leaves, with a decreased dry matter concentration. For the two species (yam and cassava) that had stomata only on the lower epidermis, normal sun-grown plants had about twice as many stomata per unit area of lower epidermis than did corresponding plants of the other three species. The agronomic and physiological significance of the findings are discussed.",Included,
"Chew, W. Y., Joseph, K. T., Ramli, K.",1978,Influence of Soil-applied Micronutrients on Cassava (Manihot esculenta) in Malaysian Tropical Oligotrophic Peat,Experimental Agriculture,14,2,10.1017/S0014479700008498,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3557/,"Two experiments to investigate the micronutrient requirements of cassava (cv Black Twig) on Malaysian peat soil are described. Cu was found to be the only essential micronutrient and Mn, Zn, Fe, Mo and B were not needed. Fertilizing with 20 kg/ha of copper sulphate approximately tripled tuber dry matter, and starch and Cu uptake, but applying 10 kg/ha of copper sulphate gave the same results. Each crop of cassava absorbed only about 2% of the applied Cu, giving a leaf Cu content of about 14 ppm compared with about 7 ppm in Cu-deficient plants. Cu deficiency symptoms were invariably observed in Cu-deficient plots and these are also described.",Included,
"Sieverding, E., Howeler, R. H.",1985,Influence of species of VA mycorrhizal fungi on cassava yield response to phosphorus fertilization,Plant and Soil,88,2,10.1007/BF02182447,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16365/,"A three different sites with acid soils in Colombia field trials with cassava were monitored for frequency of VA mycorrhiza. Increasing levels of phosphorus (P) from 0 to 200 kg P/ha had been applied. The fields differed in the composition of species of VA mycorrhizal fungi. At all sites infections of the roots by the total mycorrhizal population decreased with increasing P fertilization, but at two sites the relative frequency and activity of one species, Glomus manihotis, increased with increasing P applications. This species was only present at two sites, and only in these sites a cassava yield response to up to 200 kg P was found. The differential activity of fungal species was confirmed in greenhouse trials, where Entrophospora colombiana was found to be most effective at 50 kg P and G. manihotis, at 200 kg P.",Included,
"F., Schulthess, U., J., Baumgrtner, V., Delucchi, P., A., Gutierrez",1991,"influence of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.Ferr. (Horn., Pseudococcidae) on yield formation of cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz",J. Appl. Ent.,v. 111 (1-5,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5426/,"The cassava mealybug (CM), Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.Ferr., is a dry season pest of cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz. Its effects on the patterns of dry matter production and allocation in cassava planted July, September 1982 and May 1983 and grown for 12 months was studied. Peak CM population densities varied greatly (from 600 to 37000 CM per plant) due to plant size at the time of infestation, duration of infestation, and mortality from the introduced parasitoid Fpidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis). CM feeding reduced new leaf production and assimilation and allocation of dry matter to storage roots. Severly infested cassava plants, lost between 9 % and 46 % during the dry season, compared to CMfree plants. At the beginning of the ensuing rainy season, mobilisation of reserves from storage roots for regrowth caused temporary root yield losses of up to 75%. Yield losses at harvest across planting dates measured 12 months after planting, were of 52 to 58 % in the CMinfested plants compared to noninfested plants. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Zum Einflu des Befalls von Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.Ferr. (Horn., Pseudococcidae) auf die Manihot esculentaErnte Phenacoccus manihoti tritt whrend der Trockenzeit als Schdling an Manihot esculenta Crantz auf. Der Einflu des Befalls und die Verbreitung von P. manihoti in Abhngigkeit vom Pflanzzeitpunkt (Juli, September 1982, Mai 1983) wurde untersucht. Die maximale Populationsdichte von P. manihoti variierte stark (60037 000 pro Pflanze) in Abhngigkeit von der Pflanzengre zum Befallszeitpunkt, der Befallsdauer und der durch den Parasitoiden Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) bedingten Mortalitt. Durch P. manihotiFra wurden die Bildung neuer Bltter, die Assimilationsleistung und die Trockensubstanz in den Speicherwurzeln reduziert. Der Verlust betrug 946 % whrend der Trokkenzeit. Zu Beginn der Regenzeit, wenn die Reservestoffe aus den Speicherwurzeln fr den Wiederaustrieb gebraucht werden, betrug der Ernteverlust bis zu 75%. Wurden die Ernteverluste der verschiedenen Pflanzzeitpunkte 12 Monate nach der Pflanzung ermittelt, so ergab sich im Vergleich zu P. manihotifreien Pflanzen ein Verlust von 5258%.",Included,
"Nukenine, E., Hassan, A. T., Dixon, A. G. O.",2000,"Influence of variety on the within-plant distribution of cassava green spider mite (Acari Tetranychidae), and leaf anatomical characteristics and chemical components in relation to varietal resistance",International Journal of Pest Management,46,3,10.1080/096708700415508,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12339/,"The within-plant distribution of the cassava green spider mite, Mononychellus tanajoa Bondar, and the anatomical characteristics and the chemical components relating to varietal resistance of cassava, were studied using 11 cassava genotypes with varying levels of resistance for two dry seasons and one wet season. The results show that M. tanajoa aggregates on the top leaves of cassava at low levels of resistance as compared with a more even within-plant distribution at higher levels of resistance. Thus, for accurate sampling of mite populations, it might be important to consider young and old leaves, not just the young leaves, in fields containing resistant and susceptible cassava genotypes. Correlations between the anatomical characteristics and mite population density and damage scores were not consistent across months, either within or over seasons. This suggests that leaf anatomical characteristics may not be important in the varietal resistance of cassava to M. tanajoa. During the dry season, mite population density was positively correlated with leaf nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus and negatively correlated with leaf calcium and fat. Only calcium was negatively associated with mite damage at the peak of the dry season (January 1993 and 1994). Breeding cassava genotypes with high levels of leaf calcium and fat, and low levels of leaf nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, may improve the level of resistance to M. tanajoa.",Included,
"Palta, J.A.",1984,Influence of water deficits on gas-exchange and the leaf area development of cassava cultivars,Journal of Experimental Botany,v. 35,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13707/,,Included,
"Sinkumkoon, P., Thanachit, S., Anusontpornperm, S., Kheoruenromne, I., Petprapai, P., Bowichean, R.",2015,Influences of green manures and N-fertilizer management on nutrient uptakes and yield of cassava on a degraded sandy soil,Kasetsart Journal - Natural Science,49,3,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16511/,"The effects of green manures combined with nitrogen fertilizer rates on cassava was studied on a Warin soil, having a very sandy nature, in Nakhon Ratchasima province. Three treatments comprising ruzi grass, sun hemp and no green manure incorporation (local weeds) as a control, were tested in a split-plot design. Four nitrogen rates (0, 7.5, 15 and 22.5 kg.rai-1N) as subplots were also studied. Ruzi grass as well as local weeds (mainly jungle rice, crabgrass and goat buttons) contained the highest potassium content of 2.32 and 2.16%, respectively, whereas sun hemp consisted of the highest nitrogen content (2.11%). The amounts of available nitrogen released from ruzi grass and sun hemp were almost identical (74.6975.55 mg.kg-1) and significantly higher than that obtained from local weeds (55.72 mg.kg-1). Green manure had a clear effect on the cassava yield and plant nutrient uptake whereas N fertilizer had none. Sun hemp and local weed gave the highest fresh tuber yield (4.01 and 3.65 t.rai-1) and above-ground biomass (1.34 and 1.13 t.rai-1) of cassava while the starch content was likely to be low, especially in the case of using sun hemp as green manure (30.83%). The cassava yield and above-ground biomass tended to increase with no significant difference but the starch content significantly decreased with increasing rates of N fertilizer. Nitrogen applied at the rate of 22.5 kg.rai-1N gave the highest fresh tuber yield of 3.50 t.rai-1of the nitrogen only treatments. Sun hemp green manuring followed by the application of N fertilizer at the rate of 15 kg.rai-1N gave the significantly highest fresh tuber yield of 4.35 t.rai-1while the lowest amount of 2.13 t.rai-1was produced by the plot using ruzi grass as green manure without any additional N fertilizer. 2015, Kasetsart University. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Akinwale, M. G., Aladesanwa, R. D., Akinyele, B. O., Dixon, A. G. O., Odiyi, A. C.",2010,Inheritance of -carotene in cassava (Manihot esculenta crantza),International Journal of Genetics and Molecular Biology,2,10,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/730/,"A study on the inheritance pattern of beta-carotene in cassava was carried out in the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, using four parental lines of cassava, namely two yellow flesh and two white flesh colour genotypes. Crosses of yellow x white and white x yellow were made. The resulting progenies were screened and placed into distinct phenotypic classes and the data obtained were subjected to Chi-square test to determine the goodness of fit to various genetic ratios. The segregation in both crosses fitted into 9331 ratio. The quantitative variability of root colour observed in the segregating progenies suggests that two or more genes are involved in the accumulation process. There are no reciprocal differences with respect to the trait studied when the F1 progenies of yellow x white parents were compared with those of the reciprocal cross (white x yellow). This implies that there were no maternal or cytoplasmic effects in the inheritance of the trait. Consequently, either of the genotypes could be used as the female parent in crossing. The appearance of extreme segregation with very high carotene contents beyond the upper limit of yellow flesh parent (deep yellow) in the crosses between 01/1368 x 98/0505 and the reciprocal indicates transgressive segregation, a promise for future recombination strategies. The negative correlation observed between dry matter and flesh colour revealed that the deeper the flesh colours (carotene) the lower the dry matter contents. 2010 Academic Journals.",Included,
"Chalwe, Able, Melis, Rob, Shanahan, Paul, Chiona, Martin",2015,Inheritance of resistance to cassava green mite and other useful agronomic traits in cassava grown in Zambia,Euphytica,v. 205,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3294/,"Cassava green mite (CGM) Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) (Acari Tetranychidae) is a major arthropod pest causing significant loss in the yields of storage roots and planting materials of cassava in Zambia. Its control has been mainly based on the use of exotic predatory mites as biological control agents, which unfortunately, have not established well in Zambia due to the lack of suitable host genotypes and harsh weather conditions. The current study was aimed at breeding cassava for improvement of morphological traits that are associated with resistance to CGM, which can also enable cassava genotypes to provide shelter and ensure continuous survival of natural enemies of CGM, and to determine the inheritance of these traits by assessing combining ability and therefore the type of gene action involved in their expression. Using a 55 half diallel mating design, full-sib cassava genotypes were generated out of which 300 were selected and evaluated in the field. Data were collected for CGM density, CGM leaf damage and cassava mosaic disease severity, plant growth habit, leaf morphological traits, storage root yield and root dry mass. Both general and specific combining ability effects were significant (P<0.01) for the reaction of the F progeny to CGM, and for the various plant morphological traits that were measured, suggesting that both additive and non-additive gene effects play a role in the expression of the traits.",Included,
"Cach, N. T., Lenis, J. I., Perez, J. C., Morante, N., Calle, F., Ceballos, H.",2005,Inheritance of useful traits in cassava grown in subhumid conditions,Plant Breeding,125,2,10.1111/j.1439-0523.2006.01192.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2898/,"A diallel study among nine parental clones of cassava was conducted in the subhumid environment on the northern coast of Colombia. Analysis of variance suggested significant effects for the six variables analysed fresh-root yield, harvest index, root dry matter content, height of first branching, reaction to thrips and plant-type scores. General and specific combining ability effects and their interaction with the environment were significant for most of the variables as well. Results suggested that dominance plays a particularly important role in the cases of fresh-root yield and harvest index but had relatively little importance in the reaction to thrips, dry matter content or height of first branching. Specific breeding approaches are suggested for these traits, depending on the relative importance of additive or non-additive effects in their inheritance. The correlations among different traits were also analysed and in several cases their magnitude reached statistical and biological significance.",Included,
"Aflakpui, G. K. S., Bolfrey-Arku, G. E. K.",2007,"Integrated management of Imperata cylindrica (Speargrass) in yam and cassava Weed pressure in crop, crop growth and yield",Journal of Plant Sciences,2,1,10.3923/jps.2007.14.24,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/460/,"The carry-over effects of different methods used to reclaim speargrass infested lands on weed pressure, the growth and yield of cassava and yam were investigated on farmers' fields. The experiments were carried out in the forest-savannah transition zone of Ghana between 2000 and 2003. The dry weight of speargrass rhizomes varied from 182 g at 5 months after planting (MAP) {17 months after treatment (MAT)} to 175 g at 12 MAP (24 MAT) on the fallow plots and plots from which speargrass was slashed before planting mucuna. There were no rhizomes on the ploughed plots that were planted to mucuna and those that were sprayed with glyphosate or hoed before mucuna was planted at 5 MAP. The residue from mucuna suppressed speargrass for about 5 months after senescence resulting in more vigorous and taller cassava plants and cassava root yields of 110-118% greater for the glyphosate+mucuna plot than that of the fallow plot. Hoeing followed with mucuna gave root yields of 53-85% greater than fallow. The tuber yields of yam due to the carry-over effect of glyphosate alone, resulted in 12% increase in yields over fallow plots. Hoeing followed with mucuna resulted in tuber yield 50% greater than fallow whilst using glyphosate+mucuna gave 112% increment in tuber yields. On the ploughed plots, tuber yields of yam were 61% greater than that for fallow plots when mucuna was cropped for one season and 76% greater for mucuna cropped for two seasons. Growing mucuna on ploughed plots for one season was just as effective as cropping for two seasons in smothering speargrass. The results show a significant carry-over effect of an initial cultivation of the soil and mucuna and glyphosate+mucuna to control speargrass for about 5 months in a succeeding cassava and yam crop. Academic Journals Inc.",Included,
CIAT,2003,Integrated management of the cassava burrower bug (Cyrtomenus bergi) in Panamá; a collaborative project,Annual Report 2002: Project PE-1: Integrated Pest and Disease Management in Major Agroecosystems,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19396/,,Included,
"Odedina, Joy, Ojeniyi, Stephen, Odedina, Samson",2012,Integrated nutrient management for sustainable cassava production in South Western Nigeria,Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science,v. 58,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12601/,"Due to cost, availability and technical reasons, agriculture with high chemical fertilizer input has not been practiced in Nigeria. Animal manures are not available in the required quantities and are often low in one or more of the major nutrients N, P, and K. This study investigated the effect of an integrated use of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer on cassava production and soil parameters. Single applications of manures and an inorganic fertilizer at recommended rates served as references. Crop responses were highest with integration of manures with no productivity gaps when compared with the rates of single applications of the recommended inorganic fertilizer and manures. Nutrients were made most available when manures were integrated with inorganic fertilizer. Root yield was highest with the integrated use of manures and fertilizer while stem yield was highest with the single applications of manure. Lowest responses were obtained in the control treatment without fertilization for all parameters. Crop and soil productivity can be sustained with the integration of different manures as a viable alternative to the single applications of either manure or inorganic fertilizer.",Included,
"Pypers, Pieter, Sanginga, Jean-Marie, Bishikwabo, Kasereka, Mapatano, Sylvain, Chifizi, Adrien, Walungululu, Masamba, Munyahali, Wivine, Bashagaluke, Janvier, Tatahangy, Willy, Mbikayi, Nkonko T., Vanlauwe, Bernard",2009,Integrated soil fertility management in cassava-legume systems [poster] [on line],,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14555/,,Included,
"Gnahoua, J. B. G., Ettien, D. J. B., N'Zue, B., Ebah, C., Kone, B., De Neve, S., Boeckx, P.",2017,Intensification Pathway for Improvement of Smallholder Cassava Production Systems in Southern Côte D'ivoire,Experimental Agriculture,53,1,10.1017/S0014479716000041,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6345/,"In order to intensify cassava production in southern Cote d'Ivoire, multiple farmers' field trials were carried out in two important cassava-producing areas (Dabou and Bingerville). The effectiveness of an Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM) approach as intensification pathway was evaluated for poor sandy soils. Overall, ISFM-based systems outperformed the local cultivation system. The average cassava yield was 14.5 and 6.5 t ha(-1) and 12.6 and 5.7 t ha(-1) for the ISFM and traditional systems, in Dabou and Bingerville, respectively. The average profitability of ISFM systems was ca. 2500 Euro ha(-1), whereby 66% was generated by cowpea intercrop, which yielded on average 3.1 t ha(-1). Taking into account the limited farmer's resource endowment and poor soil fertility, ISFM is a crucial component for sustainable intensification of cassava production and poverty alleviate in southern Cote d'Ivoire.",Included,
"Nduwumuremyi, Athanase, Melis, Rob, Shanahan, Paul, Theodore, Asiimwe",2017,Interaction of genotype and environment effects on important traits of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),The Crop Journal,5,5,10.1016/j.cj.2017.02.004,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1469/,"General and specific environmental adaptation of genotypes is the main goal of breeders. However, genotype-by-environment (GE) interaction complicates the identification of genotypes for release. This study aimed at analyzing the effects of GE interaction on the expression of important cassava traits using two multivariate analyses additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype stability index (GSI). Total carotene content (TCC), postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD), and reaction to viral diseases were significantly affected by GE interaction effects. The low percent (%) variation due to genotype for cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) explained the influence of environment on CBSD expression. The % variation due to genotype for TCC was higher (96%) than variation due to environment (1.7%) and GE interaction (2.4%) indicating a low interaction effect of environment on TCC accumulation. The % variation due to genotype was higher than % variation due to environment for all traits but CBSD root necrosis and CBSD on stems, indicating the influence of environment on the severity of the viral diseases. These findings indicate that screening for disease resistance requires multi-environment trials, whereas a single-environment trial suffices to screen for total carotene content.",Included,
"Onzo, A., Hanna, R., Sabelis, M. W.",2003,"Interactions in an acarine predator guild: Impact on Typhlodromalus aripo abundance and biological control of cassava green mite in Benin, West Africa",Experimental and Applied Acarology,31,03-Apr,10.1023/B:APPA.0000010380.44408.05,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13267/,"To determine the impact of an acarine predator guild on the abundance of a shared herbivorous prey and its principal exotic predator, a series of surveys were conducted in ca. 200 cassava fields in swamp and non-swamp areas in southwestern Benin, West Africa. For each field, the surveys provided data on the density of a pest arthropod, the cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar), of an introduced and successfully established natural enemy, the apex-inhabiting predatory mite Typhlodromalus aripo DeLeon, and on occurrence of other predator species that inhabit the leaves and share the same prey. These other predators included one exotic species, Typhlodromalus manihoti Moraes, that is successfully established mainly in swamp areas, and two indigenous species, Euseius fustis (Pritchard and Baker) and Typhlodromalus saltus (Denmark and Matthysse), that are commonly found on cassava in Africa. Our aim was to assess the association between the density of M. tanajoa and that of T. aripo, the most successful predator in terms of establishment and abundance, and subsequently determine how this association was affected by the presence or absence of the other predator species. No obvious density-dependent relationship was found by inspecting the scattergrams of T. aripo versus M. tanajoa densities, but high T. aripo densities did not occur when M. tanajoa densities were low and - during the dry season in February - the densities of M. tanajoa steeply increased when T. aripo numbers were low. Given the establishment of T. aripo in all fields, the presence of other species of predatory mites (T. manihoti, both in swamp and non-swamp areas; T. saltus in absence - as well as presence - of T. manihoti in swamp areas; E. fustis in absence of T. manihoti in non-swamp areas) reduced the density of M. tanajoa by a factor 2-3. Thus in all these cases, the presence of an exotic or indigenous species of predatory mite in addition to T. aripo was associated with lower M. tanajoa density. The density of T. aripo was usually positively affected by the presence of other predator species except for T. saltus in presence of T. manihoti that negatively affected the density of T. aripo in swamp areas, an effect likely mediated by either intraguild predation or competition for food. Path analysis showed that indigenous phytoseiid species were more important in suppression of M. tanajoa populations in cassava fields than previously thought. We suggest that the lack of negative effects of the predator species complex is likely due to differential niche use by the various species which reduces interference among the predators. Manipulative experiments are, however, needed to provide details on the relative importance in M. tanajoa suppression by each species within this acarine predator guild.",Included,
"Obiagwu, C.J., Agbede, O.O.",1996,Interactive effects of food legume cover crops on the productivity of sandy soils of Benue River Basins,Journal of Sustainable Agriculture,8,1,10.1300/J064v08n01_04,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2814/,"Intercropping trials were established in the sandy soils of the Benue river Basins of Nigeria to assess the effects of food legumes used as cover crops in cassava, yam and maize based cropping systems. The soil productivity and yield contributions of ground akidi (Sphenostylis stenocarpa), pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), kafanji (Vigna unguiculata), and an improved cowpea cultiver (IAR-355) to the main crops in fertilizer equivalent were assessed. Also evaluated were the effects of cassava, yam and maize on the yield potentials of legume cover crops. Fertilizer applied at multiple rates to cassava and/or yam crops were used to determine levels of legume contributions to soil productivity improvement. Those applied to maize/legume mixtures were used to determine the influence of cover crops on maize response to applied fertilizer. Data were collected on yields of grains, tubers, biomass, nodules and root density. Competition effects were shown when cassava, yam and maize reduced the grain yield of legumes by 20–30%; root density and nodule yields were increased from 0.44 g/m2 in sole legumes to about 1.11 g/m2 in legume/cassava intercrop. Root weight was increased from 0.92 to 2.20 g/m2 in ground akidi intercropped with cassava. Similar increases were observed in kafanji. Legume crops depressed the response coefficient of maize to applied fertilizer; an estimated 250 kg grain/kg NPK were gained by the use of kafanji or its improved version (IAR 355) as cover crops for fertilized maize. In yam, an equivalent of 25–40 kg/ha NPK were contributed by cover crops. About 1.12 and 1.61 tones of cassava tubers were gained by the use of kafanji and ground akidi respectively as cover crops.",Included,
"Brown, Alicia L., Cavagnaro, Timothy R., Gleadow, Ros, Miller, Rebecca E.",2016,Interactive effects of temperature and drought on cassava growth and toxicity: implications for food security?,Global Change Biology,22,10,10.1111/gcb.13380,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2673/,"Cassava is an important dietary component for over 1 billion people, and its ability to yield under drought has led to it being promoted as an important crop for food security under climate change. Despite its known photosynthetic plasticity in response to temperature, little is known about how temperature affects plant toxicity or about interactions between temperature and drought, which is important because cassava tissues contain high levels of toxic cyanogenic glucosides, a major health and food safety concern. In a controlled glasshouse experiment, plants were grown at 2 daytime temperatures (23C and 34C), and either wellwatered or subject to a 1month drought prior to harvest at 6months. The objective was to determine the separate and interactive effects of temperature and drought on growth and toxicity. Both temperature and drought affected cassava physiology and chemistry. While temperature alone drove differences in plant height and aboveground biomass, drought and temperaturedrought interactions most affected tuber yield, as well as foliar and tuber chemistry, including CN, nitrogen and cyanide potential (CNp; total cyanide released from cyanogenic glucosides). Conditions that most stimulated growth and yield (wellwateredhigh temperature) effected a reduction in tuber toxicity, whereas drought inhibited growth and yield, and was associated with increased foliar and tuber toxicity. The magnitude of drought effects on tuber yield and toxicity were greater at high temperature; thus, increases in tuber CNp were not merely a consequence of reduced tuber biomass. Findings confirm that cassava is adaptable to forecast temperature increases, particularly in areas of adequate or increasing rainfall; however, in regions forecast for increased incidence of drought, the effects of drought on both food quality (tuber toxicity) and yield are a greater threat to future food security and indicate an increasing necessity for processing of cassava to reduce toxicity.",Included,
"Umeh, S. I., Mbah, B. N.",2010,Intercrop performance of different varieties of soybean (Glycine Max. (L) Merril) in a cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) based cropping system within the derived savannah zone,African Journal of Biotechnology,9,50,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18126/,"Field experiments to investigate intercrop performance of different varieties of soybean (Glycine Max. (L.) Merril) in a cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) based cropping system within the derived savannah zone were conducted at Nsukka Utisol in Southeast Nigeria ecological. Two varieties of cassava and six varieties of soybean of three different maturity groups were grown as sole and intercrop with four rates of N and K fertilizer, laid out in split plot design in RCBD. Fertilizer rate was the main plot treatment while cassava and soybean, sole and intercrop systems were the sub-plots, replicated three times. Effects of fertilizer rate and soybean residue management on growth and yield of the crops were studied. Soybean residue and grain yield were differentiated by their varieties and were significantly affected by fertilizer rates and cropping system rather than by cassava varieties as there was no significant cassava varietal effect on the cropping systems and no apparent shedding effect. Application of N0K50 fertilizer rate gave the highest soybean dry matter accumulation, highest grain yield and highest fresh cassava tuber yield at 12MAP. Intercropping cassava (NR 8230) with soybean (TGX 1894-3E, medium maturing variety), gave the highest grain yield of Soybean and fresh tuber yield of cassava at 12MAP.",Included,
"Makinde, E.A., Oluwatoyinbo, F.I., Ayoola, O.T.",2006,Intercropping and crop residue incorporation: effects on soil nutrient status,Journal of Plant Nutrition,29,2,10.1080/01904160500474082,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10526/,"A maize-melon mixture relayed into a cassava-soybean intercrop was established at Ibadan, Nigeria, between 1995 and 1997 in order to study the changes in soil-nutrient status, that occurred due to soybean intercropping and residue incorporation. The experiment was conducted on a Kanhaplic Haplustalf soil. Soybean was planted in drills between cassava rows after harvesting maize and melon. Soybean stover was recycled into half of the soybean plots. Cassava yield was reduced by about 16% with soybean intercropping without the residue incorporation and by about 11% with incorporation of the crop residue. Soil pH was significantly reduced from an initial 6.0 to 5.7 with soybean intercropping. Organic matter was drastically reduced from an initial 31.0 g kg(-1) to 5.3 g kg(-1) with sole cassava cropping, and to 10.1 g kg(-1) with soybean intercropping and incorporation of crop residue. Total nitrogen (N) was also significantly reduced to about 0.4 g kg(-1) from an initial content of 1.8 g kg(-1), while the available phosphorus (P) was increased from 1.8 to an average of 4.0 mg kg(-1). The exchangeable potassium (K) and effective cation-exchange capacity (ECEC) were not significantly affected.",Included,
"Amanullah, M Mohamed, Alagesan, A, Vaiyapuri, K, Pazhanivelan, S, Sathyamoorthi, K",2006,Intercropping and organic manures on the growth and yield of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.),Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences,2,5,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/34373/,"Field experiments were conducted to find out the effect of intercropping and organic manures on the growth and yield of cassava at Veterinary College and Research Institute Farm, Namakkal during 2001 and 2002. The popular hybrid of cassava H 226 was tried as test crop. Three intercropping systems viz., sole cassava, cassava+maize (var. African tall) and cassava+cowpea (var. CO 5) were assigned to main plots. Six organic manurial treatments viz., FYM (25 t ha-1), Poultry manure (10 t ha-1 ), composted poultry manure (10 t ha-1 ), FYM (12.5 t ha-1 )+poultry manure (5 t ha-1), FYM (12.5 t ha-1 )+composted poultry manure (5 t ha-1) along with control (no manure) were assigned to sub plots. The results indicated that intercropping in cassava reduced the growth parameters of cassava in the early stages. But, at later stages this reduction in growth parameters was not significant especially when cowpea was intercropped with cassava. Cassava intercropped with cowpea recorded comparable yield as that of sole cassava. But, there was a significant reduction in tuber yield of cassava due to intercropping of maize. All the organic manures exerted a positive influence on the growth and yield. The best results were obtained in terms of composted poultry manure.",Included,
"Dung, N. T., Ledin, I., Mui, N. T.",2005,Intercropping cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) with Flemingia (Flemingia macrophylla); effect on biomass yield and soil fertility,Livestock Research for Rural Development,17,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4817/,"An experiment was carried out at the Goat and Rabbit Research Center, Sontay, Hatay, Vietnam, from February 2001 to November 2002 to study the effect of intercropping cassava and Flemingia on biomass yield and soil characteristics. The yield of Flemingia in monoculture was 5.08 tonnes dry matter (DM)/ha in the first year and yields increased in the second year to 14.7 tonnes DM/ha. The yields of cassava in monoculture were 13.9 (roots) and 10.1 (foliage) tonnes DM/ha, respectively, in the first year, and yields decreased in the second year to 11.5 and 9.63 tonnes DM/ha, respectively. Intercropping with Flemingia reduced cassava yields by 13.8% (roots) and 4.1% (foliage), respectively, in the first year, but increased them by 40.6% and 30.6%, respectively, in the second year. The highest accumulated DM yield during two years was obtained when cassava for root production was intercropped with Flemingia (27.0 tonnes/ha). The lowest DM yield was obtained when Flemingia or cassava for foliage were planted in monoculture. The highest crude protein (CP) yield was obtained with cassava foliage intercropped with Flemingia (3.44 tonnes/ha) and lowest when cassava for root was planted in monoculture. Intercropping with Flemingia generally increased biomass yield (6.3% and 19.2% of DM yield, 86.4% and 20.7% of CP yield of cassava for root and cassava for foliage, respectively) compared to cassava planted in monoculture. Cassava and Flemingia intercropping systems increased biomass yield and maintained soil fertility with decreased soil erosion.",Included,
"Tsay, J.S., Fukai, S., Wilson, G.L.",1988,Intercropping cassava with soybean cultivars of varying maturities,Field Crops Research,19,3,10.1016/0378-4290(88)90044-5,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8053/,"Our previous work has shown that early-maturing soybean is suitable for intercropping with cassava at a high latitude (27°S) in south-east Queensland, Australia, as it does not effect the tuber yield. The present study examines whether later-maturing cultivars of soybean with higher yield potential might be more productive. Plant arrangement for cassava was the same in sole crop and in intercrop, while two soybean rows in every six rows were replaced by a row of cassava in intercropping.

All soybean cultivars dominated intercropped cassava, and their dry-matter growth and seed yield were not affected by competition with cassava. Growth of cassava was, on the other hand, severely restricted by intercropped soybean, particularly by late-maturing types. After removal of early-maturing soybean, cassava recovered quickly to produce high leaf-area and effectively intercepted solar radiation. Consequential high total dry-matter production, combined with high assimilate allocation to tubers, resulted in tuber yield at the final harvest similar to that in sole cassava. After the removal of late-maturing soybean, however, recovery was poor, and with a short growing season remaining, tuber yields were only 50–60% of that of sole cassava.

In addition to their adverse effect on cassave growth, late-maturing cultivars were not suitable as an intercrop because of low harvest indices and low light-conversion efficiency (dry matter produced per unit intercepted radiation), although total light interception during the whole growth of cassava/soybean intercrop was similar to that of sole cassava. The low overall light-conversion efficiency in intercropping with late-maturing cultivars was due to very low dry-matter production of soybean during pod-filling when light interception was still high.",Included,
"Olasantan, F. O.",1988,Intercropping of cassava (Manihot esculenta) with maize or cowpea under different row arrangements,Field Crops Research,19,1,10.1016/0378-4290(88)90032-9,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12996/,"The effects of various intercropping arrangements of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and maize (Zea mays L.) or cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) on crop yields were compared over a 3-year period in Nigeria, in an attempt to improve grain yields of the maize and cowpea intercrops without substantially reducing the cassava root yield. Sole-cropped cassava produced the largest yield; this was significantly reduced by about 40% when intercropped with maize or cowpeas but only when using a 1:2 (cassava:intercrop) row arrangement, mainly because of a reduction in its population density. Cassava yield differences among different row arrangements were more marked when grown with maize than with cowpeas. Maize and cowpea grain yields were reduced by intercropping, but somewhat less so when grown with cassava in widely spaced rows. Cassava row spacing did not affect maize yield, but cowpea yield was affected significantly. Land Equivalent Ratios were always greater than 1, irrespective of the crop combinations and row arrangements. However, increased yields of intercropped cassava:maize were obtained at 1:1 or 2:2 row arrangements and of cassava:cowpea at 2:2 rows, without much reduction in cassava tuber yield.",Included,
"Muhr, L., Leihner, D. E., Hilger, T. H., Muller-Samann, K. M.",1995,Intercropping of Cassava with Herbaceous Legumes. I. Rooting Patterns and Their Potential Importance for Belowground Competition,Angewandte Botanik,69,01-Feb,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11492/,"In hillside agriculture, intercropping of cassava [Manihot esculenta Crantz] and herbaceous legumes may reduce soil erosion by water effectively. The ability of legumes to control erosion depends on their ground cover and rooting behaviour. However, rooting patterns of mixed cropped stands of cassava with legumes are largely unknown. This study was conducted to characterize rooting patterns of cassava and legumes in sole- and intercropping systems and evaluate their potential of below-ground competition. In 1992, the effects of cassava solecropped and intercropped with Centrosema acutifolium Benth. and Zornia glabra Desv. on nutrient availability and degree of soil exploration by roots in different soil layers was investigated on an isohyperthermic Oxic Dystropept at Santander de Quilichao, Colombia. The soil had a pH of 4.3 and low nutrient availability but high clay contents. Average annual rainfall is 1,800 mm. Root soil exploration was determined using the profile wall method. Total root number increased from 1,696 in cassava solecropped stands to 3,060 when intercropped with C. acutifolium and to 6,376 when intercropped with Z. glabra. In all treatments, highest root densities were found between 10 and 20 cm of soil depth. In the C. acutifolium treatment, however, 42 % of the total root number was recorded in soil layers deeper than 30 cm, whereas in the Z. glabra treatment only 26 % of the total root number was found in soil layers deeper than 30 cm. Regarding the horizontal root distribution, intercropping with Z. glabra resulted in a clear concentration of roots in the middle of two cassava rows. Soil nutrient data generally showed limited availability being more pronounced in deeper soil layers. When comparing both legumes in mixed stands with cassava, measured total root densities and vertical and horizontal root distribution indicated that Z. glabra was the more competitive species. But, this situation may change when a different planting pattern is used favouring the intraspecific competition of the legumes.",Included,
"Muhr, L., Leihner, D. E., Hilger, T. H., Müller-Sämann, K. M.",1995,Intercropping of Cassava with Herbaceous Legumes. II. Yields as Affected by Below-ground Competition,Angewandte Botanik,69,01-Feb,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11493/,"Intercropping of cassava [Manihot esculenta Crantz] and herbaceous legumes may control erosion in Andean hillside farming effectively. Adoption of this technology might be improved if intercropping systems were made available to farmers causing either little cassava root yield decrease or compensating cassava yield losses by other economic outputs. The objectives of this study were (i) to assess rooting patterns of cassava sole- and cassava-legume intercropping systems, (ii) to elucidate the possible effect of cassava-legume rooting patterns on the degree of competition between the two species and (iii) to quantify the impact of intercropping on cassava root yields. During 1992 cassava solecropped and intercropped with Centrosema acutifolium Benth. and Zarnia glabra Desv. was planted on an isohyperthermic Oxic Dystropept at Santander de Quilichao, Colombia. Cassava cultivars CM 849-1 and CM 523-7 were planted at densities of 1.0 and 1.5 plants m(-2). The legumes had been established in rows 0.5 m from cassava a year earlier Intercropping with herbaceous legumes decreased cassava dry matter production drastically fresh root weights of cassava cv CM 849-1 dropped from 36.3 t ha(-1) to approximately 18 t ha(-1) whereas with cv CM 523-7 root yields dropped from 25 to about 15 t ha(-1). Dry matter production of C. acutifolium and Z. glabra amounted to 3.7 and 5.9 t ha(-1) respectively. The higher planting density increased fresh root weights of cassava cv CM 849-1 considerably. However, this increase, was less pronounced in the intercropping treatments. Simultaneously, legume dry matter production was reduced. Root yields of cv CM 523-7 were not changed by planting density and little effect on legume dry matter was noted. Cassava yield response to both intercropping treatments and rooting pattern of either sole- or intercropped stands clearly indicated that below-ground competition had occurred during cassava growth. Compared to C. acutifolium, Z. glabra had a much higher total root number and a more intensive rooting in the upper soil layers. Nevertheless, no yield difference between both intercropping treatments was observed. It was therefore concluded that after exceeding a certain root density legume roots will compete more and more with each other without affecting cassava growth to a higher degree.",Included,
"Kumar, C. R. M., Hrishi, N.",1979,"Intercropping systems with cassava in Kerala State, India","Intercropping with cassava: Proceedings of an international workshop held at Trivandrum, India, 27 Nov-1 Dec 1978",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9281/,,Included,
"Moreno, R.A., Hart, R.D.",1979,Intercropping with cassava in Central America,"Intercropping with cassava: Proceedings of an international workshop held at Trivandrum, India, 27 Nov-1 Dec 1978",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11384/,,Included,
"Cudjoe, A.R., Neuenschwander, P., Copland, M.J.W.",1993,Interference by ants in biological control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera Pseudococcidae) in Ghana,Bulletin of Entomological Research,83,1,10.1017/S0007485300041730,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4048/,"In surveys of cassava fields in the coastal savanna and rain forest zones of Ghana, eight species of ants, mostly in the genera Camponotus, Crematogaster and Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), were found attending cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero. Ant densities were much higher in the rain forest than in the savanna and, in most zones, positively correlated to mealybug population densities. Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius) was the only species more abundant in the interior of fields, whereas the other species preferred the edges of fields or, like Camponotus spp., did not respond to edge effects. Weediness of the fields did not clearly influence the presence of ants. Crematogaster sp. and P. megacephala spent most of the time on cassava tips, where they built carton tents. Ants of the three genera reduced parasitism rates by the exotic Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) to half, compared to the rates observed on mealybug colonies of equal size that were not attended. Hyperparasitism by Prochiloneurus insolitus (Alam) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Chartocerus hyalipennis Hayat (Hymenoptera: Signiphoridae) and predation by the indigenous Exochomus troberti Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were similarly reduced. Where ants were excluded experimentally by insectcide barriers, parasitism was 32%, compared to only 10% in the control, and predator densities were reduced three-fold. In a 24 h experiment, Pheidole megacephala was observed to remove about half the E. troberti larvae; Crematogaster sp. and Camponotus spp. were less efficient. The results show the locally strong interference of ants with biological control of the cassava mealybug. Despite this interference, mealybug populations in the rain forest were judged to be below damaging levels.",Included,
"Herren, H. R., Neuenschwander, P., Hennessey, R. D., Hammond, W. N. O.",1987,"Introduction and dispersal of Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym., Encyrtidae), an exotic parasitoid of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom., Pseudococcidae), in Africa",Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,19,2,10.1016/0167-8809(87)90013-2,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7128/,"In 1981 the South American parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (DeSantis) was imported into Nigeria for control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. It was multiplied in an insectary at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, and first released in 1981/82. Within 3 years it dispersed over 200 000 km2 in southwestern Nigeria, occupying between 70 and 98% of all fields. By December 1985, a total of over 50 releases in 34 regions had been made in 12 African countries. E. lopezi was already established in 28 regions, and in some cases E. lopezi spread across international borders. It now occupies 650 000 km2 in 13 countries: 420 000 km2 in West Africa, 210 000 km2 in Central Africa and several small disjunct territories, covering a range of ecological zones (Sudan Savannah, Guinea Savannah, Equatorial Rainforest, Highlands).",Included,
"Perez Velasquez, Juan Carlos, Ceballos, Hernan, Lentini, Zaida, Lopez, J., Morante, Nelson",2006,Introduction of inbreeding and analysis of inbreeding depression in eight S1 cassava families [poster] [on line],,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14458/,,Included,
"Bento, J.M.S., Moraes, G.J. de., Bellotti, A.C., Castillo, J.A., Warumby, J.F., Lapointe, S.L.",1999,Introduction of parasitoids for the control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus herreni (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in north-eastern Brazil,Bulletin of Entomological Research,89,5,10.1017/S000748539900053X,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2124/,"The mealybug Phenacoccus herreni Cox & Williams causes considerable damage to cassava Manihot esculenta Crantz. Field surveys conducted between 1988 and 1994 indicated the mealybug was present in 57 municipalities in six States in north-eastern Brazil, in some places reaching high levels of infestation. Several native natural enemy species were found associated with the pest in Brazil. Exotic encyrtid parasitoids were imported and released in fields in the States of Bahia and Pernambuco. Apoanagyrus diversicornis (Howard) was introduced from Colombia, and Acerophagus coccois Smith, and Aenasius vexans (Kerrich) were introduced from Venezuela. By the end of 1996, a total of 35,930 parasitoids had been released. In Bahia, Apoanagyrus diversicornis was recovered 130, 234, 304 and 550 km from its release site after 6, 14, 21 and 33 months, respectively. Acerophagus coccois was recovered at 180 km from its release site nine months after release. Aenasius vexans, however, did not disperse at all despite being consistently recovered at its release site. In Pernambuco, 9010 parasitoids were released from October, 1995 onwards. Acerophagus coccois and Aenasius vexans were recovered up to 40 km from the release sites after three and five months of their initial releases, respectively. The establishment and dispersal of these parasitoids are discussed.",Included,
"Ojulong, H., Labuschangne, M., Herselman, L., Fregene, M.",2008,Introgression of genes for dry matter content from wild cassava species,Euphytica,164,1,10.1007/s10681-008-9685-6,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12810/,"Cassava cultivars often have poor resistance to biotic stresses and lack good quality traits. Wild species of cultivated crops have frequently been used as an important source of genetic diversity. Cassava breeders are becoming increasingly interested in incorporating genes of wild relatives. In 2000 the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) initiated a programme to introgress genes for several root yield and quality traits from wild cassava relatives into its germplasm collection. The objectives of this study were to evaluate one resulting inter-specific cross with high variability for dry matter content (DMC) and to assess the effect of such a cross on other yield related traits. Crossing of the elite cultivar MTAI 8 to the wild relative Manihot tristis increased the percentage DMC above the normal average of about 35%, with percentage DMC ranging from 34.39 to 42.73. The crosses, however, were accompanied by some detrimental effects, most noticeable the reduction in harvest index (HI). It is apparent that when selecting for DMC, caution should be taken and HI and fresh root yield should be monitored. Regression analysis singled root weight, percentage DMC and fresh root yield out as the most important contributors to dry root yield. Principal component analysis indicated that root weight, roots per plants and DMC contributed most to storage root yield.",Included,
"Akinbo, Olalekan, Labuschagne, Maryke, Fregene, Martin",2012,Introgression of whitefly (Aleurotrachelus socialis) resistance gene from F1 inter-specific hybrids into commercial cassava,Euphytica,183,1,10.1007/s10681-011-0436-8,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/698/,"The most widespread disease of economic importance of cassava is caused by whitefly vector, both as a single strain or combination of strains. A B1P2 family was generated from the crosses of an inter-specific F1 hybrid (CW 198-11) as a female parent with a commercial cassava cultivar (MTAI-8) as male parent at CIAT headquarters and evaluated in a high-pressure zone for whiteflies in Colombia. 227 genotypes were scored using a scale ranging from 1 (no leaf damage) to 6 (considerable leaf necrosis and defoliation, sooty mould on mid and lower leaves and young stems). The rest were considered promising. The most promising resistance was for damage ratings below 2 for 17.8% of the genotypes. The availability of the pest resistance genotypes, will serve as a means to combat the problem of CMD in Africa provided that resistance to A. socialis is also effective against B. tabaci with different virus strains that is capable of been introduced.",Included,
"Bowrin, V., Sutton, F.",2016,"Inversion induced manihot esculenta stem tubers express key tuberization genes; Mec1, RZF, SuSy1 and PIN2",Plant Signaling and Behavior,11,1,10.1080/15592324.2015.1115167,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2531/,"Cassava (M. esculenta) gives rise to unique underground stem tubers when stem cuttings are planted in an inverted orientation. The nutritional profile of the stem and root tubers were similar except for protein content which was higher in stem than in root tubers. RT-PCR revealed that several key genes (Mec1, RZF, SuSy1 and PIN2) involved in root tuberization were also expressed in these stem tubers. At five weeks post planting, these genes were expressed in roots and underground stems as in the mature tubers. However at 15 weeks post planting, they were expressed in both root and stem tubers but not in adventitious roots or in the non-tuberized stems. Expression of, the root auxin efflux carrier gene PIN2 in the stem tubers indicate a role for auxin in the stem tuberization process.",Included,
"Dahniya, M. T., Hahn, S. K.",1982,Investigating source-sink relations in cassava by reciprocal grafts,Experimental Agriculture,18,4,10.1017/S001447970000082X,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4203/,The relation between source potentials and sink capacities of four cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) varieties with different characteristics was investigated by means of reciprocal grafts. There were marked differences in the sink capacities (average stock effects) and source potentials (average scion effects) of the varieties.,Included,
"Makurira, H., Savenije, H. H. G., Uhlenbrook, S., Rockstrom, J., Senzanje, A.",2009,"Investigating the water balance of on-farm techniques for improved crop productivity in rainfed systems: A case study of Makanya catchment, Tanzania",Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,34,01-Feb,10.1016/j.pce.2008.04.003,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10534/,"Water scarcity is a perennial problem in sub-Saharan agricultural systems where extreme rainfall events dominate agricultural seasons. Dry spell occurrences between and during seasons negatively impact on crop yields especially if such dry spells exceed 14 days. The impact of dry spells is felt more at smallholder farming scales where subsistence farming is the only source of livelihood for many households. This paper presents results from on-going research to improve rainfed water productivity in and and semi-arid regions. The study site is the Makanya catchment in northern Tanzania where rainfall rarely exceeds 400 mm/season. Rainwater alone is not sufficient to support maize which is the preferred crop. The research introduced new soil and water conservation measures to promote water availability into the root zone. The introduced techniques include deep tillage, runoff diversion, fanya juus (infiltration trenches with bunds) and infiltration pits. The research aims at understanding the effectiveness of these interventions in increasing moisture availability within the root zone. Time domain reflectometry (TDR) was used to measure soil moisture twice weekly at 10 cm depth intervals up to depths of 2 m. Soil moisture fluctuated in the range 5-25% of volume with the beginning of the season recording the driest moisture levels and periods after good rainfall/runoff events recording the highest moisture levels. From the field observations made, a spreadsheet model was developed to simulate soil moisture variations during different maize growth stages. The results obtained show that the zones of greatest soil moisture concentrations are those around the trenches and bunds. Soil moisture is least at the centre of the plots. The study confirms the effectiveness of the introduced techniques to help concentrate the little available rainfall into green water flow paths. Indirect benefits from these improved techniques are the creation of fertile and moist zones around the bunds where Supplementary food crops (e.g. bananas and cassava) can be grown even in dry seasons.",Included,
"Nkakini, S. O., Ceder, O.",2008,"Investigation into farm mechanization practices for cassava and yam in Rivers State, Nigeria","AMA, Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America",39,4,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12245/,"The present state of farm mechanization practices for energy utilization in yam and cassava cultivation was assessed in Rivers State and is presented in this paper. Field surveys were conducted in several farms, Ministry of Agriculture and Agricultural Development Project (ADP) in the 23 local government areas of the state. To ascertain data, a structured questionnaire, personal visits to farm and discussions with record holders were used. The state's current situation for energy utilization in tractorization operations for these two crops were highlighted and compared with their traditional operations. Within the period of 1986-2004 energy utilizations in the productivity of these crops were 2,738.87 MJ and 33.5 MJ for machine power and traditional operations respectively. Tractorization Intensity (IT) which described the use of the tractor as the pivot of agricultural mechanization in the state dropped from 0.352 hp/ha in 1986 to 0.345 hp/ha in 2004. This result was below the recommended 0.5 hp/ ha (T.I) for efficient agriculture. This study identified the causes of these shortcomings and recommended that the right attitude towards use of farm machinery and the industrialization of all sectors should be encouraged.",Included,
"Fokunang, C.N., Ikotun, T., Akem, C.N., Dixon, A.G.O., Tembe, E.A., Koona, P.",2000,"Investigation of inoculum threshold and latent infection in Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes f.sp. manihotis, in cassava cultivars",Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences,3,5,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5773/,"Studies were conducted at the Advance Pathology laboratory and glasshouse at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, to determine the inoculum threshold of fungal suspensions at different concentration levels, and also to investigate latent infection of cassava anthracnose disease pathogen, (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotisl, in cassava cultivars. This study showed that fungal suspension could initiate disease infection at very low inoculum concentration of 3.3 x 102 colony forming units (CFU)/ml of sterile distilled water. There was a general increase in percentage leaf infection and defoliation in the cassava cultivars with increase in inoculum concentration and incubation period. Symptomless cassava plant materials after incubation at 25 plus minus 2 Centigrade for seven days showed the presence of acervuli of anthracnose fungus in more than 80% of the cassava cultivars. This was an indication that symptomless cassava materials contain C. gloeosporiodes f. sp. manihotis that can only manifest itself under favourable environmental conditions during the course of growth and development of the host plant.",Included,
"Tadano, T., Ninaki, M., Oya, K., Lumbanraja, J., Utomo, M., Sitorus, A.D., Mahi, A.K.",1983,"Investigation on Nutritional Factors Limiting Crop Growth in the Red-Yellow Podzolic Soils Distributed in the Province of Lampung, Indonesia 2. Nutritional Factors of the Soils Limiting the Growth of Cassava and Effect of Alang-Alang (Imperata cylindrica) Application",Japanese Journal of Tropical Agriculture,27,3,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17234/,"Nutritional factors limiting the growth of cassava cultivated on the red-yellow podzolic soils distributed in the Province of Lampung, Indonesia and the effect of alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica) application were investigated. The low nitrogen supply of the soil was the most important factor limiting the growth of cassava. Cassava tolerated well the low phosphorus and low pH conditions of the soils. It was suggested that the application of alang-alang would enable to increase significantly crop yields in the red-yellow podzolic soil area where crops are cultivated without fertilizers.",Included,
"Ramanujam, T., Ghosh, S. P.",1990,Investigations of Source-Sink Relations in Cassava Using Reciprocal Grafting,Experimental Agriculture,26,2,10.1017/S0014479700018184,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14824/,"Source-sink relations in cassava were investigated following reciprocal grafting among three cultivars of different yield groups. Both rootstock and scion had significant effects on net assimilation rate and tuber yield, demonstrating that both sink capacity and source activity are important in achieving maximum tuber yield. The scion had no effect on tuber dry matter percentage and starch content of the grafts but the hydrocyanic acid content of the tuber was significantly influenced by both rootstock and scion.",Included,
"Obigbesan, G. O.",1977,"Investigations on Nigerian root and tuber crops Effect of potassium on starch yields, HGN content and nutrient uptake of cassava cultivars (Manihot escalenta)",The Journal of Agricultural Science,89,1,10.1017/S0021859600027167,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12551/,"Field experiments were made in the rainforest zone of Western Nigeria over three cropping seasons on the effects of potassium fertilizer of one local cassava cultivar 53101 and two improved cultivars 60506 and 60447 which were F1 hybrids of the former. The results showed that K-fertilizer increased the starch yields only slightly. Cultivar 60506 produced significantly higher starch yields (P<0.01) than the local strain, 53101, while cultivar 60447 gave lower starch recovery than the local cultivar. A definite influence of K application on the cyanide (HCN) content of the tuber roots could not be established. The peeled tubers of the improved cultivars contained much less cyanide than those of the local 53101 strain (P<0.01). Potassium had the highest (0-7.-1.28 dry weight basis) while phosphorus had the lowest concentration (0.06-0.12) in the peeled tuber. Owing to its higher yielding capability the unfertilized 60506 removed larger amounts of potash (average 110.9 kg K2O/ha) from the soil than unfertilized 53101 (average 82.2 kg K2O/ha). 1977, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Obigbesan, G.O., Fayemi, A.A.A.",1976,Investigations on Nigerian root and tuber crops. Influence of nitrogen fertilization on the yield and chemical composition of two cassava cultivars (Manihot esculenta),"J. agrie. Sci., Camb",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12546/,,Included,
"Obigbesan, G. O., Fayemi, A. A. A.",1976,Investigations on Nigerian root and tuber crops: Influence of nitrogen fertilization on the yield and chemical composition of two cassava cultivars (Manihot esculenta),Journal of Agricultural Science,86,2,10.1017/S0021859600054873,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12547/,"The results of field experiments on the influence of nitrogen fertilization on the yield components, starch and prussic acid content of two of the cassava cultivars recommended for cultivation in Nigeria are presented. The two cultivars 53101 (local) and 60506 (improved) were harvested at 9, 12 and 15 months. In general, the improved cultivars appeared to respond better to N fertilization, but high rates of N (150 kg N/ha) tended to reduce the yield performance of the two cultivars. The local cultivar produced maximum yields of 31·5, 37·5 and 55·7 fresh tuber t/ha with 60 kg N/ha at 9, 12 and 15 months, respectively, while the improved cultivar gave maximum yields of 31·5 and 48·4 t/ha with 120 kg N/ha at 9 and 12 months, respectively, and 64·1 t/ha with 90 kg N/ha at 15 months. By allowing the crop to grow up to 15 months, the starch yield was more than doubled and about three times the yield obtained at 9 months. The 53101 strain seemed to produce maximum starch yields with 60 kg N/ha while the 60506 type tended to give maximum starch yields with 90 kg N/ha. Influence of N treatments was significant up to 12 months of age but not at 15 months.

The HCN content of both cultivars diminished considerably with the age of the plant, dropping at 15 months to about half the level at 9 months. While the HCN concentration of the local cultivar tended to increase with higher N-fertilization, that of the improved cultivar diminished, particularly at 12 months after planting. At 15 months however, the HCN content of both cultivars rose with increasing N. fertilization.",Included,
"Obigbesan, G. O.",1977,Investigations on Nigerian Root and Tuber Crops: Response of Cassava Cultivars to Potassium Fertilizer in Western Nigeria,Journal of Agricultural Science,89,1,10.1017/S0021859600027155,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12550/,"The response of three cassava cultivars to potassium fertilizer was studied in field experiments during 1972–3, 1973–4 and 1975–6. They included the local cultivar 53101 and the improved cultivars 60506 and 60447 which were F1 hybrids involving the local strain (53101) and cultivar 42074. In locations known to be low in potassium, the cassava cultivars showed only low response to K fertilizer with optimum performance at about 60 kg K2O/ha, but the local cultivar 53101 had apparently not reached its maximum tuber production even at 120 kg K2O/ha. This cultivar gave higher tuber yield increases (10–18 kg dried tuber) per unit weight of potash than the 60506 cultivar (6–10 kg dried tuber/kg K2O) while cultivar 60447 produced about 18 kg/kg K2O. Unfertilized 60506 produced average yields equivalent to those obtained from the heavily fertilized 53101 cultivar. Cultivar 60506 gave the highest dry-matter content. The improved cultivars retained more leaves than the local strain. K fertilizer enhanced the utilization index (storage root/top ratio) of the cassava cultivars.",Included,
"Ihemere, U. E., Narayanan, N. N., Sayre, R. T.",2012,"Iron biofortification and homeostasis in transgenic cassava roots expressing the algal iron assimilatory gene, FEA1",Frontiers in Plant Science,3,,10.3389/fpls.2012.00171,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7655/,"We have engineered the tropical root crop cassava (Manihot esculenta) to express the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii iron assimilatory gene, FEA1, in its storage roots with the objective of enhancing the root nutritional qualities. Iron levels in mature cassava storage roots were increased from 10 to 36 ppm in the highest iron accumulating transgenic lines. These iron levels are sufficient to meet the minimum daily requirement for iron in a 500 g meal. Significantly, the expression of the FEA1 gene in storage roots did not alter iron levels in leaves. Transgenic plants also had normal levels of zinc in leaves and roots consistent with the specific uptake of ferrous iron mediated by the FEA1 protein. Relative to wild-type plants, fibrous roots of FEA1 expressing plants had reduced Fe (III) chelate reductase activity consistent with the more efficient uptake of iron in the transgenic plants. We also show that multiple cassava genes involved in iron homeostasis have altered tissue-specific patterns of expression in leaves, stems, and roots of transgenic plants consistent with increased iron sink strength in transgenic roots. These results are discussed in terms of strategies for the iron biofortification of plants.",Included,
"Chavez, A. L., Bedoya, J. M., Sánchez, T., Iglesias, C., Ceballos, H., Roca, W.",2000,"Iron, carotene, and ascorbic acid in cassava roots and leaves",Food and Nutrition Bulletin,21,4,10.1177/156482650002100413,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3438/,"The cassava core collection (601 genotypes) was evaluated for root and leaf contents of micronutrient minerals, ascorbic acid, and carotene. Wide genetic variability was observed for all measurements, indicating that there is good potential for exploiting and improving the nutritive value of cassava. There seems to be little correlation between the levels of any micronutrient in roots and leaves. There was no clear association between carotene and ascorbic acid concentrations. A genetic study of the progeny of a cross between yellow and white parents indicated control of the yellow trait by only two genes. The stability of vitamins after three commonly used processing procedures was evaluated in a sample of 26 genotypes. A higher proportion of the original vitamin content survived boiling, whereas solar drying resulted in the highest losses. Carotene was more stable than ascorbic acid. In a limited number of lines, there was some indication that higher vitamin content was associated with decreased post-harvest physiological deterioration. Since it is well established that -carotene and ascorbic acid can enhance the absorption and internal transport of dietary iron and zinc from plant sources, yellow varieties of cassava have potential to address not only vitamin deficiencies per se, but also iron-deficiency anaemia and zinc deficiency. Further, the use of the leaves as a vegetable, as is done in several African countries, can complement the use of the root as a staple because of the high nutrient density of the leaves. The potential to improve the nutritive potential of cassava is exciting.",Included,
"Dunn, R. R.",2000,Isolated trees as foci of diversity in active and fallow fields,Biological Conservation,95,3,10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00025-2,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4823/,"As the percentage of forest converted to agroecosystems in the tropics rises, it becomes increasingly important to understand how biodiversity can be managed in these ecosystems. In this study, tests were made of the hypotheses that insect abundance and diversity are higher near isolated trees in crop fields than in the open and that the diversity and abundance of insects increases with the density of isolated trees. The field site was in the Nkoronza district of the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana, in the dry semi-deciduous forest zone at 350 m altitude, and the study was done in the dry season of January-March 1998. Eight fallow fields (2-3 yr old fallows) and 8 active fields (planted with cassava and some yams) were investigated; the fields had a range of tree densities (6-48/ha). Ant species richness, ant abundance and beetle abundance per trap were higher near isolated trees than in the open. Isolated trees had less of an effect on beetle abundance in fallow than active fields. Ant species richness was positively correlated with tree size. Ant species richness per field, ant abundance and beetle abundance per field were not correlated with tree density or the condition of surrounding fields. These results indicate that isolated trees can play a role in determining the local distribution of ants and beetles in crop fields.",Included,
"Reilly, K., Han, Y., Tohme, J., Beeching, J. R.",2001,Isolation and characterisation of a cassava catalase expressed during post-harvest physiological deterioration,Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Gene Structure and Expression,1518,3,10.1016/S0167-4781(01)00195-6,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15018/,"Storage roots of cassava undergo a rapid, endogenous, post-harvest deterioration response that is thought to involve oxidative processes. A cassava catalase (MecCAT1) was isolated from a root cDNA library. The transcript is expressed predominantly in roots with little expression in leaves. Catalase enzyme activity and MecCAT1 transcript expression during the post-harvest period were compared in highly susceptible and less susceptible cultivars and suggest that high levels of catalase activity may play a role in delaying the deterioration response.",Included,
"Hargono, H., Jos, B., Kumoro, A. C.",2017,"Kinetics of the enzymatic hydrolysis of sweet cassava starch, bitter cassava, and gadung (Dioscorea hispida dennst) Flours at low temperature",Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering &amp; Catalysis,12,2,10.9767/bcrec.12.2.808.256-262,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6944/,"Starch is a potential substrate for this purpose, but the extra cost is needed to hydrolyze it into reducing sugar. As an alternative to the expensive and energy demanding conventional hydrolysis process, the low-temperature hydrolysis is being studied. Granular starch hydrolyzing enzyme (GSHE) was used in the process to degrade starch into reducing sugar at 30 C and pH 4. The substrates included sweet cassava starch, bitter cassava, and gadung (Dioscorea hispida Dennst) flours. Starch concentrations studied were in the range 50-400 g/L, respectively, while the concentration of enzyme was maintained at 1.5 % (w/w). The optimum productivity of reducing sugar (Qrs) of sweet cassava starch, bitter cassava, and gadung flours were 4.11, 3.10, and 0.52 (g/L.h), respectively. The Michaelis-Menten constants (Km) for these three substrates were determined as 139.84 g/L, 141.43 g/L, and 140.92 g/L for sweet cassava starch, bitter cassava, and gadung flours, respectively. Increasing of cyanide concentration during hydrolysis process of sweet cassava starch, bitter cassava, and gadung flours decreased Vmax, significantly. Based on Lineweaver-Burk plot for sweet cassava starch, bitter cassava, and gadung flours (50-400 g/L) with the cyanide concentration of 42, 168, and 176 mg/kg, can be classified as noncompetitive inhibition with KI value of 0.0317. Copyright 2017 BCREC Group. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Fernandez, M. D., Tezara, W., Rengifo, E., Herrera, A.",2002,"Lack of downregulation of photosynthesis in a tropical root crop, cassava, grown under an elevated CO2 concentration",Functional Plant Biology,29,7,10.1071/PP01165,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5653/,"We evaluated the effects of an elevated [CO2] on photosynthesis and growth of cassava plants grown in open-top chambers with an adequate supply of water and N and a sufficient rooting volume. Cassava plants (Manihot esculenta Crantz. cv. Motilona) showed higher photosynthetic rates (P-n) when grown and measured at elevated [CO2] (680 mumol mol(-1)) than when grown and measured at ambient [CO2] (480 mumol mol(-1)). No downregulation of photosynthesis due to elevated [CO2] was found, since carboxylation efficiency increased after 220 d in spite of a decrease in leaf soluble protein, Rubisco, and leaf N content. Soluble sugar and starch contents decreased with time under elevated [CO2], the decrease in starch content coinciding with the beginning of the increase in root mass. Canopy Pn by leaf area decreased with time under elevated [CO2] but, when canopy Pn was expressed by ground area, higher and constant rates were observed, suggesting a higher productivity in plants grown at elevated [CO2]. The absence of differences between growth [CO2] in root shoot ratio observed suggests that elevated [CO2], while causing increases in the shoot as well as the root, did not affect the pattern of biomass allocation. Acclimation responses of gas exchange parameters changed during the experiment. The absence of downregulation of photosynthesis was associated with a decrease in leaf sugar and starch contents of plants grown at elevated [CO2], which suggests a favourable source/sink relationship.",Included,
"Yuniwati, E. D.",2017,Land Husbandry Biochar application to reduce land degradation and erosion on cassava production C3 - IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science,IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science,97,,10.1088/1755-1315/97/1/012013,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19810/,"This field experiment was carried out to examine the effect of increasing crop yield on land degradation and erosion in cassava-based cropping systems. The experiment was also aimed at showing that with proper crop management, the planting of cassava does not result in land degradation, and therefore, a sustainable production system can be obtained. The experiment was done in a farmer's fields in Batu, about 15 km south east of Malang, East Java, Indonesia. The soils are Alfisols with a surface slope of about 8%. There were 8 experimental treatments with two replications. The experiment results show that biochar applications reduce of soil erosion rate of the cassava field were not necessarily higher than those of maize in terms of crop yield and crop management. At low-to-medium yield, also observed the nutrient uptake of cassava was lower than that of maize. At high yield, only the K uptake of cassava was higher than that of maize, whereas the N and P uptake was more or less similar. Soil erosion on the cassava field was significantly higher than that on the maize field; however, this only occurred when there was no suitable crop management. Simple crop managements, such as ridging, biochar application, or manure application could significantly reduce soil erosion. The results also revealed that proper management could prevent land degradation and increase crop yield. In turn, the increase in crop yield could decrease soil erosion and plant nutrient depletion. Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.",Included,
"He, X. Y., Su, Y. R., Liang, Y. M., Chen, X. B., Zhu, H. H., Wang, K. L.",2012,Land reclamation and short-term cultivation change soil microbial communities and bacterial metabolic profiles,Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,92,5,10.1002/jsfa.5547,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7040/,"Background Soil microbes play an important role in many critical ecosystem processes, but little is known about the effects of land reclamation and short-term cultivation on microbial communities in red soil. In this study, soil microbial communities under five land use patterns-artificial pine forest (Fp), tussock and shrub (TS), shrubbery (Sh), sugarcane (Su) and maize and cassava rotation (Ma)-were characterised by DNA fingerprinting and metabolic profiling to reveal how land reclamation and cultivation affect the underlying diversity and function of soil microbial communities in southwestern China. Results Eight years of reclamation and cultivation significantly affected population size, composition and structure, bacterial metabolic profiles and diversity values (Shannon-Wiener index) of soil microbial communities. Soil organic carbon and pH were the most important factors shaping the underlying microbial communities; however, with significant correlations between soil carbon/nitrogen ratio and bacterial taxonomic and metabolic diversities, soil total nitrogen was a potentially important factor for soil microbial composition and function, as well as soil moisture, cation exchange capacity and physical structure to a lesser extent. In addition, the lowest pH, lower nutrient availability and the most compact soil in pine forest resulted in the lowest microbial taxonomic and metabolic diversities among the five land use patterns studied. Conclusion Soil organic carbon, nitrogen and pH appeared to be the most important factors influencing microbial biomass, composition and function in red soil of southwestern China. The study suggests that measures to lessen the impact of changes in this edaphic environment should be taken to avoid an imbalance of microbial function and improve ecological sustainability in southwestern China. 2012 Society of Chemical Industry.",Included,
"Yeoh, H. H., Sanchez, T., Iglesias, C. A.",1998,Large-Scale Screening of Cyanogenic Potential in Cassava Roots Using the Enzyme-Based Dipsticks,Journal of Food Composition and Analysis,11,1,10.1006/jfca.1997.0555,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19734/,"A protocol was developed to use the enzyme-based dipsticks for large scale screening of cyanogenic potential in cassava roots. It involved direct analysis of root tissue slices. Cyanogenic potential (expressed as mg HCN/kg root fresh weight) of 40 cassava varieties were determined. They ranged from about 2 to 590 mg HCN/kg root. Twenty-seven varieties gave values that were comparable to those of control (using root extract). Some varieties were underestimated. For these varieties, values similar to control were obtainable by simply crushing the root slices. Determination of cyanogenic potential based on five roots per variety compared well with those using composite root extracts prepared from three roots (r= 0.81). Semiquantitative estimation of cyanogenic potential for 122 cassava varieties was also carried out by comparing the color of picrate paper against those of known standards; results showed a strong correlation with spectrophotometric method (r= 0.79). 1998 Academic Press.",Included,
"Ideriah, T.J.K., Institute oj Pollution Studies, Rivers State University of Science, Technology,PMB. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria",1991,Lead concentrations in food crops found along roadsides in some municipal environments in Nigeria,,v. v31-36,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7603/,"Concentrations of lead in cassava, cocoyam, plantain and banana planted along roadsides in Port Harcourt, Rumuokora, Rumuodata, Idama and Bille areas of south-eastern Nigeria were determined. The lead in the crop samples was analyzed using the diphenylthiocabazone colorimetric method and the results showed that lead concentrations from high traffic density areas were higher than those from low traffic density areas. However, a I-test showed no significant difference (PO.05) between them. Also, lead concentrations in the crops decreased with increasing distance away from the road junctions. The results further showed significant difference (PO.05) between the lead concentrations in the edible (fleshy) and non-edible (peels) parts of the crops. The observed difference in the lead concentrations are attributed to differences in varieties as well as the length of time the crops stayed in the groUlid. The results of the study present enough preliminary evidence to discourage farmers from planting crops along road junctions since the lead concentrations in most of the study areas exceeded natural limit.",Included,
"Nobuntou, W., Parkpian, P., Oanh, N. T. K., Noomhorm, A., Delaune, R. D., Jugsujinda, A.",2010,Lead distribution and its potential risk to the environment Lesson learned from environmental monitoring of abandon mine,Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering,45,13,10.1080/10934529.2010.513232,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12264/,"There are many abandon and existing mines (tin, lead and zinc) in the mountainous areas of Thailand. Toxic elements including heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) have been released and transported from the mining sites to the adjacent landscape. In Thong Pha Phum District, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand Pb contamination in the vicinity of the mine has occurred which could lead to potential health problems in downstream communities. To better understand current status of Pb contamination and accumulation in the surrounding environment and potential health impact, surface sediment, soil and plant samples were collected seasonally from representative monitoring sites along the aquatic track or flow regime. Potential health risk was determined using hazard quotient (HQ) as an index for local inhabitants who consume rice. Environmental monitoring illustrated that Pb concentrations in the surface sediment was as high as 869.4 mg kg-1 dry weight and varied differently among stations sampled. Lead content in agricultural soil ranged between 137.8 to 613.5 mg kg-1 dry weight and was inversely proportion to the distance from the point source. Moreover Pb was transported from the point source to down hill areas. At the highly polluted monitoring stations (S1, S2, and S3), concentrations of Pb exceeded the maximum allowable concentration for Pb in agricultural soil (300 mg kg-1) by 1.7-2 times. The Pb in soil was primarily associated with Fe/Mn oxides bound fraction (46-56%) followed by the organic bound fraction (25-30%). Lead uptake by plant varied and was species dependent. However root and tuber crops like cassava (19.92 mg Pb kg-1 dry weight) and curcumin (3.25 mg Pb kg-1 dry weight) could have removed Pb from the soil which suggest growing root crops in Pb contaminated soils should be avoided. However Cd, a co-contaminant at one of monitored stations (S4) yielded rice grain with Cd exceeding the maximum allowable concentration suggesting some potential health risk (HQ = 5.34) if people consume rice grown at this station. Overall result shows a low risk associated with Pb release into the environment. Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.",Included,
"Silva, D. V., Cabral, C. M., Da Costa, S. S. D., De Freitas Souza, M., Ferreira, E. A., Braga, R. R., Pereira, G. A. M., Dos Santos, J. B.",2017,"Leaf anatomy of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz. cv. IAC-12) after herbicides application to control weeds in Minas Gerais, Brazil",Acta Agronomica,66,3,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16433/,"Micro-morphological changes precede the appearance of visible damage after herbicide application and are essential in providing data for the safe recommendation in chemical management of weeds. Therefore, the aim of this research was to verify the anatomical changes of leaf tissue caused by application of herbicides in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.cv. IAC-12). A greenhouse experiment was conducted with post-emergence herbicides treatments as follows nicossulfuron (60 g a.i ha-1), fluazifop (250 g a.i ha-1), fomesafem (250 g a.i ha-1), metribuzin (480 g a.i ha-1), oxyfluorfen (720 g a.i ha-1) and the mixture fluazifop + fomesafen (200 + 250 g a.i ha-1), and an untreated control, respectively. The results obtained have allowed to affirm the cassava plants (cultivar IAC-12), exhibited changes in leaf anatomy in response to herbicide application even on cassava leaves without no visual toxicity symptoms. The products caused alterations both in tissue thickness as in tissue proportion in the leaf blade. For the fluazifop, a eudicotyledonous selective herbicide, changes were observed in tissue thickness and proportion of leaf blade, even without any visual toxicity detected. Cassava plants (IAC-12), showed structural changes in leaf anatomy in response to application of herbicides. The leaf anatomy of cassava cv. IAC-12, can be used to indicate the herbicide effect on cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.cv. IAC-12) plants.",Included,
"Manrique, L. A.",1987,Leaf area development and growth performance of cassava germplasm on a strongly acid ultisol of panama,Journal of Plant Nutrition,10,6,10.1080/01904168709363600,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10629/,"A field experiment using local cassava cultivars was conducted on a Tropudult of Ocu, Panama to study leaf area development and growth performance of cassava germplasm under extreme soil acidity conditions. Plants were grown under a soil Al (KC1-extractable Al) range of 4.0 to 5.7 cmol(p+)/kg. Under this high soil Al, leaf area index and dry matter production patterns of cassava cultivars were closely similar to those reported for plants grown in less constraining conditions. However, the sink capacity in most cultivars appeared to shift from roots to tops. Roots were weak competitors for assimilates, hence photosynthetic production was primarily aimed to develop and sustain canopy growth. This preferential distribution of assimilates to tops resulted in low harvest index values. The reduced sink size of roots appears to be attributable to the impairing effects of soil Al on root growth.",Included,
"Byju, G., Anand, M. H.",2009,Leaf Color Chart and Chlorophyll-Meter-Based Leaf Nitrogen Estimation and Their Threshold Values for Real-Time Nitrogen Management in Cassava,Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,40,17-18,10.1080/00103620903173830,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2786/,"The critical leaf and the threshold values of leaf color chart (LCC) and chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502) for cassava have been evaluated. The nitrogen (N) rates and cultivars had a significant effect on LCC score, SPAD values, and leaf N concentration of leaf 1 in most cases. Among the three leaf positions studied, the youngest fully expanded leaf (YFEL) blade (leaf 1) had significant, positive correlation of tuber yield with LCC score, SPAD value, and leaf N concentration. The regression between LCC score and leaf N concentration of leaf 1 was LCC = 0.358 (Leaf N) + 0.78 (r2 = 0.81) and that between LCC score and SPAD value was SPAD = 10.981 (LCC) - 3.51 (r2 = 0.82). A threshold LCC score of 2.65 and threshold SPAD value of 25 were suitable to determine the optimal timing of N top-dressing for cassava.",Included,
"Khumaida, Nurul, Maharani, Sadewi, Ardie, Sintho Wahyuning",2015,Leaf Color Performance on Several Lines of Cassava and its Relation with Tuber Yield as Early Reference,Procedia Environmental Sciences,v. 24,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8983/,"Mutation breeding using Gamma irradiation is one of strategies to improve the genetic variability in a vegetatively propagated plant such as cassava. Characterization of the qualitative and quantitative characters of irradiated cassava mutant lines is an important activity in the selection process. Leaf color variability can be used to estimate the potential mutant genotypes without waiting the tuber harvest time using hyperspectral technology, and thus accelerate the plant breeding program. The objectives of this research were to characterize leaf qualitative characteristics and yield characteristics of several irradiated cassava M1V2 generation and to evaluate the relation between leaf performance and tuber yield of several cassava mutant lines as an early reference in the hyperspectral remote sensing application. Fifteen genotypes of M1V1 generation (five parent genotypes and ten mutant lines derived from gamma rays irradiation) were planted in the experimental field. Leaf performance such as color of leaf (young shoot and mature), petiole, and also other characters were observed by using cassava descriptor. The result showed that the leaf and plant canopy performance play an important role in determining the yield (weight of fresh tuber). In particular genotypes, greener (dark green) leaf color will increase the weight of tubers per plant. These results confirmed that the leaf color of several cassava lines would be well suited for early estimation of yield.",Included,
"Ramanujam, T.",1985,Leaf density profile and efficiency in partitioning dry matter among high and low yielding cultivars of cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz),Field Crops Research,10,C,10.1016/0378-4290(85)90035-8,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14821/,"Leaf area density, and efficiency in partitioning dry matter for tuber growth were studied using six cultivars of cassava which differ in their yielding ability. The cultivars of the low yielding group maintained either sub-optimal (< 2) or supra-optimal (> 4) levels of leaf area index during the major part of growth period and this adversely affected their light utilization efficiency. A significant negative correlation (r = -0.78) was observed between leaf area density and light transmission ratio. For better light interception and utilization, a leaf area index of 2.5-3.5 was found to be optimum for cassava. A significant difference in partitioning dry matter (DM) for tuber growth was noticed among the cultivars tested, which varied from 0.3 to 0.7 per unit of DM produced. The short-statured cultivar Ci 590 was more efficient in utilizing DM for storage root growth (harvesting efficiency = 70%). The leaf density profile suggested that the productivity of Ci 590 could be raised substantially by increasing plant density. The distribution of DM between shoot and tuber showed a linear relationship with total biomass. However, the harvest index reached a more or less constant value after the fourth month, with the onset of tuber bulking, till final harvest. 1985.",Included,
"Cayn, M. G., El-Sharkawy, M. A., Cadavid, L. F.",1998,Leaf gas exchange of cassava as affected by quality of planting material and water stress,Photosynthetica,34,3,10.1023/A1006868219162,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3163/,"Field trial was conducted to study the effects of quality of planting material and prolonged water stress on leaf gas exchange of the cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivar M Col 1684. Nutrient contents of planting material affected rootlet formation, but not leaf gas exchange. Net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs), and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) were significantly reduced by prolonged water stress. New leaves developed after recovery from water stress showed higher PN and gs, as compared to leaves of similar ages of unstressed plants. The higher PN was associated with higher leaf nutrient contents, indicating that photosynthetic capacity was enhanced in these leaves. These compensating characteristics may partly explain the small yield reduction often observed in stressed cassava.",Included,
"Lahai, M.T., Ekanayake, I.J., George, J.B.",1998,Leaf harvesting effects on leaf retention and pest and disease incidence of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad and Tobago),v. 75,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9401/,"Two field experiments were conducted in the 1996-97 crop season to investigate the effect of leaf harvest frequency on leaf retention and pest and disease incidence on cassava genotypes, at two sites in the derived (Ibadan) and southern Guinea savannah (Mokwa) zones of Nigeria. Four leaf harvest frequencies were imposed on each genotype. The effects of genotype, harvest frequency, and their interaction were highly significant for the number of leaves retained at the peak dry season at both sites. As the intensity of leaf harvest increased, the number of leaves retained decreased. Genotype and frequency of leaf harvest significantly affected African cassava mosaic virus disease (ACMVD) at Mokwa with the intensity increasing as harvest frequency increased. For cassava bacterial blight (CBB) harvest frequency effect was significant. Monthly and two-monthly frequencies had the highest CBB infection. Effects of genotype and harvest frequency were highly significant for cassava green mite (CGM). As leaf harvest intensity decreased, CGM damage increased, with no-leaf harvest incurring the highest damage and the monthly harvest treatment the lowest.",Included,
"Lenis, J.I., Calle, F., Jaramillo, G., Perez, J.C., Ceballos, H., Cock, J.H.",2006,Leaf retention and cassava productivity,Field Crops Research,v. 95,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9726/,,Included,
"Blanton, C. M., Ewel, J. J.",1985,Leaf-cutting and herbivory in successional and agricultural tropical ecosystems,Ecology,66,3,10.2307/1940548,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2317/,"Herbivory by Atta cephalotes was measured in four plant communities of different complexity in Costa Rica a monoculture of cassava Manihot esculenta and 3 diverse assemblages, each 1.5 yr old 1) unmodified successional vegetation; 2) imitation succession, a community of investigator-introduced species designed to mimic the unmodified succession; and 3) a successional vegetation that the investigators had augmented by propagule inputs. Average herbivory rate (daily cutting of leaf per square metre of ground, all treatments combined) was approx 150 mg (or 38 cm2). In communities with greater leaf area index, structural complexity, and species richness A. cephalotes cut lower portions of total leaf area. Before harvest of the cassava monoculture, the herbivory rate of A. cephalotes was 87.9 cm2.m-2.d-1 in the monoculture, 21.4 in the imitation, 14.7 in the succession, and 6.8 in the enriched succession community. These amounts represented 0.3% of total leaf area in the monoculture and a mean of 0.03% of total leaf area in the complex ecosystems. Cassava was prefered. Atta cephalotes cut only 17 of 332 available plant species. They cut proportionally more woody than herbaceous species, more introduced species than natural colonizers, and species with below-average water contents. -from Authors",Included,
"Morales, I., Villegas, Leopoldo",1995,Linamarase accumulation in cassava leaves (Manihot esculenta Crantz),The Cassava Biotechnology Network Proceedings of the Second International Scientific Meeting Bogor Indonesia 22-26 August 1994,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11365/,"Since the cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is one of the most widely consumed foods in the tropics, we have to consider the toxicity of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) produced by cyanogenic glucosides hydrolysis. In order to contribute to the understanding of the cyanogenesis process in cassava it is necessary to establish a correlation between the linamarase enzymatic activity in the leaves during maduration and the cyanogenic glucosides content in the root parenchyma. Four cultivars were analyzed. The methods used in the analysis were described by Ikediobi, Ongia and Eluwah (Agric. Biol. Chem. 44(12)2803-2809, 1980). The correlation between enzymatic activity in young, fully expanded leaves (1-2 weeks old) and the content of cyanide (CN) in root parenchyma is significantly higher with a correlation of 0.99 and one lower probability of 1 per one thousand (P less than 0.01). In mature leaves (12-14 weeks old) the estimated correlation coefficient is not significant to the level of 70 percent (P more than 0.7). The results suggest that enzyme accumulation in the leaves occurs later in the ""bitter"" cassava plant, with high cyanogenic content in root parenchyma than in plants with low content of CN in the root parenchyma. This can be interpreted as a later linamarase accumulation of the cassava leaves.",Included,
"Santana, M. A., Vasquez, V., Matehus, J., Aldao, R. R.",2002,Linamarase expression in cassava cultivars with roots of low- and high-cyanide content,Plant Physiology,129,4,10.1104/pp.000927,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15838/,"This paper reports the expression and localization of linamarase in roots of two cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars of low and high cyanide. Two different patterns of linamarase activity were observed. In the low-cyanide type, young leaves displayed very high enzyme activity during the early plant growing stage (3 months), whereas in root peel, the activity increased progressively to reach a peak in 11-month-old plants. Conversely, in the high-cyanide cultivar (HCV), root peel linamarase activity decreased during the growth cycle, whereas in expanded leaves linamarase activity peaked in 11-month-old plants. The accumulation of linamarin showed a similar pattern in both cultivars, although a higher concentration was always found in the HCV. Linamarase was found mainly in laticifer cells of petioles and roots of both cultivars with no significant differences between them. At the subcellular level, there were sharp differences because linamarase was found mainly in the cell walls of the HCV, whereas in the low-cyanide cultivar, the enzyme was present in vacuoles and cell wall of laticifer cells. Reverse transcriptase-PCR on cassava tissues showed no expression of linamarase in cassava roots, thus, the transport of linamarase from shoots to roots through laticifers is proposed.",Included,
"Anh, P. T. Q., Gomi, T., MacDonald, L. H., Mizugaki, S., Khoa, P. V., Furuichi, T.",2014,"Linkages among land use, macronutrient levels, and soil erosion in northern Vietnam A plot-scale study",Geoderma,232,,10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.05.011,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1125/,"Objective This study examined the interrelations among vegetative cover and biomass, soil macronutrient levels, and soil erosion in northern Vietnam. Methods We selected ten dominant land-use types in a hilly area of western Hanoi including bare soil, agriculture (cassava or lemon grass), shrub land, five types of plantation forest, and indigenous forest. We measured the understory biomass, litter biomass, canopy openness, soil moisture content, soil pedestal height, soil hardness, soil bulk density,Cs-157 and Pb-210(ex) activities, and soil carbon and nitrogen on three 1 m(2) plots for each land-use type. Soil erosion was calculated from both pedestal heights and radionuclides. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to identify the key factors controlling soil erosion and nutrient accumulations. Results Understoty biomass ranged from 2 to 375 g m(-2), and this tended to be higher in most of the forest types and shrubland than in cassava and lemon grass. In contrast, the amount of ground cover varied more by forest type than between the agricultural land uses and forest lands. The height of soil pedestals indicated that short-term soil erosion was negligible when understory biomass was greater than 130 to 150 g m(2). Cs-137 was only detected in the cassava plots, whereas Pb-210(ex). indicated widely different erosion rates across the land uses, with lower values in the agricultural lands and two types of forest plantations, although this may be due to soil management practices. Both the correlation and principal component analyses showed that soil organic carbon and nitrogen were positively correlated to understory biomass and strongly and inversely influenced by bulk density. Soil erosion as indicated by soil pedestal height was strongly and inversely controlled by ground cover, litter, and understory biomass. Soil erosion was also heavily influential to soil chemical richness and bulk density. Conclusions Ground vegetation cover and the resultant soil erosion processes altered the production and accumulation of SOC, while forest cover did not always result in high soil fertility or low erosion. A simple characterization of forest or non-forest is not sufficient to calculate carbon and nutrient stocks, or assess erosion risk. Practice Understory biomass of at least 130 g m(-2) and high ground cover are essential for reducing soil erosion and sustaining short- and long-term soil productivity. Implications Rapidly developing areas in Southeast Asia, including hilly areas in North Vietnam, need to maintain understory biomass and ground cover for soil and nutrient conservation. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Zundel, Christine, Hanna, Rachid, Scheidegger, Urs, Nagel, Peter",2007,Living at the threshold Where does the neotropical phytoseiid mite Typhlodromalus aripo survive the dry season,,v. 41,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/20140/,"The establishment of the neotropical predatory mite Typhlodromalus aripo in sub-Saharan Africa has resulted in broadly successful biological control of the cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa throughout the cassava belt of Africa. In some mid-altitude areas and drier lowland savannahs of sub-Saharan Africa, which are characterized by cool or hot long (>=5 months) dry seasons, the predator disappears from its habitat in the cassava apex during the dry season and reappears after the onset of rains. It is not known, however, where the predator remains during this time period. In this study, we conducted a field enclosure experiment of cassava plants with the objectives to determine if (a) T. aripo survives at very low densities in the apex, if (b) it survives in the soil or leaf litter below the cassava plant, and if (c) it recolonizes the cassava plant from the surrounding vegetation. Towards the end of the dry season, when the predators had disappeared from all cassava plants included in the experiment, five treatments were applied (1) plants without enclosure; (2) plants with enclosure; (3) plants with enclosure, apices removed; (4) plants with enclosure, glue barrier around stem; and (5) plants kept free of T. aripo, without enclosure. Predator (re)appearance on cassava apices was monitored non-destructively at weekly intervals and was expressed as the proportion of plants with at least one apex with T. aripo per total number of plants of the treatment. The predators reappeared first on the plants of the treatments (1), (2), and (4). With a time lag of 7-8 weeks, the predators appeared also on the plants of the treatments (3) and (5). The time pattern of the predator's (re)appearance in the cassava apex of the different treatments suggests that (a) T. aripo survives the dry season in very low densities in the cassava apex; this result is supported by an assessment of the efficiency of non-destructive visual in-field apex inspections which proved that about 10% of the cassava apices that had T. aripo were not recognized as such; (b) T. aripo does not survive in the soil or leaf litter, but we did document cases in a screenhouse experiment, where few individuals migrated down to the ground and walked over exposed soil until they reached the apex bouquet traps; additionally, microclimate measurements in various cassava plant strata proved that the cassava apex and the cassava stem base are the locations with the highest relative humidity during the dry season--which makes the stem base a potentially interesting refuge; (c) T. aripo does not survive in the surrounding vegetation, which is supported by a vegetation survey, where T. aripo was not found on any other plant species than cassava.",Included,
"Howele, R. H.",1991,Long-Term Effect of Cassava Cultivation on Soil Productivity,Field Crops Research,26,1,10.1016/0378-4290(91)90053-X,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7375/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is usually grown by poor farmers in the tropics with a minimum of inputs. Continuous production under these conditions can lead to soil nutrient depletion. On sloping land, cassava cultivation can also cause severe erosion if the crop is not properly managed. This paper reviews the literature to show that cassava does extract large amounts of nutrients, especially potassium (K), from the soil. However, when nutrient extraction is calculated on the basis of per unit quantity dry-matter produced, cassava extracts much less N and P than, and similar amounts of K to, most other crops. Long-term fertility trials indicate that, without adequate K fertilization, cassava yields eventually decline due to K depletion, except in those soils containing large amounts of K-bearing minerals. While cassava production may result in severe erosion when grown on steep slopes, simple agronomic practices can usually maintain soil losses within acceptable levels. The effect of different cultivation practices on erosion and yield varies from location to location, and the most appropriate practices can be identified through simple erosion-control trials on farmers' fields. Thus, productivity of continuously grown cassava fields can be maintained through judicious use of fertilizers and soil management practices that control erosion.",Included,
"Tian, G., Kang, B.T., Kolawole, G.O., Idinoba, P., Salako, F.K.",2005,Long-term effects of fallow systems and lengths on crop production and soil fertility maintenance in West Africa,,v. 71,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17697/,,Included,
"Cadavid, L. F., El-Sharkawy, M. A., Acosta, A., Sanchez, T.",1998,"Long-term effects of mulch, fertilization and tillage on cassava grown in sandy soils in northern Colombia",Field Crops Research,57,1,10.1016/S0378-4290(97)00114-7,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2900/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is often cultivated in sandy soils that are very low in nutrients and organic matter. Under such conditions, yields often decline when the crop is grown successively without fertilizer application. An 8-year on-farm trial was conducted on sandy soils in northern Colombia to study effects of (1) surface mulching with residues of the grass Panicum maximum, (2) moderate applications of N, P and K fertilizer and (3) tillage on crop productivity, root quality and soil properties. Mulch applications significantly increased root and top biomass, increased root dry matter content while reducing its yearly variation, and decreased root HCN, particularly in the absence of fertilizer. Mulch applications also significantly reduced soil temperatures within the top 20 cm and increased soil organic carbon, K, P, Ca and Mg. Without mulch, soil pH decreased over the years. Annual applications of 21 kg ha(-1) P resulted in a build-up of soil P, whereas no build-up of soil K was observed with applications of 41 kg K ha(-1). The application of N, P and K fertilizer significantly increased root and top biomass and reduced root HCN, especially if no mulch was applied. Where both mulch and fertilizer applications were absent, root yield and top biomass declined over the years. Tillage, except when combined with fertilizer application, had no effect on root yield, top biomass, root dry matter or HCN contents. Neither were effects of tillage observed in any of the studied soil parameters. The trial indicated that, to sustain cassava productivity in poor sandy soils, applications of plant mulch and/or chemical fertilizer are highly desirable. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.",Included,
"A.O., Obi",1989,Long-term effects of the continuous cultivation of a tropical ultisol in southwestern Nigeria,,v. 25,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/47/,,Included,
"S.K., Chan",1980,Long-term fertility considerations in cassava production,"Cassava cultural practices: proceedings of a workshop held in Salvador, Bahía, Brazil, 18-21 March 1980",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15481/,,Included,
"Nguyen, H., Schoenau, J.J., Van Rees, K., Nguyen, D., Qian, P.",2001,"Long-term nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization of cassava influences soil chemical properties in North Vietnam",Can. J. Soil. Sci.,v. 81,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12129/,,Included,
"Beyene, G., Chauhan, R. D., Wagaba, H., Moll, T., Alicai, T., Miano, D., Carrington, J. C., Taylor, N. J.",2016,Loss of CMD2-mediated resistance to cassava mosaic disease in plants regenerated through somatic embryogenesis,Molecular plant pathology,17,7,10.1111/mpp.12353,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2201/,"Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) are the two most important viral diseases affecting cassava production in Africa. Three sources of resistance are employed to combat CMD polygenic recessive resistance, termed CMD1, the dominant monogenic type, named CMD2, and the recently characterized CMD3. The farmer-preferred cultivar TME 204 carries inherent resistance to CMD mediated by CMD2, but is highly susceptible to CBSD. Selected plants of TME 204 produced for RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated resistance to CBSD were regenerated via somatic embryogenesis and tested in confined field trials in East Africa. Although micropropagated, wild-type TME 204 plants exhibited the expected levels of resistance, all plants regenerated via somatic embryogenesis were found to be highly susceptible to CMD. Glasshouse studies using infectious clones of East African cassava mosaic virus conclusively demonstrated that the process of somatic embryogenesis used to regenerate cassava caused the resulting plants to become susceptible to CMD. This phenomenon could be replicated in the two additional CMD2-type varieties TME 3 and TME 7, but the CMD1-type cultivar TMS 30572 and the CMD3-type cultivar TMS 98/0505 maintained resistance to CMD after passage through somatic embryogenesis. Data are presented to define the specific tissue culture step at which the loss of CMD resistance occurs and to show that the loss of CMD2-mediated resistance is maintained across vegetative generations. These findings reveal new aspects of the widely used technique of somatic embryogenesis, and the stability of field-level resistance in CMD2-type cultivars presently grown by farmers in East Africa, where CMD pressure is high. 2015 The Authors Molecular Plant Pathology Published by British Society for Plant Pathology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.",Included,
"Maduagwu, E.N., Adewale, A.F. (University of Ibadan (Nigeria). Dept. of Biochemistry)",1981,Loss of hydrocyanic acid and its derivatives during sun drying of cassava,"Tropical root crops: Research strategies for the 1980s proceedings of the first triennial root crops symposium of the international society for tropical root crops Africa branch, 8-12 September 1980, Ibadan, Nigeria",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10425/,"The disappearance of cyanide (CN) and its derivatives from cassava slices, obtained from both ""sweet"" and ""bitter"" roots, during sun drying in black and colourless polythene bags, respectively, was studied. In all the experiments, CN was lost progressively with time, most of it within the first 8 h, during which time 46-58% free and 69-74% bound CN disappeared from the ""bitter"" variety and about 74% of bound CN disappeared from the ""sweet"" cultivar. The differential losses of bound CN between cultivars in both black and colourless containers, after the initial 16 h, were minimal (1-8%) and comparable in all cases suggesting optimal hydrolytic activity of the B-glucosidase, linamarase. In general, loss of free CN from sweet root slices within each of the initial two 8 h periods of sun drying was much lower (33-37%) than for the bitter variety, presumably as a result of the formation of more cyanohydrins in the sweet cultivar. Our results suggest that a more rapid loss of free CN occurs during sun drying of cassava in black containers. Our findings are discussed in relation to sun drying of cassava roots by direct solar radiation or by black body radiation of solar energy, particularly during atmospheric conditions of high humidity, low temperature, and cloudiness.",Included,
"Ruppenthal, M., Leihner, D.E., Steinmuller, N., El-Sharkawy, M.A.",1997,Losses of organic matter and nutrients by water erosion in cassava-based cropping systems,Experimental Agriculture,33,4,10.1017/S0014479797004055,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15436/,,Included,
"Kurosawa, Kiyoshi, Do, Nguyen Hai, Nguyen, Tat Canh, Egashira, Kazuhiko",2009,Magnitude of Annual Soil Loss from a Hilly Cultivated Slope in Northern Vietnam and Evaluation of Factors Controlling Water Erosion,Applied and environmental soil science,2009,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9312/,"A soil erosion experiment was conducted in northern Vietnam over three rainy seasons to clarify the magnitude of soil loss and factors controlling water erosion. The plot had a low (8%) or medium (14.5%) slope with land-cover of cassava or morning glory or being bare. Annual soil loss (177 to 2,361 g/ m 2) was a tolerable level in all low-slope plots but was not in some medium-slope plots. The effects of slope gradient and seasonal rainfall on the mean daily soil loss of the season were confirmed, but the effect of land-cover was not, owing to the small canopy cover ratio or leaf area index during the season. The very high annual soil loss (> 2,200 g/ m 2) observed in the first year of some medium-slope plots was the site-specific effect from initial land preparation. Since the site-specific effect was large, the preparation must be done carefully on the slope.",Included,
"Arthur, J., Ezumah, H.C., Doku, E.V.",1988,Maize variety and population in a cassava-maize intercrop,IITA: Cassava-based cropping systems research,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1367/,,Included,
"Nembozanga Sauti, R. F.",1982,Malawi,"Root Crops in Eastern Africa: Proceedings of a workshop held in Kigali, Rwanda, 23-27 November 1980",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12012/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta) and sweet potato (lpomoea batatas) are the two commonly grown root crops in Malawi. There is also cultivation of yams and cocoyams; however, their hectarage is unknown. Information on the country's root crops is scanty, and the current research program only covers cassava and sweet potato.",Included,
"Leihner, D.",1983,Management and evaluation of intercropping systems with cassava,"Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali, Colombia",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9682/,"Se presenta una descripcion del manejo de cultivos asociados con yuca y su evaluacion. Se definen lo que son los sistemas de cultivo multiple, se analizan aspectos basicos biologicos y nutricionales de los cultivos multiples y se describen los sistemas asociados con yuca practicados en el mundo. Se describe la tecnologia mejorada para cultivos de yuca intercalados en relacion con la seleccion de tipos de plantas para la asociacion (yuca, leguminosas de grano y otros cultivos), tiempo relativo de siembra, densidad de siembra, arreglo especial de los cultivos, nutricion mineral y fertilizacion, plagas, enfermedades y malezas. La evaluacion de los sistemas asociados se presenta con base en su eficiencia biologica (tiempo relativo de siembra, densidad de siembra, respuesta a la fertilizacion y competencia entre cultivos) y evaluacion economica (comparacion entre sistemas de determinacion de la rentabilidad en sistemas de cultivos asociados)",Included,
"Kwakye, P.K., Dennis, E.A., Asmah, A.E. (Department of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast (Ghana))",1995,Management of a continuously cropped forest soil through fertilizer use,,v. 31,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9344/,,Included,
"Salako, F.K., Tian, G.",2003,"Management of a degraded alfisol for crop production in southwestern Nigeria effects of fallow, mounding and nitrogen",,v. 22,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15644/,"In 1989, 15 fallow species were planted on a degraded Alfisol in southwestern Nigeria, but only Pueraria phaseoloides, Senna siamea, Leucaena leucocephala, Acacia leptocarpa and Acacia auriculiformis survived beyond 1993. After clearing different subplots of the fallowed plots in 1993 and 1995, intercropping of cassava + maize was practiced with level (minimum) and mound tillage. Nitrogen fertilizer, between 0 and 60 kg ha1, was also applied to subplots of natural regrowth where planted fallows did not survive. Although a maize grain yield of 2.3 t ha1 and a cassava root yield of 18.3 t ha1 were obtained with level tillage in 1995, grain yield was increased to 2.6 t ha1 and cassava yields to about 22 t ha1 by mounding and 60 kg N ha1 application. Effects of mounding and N application were pronounced in the second and third consecutive years of cropping. Planted tree fallows like S. siamea, A. leptocarpa and L. leucocephala were highly suitable for soil rehabilitation. For sustainable crop production in the second consecutive year of cropping after a 6-year fallow period, mound tillage was recommended while in the third year, mound tillage with 60 kg N ha1 was recommended.",Included,
"Salako, F. K., Tian, G.",2003,"Management of a Degraded Alfisol for Crop Production in Southwestern Nigeria: Effects of Fallow, Mounding and Nitrogen",Journal of Sustainable Agriculture,22,2,10.1300/J064v22n02_02,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17929/,"In 1989, 15 fallow species were planted on a degraded Alfisol in southwestern Nigeria, but only Pueraria phaseoloides, Senna siamea, Leucaena leucocephala, Acacia leptocarpa and Acacia auriculiformis survived beyond 1993. After clearing different subplots of the fallowed plots in 1993 and 1995, intercropping of cassava + maize was practiced with level (minimum) and mound tillage. Nitrogen fertilizer, between 0 and 60 kg ha(-1), was also applied to subplots of natural regrowth where planted fallows did not survive. Although a maize grain yield of 2.3 t ha(-1) and a cassava root yield of 18.3 t ha(-1) were obtained with level tillage in 1995, grain yield was increased to 2.6 t ha- I and cassava yields to about 22 t ha(-1) by mounding and 60 kg N ha(-1) application. Effects of mounding and N application were pronounced in the second and third consecutive years of cropping. Planted tree fallows like S. siamea, A. leptocarpa and L. leucocephala were highly suitable for soil rehabilitation. For sustainable crop production in the second consecutive year of cropping after a 6-year fallow period, mound tillage was recommended while in the third year, mound tillage with 60 kg N ha(-1) was recommended.",Included,
"Mutisya, Daniel L., E.M., El-Banhawy, C.P.M., Khamala, C.W., Kariuki",2015,Management of cassava green mite Mononychellus progresivus (Acari: Tetranychidae) in different agro-ecological zones of Kenya,Systematic and Applied Acarology,20,1,10.11158/saa.20.1.5,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11608/,"The cassava green mite (CGM), Mononychellus progresivus Doreste, causes serious leaf damage on cassava leading to low root yield in the dry savanna regions of Africa. A study to compare effectiveness of the predatory phytoseiid Typhlodromalus aripo (De Leon), an acaricide abamectin, an insecticide chlorpyrifos and fertilizer in management of CGM was carried out in various agro-ecological zones of the eastern dry low-midlands at Katumani (LM4), Kiboko (LM5), the cool upper midlands at Embu (UM2) and the warm humid coastal lowlands at Mtwapa (CL3) of Kenya. The acaricide abamectin was found most efficacious in controlling CGM at all agro-ecological zones. Further, the results revealed that the exotic phytoseiid T. aripo was effective in suppressing population densities of CGM by 45% in the dry-hot midlands (Kiboko) and 64% in the warm-humid coastal climatic zone, but the predator could not persist in the cool midlands. However, in the same cool midlands, high amounts of rainfall led to low CGM density of less than 20 mites per leaf, amid the presence of the indigenous phytoseiid Euseius fustis (Pritchard & Baker). Increase in CGM density was positively correlated to the warm and hot dry environment at the plots at Kiboko and Katumani. In the irrigated and wetter sites T. aripo increased with the increase in relative humidity in the environment at Kiboko and Mtwapa. Abamectin spray was the best option in suppressing CGM densities in the dry lowland zones. Similarly, soil fertility input led to higher yield in the sandy soils of low coastal and eastern midlands. High CGM densities did not result in low yield as other environmental factors such as soil fertility, and temperature influenced the final root yield. These findings give insight on the management options of the CGM pest in the different agro-ecological zones in Kenya and similar regions of Africa.",Included,
"Hulugalle, N.R., Lal, R., Opara-Nadi, O.A.",1987,Management of plant residue for cassava (Manihot esculenta) production on an acid ultisol in southeastern Nigeria,Field Crops Research,16,1,10.1016/0378-4290(87)90049-9,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7522/,"A study consisting of two experiments was conducted in southeastern Nigeria during 1983 and 1984 to determine whether cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) production on sandy, acid Ultisols could be improved by residue management techniques. One experiment studied the effect of location of Eupatorium odoratum mulch on soil properties and crop growth. A second experiment studied the effect of tillage system and Eupatorium odoratum mulch on soil properties and crop growth. In both experiments mulch was applied at an annual rate of 12 t∗ ha−1 (25% moisture content) in a split application at planting and 150 days after planting (DAP). No fertilizer was applied during the experiment.

Concentration of mulch in the plant row resulted in values of within-row bulk density in the surface 0.10 m which were lower by 15% and 13% in 1983 and 1984, respectively. Tillage in combination with mulch reduced bulk density in the surface 0.10 m by an average of 10% and 9% in 1983 and 1984, respectively. No significant differences were found among other treatments. Soil chemical properties were unaffected by treatments in both experiments. Cassava tuber yield was unaffected by location of Eupatorium odoratum mulch. Both plowing and no-tillage when combined with mulch improved tuber yields. Cassava tuber yields of untilled plots were 16.8 and 12.7 t ha−1 during 1983–1984, and 13.1 and 8.3 t ha−1 during 1984–1985 in mulched and unmulched treatments, respectively. Tuber yields of tilled plots were 14.5 and 13.1 t ha−1 during 1983–1984, and 11.3 and 6.9 t ha−1 during 1984–1985 in mulched and unmulched treatments, respectively.",Included,
CIAT,1995,Manihot diversity. Germplasm characterization,Cassava Program Annual Reports 1994 and 1995,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19301/,,Included,
CIAT,1995,Manihot diversity. Methodology development for germplasm characterization,Cassava Program Annual Reports 1994 and 1995,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19283/,,Included,
CIAT,1995,Manihot diversity. Quantitative variation in agronomic traits,Cassava Program Annual Reports 1994 and 1995,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19316/,,Included,
"Carabal, Arturo, Bellotti, Anthony C., Montoya-Lerma, James, Fregene, Martn",2010,"Manihot flabellifolia Pohl, wild source of resistance to the whitefly Aleurotrachelus socialis Bondar (Hemiptera Aleyrodidae)",,v. 29,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2992/,"Aleurotrachelus socialis is one of the most important pests of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in the Neotropics. In Colombia, high whitefly populations can reduce crop yields by 79%; and although the farmers intensify the use of insecticides, this practice is highly contaminating, costly and leads to the development of resistance in the insect. An alternative for managing whitefly populations is to develop genetically resistant varieties. Wild parents of Manihot are a useful source of genes against pests for the cultivated species of cassava. Based on prior research that showed the existence of moderate-to-high levels of resistance to A. socialis in Manihot flabellifolia, a wild species of cassava, this study was proposed to characterize this new source of resistance, evaluating the biology and demographics of A. socialis on eight accessions of M. flabellifolia, a susceptible check (CMC-40) and a resistant (MEcu72) check. The averages of A. socialis longevity and fecundity on the accessions were not significantly different to MEcu72, but different from CMC-40 (P<0.05). Development time was not significantly different, ranging from 35-40 days on accessions and MEcu72 and 33.5 days on CMC-40 (P<0.05). In contrast, the population growth rate (r""m) was significantly lower on the M. flabellifolia accessions, with Fla 61 standing out with a growth rate 98 and 99% less than that obtained on MEcu72 and CMC-40, respectively. Once the resistant levels have been identified to A. socialis on the M. flabellifolia accessions, interspecific crosses of M. esculenta subsp. M. flabellifolia and backcross programs could be developed to incorporate the desirable characteristics from the wild relatives into elite progenitors of M. esculenta.",Included,
"Jennings, D. L.",1959,Manihot melanobasisMll. Arg. - A useful parent for cassava breeding,Euphytica,8,2,10.1007/BF00022435,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8214/,"Crosses between Manihot melanobasis and cassava were very fertile and the fertility was maintained in the hybrids. The first and subsequent generations of these crosses were very high yielding. Undesirable features of the early hybrids included a straggling habit and thin stems which yielded poor planting material, a high hydrocyanic acid content in the roots, and low virus resistance all these were rectified by further breeding. Although M. melanobasis has a high protein content in its roots it is uncertain whether this character can be transmitted to its progeny. It is concluded that M. melanobasis is a very valuable source of new genes for cassava improvement. 1959 H. Veenman en Zonen N.V.",Included,
"R.G., Escalada",1981,Manipulation of cultural practices for ipil-ipil and its effect on the intercropped cassava [study conducted in the Philippines],Annals of Tropical Research,v. 3,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14613/,,Included,
"Alabi, B.S., Ayeni, A.O., Agboola, A.A., Majek, B.A.",2004,Manual control of thorny mimosa (Mimosa invisa) in cassava (Manihot esculenta),,v. 18,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/795/,,Included,
"Okogbenin, E., Porto, M. C. M., Egesi, C., Mba, C., Espinosa, E., Santos, L. G., Ospina, C., Marin, J., Barrera, E., Gutierrez, J., Ekanayake, I., Iglesias, C., Fregene, M. A.",2007,Marker-assisted introgression of resistance to cassava mosaic disease into Latin American germplasm for the genetic improvement of cassava in Africa,Crop Science,47,5,10.2135/cropsci2006.10.0688,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12886/,"The gene pools for breeding cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Africa currently contain only a fraction of the existing genetic variation found in Latin America where the crop originates. Our research aimed to broaden the genetic base in Africa by introducing Latin American (LA) germplasm. The first set of introductions comprised sexual seeds that led to the evaluation of 20,032 seedlings in Nigeria between 1990 and 1994. A second set comprised in vitro cultures, where the dominant CMD2 gene for cassava mosaic disease (CMD) resistance was introgressed into LA germplasm through marker-assisted selection (MAS). Through MAS 156 genotypes were preselected for the gene and evaluated in Nigeria between 2004 and 2006. Initial results from the first set of introductions indicated that LA germplasm was highly susceptible to CMD, minimizing its usefulness in African cassava-breeding programs. In the second set of introductions from LA, introgression of the CMD2 gene resulted in high CMD resistance under African field conditions. Now at advanced stages in the African breeding program, 14 genotypes combining CMD resistance and high yield are being evaluated. Marker-assisted introgression of CMD resistance into LA germplasm has improved the potential value of LA germplasm for Africa and enhanced the prospect of elite LA genotypes being released as improved varieties in Africa.",Included,
"Neuenschwander, P. (International Inst. of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou (Benin). Biological Control Program), Ajuonu, O.",1995,"Measuring host finding capacity and arrestment of natural enemies of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, in the field",,v. 77,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12040/,,Included,
"Umeh, S. I., Mbah, B. N.",2010,Measuring the benefits of biological nitrogen fixation of soybean (Glycine max (I.) Merrill) in cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) and soybean intercrop,African Journal of Agricultural Research,5,24,10.5897/AJAR10.220,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18125/,"The measurement of the benefits of biological nitrogen (N) fixing properties of soybean in cassava and soybean intercrop was conducted at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka between 2000, 2001 and 2002. Changes in soil nutrient concentration were measured at 0 - 30 cm. The effects of N- fertilization on cassava tuber yield and soil-N were monitored for the three seasons using factorial in randomized complete block design. There was no apparent shading effect during the growth of the two crops. Soybean was harvested 110 days after planting, while cassava was harvested at 4, 8 and 12 months after planting in each year. Cassava tuber yield was highest at intercrop X 60 and intercrop X 45 kg N ha(-1) (30.0 and 29.9 t. ha(-1)) x tuber yield of intercrop X 45 kg N ha(-1). The result indicates that 60 kg (90 - 30) of applied nitrogen could be spared per hectare by intercropping cassava with soybean due to soybean nitrogen fixation. Grain yield of soybean may not be compromised by intercropping with cassava. Soil - N increased from 0.042 mg kg(-1) before the experiment to 0.168 mg kg(-1) in sole soybean system and 0.086 mg kg(-1) in intercrop system at 8 months after planting and 0.150 mg kg(-1) in the sole soybean and 0.085 kg mg(-1) in intercrop system in 12 months after planting. The highest land equivalent ratio (LER) of 2.3 and area x time equivalent ratio (ATER) of 1.8 were obtained at 45 kg N ha(-1) in the intercrop system.",Included,
"Amponsah, Shadrack K., Bobobee, Emmanuel Y. H., Agyare, Wilson A., Okyere, Joseph B., Aveyire, Joseph, King, Sylvana R., Sarkodie-Addo, Joseph",2014,Mechanical Cassava Harvesting as Influenced by Seedbed Preparation and Cassava Variety,Applied Engineering in Agriculture,v. 30,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1032/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is the world's third most important crop and an essential source of food and income throughout the tropics providing livelihood for over 500 million farmers and countless processors and traders. In Ghana, cassava contributes 22% of Agricultural Gross Domestic Product (AGDP) and is an emerging profitable industry crop. Large-scale cassava harvesting especially during the dry season is the greatest constraint to its industrial demand and commercial production. Manual harvesting is slow and associated with drudgery and high root damage in the dry season. A mechanical harvester is needed to break the labor bottleneck associated with cassava harvesting. Research on mechanization of cassava production however is very low, especially in the area of harvesting and currently there exists no known mechanical cassava harvesters in Ghana. The main objective of this study was to assess the response of five different cassava varieties to mechanical harvesting on ridged and flat landforms. Results from field trials using the tek mechanical cassava harvester showed that best performance was achieved on ridged landforms, which have better tuber yields and root tuber orientation. Among all the cassava varieties, 'Nkabom' was generally found to more easily lend itself to mechanical harvesting due to its bunchy nature. The tek mechanical harvester worked best on fields with minimal trash or weeds and relatively dry soils with moisture content from 12%-16% d.b. and requires drafts of up to 10.33 kN with penetration depth from 23 to 29 cm. Best harvesting performance was achieved at a tractor speed of 5 km/h giving a field capacity of 1.9 to 2.5 h/ha. After mechanical harvesting, the field is left plowed with savings on fuel, time and cost. However, it is recommended to field evaluate the harvester in all agro-ecological zones and through a wide range of soil moisture regimes in Ghana to determine suitable areas for mechanical harvesting and to promote nationwide adoption.",Included,
"Ospina Patio, Bernardo, Cadavid L., Luis Fernando, Garca Gonzlez, Martha Liliana, Alcalde Torres, Csar Andrs",2007,Mechanization of cassava production in Colombia,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13405/,,Included,
"Wahab, A.H. (Studio Interamericain de Ciencias Agricola, Kingston (Jamaica)), Robinson, P.F., Hassan, I",1977,"Mechanized plantings of cassava stem cuttings on peats and peaty clays in Guyana [technique, equipment]",,v. 3,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18602/,,Included,
"Amonoo-Neizer, E.H., Nyamah, D., Bakiamoh, S.B.",1996,"Mercury and arsenic pollution in soil and biological samples around the mining town of Obuasi, Ghana",,v. 91,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1008/,,Included,
"Golow, A. A., Adzei, E. A.",2002,"Mercury in surface soil and cassava crop near an alluvial goldmine at Dunkwa-on-Offin, Ghana",Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,69,2,10.1007/s00128-002-0051-4,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6408/,,Included,
"Adjorlolo-Gasokpoh, A., Golow, A. A., Kambo-Dorsa, J.",2012,"Mercury in the Surface Soil and Cassava, Manihot esculenta (Flesh, Leaves and Peel) Near Goldmines at Bogoso and Prestea, Ghana",Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,89,6,10.1007/s00128-012-0849-7,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/438/,"Mercury amalgamation is used indiscriminately in the recovery of gold by small-scale native gem winners in Ghana. Mercury is released into the environment in the form of wastewater, tailing and vapor from the roasting of amalgam to separate gold. The study looked at the levels of total mercury concentration in surface soil and cassava crop from farms located within the vicinities of Bogoso and Prestea Goldmines. The surface soil total mercury concentrations ranged between 125.29 and 352.52 g/kg whiles cassava had between 66.60 and 195.47 g/kg. The results showed proportionately more deposits at higher distances in 15-30 cm soil zone and less deposits at higher distances on leaves with relatively high uptake of the metal occurred at higher distances from the mines into the peels. These results suggest serious mercury pollution to the surface soil and the cassava crop but the speciation exercise showed that mercury is not in the free state, rather bound to hydroxides and organic compounds as complexes. The Author(s) 2012.",Included,
"Phuong, L. T. B., Khang, D. N., Preston, T. R.",2015,"Methane production in an in vitro fermentation of cassava pulp with urea was reduced by supplementation with leaves from bitter, as opposed to sweet, varieties of cassava",Livestock Research for Rural Development,27,8,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14165/,"Leaves from a sweet variety of cassava (Gon) and from bitter varieties (Japan, KM 94 and KM 140-1) were included as sources of protein in an in vitro fermentation of cassava root pulp supplemented with urea. Methane production was lower when leaves from bitter rather than sweet cassava were the protein source. There was a negative curvilinear relationship between the levels of HCN in the leaves and methane production. Condensed tannins were in the range (2-2.6% in DM) considered to favor escape of dietary protein from intestinal digestion and did not differ between sweet and bitter varieties. Ammonia concentration in the digesta after 24h fermentation was higher when leaves from sweet rather than bitter cassava were the protein source. 2015, Fundacion CIPAV. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Lopes, E. L. N., Fernandes, A. R., Ruivo, M. D. P., Cattanio, J. H., de Souza, G. F.",2011,Microbial Biomass and Soil Chemical Properties under Different Land Use Systems in Northeastern Para,Revista Brasileira De Ciencia Do Solo,35,4,10.1590/S0100-06832011000400006,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10078/,"The increase in agricultural production in the Brazilian Amazon region is mostly a result of the agricultural frontier expansion, into areas previously influenced by humans or of native vegetation. At the same time, burning is still used to clear areas in small-scale agricultural systems, leading to a loss of the soil productive capacity shortly after, forcing the opening of new areas. This study had the objective of evaluating the effect of soil preparation methods that involve plant residue shredding, left on the surface or incorporated to the soil, with or without chemical fertilization, on the soil chemical and biological properties. The experiment was conducted in 1995, in an experimental field of Yellow Latosol (Oxisol) of the Embrapa Amazonia Oriental, northeastern Para (Brazil). The experiment was arranged in randomized blocks, in a 2x6 factorial design, with two management systems and six treatments evaluated twice. The management systems consisted of rice (Oriza sativa), followed by cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) with manioc (Manihot esculenta). In the first system the crops were planted in two consecutive cycles, followed by a three-year fallow period (natural regrowth); the second system consisted of one cultivation cycle and was left fallow for three years. The following treatments were applied to the secondary forest vegetation slash and burn, fertilized with NPK (Q+NPK); slash and burn, without fertilizer NPK (Q-NPK); cutting and shredding, leaving the residues on the soil surface, fertilized with NPK (C+NPK); cutting and shredding, leaving residues on the soil surface, without fertilizer (C-NPK); cutting and shredding, with residue incorporation and fertilized with NPK (I+NPK); cutting and shredding, with residue incorporation and without NPK fertilizer (I-NPK). The soil was sampled in the rainier season (April 2006) and in the drier season (September 2006), in the 0-0.1 m layer. From each plot, 10 simple samples were collected in order to generate a composite sample. In the more intensive management system the contents of microbial C (Cmic) and microbial N (Nmic) were higher, while the C (Corg) level was higher in the less intensive system. The treatments with highest Cmic and Nmic levels were those with cutting, shredding and distribution of biomass on the soil surface. Under both management systems, the chemical characteristics were in ranges that classify the soil as little fertile, although P and K (in the rainy season) were higher in the less intensive management system.",Included,
"Boopathi, T., Karuppuchamy, P., Singh, S. B., Ravi, M., Manju, T.",2015,"Microbial control of exotic spiraling whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus with entomopathogenic fungi on cassava under open field conditions",Indian Journal of Horticulture,72,3,10.5958/0974-0112.2015.00072.9,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2443/,"The entomopathogenic fungi Isaria fumosorosea, Lecanicillium lecanii, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae were tested for their efficacy for the management of invasive spiraling whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus (Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae) during two seasons (2011-2012 and 2012-2013) on cassava (Manihot esculenta). The fungi, I. fumosorosea and L. lecanii exhibited promising levels of control (>70% mortality of A. dispersus population). Mortality of A. dispersus increased with increase in time in both seasons. Application of I. fumosorosea was highly pathogenic to A. dispersus in both the seasons compared to the other entomopathogenic fungi. Mortality of A. dispersus in both seasons indicated difference in efficacy between 3 and 15 days after treatment. Season influenced the effects of the fungi on A. dispersus population. There is potential for entomopathogenic fungi to manage A. dispersus on cassava. 2015, Horticulture Society of India. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Boopathi, T., Karuppuchamy, P., Singh, S. B., Kalyanasundaram, M., Mohankumar, S., Ravi, M.",2015,Microbial control of the invasive spiraling whitefly on cassava with entomopathogenic fungi,Brazilian Journal of Microbiology,46,4,10.1590/S1517-838246420141067,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2442/,"The entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Lecanicillium lecanii and Isaria fumosorosea were tested for their efficacy in managing the exotic spiraling whitefly Aleurodicus dispersus (Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae) on cassava (Manihot esculenta) during 2 seasons (2011-2012 and 2012-2013). The fungi I. fumosorosea and L. lecanii exhibited promising levels of control (> 70% mortality of the A. dispersus population). The percent mortality increased over time in both seasons. Application of I. fumosorosea was highly pathogenic to A. dispersus in both seasons compared to the other entomopathogenic fungi. Analysis of the percent mortality in both seasons revealed differences in efficacy between 3 and 15 days after treatment. The season also influenced the effects of the fungi on the A. dispersus population. Thus, entomopathogenic fungi have the potential to manage A. dispersus infestation of cassava. 2015, Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia.",Included,
"R.H., Howeler, D.G., Edwards, C.J., Asher",1982,Micronutrient deficiencies and toxicities of cassava plants grown in nutrient solutions. I. Critical tissue concentrations [Manihot esculenta],Journal of plant nutrition,v. 5,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14618/,,Included,
"Nkere, C. K., Ihezie, C. I., Mbanaso, E. N. A.",2011,Micropropagation of yam (Dioscorea rotundata): Assessment of performance in cassava starch-gelled medium,Biotechnology,10,6,10.3923/biotech.2011.551.553,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12248/,"Cassava starches from nine different cassava varieties (TMS 97/2205, 97/0162, 92/0057, 98/0505, 92/0326, 30572, 82/0058 TME 419 and NR 8082) were evaluated as gelling agents substitute for in vitro propagation of yam (Dioscorea rotndata). In vitro yam explants (nodal segments) were seeded singly into culture tubes containing 1 mL of yam multiplication medium with no gelling agent (liquid medium-control I) and 15 mL of yam multiplication medium gelled differently in 0.2% gelrite (control II), 0.7% agar (control III) and in 7% starch from the nine different cassava varieties. Cultures were maintained at 28C2 illumination and 16 h photoperiod (30-40 umole m-2 sec-1) supplied by white fluorescent tubes on shelves for four weeks. The overall percentage survival ranged from 86.67-100% after 60 days in culture. Explants in TMS 97/2205 performed relatively better in terms of height, number of leaves and nodes compared to those in liquid, gelrite or agar-gelled medium. This is significant because survival and multiplication is a key factor in the choice of a gelling agent.",Included,
"Lozano, J. C., Laberry, R., Bermudez, A.",1986,Microwave Treatment to Eradicate Seedborne Pathogens in Cassava True Seed,Journal of Phytopathology,117,1,10.1111/j.1439-0434.1986.tb04353.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10166/,"A high percentage of cassava seeds, collected from five different edaphoclimatic zones, were found infected by several fungal and bacterial pathogens. The incidence and severity of seed infections were not correlated with the climatic conditions at, harvest. These pathogens were eradicated from seeds by a microwave oven treatment (1400 W heating power, 2450 MHz) for 120 s. The effectiveness of this treatment depended on reaching an optimum temperature of 77C. Several factors, such as container capacity, water volume and seed number can affect the time required to reach 77C. An Arasan dust treatment after microwave exposure, reduced seed reinfestation. Copyright 1986, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved",Included,
"Jongruaysup, Somphob, Namwong, Patcharin, Tiensiriroek, Anusorn, Laochaikarm, Chalermchart, Joodkong, Arriya, Katong, Sompong, Watananonta, Watana, Howeler, Reinhardt H.",2007,Minimum tillage for cassava in Thailand,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8373/,,Included,
"Jongruaysup, S., Trelo-ges, V., Chuenrung, C.",2003,"Minimum tillage for cassava production in Khon Kaen province, Thailand",,v. 25,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8372/,"This research paper study on the comparison between no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) incorporated with 3 levels of nitrogen fertilizer application rate (0, 50 and 100 kg N/ha) on the fresh root yield of cassava (var. Rayong 72). The field trial has been established since 2000 on the Satuk soil series (fine loamy, silicious, Oxic Paleustults) Khon Kaen, Thailand). Under no-tillage practices, the physical soil properties were improvd compared to the conventional tillage system and the original soil properties at the start of the trial. The soil structure parameters such as total porosity, soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) increased in NT plot, whilst soil bulk density (rho sub(b)) decreased compared to CT plot. Results indicated that the higher yield of fresh root of cassava was observed in the NT plot (P0.05) of the first year of the experiment. By contrast, the higher yield of the fresh root of cassava was observed in the conventional tillage of the second year but the different yields were not statistically significantly different (P0.05). For the nitrogen application, the yield increased as nitrogen supply increased but the increment was not significant statistically (P0.05).",Included,
"Onzo, A., Hanna, R., Toko, M.",2014,Mix-planting pubescent and glabrous cassava affects abundance of Typhlodromalus aripo and its prey mite Mononychellus tanajoa,Journal of Applied Entomology,138,4,10.1111/jen.12084,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13278/,"There is an increasing awareness that vegetation diversity can affect herbivore and natural enemy abundance and that plants can play a major role in directly manipulating natural enemy abundance for protection against herbivore attacks. Using data from cassava fields, we aimed at (i) testing the capacity of the predatory mite Typhlodromalus aripo to control the herbivorous mite Mononychellus tanajoa in a chemical exclusion trial; and (ii) testing, based on the differential preference by T. aripo for cassava cultivars, how combinations of two morphologically different cassava cultivars with differential suitability to the predator can improve its population densities on the non-favourable cultivar, thereby reducing M. tanajoa densities with subsequent increases in cassava yield. The study was conducted in a cassava field in Benin, West Africa. The experiments confirmed that T. aripo effectively suppresses M. tanajoa populations on both cultivars and showed, in the no-predator-exclusion experiments, that cultivar combinations have significant effects on M. tanajoa and T. aripo densities. Indeed, T. aripo load on the non-preferred cultivar was lowest in subplots where the proportion of T. aripo-preferred cultivar was also low, while, and as expected, M. tanajoa load on the non-preferred cultivar showed decreasing trends with increasing T. aripo densities. The possible mechanisms by which cultivar mixing could increase predator load on the non-favourable cultivar were discussed. Our data showed that appropriate cultivar combinations effectively compensate for morphologically related differences in natural enemy abundance on a normally predator-deficient cultivar, resulting in lower pest densities on the non-favourable cultivar. In practical terms, this strategy could, in part, enhance adoption of cultivars that do not support sufficient levels of natural enemies for pest control. 2013 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.",Included,
"Noerwijati, K., Nasrullah, Taryono, Prajitno, D., Nindita, A.",2017,Mixed model of additive main effects and multiplicative interaction for stability analysis of cassava,Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences,54,3,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12273/,"The research objective was to analyze Genotype Environment Interaction (GEI) using AMMI mixed model with Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) method both with and without coefficient of coancestry matrix (A matrix) assuming residual error variance across environments were homogeneous and heterogeneous. Multilocation trials were conducted at five districts of East Java Province, Indonesia, from November 2010 to August 2011. The results showed that no PCs values that significantly different from AMMI mixed model analysis, both without and with A matrix, assuming homogeneous error variance across environments. While the result of AMMI mixed model analysis, both with and without A matrix, assuming heterogeneous residual error variance across environments had the same interpretation. The most stable genotype that located closest to the origin of biplot was genotype G13 (CMM 02033-1). The yield potential of G13 was not high (close to average). Four genotypes namely G4 (Adira 4), G6 (CMM 03036-7), G7 (CMM 03036-5), and G15 (CMM 02048-6) were the most unstable genotypes. Environment S4 (Malang) had the smallest interactions effect, while environments with the greatest interaction effect were S3 (Probolinggo) and S1 (Kediri), because these environments had a long vector. Pakistan Academy of Sciences.",Included,
"Adekunle, Y. A., Olowe, V. I., Olasantan, F. O., Okeleye, K. A., Adetiloye, P. O., Odedina, J. N.",2014,Mixture productivity of cassava-based cropping system and food security under humid tropical conditions,Food and Energy Security,3,1,10.1002/fes3.46,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/311/,"The two field trials evaluated the performance of sesame (var. PBTil) and sunflower (var. Isaanka) intercropped with cassava (var. TMS 30572 and TME 1) in a cassava-based cropping system with a view to studying the phenology of the component crops and establishing mixture productivity in terms of biological efficiency (land equivalent ratio [LER] and area time equivalency ratio [ATER]), intercrop compatibility land equivalent coefficient (LEC) and economic efficiency (monetary advantage index [MAI] and cassava yield equivalent [CYE]) of the systems under humid tropical conditions during the early and late cropping seasons of 2003/2004. Intercropping highly significantly (P < 0.01) delayed number of days to flowering, physiological maturity and height at both stages, seed yield and yield attributes of sesame and sunflower relative to their monocrops. Similarly, intercropping highly significantly (P < 0.01) reduced number of leaves and plant height at 2, 3, 4 and 12 months after planting (MAP), number and weight of tubers per plant, mean tuber weight and tuber yield of cassava relative to their monocrops. The six intercropping systems recorded significantly (P < 0.05) higher biological efficiency (LER > 1.00 in both plantings and ATER > 1.00 in the late planting) than their respective monocrops and relatively high intercrop compatibility (LEC > 0.037 and 0.25). Based on MAI and CYE, TME 1/Ses/Sun, TMS 30572/Ses/Sun and TMS 30572/Sun were the three most economically efficient cropping systems, especially in the late and more preferred planting season and are hereby recommended to prospective growers for cultivation, economic empowerment, and reduction of household food insecurity. 2013 The Authors.",Included,
"D., Fargette, K., Vie",1994,Modeling the temporal primary spread of African cassava mosaic virus into plantings,Ecology and Epidemiology,v. 84,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4137/,"The rate of temporal primary spread of African cassava mosaic virus into cassava plantings has been shown to be dependent on the planting date, P, and on the plant age, t. In this paper, the relationships between the rate of disease progress, P, and t were expressed mathematically. The appropriate functions were chosen, and their parameters were derived by nonlinear regression using a set of experimental data obtained at Adiopodoume (Ivory Coast, West Africa). The resulting equations were incorporated into a monomolecular model with a variable rate r P (the product of the change of rate of disease incidence when P was fixed), k, a constant, y, the disease incidence, and t, the time dy/dt = k.rp(t)(1-y). The modeled disease progress curves were obtained by numerical integration of the differential equation. The close fit between the modeled and the experimental curves showed that the main trends of the epidemics were represented. The model was tested with a set of data obtained in Tanzania (East Africa), and the structure of the model was validated, as there was also a good fit between the observed and modeled disease progress curves. Finally, assumptions were made on the remaining variation around the modeled curves.",Included,
"Wu, J., O'Donnell, A.G., Syers, J.K., Adey, M.A., Vityakon, P.",1998,Modelling soil organic matter changes in ley-arable rotations in sandy soils of Northeast Thailand,European Journal of Soil Science,49,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19092/,,Included,
"DeFloor, I., Swennen, R., Bokanga, M., Delcour, J. A.",1998,Moisture stress during growth affects the breadmaking and gelatinisation properties of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) flour,Journal of the science of food and agriculture,76 (2),,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4434/,"Breadmaking quality (judged by the regularity of the crumb) of cassava (in cassava flour/defatted soy flour/glyceryl monostearate recipes (80/20/3, w/w), Cereal Chem 68 323-327 1991) is related to crop age and the season of planting and harvesting. When taking the data sets of the dry season (J Sci Food Agric 66, 193-202 1994) and rainy season (ibid 68 167-174 1995) together, the following additional interpretation results breadmaking quality of cassava is positively related to flour from roots with unrestricted growth, and therefore influenced by rainfall distribution, time of planting and harvesting. Variability in baking performance of cassava flour samples is related to the length and severity of the dry season, the growth behaviour of the genotype and the crop age. The highest flour breadmaking quality is obtained after 6 months of unrestricted growth of cassava irrespective of the planting season.",Included,
"Chavarriaga-Aguirre, P., Prias, M., Lopez, D., Ortiz, D., Toro-Perea, N., Tohme, J.",2017,Molecular analysis of the expression of a crtB transgene and the endogenous psy2-y (1) and psy2-y (2) genes of cassava and their effect on root carotenoid content,Transgenic Research,26,5,10.1007/s11248-017-0037-y,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3431/,"A conventional breeding program was established to transfer the bacterial phytoene synthase transgene-crtB-from a transgenic, white-rooted cassava to yellow-rooted cassava plants carrying the endogenous phytoene synthase alleles named psy2-y (1) and/or psy2-y (2). Combining endogenous phytoene synthase enzymes (PSYs) with CRTB in a single cassava plant would allow the molecular dissection of individual allele contributions to carotenoid synthesis and/or accumulation in cassava roots. The simultaneous expression of the crtB transgene and psy2-y (2) in individuals planted in the field coincided with higher total, HPLC-quantified carotenoid content in roots, although the variability among replications (plants) precluded the detection of statistically significant differences. Nevertheless, the highest total carotenoid content in roots within a family coincided with one individual of the F1 progeny carrying both psy2-y (2) and crtB genes. The results also indicated the presence of at least one more key gene-different from psy or crtB-which too is necessary for the synthesis and/or accumulation of Pro-Vitamin A carotenoids in cassava roots.",Included,
"Sarr, Papa Saliou, Begoude, Aime Didier Boyogueno, Sugiyama, Akifumi, Nawata, Eiji, Yazaki, Kazufumi, Araki, Shigeru",2017,Molecular assessment of the bacterial community associated with Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivation in Cameroon,Microbiological Research,197,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15941/,"Bacterial communities play an important role in nutrient cycles and plant development. Their distribution and activity may depend on location and environmental heterogeneity. This study characterized soil bacterial communities in cassava fields of Eastern (Andom) and Southern (Bityili) Cameroon using molecular tools. In both sites, two improved varieties (TMS-96/1414; TMS-92/0326) and a local variety (Local) were grown in a randomized block design. Composite bulk soils were collected at 10 months after planting from cassava plots. The 16S rDNA region was amplified, MiSeq was performed and sequence data analyzed. The same 17 bacterial phyla were present in both Andom and Bityili, while Chlorobi and Deinococcus-Thermus were only specific to Andom. The phyla Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes, Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria were dominant. Although both sites shared similar phyla, the principal coordinate analysis revealed significant variations in their composition, suggesting that the functions of the bacteria in nutrients cycling are likely to differ between Andom and Bityili. Cassava yields were generally higher in Andom which also displayed a higher diversity of bacterial communities. This study provides useful information on the composition of bacterial communities in cassava fields in two agro-ecologies of Cameroon. It constitutes to our knowledge the first report describing soil bacterial communities in association with cassava growth in the country, using molecular tools.",Included,
"Ferreira, C. F., Alves, E., Pestana, K. N., Junghans, D. T., Kobayashi, A. K., Santos, V. D., Silva, R. P., Silva, P. H., Soares, E., Fukuda, W.",2008,Molecular characterization of Cassava with yellow-orange roots for beta-carotene improvement,Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology,8,1,10.12702/1984-7033.v08n01a04,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5667/,"Casssava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is one of the main food and income sources of about 500 million people in the tropics. The crop is mainly cultivated by small farmers in tropical Africa, Asia and Latin America. Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura Tropical, based in Cruz das Almas, Bahia, maintains one of the largest cassava genebanks of Latin America. Among the accessions it contains, those with yellow-orange root color are particularly interesting. The objective of this study was to characterized 30 cassava accessions with yellow-orange root color by RAPD markers. The genetic distances of the 47 analyzed primers varied from 9.0 to 31.7%, demonstrating the genetic variability to be exploited for the development of cassava varieties with higher beta-corotene contents.",Included,
"Harimalala, M., Chiroleu, F., GiraudCarrier, C., Hoareau, M., Zinga, I., Randriamampianina, J. A., Velombola, S., Ranomenjanahary, S., Andrianjaka, A., Reynaud, B., Lefeuvre, P., Lett, J.M.",2015,Molecular epidemiology of cassava mosaic disease in Madagascar,,v. 64,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6951/,"Cassava is the staple food for hundreds of millions of people in Africa but its cultivation is seriously constrained by cassava mosaic disease (CMD) in Madagascar, and in Africa in general. This study identified the cassava mosaic geminiviruses (CMGs) involved in CMD in Madagascar and their associated epidemiological characteristics from countrywide surveys. Molecular characterization of CMGs in Madagascar revealed an unprecedented diversity and cooccurrence of six viruses African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus (EACMCV), East African cassava mosaic Kenya virus (EACMKV), East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV), South African cassava mosaic virus (SACMV) and the recently described Cassava mosaic Madagascar virus (CMMGV). Distinct geographical distributions were observed for the six viruses. While ACMV was more prevalent in the central highlands, EACMV and EACMKV were prevalent in lowlands and coastal regions. Both EACMCV and SACMV occurred in almost all the localities visited. PCR diagnosis revealed that mixed infection (up to four coinfected viruses) occurred in 21% of the samples and were associated with higher symptom severity scores. Pairwise comparisons of virus associations showed that EACMCV was found in mixed infections more often than expected while ACMV and SACMV were mostly found in single infections. A greater abundance of whiteflies was observed in lowland and coastal areas. Nevertheless, infected cuttings remain the primary source of CMD propagation (95%) in Madagascar.",Included,
"Okogbenin, E., Egesi, C. N., Olasanmi, B., Ogundapo, O., Kahya, S., Hurtado, P., Marin, J., Akinbo, O., Mba, C., Gomez, H., De Vicente, C., Baiyeri, S., Uguru, M., Ewa, F., Fregene, M.",2012,Molecular marker analysis and validation of resistance to cassava mosaic disease in elite cassava genotypes in Nigeria,Crop Science,52,6,10.2135/cropsci2011.11.0586,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12888/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), a highly heterozygous crop, is devastated by cassava mosaic disease (CMD). The discovery of the CMD2 dominant gene is helpful in the genetic analysis of CMD resistance. Molecular markers for CMD2 gene were used to introgress CMD resistance into Latin American cassava genotypes and validated in the field for 4 yr for stability of resistance conferred by CMD2. Field screening identified 64 Latin American genotypes with stable resistance to CMD. Resistance to CMD of two Nigerian cassava cultivars (TMS 97/2205 and TMS 98/0505) was analyzed with markers and in the field. Molecular data indicated that CMD resistance in the two Nigerian cultivars was mediated by the CMD2 gene. Results showed TMS 97/2205 to be highly resistant to CMD in three ecological zones in Nigeria. Further genetic analysis of this genotype as a source of high level of resistance to CMD using a segregating F1 population derived from a TMS 97/2205 NR 8083 cross was initiated using 530 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for CMD resistance. A marker (NS198) associated with a QTL for CMD resistance, explaining 11% of the phenotypic variance observed, was identified. The combined effect of this QTL and CMD2 may account for the high level of resistance of TMS 97/2205. The resistance profile of the evaluated CMD2 genotypes in growth cycle was not uniform and was affected by genetic background. The discovery of a new QTL (CMD3) for CMD resistance in TMS 97/2205 offers new opportunities for pyramiding CMD genes for enhanced durability of CMD resistance in cassava. Crop Science Society of America.",Included,
"Charoenkul, N., Uttapap, D., Pathipanawat, W., Takeda, Y.",2006,Molecular structure of starches from cassava varieties having different cooked root textures,Starch/Staerke,58,9,10.1002/star.200600515,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3386/,"Starches from 12 cassava varieties with different cooked root texture; i.e. mealy, firm and mealy and firm, were investigated with a particular focus on aspects of molecular structures of amylose and amylopectin. Structural elements of amylopectin were essentially constant in terms of unit chain distributions and chain lengths. All cassava amylopectins displayed two distinct chain length peaks, at DP 40-46 and at DP 11-13, with a shoulder at DP 17-19, and average chain length (CL) of amylopectins was 17-20. A fraction of extra-long chains in the range of 0.24-1.78% was found. Amylose and amylopectin from four varieties with different textures of cooked root were isolated. Data from C-chain distributions indicated that the molecular size of amylopectin from M-hanatee (Hanatee), a locally adapted cassava variety, was 2.5-2.9 times smaller than those of the other varieties. Three of the four amylose samples, except that from M-hanatee, were very similar in average DP (4120-4390), chain length (530-550) and number of chains (7.1-7.5), and composed of nearly equal numbers of linear and branched molecules. The amylose from the M-hanatee variety showed a unique characteristic it had smaller size (2050), shorter chain length (450), fewer chains (4.7) and a higher content of linear fraction (58%), when compared with other amyloses. 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.",Included,
"Rogers, D. J., Fleming, H. S.",1973,Monograph of Manihot-Esculenta with an Explanation of Taximetrics Methods Used,Economic Botany,27,1,10.1007/BF02862222,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15292/,,Included,
"Custdio, R. A., de Arajo Neto, S. E., Fermino Junior, P. C. P., Andrade Neto, R. C., Silva, I. F.",2016,Morpho-anatomy of leaves and yield of pineapple plant in intercropping with cassava,Bioscience Journal,32,4,10.14393/BJ-v32n4a2016-26827,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4069/,"The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of shade in pineapple plant with cassava, on the yields of pineapple fruit sand cassava roots, on the morph-anatomical variation, damage by solar radiation and chlorophyll content of pineapple leaves. Pineapple plants were cultivated in plots comprising three parallel row sunder different shade conditions provided by cassava plants grown at various spacings within single rows located on either side of the plots. The experiment was of a randomized block design with five treatments (cassava spacings of 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 and 1.25 m and a pineapple monoculture) and four replications. Yields of fruits and roots, together with the morphological, chemical and histological characteristics of the ""D"" leaves of pineapple, were determined14 months after planting the pineapples plant. Data were submitted to analysis of variance with the Scott-Knott test or Friedman test (P< 0.05) and to regression analysis. Pineapple plants grown under the majority of shade conditions presented higher fruit weight and overall yield per hectare in comparison with plants grown in direct sunlight. The maximum productivities of pineapple fruit were achieved when cassava plants were spaced 0.75 m apart and, under these shade conditions, fruits were fully protected against burning by the sun. The D leaves of shaded plants were longer and thicker, with higher content of chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll, reduced stomatal density and dimensions of stomatal pores, narrower guard cells, thinner aquiferous hypodermis, and reduced abaxial and adaxial epidermis. The yield of cassava roots per plant increased linearly with increasing distance between the plants, but the yield per hectare decreased with decreasing plant density. 2016, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Silva, J. L. S., Moura, E. F., Ilkiu-Borges, F., Galvao, J. R., de Farias-Neto, J. T., da Silva, G. B., Rego, M. C. F., Cunha, R. L.",2017,Morphoanatomy and histochemistry analyses of cassava roots do not discriminate resistant from susceptible genotypes to soft root rot,Acta Amazonica,47,1,10.1590/1809-4392201600513,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16434/,"Cassava is an important culture in Brazil and in the North of the country, and soft root rot has affected root production. The aim of this work was to identify root morphoanatomic and histochemical characters associated with root rot resistance. In areas with no occurrence of the disease, nine cassava genotypes were tested, four of which were resistant, and five were susceptible to root rot. Root harvest was carried out twelve months after sowing, and thickness of suber, suber and cortex, and secondary xylem were measured. Moreover, texture, suber cell layers, lignin content, and lignin monomers content of the portion suber and cortex were analyzed. Also, histochemical tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses of the roots were performed. Results were subjected to analysis of variance, and means were compared by the Scott-Knott test (p <= 0.05). The characters thickness of suber and cortex at proximal and medium portions, thickness of secondary xylem at medium and apical portions, number of cell layers of suber, thickness of suber, and root texture showed differences among genotypes; however, the characters could not be associated with resistance or susceptibility. There were no differences for vessel elements, lignin and lignin monomers, and for the histochemical tests with Sudan IV and Lugol. Images of SEM showed differences among genotypes, which could not be associated with resistance or susceptibility. Thus, the characters evaluated cannot be used in selection for cassava resistance to soft root rot in genetic breeding programs.",Included,
"Tanee, F. B. G., Mensah, S. I.",2016,"Morphological and biochemical response of cassava (Manihot esculentus, Crantz) to spent carbide and diesel oil wastes",Annual Research and Review in Biology,10,6,10.9734/ARRB/2016/27174,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17347/,"Aim To determine the morphological and biochemical response of cassava (Manihot esculentus, Crantz) to spent carbide (SC) and diesel oil (DO) wastes. Place and Duration of Study The 14 week experimental trial was conducted at University of Port Harcourt Ecological Centre field. Methodology The treatments consisted of 8 concentrations of SC and DO wastes alongside a control. These were A Control (no pollutant application); B 50 g SC and 100 ml DO; C 100 g SC and 50 ml DO; D 100 g SC and 100 ml DO; E 50 g SC and 50 ml DO; F 100 ml DO; G 50 ml DO; H 50 g SC; I 100 mg SC were used in a 2 kg soil each and laid in a completely randomized design with 5 replications. Results Results showed that 50 g and 100 g SC treatments improved the shoot length, leaf area and number; and biomass (fresh weight, dry weights and shoot-root ratio) yields of cassava while reductions were observed in DO (single or mixed application) as compare to the control. The chlorophyll and carbohydrate contents of cassava were negatively affected with the exception of 100 g SC/50 ml DO treatment in which the chlorophyll content was significantly higher than the control. Conclusion Therefore, SC at 50 and 100 g single treatments have stimulatory effect while DO have inhibitory effect on cassava. Hence, designated sites should be created for the dumping of such wastes to avoid dumping on nearby farmlands. 2016 Kiran et al.",Included,
"Ngugi, Kahiu, Orek, Charles, Mwang'ombe1, Agnes",2013,Morphological and Physiological Measurement of the Stay-Green Trait in Transgenic and Non-Transgenic Cassava under Green-House Water Stress Conditions,Journal of Renewable Agriculture,1,5,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12116/,"Drought stress is the major abiotic factor that limits cassava productivity in many agro-ecological regions of sub-saharan Africa. In this study, stay-green trait in two transgenic cassava genotypes (transformed with isopentenyl transferase (ipt) gene for improved drought tolerance) and six non-transgenic cassava genotypes were evaluated under green-house condi- tions. Leaf abscission (for leaf retention), elongation of the last internodes, photosynthetic rates, and stomatal conductance were determined in these cassava genotypes subjected to three levels of water stress treatments (0, 30, and 60 %) and a positive control or fully irrigated plants. Two non transgenic genotypes (98-0002 and 98-2226) and one transgenic line (529-48) that expressed relatively high level of stay green or leaf retention, also exhibited significantly higher photosynthetic rates, internode elongation and relatively low stomatal conductance compared to other genotypes. Non transgenic genotypes 91-02322 and TME-3 and transgenic line 529-28, expressed moderate levels of stay green and non transgenic genotype 95-0306 and wild type TMS 60444 (for the transgenic lines) were highly susceptible to the water stress treatments. The results reported here showed there was a positive correlation between leaf retention, photosynthetic rates, internode elongation and stomatal conductance.",Included,
"Simwambana, M. S. C., Hahn, S. K., Ferguson, T. U.",1996,Morphological changes in cassava as affected by leaf vegetable picking,Roots,3,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/34364/,"There were many reports of the negative influence of shoot removal on yield of tuberous roots in cassava. However, very little plant physiological research has been done to verify the cause of such yield reduction. The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of time of first shoot removal on the growth and development of cassava varieties. A field trial was established on a sandy soil at IITA, Nigeria. Detopping was carried out by removing the shoot tips just below the most fully expanded leaf. Four different times to first shoot removal were imposed on two cassava varieties. TMS 30572 and TMS 91934 at 8, 14, 20 and 52 WAP and repeated after every 8 weeks until harvesting at 52 WAP (weeks after planting). First shoot removal at 8 weeks reduced the height to first branching as compared with no shoot removal. After the first detopping, SR8 produced more branches at the branching level than the intact plants. Generally detopping increased the number of leaves per plant.",Included,
"Schulthess, F., Neuenschwander, P., Gounou, S.",1997,"Multi-trophic interactions in cassava, Manihot esculenta, cropping systems in the subhumid tropics of West Africa","Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment",66,3,10.1016/S0167-8809(97)00095-9,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16061/,"The effect of fertilizer and mulch across trophic levels of the cassava ecosystem, i.e., the plant, the cassava mealybug (CM), the encyrtid wasp Apoanagyrus lopezi and its hyperparasitoids, was studied in two field experiments planted in southern Benin. Several cassava cultivars with different branching patterns and varying susceptibility to the cassava mealybug were planted on a sandy loamy and a sandy soil, respectively. Four to seven months after application of the soil treatments, differences in N, P, K in the first 50 cm of the soil had mostly disappeared, indicating that the soil nutrients had been taken up by the plant and/or had leached to deeper layers of the soil. The effect on leaf nutrient contents was still visible, however. Differences in response to soil nutrients and dry matter allocation pattern were found between late and early branching cassava. The former was more efficient in utilizing soil nutrients for root production whereas in the latter, harvest indices decreased with increasing soil fertility. With increasing soil fertility, the nutritional status of the plants increased. This led to larger mealybugs, which in turn resulted in a higher proportion of female Apoanagyrus lopezi. The overall effect was an enhancement of biological control activity leading to low CM population densities in plots with high soil fertility. Hyperparasitism had no effect on parasitism of A. lopezi, and was positively related to both CM and A. lopezi numbers. Generally, the infestations were too low to have an effect on growth of cassava leaves or roots. This study shows the beneficial effect that soil fertility can have on the efficiency of a biological control agent.",Included,
"Schulthess, F., Chabi-Olaye, A., Gounou, S.",2004,Multi-trophic level interactions in a cassava-maize mixed cropping system in the humid tropics of West Africa,Bulletin of Entomological Research,v. 94  issue 3,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16062/,,Included,
"Thung, M., Cock, J.H.",1979,Multiple cropping cassava and field beans: status of present work at the International Centre of Tropical Agriculture (CIAT),"Intercropping with cassava: Proceedings of an international workshop held at Trivandrum, India, 27 Nov-1 Dec 1978",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17686/,,Included,
"Wei, Maogui, Geladi, Paul, Lestander, Torbjrn A., Xie, Guanghui, Xiong, Shaojun",2015,Multivariate modelling on biomass properties of cassava stems based on an experimental design,,v. 407,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18837/,"Based on a factorial experimental design (three locations three cultivars five harvest times four replicates) conducted with the objective of investigating variations in fuel characteristics of cassava stem, a multivariate data matrix was formed which was composed of 180 samples and 10 biomass properties for each sample. The properties included as responses were two different calorific values and ash, N, S, Cl, P, K, Ca, and Mg content. Overall principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a strong clustering for the growing locations, but overlapping clusters for the cultivar types and almost no useful information about harvest times. PCA using a partitioned data set (6010) for each location revealed a clustering of cultivars. This was confirmed by soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) and partial-least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and indicated that the locations gave meaningful information about the differences in cultivar, whereas harvest time was not found to be a differentiating factor. Using the PLS technique, it was revealed that ash, K, and Cl content were the most important responses for PLS-DA models. Furthermore, using PLS regression of fuel and soil variables it was also revealed that fuel K and ash content were correlated with the soil P, Si, Ca, and K content, whereas fuel Cl content was correlated with soil pH and content of organic carbon, N, S, and Mg in the soil. Thus, the multivariate modelling used in this study reveals the possibility of performing rigorous analysis of a complex data set when an analysis of variance may not be successful.",Included,
"Gnonlonfin, G. J. B., Hell, K., Fandohan, P., Siame, A. B.",2008,"Mycoflora and natural occurrence of aflatoxins and fumonisin B1 in cassava and yam chips from Benin, West Africa",International Journal of Food Microbiology,122,01-Feb,10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.11.047,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6353/,"The presence of fungi, aflatoxins and fumonisin B1 in cassava and yam chips (during 28 processing and storage) were evaluated during two consecutive seasons in two agroecological zones of Benin (Northern Guinea Savannah, NGS and Sudan Savannah, SS). The Benin samples were assessed for moisture content, fungal infestation and total aflatoxin and fumonisin B1 contamination. During the two seasons, samples collected from the NGS, had moisture contents ranging from 10.0 to 14.7% in cassava chips and from 11.4 to 15.3% in yam chips. In samples from the SS, moisture content ranged from 10.1 to 14.5% and 11.1 to 14.5% in cassava and yam chips, respectively. A. flavus was the predominant fungal species. The maximum cfu/g in cassava and yam chips was 8950 and 6030, respectively. Other fungal species isolated included P. chrysogenum, M. piriformis, Phoma sorghina, F. verticillioides, R. oryzae and Nigrospora oryzae. High performance liquid chromatography analysis of both cassava and yam chips showed no contamination by either aflatoxins or fumonisin B1. 2007.",Included,
"Silveira, H. M., Silva, D. V., Melo, C. A. D., Neto, M. D. C., Saraiva, D. T., Ferreira, E. A., Silva, A. A., Freitas, M. S.",2015,Mycorrhizal association and microbial activity of soil cultivated with cassava after application of mesotrione and fluazifop-p-Butyl,Planta Daninha,33,2,10.1590/0100-83582015000200013,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16441/,"Soil is a very heterogeneous environment that allows the establishment of wide range of microorganisms populations, whose balance is affected by biotic and abiotic factors. This study has aimed to assess the effect of doses of mesotrione and fluazifop-p-butyl herbicides and two assessment periods on microbial activity and biomass of soil cultivated with cassava Cacau-UFV cultivar, besides the root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Two trials were conducted in a protected environment where was realized post-emergence application of mesotrione in the doses of 72, 108, 144 and 216 g ha-1 and fluazifop-p-butyl in the doses of 100, 150, 200 and 300 g ha-1, besides a control without application. Soil samples were collected for determination of soil respiratory rate (RR), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), metabolic quotient (qCO<inf>2</inf>), and colonization of roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at the 30 and 60 days after applications (DAA) of the herbicides. Fluazifop-p-butyl increased the RR, MBC and the percentage of cassava roots colonized by mycorrhizal fungi in the assessment performed at 60 DAA. The larger effects of mesotrione on soil microbial indicators were up to 30 DAA, being the changes minimized at 60 DAA. It is concluded that the herbicides alter the soil microbial indicators, with effects dependent of the product, of dose applied and also of the period of assessment. 2015 Sociedade Brasileira da Ciencia das Plantas Daninha. All Rights Received.",Included,
"Liasu, M.O., Atayese, M.O., Osonubi, O.O.",2005,"Mycorrhizal inoculation effects on continuous hedgerow-biomass production and nutrient contribution to alley-cropped cassava in Ibadan, Nigeria",Agroforestry Systems,v. 64,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9877/,,Included,
"Zannou, I.D., Hanna, R., Agboton, B., Moraes, G.J. de, Kreiter, S., Phiri, G., Jone, A.",2007,Native phytoseiid mites as indicators of non-target effects of the introduction of Typhlodromalus aripo for the biological control of cassava green mite in Africa,Biological Control,41,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19901/,"The need to evaluate non-target effects of classical biological control of arthropod pests has received considerable attention in recent years. We determined with repeated field surveys the changes in abundance and distribution of the phytoseiid mite fauna in cassava fields resulting from the introduction of the neotropical phytoseiid Typhlodromalus aripo into two countries--Malawi and Mozambique-in southern Africa for the biological control of Mononychellus tanajoa. Typhlodromalus aripo abundance was similar, while the abundance of the target pest M. tanajoa declined progressively, during the 2 years after the introduction of T. aripo into the target countries. We did not detect any changes in the abundance of the most common native phytoseiids mites--Euseius baetae, Euseius bwende and Ueckermannseius saltus--on cassava in Mozambique. In contrast, the abundance of two of the most common native phytoseiids, Euseius fustis and Iphiseius degenerans, on cassava in Malawi were apparently facilitated--i.e., their abundance was enhanced by the introduction of T. aripo; while the abundance of a third species, U. saltus, was not affected. For only one species, E. baetae, within-plant distribution shifted to the lower parts of the cassava canopy as a result of the introduction of T. aripo, which resides in the upper parts of the cassava canopy, but without any measurable negative effects on biological control of M. tanajoa. While the overall abundance of phytoseiid mites found on non-cassava vegetation was not affected by T. aripo introduction, there were some changes in relative abundance of some species in Malawi. Possible mechanism for the increase in abundance of I. degenerans and E. fustis in Malawi, and changes in within-plant distribution of E. baetae and I. degenerans in Mozambique and Malawi, respectively, are discussed. The methodology developed for assessing potential non-target effects of T. aripo introduction into southern Africa has significantly advanced classical biological control efforts against an economically important cassava pest.",Included,
"Umeh, E.D.N.",1991,"Natural enemies in the control of pests of cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz",Insect Sci. Applic.,v. 12,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18121/,"The various pests of the cassava plant, Manihot esculenta Crantz, were reviewed with particular reference to the two exotic pests viz cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, Mat-Ferr, and cassava green mite, Mononychellus tanajoa Bondar which were accidentally introduced into Africa without their natural enemies in the early seventies. Classical biological control programme for these two pests initiated and championed by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), lbadan, Nigeria was also reviewed and both successes and limitations of the programme highlighted. Suggestions on how to improve the efficiency of the programme are made.",Included,
"Carvalho, Luiz J. C. B., Agustini, Marco A. V., Anderson, James V., Vieira, Eduardo A., de Souza, Claudia R. B., Chen, Songbi, Schaal, Barbara A., Silva, Joseane P.",2016,Natural variation in expression of genes associated with carotenoid biosynthesis and accumulation in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) storage root,BMC plant biology,16,1,10.1186/s12870-016-0826-0,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3111/,"BACKGROUND Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) storage root provides a staple food source for millions of people worldwide. Increasing the carotenoid content in storage root of cassava could provide improved nutritional and health benefits. Because carotenoid accumulation has been associated with storage root color, this study characterized carotenoid profiles, and abundance of key transcripts associated with carotenoid biosynthesis, from 23 landraces of cassava storage root ranging in color from white-to-yellow-to-pink. This study provides important information to plant breeding programs aimed at improving cassava storage root nutritional quality. RESULTS Among the 23 landraces, five carotenoid types were detected in storage root with white color, while carotenoid types ranged from 1 to 21 in storage root with pink and yellow color. The majority of storage root in these landraces ranged in color from pale-to-intense yellow. In this color group, total -carotene, containing all-E-, 9-Z-, and 13-Z--carotene isomers, was the major carotenoid type detected, varying from 26.13 to 76.72%. Although no -carotene was observed, variable amounts of a -ring derived xanthophyll, lutein, was detected; with greater accumulation of -ring xanthophylls than of -ring xanthophyll. Lycopene was detected in a landrace (Cas51) with pink color storage root, but it was not detected in storage root with yellow color. Based on microarray and qRT-PCR analyses, abundance of transcripts coding for enzymes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis were consistent with carotenoid composition determined by contrasting HPLC-Diode Array profiles from storage root of landraces IAC12, Cas64, and Cas51. Abundance of transcripts encoding for proteins regulating plastid division were also consistent with the observed differences in total -carotene accumulation. CONCLUSIONS Among the 23 cassava landraces with varying storage root color and diverse carotenoid types and profiles, landrace Cas51 (pink color storage root) had low LYCb transcript abundance, whereas landrace Cas64 (intense yellow storage root) had decreased HYb transcript abundance. These results may explain the increased amounts of lycopene and total -carotene observed in landraces Cas51 and Cas64, respectively. Overall, total carotenoid content in cassava storage root of color class representatives were associated with spatial patterns of secondary growth, color, and abundance of transcripts linked to plastid division. Finally, a partial carotenoid biosynthesis pathway is proposed.",Included,
"Olaifa, J.I., Adenuga, A.O.",1988,Neem products for protecting field cassava from grasshopper damage,Insect Sci. Applic,v. 9,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12972/,,Included,
"G.O., Adejare",1981,Nigerian isolates of cassava latent virus,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6008/,,Included,
"Edeogu, C. O.",2007,"Nitrate, sulphate, phosphate and chloride status of staple food crops, soils and water as indicator of environmental base anion pollution load in Ebonyi State, Nigeria",Journal of Biological Sciences,7,5,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4938/,"The levels of anions (NO3-, SO4 2-, PO43- and Cl-) in staple food crops (yam, cassava, rice, maize, cowpea and African yambean); soils and water sources in Ebonyi State, Southeastern Nigeria has been quantitatively determined spectrophotometrically. The results indicate that there were significant variations in the concentrations of anions in the staple food crops across the localities with regards to SO42- (p&lt;0.001). No significant location effect in the nitrate contents of the staple food crops was observed while chloride was not detected. The anions level in the soils and surface water depicts significant correlations (p&lt;0.000) and that between soils and underground water is (p&lt;0.002). However, it was observed that the phosphate concentrations of the staple foods, soils and underground water sources exceeded the internationally acceptable limit while the sulphate, nitrate and chloride levels are within the international acceptable limit. The observed high levels of phosphate in the study areas calls for concern as it may render the staple food crops and water sources unsuitable for human, livestock and for industrial uses. Also, if not checked, soils may be unsuitable for agricultural purposes. 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.",Included,
"Kang, B.T., Okeke, J.E.",1984,Nitrogen and potassium responses of two cassava varieties grown on an alfisol in southern Nigeria,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8630/,,Included,
"Olasantan, F. O.",1999,Nitrogen fertilization of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) in an intercropping system with cassava (Manihot esculenta) and maize (Zea mays) in south-western Nigeria,Journal of Agricultural Science,133,3,10.1017/S0021859699007054,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13002/,"Nitrogen fertilization of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) when intercropped with cassava (Manihot esculenta) and maize (Zea mays) was studied using three N rates (0, 60 and 120 kg/ha) in two field experiments in Nigeria between 1995 and 1997. The okra was grown between the cassava and maize rows. The effect of using two contrasting maize cvs. TZE Composite 3 Cl (less-tall, early-maturing with narrow leaves) and DMRSR-Y (tall, late-maturing with broad leaves) on N response of okra in the mixture was also investigated. Intercropping with maize or cassava and maize significantly increased stem elongation, delayed pod harvest, and decreased branch or pod formation and marketable pod yield in okra. In the cassava/maize/okra combination, maize had greater effect than cassava in determining most growth and pod yield attributes of the okra crop, regardless of N rate. However, the effect was relatively less severe in mixtures with early-maize cv. TZE Composite 3 Cl than with late-maize cv. DMRSR-Y. Although applied N at rates above 60 kg/ha in intercropping increased maize grain and cassava tuber yields, this did not result in a further significant gain in pod yield of the associated okra crop. The present recommendation of 60 kg/ha for N fertilization of cassava/maize intercrop was found to be applicable to okra grown between the cassava/maize rows using the less-tall, early-maize cultivar with relatively narrow leaves, and possibly reduced leaf area.",Included,
"Sangakkara, U. R., Wijesinghe, D. B.",2014,"Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects Growth, Yield, and N Recovery in Cassava (Manihot esculenta L. Crantz)",,v. 45,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15778/,"Cassava is a very important tuber crop in Asia. As fertilizer application, especially nitrogen (N), is important to sustain yields, the impact of different rates of N fertilizer and their time of application on growth, yield, and N-recovery efficiency was evaluated over two major seasons in Asia. Applying N at planting increased leaf area index (LAI), especially at greater rates. Split application of 90 kg N at planting and 45 days later induced growth of more tubers, resulting in good yields, when compared to single or three split applications at 45 and 90 days after planting. Split application on two occasions also developed the greatest N-recovery efficiency by both shoots and roots. The correlations between N efficiency and yield parameters were significant and negative (P = 0.05). The importance of two split applications of moderate rates of fertilizer to cassava is presented.",Included,
"Kaweewong, J., Kongkeawa, T., Tawornprek, S., Yampracha, S., Yost, R.",2013,Nitrogen requirements of cassava in selected soils of Thailand,Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics,114,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8791/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is one of the most important export crops in Thailand, yet the nitrogen requirement is unknown and not considered by growers and producers. Cassava requirements for N were determined in field experiments during a period of four years and four sites on the Satuk (Suk), Don Chedi (Dc), Pak Chong (Pc), and Ban Beung (BBg) soil series in Lopburi, Supanburi, Nakhon Ratchasima, and Chonburi sites, respectively. The fertilizer treatment structure comprised 0, 62.5, 125, 187.5, 250 and 312.5 kgNha -1 as urea. At each site cassava was harvested at nine months and yield parameters and the minimum datasets were taken. The fertilizer rate which resulted in maximum yield ranged from 187.5 kgNha -1 in Supanburi and Chonburi (fresh weight yield of 47,500 and 30,000 kg ha-1 respectively) to 250 kgNha-1 in Lopburi and Nakhon Ratchasima (fresh weight yield of 64,100 and 46,700 kg ha-1 respectively). Yield appeared to decrease at the higher, 312 kg ha -1, at Supanburi and Lopburi, and 250 kg ha-1 (Chonburi) fertilizer N rates. Net revenue was 70.4 and 72.9% higher than where no N was applied at Lopburi and Nakhon Ratchasima sites. Net revenue at the Supanburi and Chonburi sites were 53.8 and 211.0% higher than that where no N was applied. This study suggests that at all sites improved cassava production and net revenue could be obtained with the judicious application of higher quantities of N. The results provide needed guidance to nitrogen fertilization of the important industrial crop cassava in Thailand.",Included,
"Tankou, C.M. (University of Florida, Homestead, FL), Schaffer, B., O'Hair, S.K., Sanchez, C.A.",1990,"Nitrogen, shading duration, gas exchange, and growth of cassava",,v. 25,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17379/,,Included,
"Lal, R., Wilson, G. F., Okigbo, B. N.",1978,No-till farming after various grasses and leguminous cover crops in tropical alfisol. I. Crop performance,Field Crops Research,1,C,10.1016/0378-4290(78)90008-4,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9425/,"The effects of four grasses and four leguminous cover crops on soil properties, and on the applicability of zero-tillage technique for arable crop production withkilled sod mulch, was investigated on tropical Alfisol near Ibadan, Nigeria. The cover crops consisted of four grasses, Panicum maximum, Setaria sphacelata, Brachiaria ruziziensis, and Melinis minutiflora, and four legumes, Centrosema pubescens, Pueraria phaseoloides, Glycine wightii, and Stylosanthes guianensis. Two years after establishing cover crops, arable crops were planted through chemically killed sod. The arable crops grown were maize (Zea mays), cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata), pigeonpeas (Cajanus cajan), soybeans (Glycine max), and cassava (Manihot esculenta). Cover crops had a significant effect on soil chemical and physical properties. Organic carbon, total nitrogen, and CEC were higher under Melinis minutiflora, Glycine wightii, Centrosema, and Pueraria than with control and other cover crops. There were differences between cover crops in soil physical properties. Infiltration rate and soil bulk density were generally low under cover crops compared with control. Earthworm activity was related to the quantity and persistence of killed sod mulch under various cover crops. Maximum soil temperature under killed sod much was as much as 10C lower than in control. Soil moisture storage was affected both by mulch cover and by the canopy cover of the arable crop grown on the killed sod. Soil moisture storage was generally high under killed sod mulch compared with control. There were significant differences in arable crop yield between various cover crops. Significantly higher crop yields were obtained under Centrosema, Pueraria, Stylosanthes, and Brachiaria than with control and other cover crops. Brachiaria sod was, however, difficult to eradicate and to plant in with zero-tillage technique. Maize and cowpea grain yield and cassava tuber yield were positively related to infiltration rate and negatively to soil bulk density. 1978.",Included,
"De Oliveira, E. J., Aud, F. F., Garcia Morales, C. F., De Oliveira, S. A. S., Da Silva Santos, V.",2016,Non-hierarchical clustering of Manihot esculenta Crantz germplasm based on quantitative traits1,Revista Ciencia Agronomica,47,3,10.5935/1806-6690.20160066,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4398/,"The knowledge of the phenotypic variation of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) germplasm allows the estimative of the genetic variability to support the selection of contrasting genitors. Therefore, the aim of this work was to define homogeneous groups of cassava germplasm based on yield traits, disease resistance and root quality using K-means as a nonhierarchical method. Breeding values estimated by Best Linear Unbiased Predictor (BLUP) were used for the cluster analysis. The number of groups was defined according to the stabilization of the smallest within-group sum of squares. Seventeen clusters were defined to represent the diversity of the germplasm, whose number of accessions ranged from 7 (Group 15) to 69 (Group 9). In general, accessions belonging to Groups 1, 4, 7, 12, 15 and 16 showed good agronomic traits, such as high fresh root yield and starch yield (&gt; 60.7 t ha-1 and 18.6 t ha-1, respectively). In contrast, only Group 15 presented low bacterial blight severity. The groups obtained showed strong differences, as evidenced by the within-groups sums of squares values, which ranged from 215.1 (Group 15) to 2,338.3 (Group 8). The K-means algorithm allowed the formation of consistent groups based on yield traits, disease resistance and root quality. Therefore, the K-means algorithm was efficient in the formation of groups with low within genotypic variation, especially concerning large amounts of data, such as in cassava germplasm banks.",Included,
"Ravi, V., Suryakumari, S.",2005,Novel technique to increase the shelf life of cassava (Manihot esculenta L.) stems stored for propagation,Advances in Horticultural Science,19,3,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14935/,"Healthy, mature stems of about 1.2-1.5 m length of three cassava cultivars ('Sree Prakash', 'Sree Jaya' and 'H-165') were stored for five months under hot, dry weather conditions under seven treatments T1-stems stored vertically under tree shade; T2 - stems stored vertically under tree shade and watered at 15 - day intervals; T3 - stems stored vertically under tree shade with bottom portion (2-3 cm) buried in sand bed and watered at 15 - day intervals; T4 - stems stored horizontally under tree shade; T5 - stems stored vertically in the open; T6 - stems stored vertically in the open and watered at 15 - day intervals; and T 7 - stems stored vertically in the open with bottom portion (2-3 cm) buried in sand bed and watered at 15 - day intervals. Insecticide chlorpyrifos (active ingredient (a. i.) 20%) was applied to all stems to protect them from termite (Odontotermus sp.) and soft scale (Aonidomytilus albus) infestation. Fungicide carbendazim (a.i. 50%) was applied to stems stored in treatments T1, T2, T3, T5, T6 and T7, whereas mancozeb (a.i. 75%) was applied to stems stored in treatment T4 to protect them from any fungal infection. Stems of the three cassava cultivars in treatments T3 and T7 retained greater moisture content (68.8-71.0%), greater percentage of fresh stem (90.0-91.7%), had greater starch content (256.3-269.9 mg/gram dry stem), and showed greater percentage of sprouting (90.7-95.3%). Plants from these stems showed a lower reduction in storage root yield (2.6-3.6 t/ha) as compared to storage root yield of plants from fresh stems. It is recommended that cassava stems be stored vertically with bottom portion (2-3 cm) buried in sand bed and watered at 15-day intervals under open conditions with appropriate plant protection measures over a period of five months under hot, dry weather conditions.",Included,
"Jamil, S. S., Bujang, A.",2016,Nutrient and antinutrient composition of different variety of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaves,Jurnal Teknologi,78,06-Jun,10.11113/jt.v78.9024,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8130/,"The aim of this study was to determine the nutrient and anti-nutrient composition of six varieties of cassava leaf namely Medan, Sri Pontian, Putih, Kuning, Sri Kanji 1 and Sri Kanji 2. Proximate composition, minerals, cyanide and tannin content were analyzed. The results obtained showed that composition of nutrients and antinutrients in cassava leaves is different among the varieties. Cassava leaf of variety Medan has significantly high moisture content, while Sri Pontian has significantly high fibre content and Putih has significantly high content of protein compared to the other varieties. Highest ash content was found in both Putih and Sri Kanji 1 variety, while highest lipid was observed in both Sri Pontian and Sri Kanji 2. Both Medan and Sri Kanji 1 varieties showed significantly high in carbohydrate content. Among the varieties, Sri Pontian has the highest Ca content while Sri Kanji 1 has the highest Na content. Variety Kuning and Sri Kanji 1 have similarly high content of K, while Mg was found to be highest in both Medan and Sri Kanji 1 variety. For anti-nutrients composition, both cyanide and tannin were found to be significantly high in Sri Pontian variety compared to the other varieties. This study showed that cassava leaves has appreciable amount of nutrients and minerals that can be a good source of nutrients in a diet. However, proper pretreatments must be employed prior to consumption to reduce the anti-nutrients content in the leaves. 2016 Penerbit UTM Press. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Irizarry, H., Rivera, E.",1983,Nutrient and Dry-Matter Contents of Intensively Managed Cassava Grown on an Ultisol,Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico,67,3,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7884/,,Included,
"Sommer, R., Vlek, P.L.G., Sa, T.D. de. A., Vielhauer, K., Coelho, R. de F.R., Folster, H.",2004,Nutrient balance of shifting cultivation by burning or mulching in the Eastern Amazon--evidence for subsoil nutrient accumulation,,v. 68,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16664/,"For over a hundred years shifting cultivation with slash-and-burn land preparation has been the predominant type of land use by smallholders in the Bragantina region of the Brazilian Eastern Amazon. This study contrasts the nutrient balance of slash-and-burn agriculture with a fire-free cultivation. Therefore, one half of a 3.5-year-old (28.7 t DM ha(-1)) and a 7-year-old woody fallow vegetation (46.5 t DM ha(-1)) was burnt and the other half mulched, leaving the biomass as a surface residue. Subsequently, a sequence of maize, beans and cassava was cropped for 1.5 year. Burning the 3.5- and 7-year-old fallow removed 97 and 94% of the C, 98 and 96% of the N, 90 and 63% of the P-stocks, and between 45 and 70% of the cations K, Mg and Ca of the aboveground biomass by volatilization or ash-particle transfer. These losses were avoided with the slash-and-mulch land preparation. Mulching did not increase the losses of nutrients by leaching, despite the high amount of rapidly decomposing surface mulch. Also the length of preceding fallow had no significant influence on leaching losses. At a depth of 3 m, leached nutrients were quantitatively negligible in both treatments. Comparing the nutrient fluxes at soil depths of 0.9 m, 1.8 m and 3 m, the amounts of all mobile nutrients, and also of chloride and sodium were markedly reduced during percolation and must have been retained. It is likely that nutrient retention in the subsoil layer is only temporary, emphasizing the need for a rapid re-establishment of the naturally deep-rooting secondary vegetation after abandonment of sites to enable uptake of these nutrients. The overall nutrient balance was highly negative for slash-and-burn. 291 and 403 kg N ha(-1), 21 and 18 kg P ha(-1), and 70 and 132 kg K ha(-1) were removed from the burnt plots with a preceding fallow of 3.5 and 7 years, respectively. A reduced fallow period (3.5 years), which is a common trend in the region, resulted in a higher mean annual rate of nutrient loss averaged over the duration of the cycle than a fallow period of 7 years. Eliminating the burning losses by mulching brought the agricultural system back to an equilibrated or even slightly positive nutrient balance, even after a reduced fallow period. Thus, slash-and-mulch is a viable alternative to maintain agricultural productivity and ecosystem functioning.",Included,
"Fasuyi, Ayodeji O",2005,"Nutrient composition and processing effects on cassava leaf (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) antinutrients",Pakistan Journal of nutrition,4,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/34367/,"Leaves of 3 genetically improved varieties of cassava plants were harvested and subjected to different processing methods including sun-drying (SND), oven-drying (OVD), steaming (STM), shredding (SHD) and steeping (STP) and a combination of these methods to deliberately reduce the high level of cyanogenic glucosides present in the leaves. A combination of SHD and SND (SHD+SND) seemed to be the most effective technique of reducing the cyanide content. Proximate/mineral composition and gross energy were determined. Particular attention was paid into the determination of hydrocyanic acid (HCN), polyphenols (tannic acid) and phytic acid as they constitute the major anti-nutrients militating against the utilization of cassava leaf in animal nutrition. The leaves contained: crude protein 348.0gkg DM (range: -1 332.0 - 363.0gkg DM); crude fibre 121.0gkg DM (range: 115.0 - 127.0gkg DM); ether extract 70.0gkg DM -1 -1 -1 -1 (range: 63.0 - 75.0gkg DM); ash 69.0gkg DM (range: 63.0 - 78.0gkg DM) and gross energy 47.0MJkg -1 -1 -1 -1 (range: 46.5 - 47.2MJkg ). The CLM protein content was high and comparable with some rich conventional -1 protein sources of plant and animal origins used in monogastric feed formulation. The mineral content was high particularly Ca, Zn, Ni and K. The “cyanide scare” associated with acute intoxification when food substances rich in cyanide is ingested at high levels seemed to be obviated by a combination of processing methods (SHD+SND).",Included,
"John, K. S., Beegum, S. U. S., Sheela, M. N., Suja, G.",2016,Nutrient efficient genotypes in cassava Scope to substitute for chemical fertilizers and in C sequestration,Acta Horticulturae,1118,,10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1118.29,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8320/,"Though cassava is a climate resilient crop having innate physiologic ability to sustain under rising atmospheric temperature, escalating fertilizer prices and its marginal availability has resulted in imbalanced plant nutrition affecting tuber yield, soil health as well as farmers' income. Hence, an attempt was made to see the response of some selected nutrient efficient cultivars under different nutrient management practices in substituting for chemical fertilizers as well as on growth and yield attributes. The study over 5 years revealed a better scope for these genotypes in sustaining the productivity in low innate fertile soils like Ultisols. Screening 100 elite genotypes for their agronomic and physiological efficiency resulted in the selection of six K efficient lines, 3 each for edible and industrial uses. Evaluation of these genotypes at 4 levels (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha-1) of K for 3 consecutive years and computation of NUE parameters and physiologic parameters other than tuber yield, tuber quality, drought and mosaic tolerance and plant architecture resulted in identifying Aniyoor (edible) and 7 III E3-5 (industrial) as K efficient. These genotypes could perform better at K50 and K0 at which the root biomass and LAI supported their efficacy to scavenge the fixed native soil K and its better utilization. Screening 300 land races resulted in the identification of fifteen NUE lines. Experiments with three NPK efficient lines viz., Acc. No. 906, Acc. No. 766 and Acc. No. 905 indicated higher potential of Ac. No. 906 in low input management (soil test based) and in higher C sequestration. ISHS.",Included,
"Ikpe, F.N., Owoeye, L.G., Gichuru, M.P.",2003,Nutrient recycling potential of Tephrosia candida in cropping systems of southeastern Nigeria,Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,v. 67,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7707/,"Improving fallow quality in cassavafallow rotations in southeastern Nigeria through the use of leguminous cover crops has been shown to sustain the productivity of such systems. We studied the effects of age (1 or 2 years) of Tephrosia candida fallow on biomass and nutrient accumulation, on weed biomass and yield response of cassava/maize intercrop and on changes in soil chemical properties in a 3 yr field trial. Results were compared with those obtained in natural fallow. Total biomass and litter were three times higher in plots fallowed for 2 yr with Tephrosia candida than in those under natural fallow for the same period. Weed biomass was 205% lower in T. candida plots fallowed for 2 yr than in the natural fallow and was 174% smaller in T. candida plots fallow for 1 yr than in the natural fallow. Nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and potassium) yields in leaves of T. candida fallow for 2 yr were on average 200300% higher than in leaves of other fallows. The same trend was observed for cassava and maize yields. Soil chemical changes at soil depth 0 to 5 cm showed significant increases in N and C concentrations after 2 yr fallowing and a year of cropping, particularly in the planted fallow plots. Conversely, soil pH, available P and the exchangeable cations, especially Ca were lower, while Al was higher than the initial values, mainly in plots fallowed under T. candida, indicating a tendency of this fallow species to further exacerbate the soil acidification problem of the acid Ultisol at the study site in southeastern Nigeria.",Included,
"Howeler, R.H., Putthacharoen, S., Jantawat, S., Vichukit, V.",1998,Nutrient uptake and soil erosion losses in cassava and six other crops in a Psamment in eastern Thailand,Field Crops Research,v. 57,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7408/,,Included,
"Martinez, G.A., Vazquez, M.A., Gonzalez, A., Rivera, L.E., Guzman, J.L.",2001,Nutrient uptake and yield performance of cassava in two compost amended soils,,v. 85,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10755/,,Included,
"Mohamed Amanullah, M., Vaiyapuri, K., Sathyamoorthi, K., Pazhanivelan, S., Alagesan, A.",2007,"Nutrient uptake, tuber yield of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) and soil fertility as influenced by organic manures",Journal of Agronomy,6,1,10.3923/ja.2007.183.187,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11215/,"Field experiments were conducted to find out the effect of organic manures on the nutrient uptake and soil fertility of cassava at Veterinary College and Research Institute Farm, Namakkal during 2001 and 2002. The popular hybrid of cassava H 226 was tried as test crop. Six organic manurial treatments viz., FYM (25 t ha-1), Poultry manure (10 t ha-1), composted poultry manure (10 t ha-1), FYM (12.5 t ha-1) +poultry manure (5 t ha-1), FYM (12.5 t ha-1)+composted poultry manure (5 t ha-1) along with control (no organic manure) were tried. The study revealed that all the organic manurial treatments had higher uptake of all the nutrients, higher tuber yield and post harvest soil nutrients than control. Composted poultry manure either alone or with FYM recorded higher nutrient uptake, tuber yield and post harvest soil nutrients depleting the soil nutrients, the least. A slightly positive N balance was associated with CPM while all the other manurial treatments had slightly negative balance. 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.",Included,
"Wobeto, C., Corra, A. D., De Abreu, C. M. P., Dos Santos, C. D., De Abreu, J. R.",2006,Nutrients in the cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaf meal at three ages of the plant,Ciencia e Tecnologia de Alimentos,26,4,10.1590/S0101-20612006000400024,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19029/,"The high number of cassava cultivars adapted to many different regions provides a wide variation in the chemical composition of cassava leaves meal (CLM). Therefore, the contents of some nutrients in CLM from five cultivars at three ages of the plant were investigated in order to select the cultivars and ages with superior levels of these nutrients. When the plants were 12 months old, the highest levels of crude protein (CP), -carotene, iron, magnesium, phosphorus and sulfur were observed. The IAC 289-70 cv. showed the highest levels of magnesium, as well as considerable contents of CP, -carotene, iron, zinc and sulfur, which did not differ statistically from the cultivars showing the highest levels of these nutrients.",Included,
"Otim, M., Legg, J., Kyamanywa, S., Polaszek, A., Gerling, D.",2005,Occurrence and activity of Bemisia tabaci parasitoids on cassava in different agro-ecologies in Uganda,BioControl,50,1,10.1007/s10526-004-0822-4,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13478/,"Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera Aleyrodidae) is the vector of cassava mosaic geminiviruses that cause cassava mosaic disease (CMD), which in turn causes devastating yield losses. Surveys were conducted from October 2000 to November 2001 in four agro-ecologies in Uganda to enhance the understanding of parasitoid fauna and parasitism of B. tabaci in cassava fields. Such an understanding is an essential pre-requisite for the development of biological control methods of B. tabaci to complement current CMD control practices. Parasitoid abundance and parasitism efficiency varied between locations and sampling dates within the locations; highest parasitoid densities were observed at Namulonge in the Lake Victoria crescent while the lowest was at Kalangala. In all locations, parasitism was mainly due to Encarsia sophia Dodd and Girault and Eretmocerus mundus Mercet (all Hymenoptera Aphelinidae). Two occasionally observed species included Encarsia mineoi Viggiani (Hymenoptera Aphelinidae), only observed at Namulonge, and blackhead Encarsia (Hymenoptera Aphelinidae) observed at Bulisa, Namulonge and Lyantonde. Parasitism efficiency was highest at Bulisa (57.9%), but ranged from 40.2 to 46.9% at the other three sites. This paper discusses the possible causes of variations in parasitoid abundance and parasitism efficiency, and proposes further studies that might be carried out to assess the potential for augmentation of parasitoids to control B. tabaci populations and CMD.",Included,
"Bisimwa, E., Walangululu, J., Bragard, C.",2012,"Occurrence and distribution of cassava mosaic Begomovirus related to agro-ecosystems in the Sud-Kivu province, democratic Republic of Congo",Asian Journal of Plant Pathology,6,1,10.3923/ajppaj.2012.1.12,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2288/,"Cassava mosaic disease epidemiology and molecular characterization of the related viruses monitored during this study in the Sud-Kivu region, Democratic Republic of Congo. Collected epidemiologic data showed a negative correlation with the altitude (elevation) on the disease incidence and its vector population. Disease incidence was 9.5 to 37.8% associated to less than 3 insects per leaf when the elevation is higher than 1500 m while 65 to 100% and more than 10 insects per leaf were recorded where elevation was less than 1000 m. No impact of rainfall has been recorded. Associated molecular cassava begomovirus diagnostic focused on AC2 and AC4 genes revealed only two species occurring in this area, African Cassava Mosaic Virus (ACMV) and East African cassava mosaic virus-Uganda (EACMV-UG) with more EACMV-UG and mixed infections in low elevation area while ACMV were predominant in high elevation sites. Phylogeny analysis revealed a dual coexistence of indigenous and Ugandan spread among ACMV isolates while all EACMV isolates were restricted to Ugandan spread (95 to 100% of amino acids identity). No recombination was revealed in this study, isolates diversity was restricted to nucleotide substitution. 2012 Academic Journals Inc.",Included,
"Night, G., Asiimwe, P., Gashaka, G., Nkezabahizi, D., Legg, J.P., Okao-Okuja, G., Obonyo, R., Nyirahorana, C., Mukakanyana, C., Mukase, F., Munyabarenzi, I., Mutumwinka, M.",2011,Occurrence and distribution of cassava pests and diseases in Rwanda,,v. 140,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12177/,"A survey was conducted in 2007 to obtain information on the distribution, incidence and severity of cassava pests and diseases in Rwanda, and determine how these parameters relate with cassava varieties and intercropping. Local (unimproved) cultivars predominated in most farmers' fields (over 83%) and 78% of the fields were intercropped. Cassava green mite, Mononychellus tanajoa and cassava whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, were the most abundant pests. Within-field incidence of green mite averaged 42% but damage was mild (average score of 2.3 on a scale of 5). Typhlodromalus aripo, the mite predator of green mite, was found in 28% of the fields surveyed, with a mean incidence of 5.7% within fields. The mean number of B. tabaci whitefly adults on the apical five leaves was 0.92 whereas the mean number of whitefly nymphs on a middle leaf was 5.2. Incidence of cassava mosaic disease within sites averaged 33.2%. Cutting infection accounted for 66% of infected plants but the relative contribution of cutting and whitefly infection varied among the major varieties. Mite damage as well as mosaic disease incidence and severity were higher on local varieties. However, whitefly populations were higher on improved varieties. Intercropping was associated with lower pest populations and disease incidence and severity.",Included,
"Heberle, E. D., de Armas, R. D., Heberle, D. A., Sturmer, S. L., Peruch, L. A. M., Lovato, P. E., Soares, Crfs",2015,"Occurrence and Structure of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Comunities in Cassava after Cultivation of Cover Crops as Observed by the ""PCR-DGE"" Technique",Revista Brasileira De Ciencia Do Solo,39,5,10.1590/01000683rbcs20140216,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7043/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a highly mycotrophic crop, and prior soil cover may affect the density of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs), as well as the composition of the AMFs community in the soil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence and the structure of AMFs communities in cassava grown after different cover crops, and the effect of the cover crop on mineral nutrition and cassava yield under an organic farming system. The occurrence and structure of the AMFs community was evaluated through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGE). A randomized block experimental design was used with four replications. Six different cover crop management systems before cassava were evaluated black oats, vetch, oilseed radish, intercropped oats + vetch, intercropped oats + vetch + oilseed radish, plus a control (fallow) treatment mowed every 15 days. Oats as a single crop or oats intercropped with vetch or with oilseed radish increased AMFs inoculum potential in soil with a low number of propagules, thus benefiting mycorrhizal colonization of cassava root. The treatments did not affect the structure of AMFs communities in the soil since the AMFs communities were similar in cassava roots in succession to different cover crops. AMFs colonization was high despite high P availability in the soil. The cassava crop yield was above the regional average, and P levels in the leaves were adequate, regardless of which cover crop treatments were used. One cover crop cycle prior to the cassava crop was not enough to observe a significant response in variables, P in plant tissue, crop yield, and occurrence and structure of AMFs communities in the soil. In the cassava roots in succession, the plant developmental stage affected the groupings of the structure of the AMF community.",Included,
"Wydra, K., Verdier, V.",2002,"Occurrence of cassava diseases in relation to environmental, agronomic and plant characteristics","Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment",93,01-Mar,10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00349-8,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19119/,"Among the seven cassava diseases observed in a survey in the cassava-growing regions of Benin and Ghana, cassava mosaic virus disease (CMD) occurred most frequently in all ecozones, with a higher incidence in Ghana (82.2%) than in Benin (48.1%). Stepwise regression and canonical correlation analysis revealed that CMD was positively correlated With increasing numbers of weeds and with cultivar mixtures. Cassava bacterial blight (CBB) was particularly severe in all ecozones of Benin, but rare in Ghana. Cassava in the savanna zones of Benin was heavily diseased with an incidence of 34.5-84.1% and a high percentage of plants showing systemic symptoms, while CBB was not observed in the rainforest (RF) zone and only sporadically in the coastal savanna zone of Ghana. High incidence and severity of CBB was associated with increasing plant age and clay soils, whereas the disease was less when fields were intercropped or planted to cultivar mixtures. Anthracnose and leaf diseases caused by Cercospora spp. were of minor importance. The severity of diseases caused by Cercospora spp. was positively correlated with profusely branching varieties. Incidence of Cercospora caribaea was associated with increasing rainfall and seemed to be suppressed in cultivar mixtures. Integrated control methods are proposed for the diseases, especially CBB. 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Kim, Hoang, Son, Tran Van, Thang, Nguyen Van, Quyen, Tran Ngoc, Thinh, Ao Van",1995,On-farm research and transfer of technology for cassava production in Vietnam,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy Research and Technology Transfer in Asia, Proceedings of the fourth regional workshop held in Trivandrum, Kerala, India, Nov 2-6, 1993",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9016/,"In Vietnam, extension activities are considered by the government as an urgent and longterm measure, that has a great influence on the production process of farmer commodity production. Among extension objectives, cassava production is given great importance in those areas where appropriate conditions for its development exist. This paper presents an overview of the extension strategy, structure and organization in Vietnam, the linkage of national cassava research and extension organizations, and the objectives and methods of extension activities in Vietnam. This paper also analyzes in detail the results of on-farm research and transfer of technology for cassava production conducted by the Hung Loc Agricultural Research Center.",Included,
"D.W., Wholey, J.H., Cock",1974,Onset and rate of root bulking in cassava,Experimental Agriculture,v. 10,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4116/,,Included,
"Olasantan, F. O.",2001,Optimum plant populations for okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) in a mixture with cassava (Manihot esculenta) and its relevance to rainy season-based cropping systems in south-western Nigeria,Journal of Agricultural Science,136,2,10.1017/S0021859601008656,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13004/,"Experiments were conducted in Nigeria to evaluate the optimum plant population density for okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) sown in monoculture or intercropped with cassava (Manihot esculenta). The crops were sown as late and early season crops in 1997 and 1998. Okra was sown at varied spacings to achieve final plant densities of 25000, 35000 and 50000 plants/ha in both monoculture and mixed stands. Intercropping had no significant effect on okra phenology (time to vegetative growth, flowering and fruiting). However, it significantly reduced weed growth by 25-45% and nematode infection in okra by 36%, and kept the canopy environment of cassava cooler by 30-44 C and more moist by 5-10 g/kg, compared with monoculture. The durations of vegetative and reproductive growth and the weed-control ability of okra in both cropping systems were influenced by population density. Okra sown at 50000 plants/ha took the longest time to reach specific phenological stages, controlled weeds best and gave the highest fresh pod yields in both seasons. There was little increase in pod yields between 35000 and 50000 plants/ha in mixed stands in late season sown crops. The growth and tuber yield of cassava were not significantly affected by intercropping and okra population density. The growth of okra and cassava were better with early than late season sowing, irrespective of okra population density or cropping system. This appears to have been due mainly to the effect of temperature and rainfall differences between the seasons. The substantial variation in the weather during the two seasons also had greater effect in monoculture than mixed stands. It is concluded that when rainfall is limiting, okra could be intercropped with cassava using population density up to 35000 plants/ha to allow the vegetable to develop and to maximize pod yield under the relatively dry conditions. The optimum target suggested is 50000-60000 plants/ha during the wet periods.",Included,
"Olasantan, F.O., Bello, N.J.",2004,Optimum sowing dates for okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) in monoculture and mixture with cassava (Manihot esculenta) during the rainy season in the south-west of Nigeria,Journal of Agricultural Science,142,1,10.1017/S0021859604004010,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13006/,"Experiments to evaluate the optimum sowing date for okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) sown in monoculture or in mixed stands with cassava (Manihot esculenta) were sited on free-draining sandy loam soils in southwestern Nigeria. Okra was sown at the end of July, in mid-August and early September as a late-season crop in 1999 and at the end of May, in early June and at the end of June as an early-season crop in 2000. It was sown at seed rates sufficient to achieve final population densities of 33000 and 40000 plants/ha in late-season crops (1999) and early-season crops (2000), respectively. The late-season crops had shorter growth duration, received less rainfall, and experienced cooler temperatures during establishment and the early vegetative stage, and warmer temperatures during the reproductive phase than the early-season crops. Intercropping had no significant effect on the growth and tuber yields of cassava, or on phenology (i.e. time to vegetative growth, flowering and fruiting) and pod yield of okra in both seasons. However, it reduced weed growth by 35-57%, and kept both the soil and canopy environments of cassava cooler by 2.3-5.8 C and more moist by 15-30 g/kg, compared with monoculture. The phenology and pod yields of the early- and late-season okra in both cropping systems were dependent on sowing date, indicating that okra production is only suitable at particular sowing dates in both seasons. July-sown okra in the 1999 late-season and May-sown crop in the 2000 early-season took progressively the longest time (i.e. 3-10 and 2-5 days, respectively) to flower and fruit, but these crops controlled weeds and modified the cassava environment better than the rest, and gave the highest fresh pod yields and economic returns. It took okra pods longer to reach marketable size in the late season than early season (i.e. 5-9 v 2. 6 days). It is concluded that the optimal sowing date to attain maximum pod yield and economic returns from late-season okra is July or August and from early-season crop is May or early June. Bearing in mind financial constraints and production costs, the optimal season target for maximum edible pods is the early season and for maximum economic returns is the late season.",Included,
"Chikoye, D., Ellis-Jones, J., Kormawa, P., Udensi, U.E., Ibana, S.E., Avav, T.R.",2006,Options for Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) Control in White Guinea Yam (Dioscorea rotundata) and Cassava (Manihot esculenta),Weed Technology,20,3,10.1614/WT-04-310R2.1,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3589/,"Cogongrass is a serious weed in small-scale farms in the lowland humid zone of West Africa. This study evaluated the response of cogongrass to herbicides and the legume cover crop velvetbean in cassava and white Guinea yam. In 2001/2002, cassava tuber yields and gross returns in treatments that received glyphosate alone were higher than in plots that received fluazifop-P-butyl once. In 2002/2003, treatments that received fluazifop-P-butyl once, glyphosate alone, glyphosate integrated with sowing velvetbean, or hoeing only, had higher cassava tuber yields than other treatments. Gross returns were higher in treatments that received glyphosate followed by sowing velvetbean or those hoed only than in other treatments. Fluazifop-P-butyl applied twice, glyphosate alone, or glyphosate followed by sowing velvetbean reduced cogongrass shoot biomass more than other treatments. Rhizome biomass was lower in plots that received glyphosate alone than in all fluazifop-P-butyl treatments. In 2002, white Guinea yam tuber yields were highest in plots that received glyphosate alone and lowest in plots where fluazifop-P-butyl was applied alone or followed by sowing velvetbean. The highest gross return was obtained in plots that received glyphosate alone while the lowest was obtained in plots that received fluazifop-P-butyl once followed by sowing velvetbean. In 2003, the highest tuber yields and gross returns were from plots that received glyphosate alone, fluazifop-P-butyl alone, or those hoed only. The hoed-only plots had 14 times higher cogongrass shoot biomass and 7 times higher rhizome biomass than other treatments. In both crops, hoeing alone or followed by sowing velvetbean was more costly than chemical control. The highest margin over hoeing was obtained from plots that received glyphosate alone. Sensitivity analysis showed that using glyphosate was more cost effective than fluazifop-P-butyl, even if the cost of the herbicide increased by 100% or the cost of labor decreased by 30%.",Included,
"Neto, S. E. D., Campos, P. A., Tavella, L. B., Solino, A. J. D., da Silva, I. F.",2014,"Organic Polyculture of Passion Fruit, Pineapple, Corn and Cassava The Influence of Green Manure and Distance between Espaliers",Ciencia E Agrotecnologia,38,3,10.1590/S1413-70542014000300004,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12023/,"The organic fruit crop should incorporate the principles of sustainable agriculture, with a guarantee of productivity coupled with ecological diversity, using techniques of policultive with regional species. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the green manure crops [Canavalia ensiformis (jack beans), Crotalaria spectabilis (sunn hemp), Pueraria phaseoloides (tropical kudzu), Arachis pintoi (peanut forage) and spontaneous plants] and distance between espaliers on the yields of Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa (passion fruit), Ananas comosus (pineapple), Zea mays (maize), Manihot esculenta (cassava) and biomass in organic polyculture in the state of Acre, Brazil. The randomized block design experiment comprised plots encompassing the space between the rows of passion fruits (espaliers located 3 m or 4 m apart), and subplots that contained the green manure crops. Green biomass yield by jack beans, sunn hemp and tropical kudzu was greater than that provided by peanut forage and spontaneous plants. The polyculture of passion fruit, pineapple, maize and cassava presented a high overall yield (44462 kg ha(-1)). The land-use efficiency of the polyculture system was between 2.45 (with sunn hemp) and 2.77 (with tropical kudzu) times greater than that achieved by individual monocultures. The yields of passion fruit (with tropical kudzu as cover crop) and pineapple (with spontaneous plants as green manure) were enhanced by some 72 and 34%, respectively, when cultivated in plots comprising 3 m-spaced espaliers in comparison with plots containing 4 m-spaced espaliers.",Included,
"Muimba-Kankolongo, A., Simba, L., Singh, T. P., Muyolo, G.",1989,Outbreak of an unusual stem tip dieback of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Western Zaire,"Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment",25,02-Mar,10.1016/0167-8809(89)90047-9,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11500/,"A cassava stem tip dieback of unknown etiology has been observed in western Zaire since 1980. The abnormality is extending far from the initial foci, becoming an increasingly serious problem. The characteristic symptoms, the time it appears and the ways it spreads are described. Pathological studies to determine the causal agent are also discussed. Field experiments indicate that potassium fertilizer, mulch and late planting of cassava reduce the incidence of the dieback, whereas roguing of affected plants and use of healthy cuttings from susceptible clones do not prevent its further development. Finally, ongoing research is described and suggestions for future investigation are given. 1989.",Included,
"Carlos IGLESIAS, Anthony BELLOTTI, Elizabeth ALVAREZ, Kazuo KAWANO",1997,Output 1: Genetic base of cassava and manihot species evaluated and available for cassava improvement,Project IP-3 improved cassava for the developing world,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19333/,,Included,
"Siritunga, D., Arias-Garzon, D., White, W., Sayre, R. T.",2004,Over-expression of hydroxynitrile lyase in transgenic cassava roots accelerates cyanogenesis and food detoxification,Plant Biotechnology Journal,2,1,10.1046/j.1467-7652.2003.00047.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16541/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) roots are the primary source of calories for more than 500 million people, the majority of whom live in the developing countries of Africa. Cassava leaves and roots contain potentially toxic levels of cyanogenic glycosides. Consumption of residual cyanogens (linamarin or acetone cyanohydrin) in incompletely processed cassava roots can cause cyanide poisoning. Hydroxynitrile lyase (HNL), which catalyses the conversion of acetone cyanohydrin to cyanide, is expressed predominantly in the cell walls and laticifers of leaves. In contrast, roots have very low levels of HNL expression. We have over-expressed HNL in transgenic cassava plants under the control of a double 35S CaMV promoter. We show that HNL activity increased more than twofold in leaves and 13-fold in roots of transgenic plants relative to wild-type plants. Elevated HNL levels were correlated with substantially reduced acetone cyanohydrin levels and increased cyanide volatilization in processed or homogenized roots. Unlike acyanogenic cassava, transgenic plants overexpressing HNL in roots retain the herbivore deterrence of cyanogens while providing a safer food product.",Included,
"Narayanan, Narayanan, Getu Beyene, Raj Deepika Chauhan, Eliana Gaitn-Solis, Michael A. Grusak, Nigel Taylor, Paul Anderson",2015,Overexpression of Arabidopsis VIT1 increases accumulation of iron in cassava roots and stems,Plant Science,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11801/,,Included,
"Narayanan, N. N., Ihemere, U., Ellery, C., Sayre, R. T.",2011,Overexpression of hydroxynitrile lyase in cassava roots elevates protein and free amino acids while reducing residual cyanogen levels,PLoS ONE,6,7,10.1371/journal.pone.0021996,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11800/,"Cassava is the major source of calories for more than 250 million Sub-Saharan Africans, however, it has the lowest protein-to-energy ratio of any major staple food crop in the world. A cassava-based diet provides less than 30% of the minimum daily requirement for protein. Moreover, both leaves and roots contain potentially toxic levels of cyanogenic glucosides. The major cyanogen in cassava is linamarin which is stored in the vacuole. Upon tissue disruption linamarin is deglycosylated by the apolplastic enzyme, linamarase, producing acetone cyanohydrin. Acetone cyanohydrin can spontaneously decompose at pHs >5.0 or temperatures >35C, or is enzymatically broken down by hydroxynitrile lyase (HNL) to produce acetone and free cyanide which is then volatilized. Unlike leaves, cassava roots have little HNL activity. The lack of HNL activity in roots is associated with the accumulation of potentially toxic levels of acetone cyanohydrin in poorly processed roots. We hypothesized that the over-expression of HNL in cassava roots under the control of a root-specific, patatin promoter would not only accelerate cyanogenesis during food processing, resulting in a safer food product, but lead to increased root protein levels since HNL is sequestered in the cell wall. Transgenic lines expressing a patatin-driven HNL gene construct exhibited a 2-20 fold increase in relative HNL mRNA levels in roots when compared with wild type resulting in a threefold increase in total root protein in 7 month old plants. After food processing, HNL overexpressing lines had substantially reduced acetone cyanohydrin and cyanide levels in roots relative to wild-type roots. Furthermore, steady state linamarin levels in intact tissues were reduced by 80% in transgenic cassava roots. These results suggest that enhanced linamarin metabolism contributed to the elevated root protein levels.",Included,
"Lu, F., Liang, X., Lu, H., Li, Q., Chen, Q., Zhang, P., Li, K., Liu, G., Yan, W., Song, J., Duan, C., Zhang, L.",2017,Overproduction of superoxide dismutase and catalase confers cassava resistance to Tetranychus cinnabarinus,Scientific Reports,7,,10.1038/srep40179,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10207/,"To explore the role of protective enzymes in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) resistance to mites, transgenic cassava lines overproducing copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (MeCu/ZnSOD) and catalase (MeCAT1) were used to evaluate and molecularly confirm cassava resistance to Tetranychus cinnabarinus. Laboratory evaluation demonstrated that, compared with the control cultivar TMS60444 (wild type, WT), the survival, reproduction, development and activities of SOD and CAT in T. cinnabarinus feeding on transgenic cassava lines SC2, SC4, and SC11 significantly inhibited. Furthermore, the activities of SOD and CAT in transgenic cassava lines SC2, SC4, and SC11 damaged by T. cinnabarinus significantly increased. These findings were similar to the results in the mite-resistant cassava cultivars. Besides, field evaluation indicated that the transgenic cassava lines SC2, SC4, and SC11 were slightly damaged as the highly mite-resistant control C1115, while the highly mite-susceptible WT was severely damaged by T. cinnabarinus. Laboratory and field evaluation demonstrated that transgenic cassava lines were resistant to T. cinnabarinus, which directly confirmed that the increase in SOD and CAT activities was positively related to cassava resistance to T. cinnabarinus. These results will help in understanding the antioxidant defense responses in the cassava-mite interaction and molecular breeding of mite-resistant cassava for effective pest control. The Author(s) 2017.",Included,
"Ogburia, M. N., Adachi, T., Yabuya, T.",2000,"Ovule dichotomy per locule of the trilocular pistil in cassava, Manihot esculenta A useful abnormality for increased seed production?",Plant Breeding,119,2,10.1046/j.1439-0523.2000.00447.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12704/,"Histologically, the cassava pistil is trilocular with a single ovule in each locule producing a maximum of three seeds in nature. Heat stress (35/45C, night/day temperatures), as a physical treatment was attempted to induce useful reproductive and vegetative traits in 10 F 1 hybrids derived from 'OMR 36-41' and 'OMR 36-42' crosses, and two Asian cassava cultivars, 'Rayong 60' and 'Rayong 1', under greenhouse and field conditions. Cytoembryological examination of the reproductive organs revealed morpho-structural features of normal pistil in all clones except 'Rayong 1' which exhibited reproductive variations under greenhouse culture. Genetically, an important variation was ovule dichotomy per locule of the trilocular pistil so that each pistil contained six instead of the usual three ovules and lacked any outer integument. These ovules possessed functional embryo sacs with varying nuclear number. A pair of the dichotomous ovules possessed two embryo sacs of apparent different megaspore mother cells. Vegetatively, F 1 hybrids were dwarf (0 50 m) in their phenotype and flowered 1 month earlier than the 1 5-2 0 m tall cultivars under greenhouse conditions.",Included,
"Vander Zaag, P., Fox, R. L., De la Pena, R. S., Yost, R. S.",1979,"P nutrition of cassava, including mycorrhizal effects on P, K, S, Zn and Ca uptake",Field Crops Research,2,3,10.1016/0378-4290(79)90027-3,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18311/,"The nutritional requirements of cassava are ill-defined. This paper deals with the P requirements of cassava and the effect of P on other nutrients both in the presence of VA mycorrhizae and in soils when VA mycorrhizae were eliminated by fumigation.

Cassava was grown on field plots with ten levels of phosphorus (0.002-1.6 ppm P in solution) on two Oxisols in Hawaii. Six cultivars were compared at one location. At the other location the significance of vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizae on the nutrition of cassava was investigated.

There was a substantial increase in vegetative growth with increased P fertilization in the cultivar experiment; however, root yields were not greatly affected. Even at very low extractable soil P levels (Bray-1 P, 1 ppm) five out of the six cultivars did not respond to P fertilization. One cultivar, Ceiba, produced 42–48 t/ha of roots when P in solution was in the range 0.003-0.025 ppm.

In the second experiment the role of VA mycorrhizae was studied by fumigating one half of each plot with methyl bromide which destroyed VA mycorrhizal fungi. Plants grown on the fumigated plots did not become infected with VA mycorrhizae during the first 80 days of the growing period. Cassava, cultivar Ceiba, was grown along with six other species. One of these was chinese cabbage which does not form mycorrhizal associations. Leaves from non-mycorrhizal cassava plants (fumigated plots) invariably contained less P on a percentage basis than leaves from mycorrhizal plants (non-fumigated plots). On the low P plot, leaf P decreased from 0.30 to 0.11% when VA mycorrhiza formation was precluded by fumigation. Likewise K and S concentrations in leaves decreased by 30% and Zn by 10%. There was no evidence that mycorrhizae promoted Ca uptake.

These observations provide a basis for explaining why the P requirements of cassava in nutrient solution culture are very great, whereas cassava is generally unresponsive to P fertilization in the field.",Included,
"Gisloti, L. J., Prado, A. P.",2012,"Parasitism of Neosilba perezi (Diptera Lonchaeidae) Larvae by a Braconid, Phaenocarpa neosilba (Hymenoptera Braconidae Alysiinae)",,v. 95,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6312/,"Neosilba perezi (Romero & Ruppel) is known as the cassava shoot fly or shoot fly, because, unlike other species of its genus, its larvae feed exclusively on shoots of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). These larvae kill the affected cassava shoots. Natural parasitism by a braconid, Phaenocarpa neosilba Arouca & Penteado-Dias, 2006, on shoot fly larvae was studied at 3 locations in the southwestern region of the state of So Paulo, Brazil. Larvae-infested shoots of cassava were collected at 3 distinct locations where cassava crops were grown. The shoots were kept in plastic boxes for pupation and emergence of adult flies and the parasitoid. The percentage of parasitism was separately correlated with temperature, rainfall, and age of the cassava plants. The average percent parasitism was 24.36%. A negative correlation between temperature and percent parasitism was observed at 1 location. At all 3 study areas percent parasitism of N. perezi showed a negative correlation with plant age. Therefore, given the high percent parasitism observed at the 3 locations, natural biological control may be an important factor in the population dynamics of N. perezi.",Included,
"Njoku, D. N., Gracen, V. E., Offei, S. K., Asante, I. K., Egesi, C. N., Kulakow, P., Ceballos, H.",2015,Parent-offspring regression analysis for total carotenoids and some agronomic traits in cassava,Euphytica,206,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12238/,"Six cassava cultivars, three yellow and three white-fleshed roots were crossed in a 33 topcross mating design to generate nine F populations. One thousand, one hundred and ten botanical seeds from the 9 populations were sown in pots and maintained for 42days in a screenhouse. The emerged seedlings were transplanted to the field in April, 2010 alongside their parents (from stem cuttings), family by family. Four hundred and sixty-four progenies survived and were harvested. Both field and laboratory data were used to evaluate total carotene content (TCC), dry matter content (DMC), storage fresh root yield (SFRY) and other root quality traits. Seed germination for different populations ranged between 15.5 and 80.9% with a mean of 43.19%. Phenotypic variation in DMC, TCC, SFRY, biomass, root number, harvest index and cassava mosaic disease (CMD) were recorded in all the families. Average values for the populations were TCC 4.59gg, DMC, 33.58% and SFRY, 18.42t ha. Narrow sense heritability by midparent-offspring regression analysis and genetic gains were estimated for TCC, DMC, SFRY and reaction to CMD. TCC, DMC and CMD gave high heritability estimates of 0.73, 0.83 and 0.84, respectively. SFRY, on the other hand, had a low heritability estimate (0.15). TCC was negatively correlated with DMC across all evaluation stages and locations. There were very high levels of variation in the segregating F progenies for all the traits. Also, narrow sense heritability estimate showed that genetic factors played a more important role than environmental factors for TCC, DMC and CMD, suggesting that reliable selection with simple recurrent phenotypic selection would be rewarding.",Included,
"Iwe, Maduebibisi O., Agiriga, Ann N.",2014,Pasting Properties of Ighu Prepared from Steamed Varieties of Cassava Tubers,Journal of food processing and preservation,38,6,10.1111/jfpp.12201,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7949/,"Cassava varieties, TME 419, TMS 30,572 and TMS 98/0505, were planted and harvested at 3month intervals of 10, 13 and 16 months, respectively. Ighu was produced from cassava tuber varieties steamed for 30min and shredded using a motorized shredder with 3, 6 and 10mm apertures. A response surface, central composite design for k=2, was used to study the effect of the experimental variables cassava variety and harvesting time on the pasting properties of Ighu flour. Regression models developed showed that the experimental variables had significant effect on the breakdown viscosity, peak time and pasting temperature of Ighu processed from various cassava varieties. Minimum breakdown viscosity of 134relative value units obtainable from TMS 30,572 at the 10th month of harvest is adequate for Ighu production. Maximum peak time achieved at 4.09min from cassava variety TME 419 at the 13th month of harvest and maximum pasting temperature obtainable at 50.2C from TME 419 at the 16th month of harvesting were appropriate for Ighu production. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Ighu, a convenient readytoeat flakes processed from cassava, is used in food security. It serves both as a snack as well as the main course of a meal. As a dry product with low bulk density, it is available for consumption throughout the seasons. The pasting properties of starchy foods show their suitability for use in the food industries. They are used for assessing the suitability of their application in food and other industrial products. During food processing, flour undergoes changes such as gelatinization and pasting, which influence the texture, stability and digestibility of the food products. Pasting properties as applied to Ighu also provide a clue to the level of maturity of the cassava used for Ighu manufacture at harvest.",Included,
"Eke, J., Achinewhu, S. C., Sanni, L., Barimalaa, I. S., Maziya-Dixon, B., Dixon, A.",2009,"Pasting, color, and granular properties of starches from local and improved cassava varieties in high rainfall region of nigeria",International Journal of Food Properties,12,2,10.1080/10942910701867665,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5029/,"This study investigated the pasting, color, and granule properties of starches produced from 39 different cassava varieties (36 varieties resistant to cassava mosaic disease and three checks, TMS 30572, 4(2) 1425, and 82/00058) in two planting seasons at the experimental farm of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Onne, Rivers State, Nigeria. Varieties screened showed significant seasonal differences (p 0.05) in all the properties over two harvesting seasons. The peak viscosity during heating ranged from 241.13 RVU to 485.21 RVU in year 1 and from 232.46RVU to 407.63RVU in year 2. Pasting time of the different starches ranged from 3.20-3.70 min in year 1 and from 3.6-4.2 min in year 2. Pasting temperature of the different starches ranged from 63.93-65.35 C and from 73.15-77.15 C in the years 1 and 2, respectively. Starch color intensity ranged from 85.05-94.49% in year 1 and from 90.27-92.96% in year 2. The structure of starches from cassava varieties was round in shape with granule size ranging from 12.50-22.50 m in two years with varieties 97/0211 and 98/0510 as the smallest and variety 96/1632 as the largest. This study, therefore, showed that there were significant genotypic and seasonal variations in the pasting, color, and morphological properties of native starches from cassava.",Included,
"Agboton, B.V., Hanna, R., Hountondji, F.C.C., von Tiedemann, A.",2009,Pathogenicity and host specificity of Brazilian and African isolates of the acaropathogenic fungus Neozygites tanajoae to mite species associated with cassava,,v. 133,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/511/,"Neozygites tanajoae is a host-specific acaropathogen introduced in the late 1990s from Brazil into cassava fields in West Africa for biocontrol of the cassava green mite (Mononychellus tanajoa). Local African isolates of N. tanajoae are morphologically similar to introduced Brazilian strains but the two origins can be distinguished by diagnostic PCR. In this study it was explored whether differential traits in acaropathogenic performance and host specificity exist between Brazilian and African isolates. Pathogenicity and host specificity of two Brazilian and two African isolates of N. tanajoae were compared in leaf discs laboratory bioassays or on whole cassava plants in the greenhouse by exposing adult female mites to inoculum delivered from N. tanajoae infested mite mummies. The results show that all four N. tanajoae isolates caused significant mortality of M. tanajoa, both on leaf discs and on whole plants. However, on leaf discs the Brazilian isolate collected directly from Alto Alegre in Brazil (Brazil-Brazil isolate) caused a significantly higher mortality (80%) than the Brazilian isolate collected about 9 years post-release from a field in Adjohoun (Brazil-Benin isolate) (61.3%). The two African isolates collected in Benin and Tanzania caused a mortality similar to the African-Brazilian isolate (62.3% and 61.3% respectively). On whole cassava plants, the four fungal isolates did not show any significant differences in incidence of M. tanajoa infection. The host specificity study was conducted on leaf discs against a collection of mite species typically associated with cassava plants in Africa, Typhlodromalus aripo, Euseius fustis, Tetranychus urticae and Oligonychus gossypii. It demonstrated that the African and Brazilian isolates of N. tanajoae had similar host specificity for M. tanajoa.",Included,
"Bruijn, G.H. de",1982,Performance and dry matter distribution of cassava at different ages and ecological conditions in Ivory Coast,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2686/,,Included,
"Montero, W.R., Lieber, D.C.K., Onoro, P.",1984,Performance in association of cultivars of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Walp.) of different growth habits,"Proceedings, Sixth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops / hosted by CIP in Lima, Peru, 21-26 February 1983",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11303/,,Included,
"Wahab, A. H., Hassan, I., Lugolopez, M. A.",1978,Performance of 20 Cassava Cultivars on Marginal Peats and Peaty Clays of Guyana,Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico,62,4,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18604/,,Included,
"Hauser, S., Ndi, J. N., Hulugalle, N. R.",2000,Performance of a maize/cassava intercrop in tilled and no-till Senna spectabilis alley cropping on an Ultisol in southern Cameroon,Agroforestry Systems,49,2,10.1023/A1006394608271,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7022/,"An intercrop of maize and cassava was cultivated for six consecutive years from 1990/91 to 1995/96. This paper reports on crop performance from the fourth to the sixth year in alley cropping with Senna spectabilis and in a no-tree control, with and without tillage. Maize grain yield increased significantly from 1993 to 1994 (P = 0.0032) and from 1994 to 1995 (P = 0.019). Tillage only had a significantly positive effect on maize grain yield in 1993. Alley cropping had no significant effect on maize grain yield in any year. Cassava root yield was neither affected by tillage nor by alley cropping in any year. Neither the cumulative yields over the three years nor the sum of maize grain and cassava root yield were significantly affected by alley cropping or tillage. No significant interactions were found between cropping system and tillage system.",Included,
"Lojka, Bohdan, Lojkova, Jana, Banout, Jan, Polesny, Zbynek, Preininger, Daniel",2008,Performance of an improved fallow system in the Peruvian Amazon--modelling approach,,v. 72,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10045/,"As traditional slash-and-burn systems with prolonged fallow periods are no longer feasible in most parts of the tropics, improved agroforestry systems have high potential to increase the productivity of farming systems and sustain continuous crop production. Our objective was to assess biophysical and economic performance of planted leguminous tree fallow (using Inga edulis) compared to the traditional slash-and-burn farming system, practiced by farmers on fields infested with noxious weedy grass Imperata brasiliensis around the city of Pucallpa, Peru. An existing agroforestry model SCUAF was used to predict biophysical factors, such as changes in soil characteristics and farm outputs (crop and tree yield). While a cost-benefit analysis spreadsheet, which uses the output from SCUAF and economic data on input/output levels and prices, calculates economic performance of the systems. The Inga fallow system can provide improvements to a range of soil biophysical measures (C, N, P content). This enables higher levels of farm outputs to be achieved (higher cassava yields). However, for smallholders the improved system must be more economically profitable than the existing one. At prices currently encountered, the Inga fallow system is more profitable than the Imperata fallow system only in the long-term. In adopting the Inga fallow system, smallholders will incur lower profits in the first years, and it will take approximately 10 years for smallholders to begin making a profit above that achievable with the Imperata fallow system. Unless smallholders are capable of accepting the lower profitability in first years, they are less likely to adopt the new system.",Included,
"Islami, T., Guritno, B., Utomo, W. H.",2011,"Performance of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) based cropping systems and associated soil quality changes in the degraded tropical uplands of East Java, Indonesia",Journal of Tropical Agriculture,49,01-Feb,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7915/,"Field studies were conducted (2005 to 2009) in the degraded uplands (Entisols) of East Java, Indonesia to evolve a sustainable cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) production technology. Screening of crops and cropping systems for profitability was followed by standardization of soil management techniques to optimize productivity. The screening trials indicated that cassava - either as sole crop or under intercropping systems - is a profitable crop for this region. Application of inorganic fertilizers, however, failed to sustain cassava productivity. Sole cassava yield was 9.9 Mg ha-1 during the first year, which decreased to 7.44 Mg ha-1 in the fourth year. Supplementing inorganic fertilizers with organic manures, either through farmyard manure or through addition of residues of the intercrops, was beneficial to maintain cassava productivity and soil quality. Intercropping cassava with peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) was particularly useful. Sole cassava treated with 7.5 Mg ha-1 FYM produced a stable tuber yield of about 13 Mg ha-1 and cassava intercropped with peanut and cowpea gave yields of about 16 Mg ha-1, implying complementraty effects of legume intercropping.",Included,
"Kanju, E., Uzokwe, V. N. E., Saleh, H., Mohamed, S., Masumba, E., Tumwegamire, S., Mtunda, K.",2017,"Performance of cassava brown streak disease-tolerant varieties in Zanzibar, Tanzania",Indian Journal of Horticulture,74,4,10.5958/0974-0112.2017.00107.4,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8644/,"Cassava is an important staple food in subtropical regions; however, its production is adversely affected by cassava brown streak disease and poor soil fertility. Five improved and two local cassava varieties were evaluated for three seasons across two sites in Kizimbani, Zanzibar. Highly significant differences were detected among varieties, sites and years for fresh shoot yield, and fresh root yield. For cassava brown streak disease-associated root necrosis, highly significant differences were detected only between varieties but not sites or years. On average, the site that had a slightly higher soil nitrogen level recorded ~126% higher fresh root yield. Two improved varieties, Kizimbani and Machui, produced significantly higher fresh root yields than the best local variety, Mwari. However, the local variety Boma is preferred by farmers in Zanzibar because it has better fresh consumption qualities than Mwari. Boma is highly susceptible to cassava brown streak disease and produces a poor yield. The four released varieties, Kama, Kizimbani, Mahonda and Machui were superior to Boma in cassava brown streak disease resistance and yield. Further, soil fertility improvement and production system intensification are needed to enhance productivity. 2017, Horticulture Society of India. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Badillo-Feliciano, J.",1984,Performance of cassava cultivars in an Oxisol in northwestern Puerto Rico,,v. 68,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1716/,,Included,
"F.O.C., Ezedinma, D.G., Ibe, A.I., Onwuchuruba",1981,Performance of cassava in relation to time of planting and harvesting,"Tropical root crops: Research strategies for the 1980s proceedings of the first triennial root crops symposium of the international society for tropical root crops Africa branch, 8-12 September 1980, Ibadan, Nigeria",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5412/,"Growth and yield of cassava at different times of planting and harvesting were studied in replicated trials at Nsukka, Nigeria. In the first experiment, cassava planted on 14 September 1973 was harvested at fortnightly intervals beginning at 9 months until 13 months after planting. Yields of stakes and commercial roots showed significant increases up to the eighth harvesting at about 12 months and declined thereafter. In the second experiment, planting was done every fortnight beginning 6 June and ending 9 October, 1974. A third experiment investigated the period 13 August - 15 October in weekly plantings. All the plants of the second and third experiments were harvested at 12 months after planting and the yields of roots, stems, stump (old stalk), and number of leaves at harvest were compared. The highest weight of roots was obtained from the June, late July to early September plantings, and the number of roots followed similar trends. Stump weights were highest from the June and late August to September plantings. The reduction in number of roots was not significant. Significantly higher dry-matter yields were obtained from the September plantings - a finding that suggests the best time to plant cassava is during the late rather than the early cropping season. The results are discussed in relation to ambient weather conditions during the experimental period.",Included,
"Nedunchezhiyan, M., Byju, G., Mukherjee, A.",2008,Performance of cassava varieties intercropped in coconut plantation,Indian Journal of Horticulture,65,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11997/,,Included,
"Okonji, C. J., Okeleye, K. A., Oyekanmi, A. A.",2007,Performance of growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in a cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)/rice intercrop in the South West Nigeria,International Journal of Agricultural Research,2,4,10.3923/ijar.2007.359.367,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12909/,"A field trial was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (latitude 715 N' and longitude 325 E') located in the forest-savanna transition zone of South West Nigeria in 2002 and 2003 to assess the agronomic growth and yield of intercropping cassava and rice. The treatments consisted of two cassava cultivars and three rice varieties in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The two cassava cultivars were TMS 30572 and TME 1 and the three rice varieties were interspecific hybrid WAB 189-B-B-B-6-HB, ITA 150 and ITA 321. In 2002, cropping system had no significant effects on growth parameters of rice varieties. However, in 2003, cropping system significantly decreased the number of tillers, but increased the panicle length of rice. Cropping system significantly decreased the number of grains per panicle in 2003 and grain yield of rice in both years. The grain yield of rice was significantly conelated with number of tillers (r = 0.83), LAI (r = 0.81) and number of panicles per hill (r = 0.91) in both years. In 2002, tuber yields of the two cassava cultivars in mixtures were similar to the yields of their corresponding sole crop plants. However, in 2003, sole cassava cvs TMS 30572 and TME 1 produced significantly 26 and 23% higher tuber yield than their conesponding intercrops. In 2002 and 2003, TMS 30572 produced 35 and 25 t ha-1 while TME 1 produced 27 and 171 ha-1 tuber yield, respectively, in mixtures. 2007 Academic Journals.",Included,
"Tshiunza, M. (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Croydon (England), Nweke, F.I., Tollens, E.F.",1998,Performance of high-yielding cassava varieties in terms of quantity of gari per unit of labor in Nigeria,Tropicultura,v. 16-17,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17938/,"This paper compares the quantities of gari produced per unit of labor from high-yielding and local varieties of cassava in Nigeria. Gari is a cassava-based granule obtained by roasting fermented cassava paste. It is widely consumed in Nigeria and many other West African countries. The results of the study show that, although high-yielding cassava varieties are superior to local varieties in terms of fresh roots per unit area, the difference in terms of gari (kg) per unit labor (person-day) between the two is not significant. This is due to high labor requirements for transportation and processing activities incurred by high-yielding varieties. The study further indicates a negative relationship between the adoption of high-yielding cassava varieties and distance to fields, the use of headload/backload as transportation means, and lack of processing machines in the village. This means that farmers are less likely to adopt high-yielding varieties of cassava where transportation and processing activities of cassava are carried out manually.",Included,
"Okechukwu, Richardson U., Dixon, Alfred G.O.",2009,"Performance of Improved Cassava Genotypes for Early Bulking, Disease Resistance, and Culinary Qualities in an Inland Valley Ecosystem",Agronomy journal,v. 101,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12851/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is commonly grown on residual moisture after rice (Oryza sativa L.) in inland valley swamps (IVS), but not much work has been done to select genotypes that could bulk early, and have high storage root yield in the IVS. Earlier improvement work focused on development of varieties adapted to upland conditions (12-mo cycle), but recently farmers are requesting varieties that can mature early (6-mo cycle) and are adapted to the IVS. The choice of the IVS is to be able to grow the crop during the dry season and in areas with marginal land that have streams passing through. Growing cassava during the dry seasons in the IVS with residual moisture as a second crop after rice has the potential to generate extra income from sale of both root and foliage for humans and livestock. Twenty-one improved cassava genotypes and four popularly grown landraces were evaluated during the dry season in an inland valley slope at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria. Results showed that all genotypes sprouted well and were vigorous in growth. While cassava bacterial blight severity (CBBS) was low and not significant, 11 of the genotypes (including two landraces) showed moderate to resistant expression of cassava mosaic disease (CMD) symptoms. Though the genotypes showed moderate damage due to cassava green mite (CGM), fresh root yields obtained from the top performers (92/0427, 91/02327, 91/02322, 91/02324, and 94/0239) were as high as 25 to 28 t ha-1, with 36% dry matter content in 6 mo. Most of the improved cassava genotypes bulked early, had a low cyanogenic potential, acceptable culinary quality, and few storage root rots.",Included,
"Nweke, F.I., Ezumah, H.C., Spencer, D.S.C. (International Inst. of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria))",1988,"Performance of improved IITA cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz, at farm level",IITA cassava based cropping systems research 1,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12397/,,Included,
"Wahab, A. H., Hassan, I., Lugo-Lopez, M. A.",1978,Performance of twenty cassava cultivars on marginal peats and peaty clays of Guyana,Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico,62,4,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18608/,,Included,
"Ekanayake, I. J., Dixon, A. G. O., Porto, M. C. M.",1996,Performance of various cassava clones in the dry savanna region of Nigeria,"Tropical Tuber Crops Problems, Prospects and Future Strategies",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5018/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) crop is widely known adapt to variable drought conditions. Due to the lack of adapted and high-yielding cultivars tolerant to the prevalent biotic and abiotic stresses, cassava is yet to find a wide and appropriate niche in the farming systems of the African dry savannas. Research aimed at improving adaptation to dry environments is under way. Field studies conducted at two lowland sites in the northern Guinea and Sudan savanna zones of Nigeria revealed a wide genetic variability in adaptation among African and introduced Latin American germplasm. Significant genotypic variability for stomatal response to dry weather, fibrous root development, leaf stay-green ability, tuberous root yield and apparent water-use efficiency have been noted. Such variable mechanisms of adaptation associated with drought resistance are currently used as selection criteria in the IITA breeding programme to improve and sustain the cassava production in these dry savanna zones.",Included,
"Awoyemi, Sola Olawale, Popoola, Akinola Rasheed, Afolabi, Clement Gboyega, Odedina, Joy Nwakaego, Adigbo, Sunday Ojo",2016,Performances of improved cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars against root rot disease and yield in cassava-maize intercropping systems under natural infection,,v. 49,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1553/,"This study examined the performances of 21 cassava cultivars in two cropping seasons on the field against root rot disease and the yield in cassava-maize intercrop. Data were collected on number of root/plant, weight of root (t/ha) and disease severity (DS) on rotted roots at 12 and 16months after planting (MAP), respectively. There were significant (P 0.05) differences for DS at 12 and 16 MAP in both seasons with cultivar TMS 97/JW2 having the least DS score. TMS 97/JW2 was resistant to the root rot pathogen, while eleven other cultivars were moderately resistant to the disease at 16 MAP. There was no consistency in the roots weight for the cultivars over the two cropping seasons but higher roots weight was recorded at 16 MAP than 12 MAP with different cultivars having highest roots weight at these periods. Intercropping maize with cassava does not have any management potential on root rot development.",Included,
"Pereira, L.F., Goodwin, P.H., Erickson, L.",2000,Peroxidase activity during susceptible and resistant interactions between cassava (Manihot esculenta) and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis and Xanthomonas cassavae,J Phytopathology,v. 148,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13979/,,Included,
CIAT,1995,Pest resistance,Cassava Program Annual Report 1994,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19309/,,Included,
"Marco, J. A. M., Kishimba, M. A.",2006,"Pesticides and metabolites in cassava, eucalyptus, plum and cashew leaves and roots in relation to a point source in Kibaha, Tanzania",Chemosphere,64,4,10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.016,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10669/,"Leaves of Eucalyptus sp., Prunus domestica (plum), and Anacardium occidentale (cashew), as well as roots and leaves of Manihot esculenta (cassava) were used to study the local distribution of pesticides and metabolites from a point source, an old storage site at Vikuge farm in Tanzania. The GPC-cleaned extracts were analyzed by GC-ECD and GC/MS. Eleven organochlorine pesticide residues namely pentachloroanisole, p,p-DDT, o,p-DDT, p,p-DDE, o,p-DDE, p,p-DDD, o,p-DDD, -HCH, -HCH, -HCH and -HCH were detected in the samples. The concentrations of total DDT were 818 ng/g fw in Eucalyptus sp., 16 ng/g fw in A. occidentale and 4 ng/g fw in P. domestica. In M. esculenta, total DDT ranged from 191 to 586 ng/g fw in roots and 7 to 425 ng/g fw in leaves. The concentrations of total HCH were up to 15 ng/g fw in Eucalyptus sp., while the concentrations of pentachloroanisole were up to 2 ng/g fw in leaves of M. esculenta. There are very strong positive correlations in the concentrations of the detected compounds, suggesting that they have a common source. The low DDE/DDT ratios (0.02-0.07) in all samples indicate input of non-degraded DDT from the source. The high -HCH/-HCH ratios in some samples (>3.1-10) indicate input of technical HCH. The concentrations of total DDT in cassava roots were either very close to, or greater than, the FAO/WHO limit, indicating risks and concern to public health. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Omar, N. F., Hassan, S. A., Yusoff, U. K., Abdullah, N. A. P., Wahab, P. E. M., Sinniah, U. R.",2012,"Phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant activity and cyanogenic glycosides of organic and mineral-base fertilized cassava tubers",Molecules,17,3,10.3390/molecules17032378,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13129/,"A field study was conducted to determine the effect of organic and mineral-based fertilizers on phytochemical contents in the tubers of two cassava varieties. Treatments were arranged in a split plot design with three replicates. The main plot was fertilizer source (vermicompost, empty fruit bunch compost and inorganic fertilizer) and sub-plot was cassava variety (Medan and Sri Pontian). The amount of fertilizer applied was based on 180 kg K2O ha-1. The tubers were harvested and analyzed for total flavonoids, total phenolics, antioxidant activity and cyanogenic glucoside content. Total phenolic and flavonoid compounds were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay and aluminium chloride colorimetric method, respectively. Different sources of fertilizer, varieties and their interactions were found to have a significant effect on phytochemical content. The phenolic and flavonoid content were significantly higher (p < 0.01) in the vermicompost treatment compared to mineral fertilizer and EFB compost. The total flavonoids and phenolics content of vermicompost treated plants were 39% and 38% higher, respectively, than those chemically fertilized. The antioxidant activity determined using the DPPH and FRAP assays were high with application of organic fertilizer. Cyanogenic glycoside levels were decreased with the application of organic fertilizer. Among the two types of compost, vermicompost resulted in higher nutritional value of cassava tubers. Medan variety with application of vermicompost showed the most promising nutritional quality. Since the nutritional quality of cassava can be improved by organic fertilization, organic fertilizer should be used in place of chemical fertilizer for environmentally sustainable production of better quality cassava.",Included,
"Vasconcelos, L. M., Brito, A. C., Carmo, C. D., Oliveira, Phga, Oliveira, E. J.",2017,Phenotypic diversity of starch granules in cassava germplasm,Genetics and Molecular Research,16,2,10.4238/gmr16029276,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18364/,"Demand for the development of cassava varieties with different native starches has guided the search for these characteristics in the germplasm of Manihot esculenta Crantz. Therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate the genetic diversity of cassava accessions for root and starch granule characteristics to guide the future industrial application of this species. Starches from 56 accessions were evaluated for the number of granules in 1 g of starch (NTG), area (AG, mm(2)), length (LG, mm), width (WG, mm), starch granule roundness (Round), dry matter content in the roots (DMC, %), pulp color (PulCo), and cyanogenic compounds (HCN). Images captured by light microscopy were used to determine the average phenotypic values, and these were further analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) considering mixed data (quantitative and qualitative). Significant differences between the cassava accessions for all traits measured revealed wide variability in starch granule characteristics. Four diversity groups with better fitness for the classification of cassava accessions based on PulCo were identified, in comparison with HCN. Accessions with differential starch characteristics were identified, and crossings for the generation of segregating populations in order to obtain table and industry varieties have been proposed.",Included,
"de Morais, L. K., Santiago, A. D., Cavalcante, M. H. B.",2017,Phenotypic stability in cassava estimated by the AMMI analysis with supplementary genotypes,Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology,17,4,10.1590/1984-70332017v17n4a55,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/20220/,"Adaptability is the yield response of cassava genotypes to environmental improvement, and stability is the predictability of this response to variations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the yield stability and adaptability of cassava varieties and clones using the AMMI (Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction) methodology and auxiliary tools as supplementary genotype and environment. The responses of 24 cassava genotypes were evaluated in three environments located in the state of Alagoas, Brazil, in randomized blocks design, with 24 treatments and three replications. The effects of genotype and genotype x environment interactions significantly influenced yield. Genotypes differed regarding the adaptability and stability of yield response, and the varieties Cria Menino and Preta do Araripe were considered ideal genotypes due to high adaptability and yield stability. Among the three tested environments, Limoeiro de Anadia was the best since it presented high yield, phenotypically stable genotypes for cassava breeding programs. 2017, Brazilian Society of Plant Breeding. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Kolawole, G. O., Tijani-Eniola, H., Tian, G.",2004,Phosphorus fractions in fallow systems of West Africa Effect of residue management,Plant and Soil,263,01-Feb,10.1023/BPLSO.0000047730.58844.b5,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9120/,"The effects of burning, incorporation and surface mulching after one year of natural regrowth (NF) and Pueraria cover crop fallows on soil P fractions and maize and cassava yields were assessed. Data were collected between 1998 and 2000 as part of an on-going long-term fallow management trial established in 1989 at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, in the derived savanna zone of southwestern Nigeria. After NF in 1998, burning temporarily increased resin- (63%) and NaOH- (19%) extractable inorganic P fractions when compared with mulching and incorporation. Organic P and total extractable P decreased as the season progressed. Fallow systems and residue management options had no consistent and significant effect on P fractions. For both years after NF, and in 1998, after Pueraria fallow, residue management options had no significant effect on cassava yield. However, in 1999 (wetter year), compared with burning and surface mulching, incorporation of Pueraria fallow residues improved maize and cassava yields. Similarly, maize yield was improved in 1999 with incorporation of NF residues. Maize yield increases due to incorporation of NF residues were 23% compared with burning and 49% compared with mulching. Maize yield increases due to incorporation of Pueraria residues were 37% compared with burning and 47% compared with mulching. Cassava yield was increased by 31% compared with burning and by 26% compared with mulching. Longer period of time may be required to assess whether differences in soil P fractions and crop yields will occur between fallow systems.",Included,
"De Tafur, S. M., El-Sharkawy, M. A., Calle, F.",1997,Photosynthesis and yield performance of cassava in seasonally dry and semiarid environments,Photosynthetica,33,2,10.1023/A1022116414969,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4421/,"Two field trials with two groups of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars were conducted under rainfed conditions in seasonally dry and semiarid environments at the northern coast of Colombia, South America, to evaluate the genetic diversity in photosynthesis and productivity, and to determine their interrelationship. There were significant differences among cultivars in both environments, in average net photosynthetic rates (P(N)) of upper canopy leaves and in final dry root yields. Both P(N) and dry root yields were much higher in the seasonally dry environment than in the semiarid one. Highly significant correlation (r2 = 0.90, p &lt; 0.001) between leaf P(N) and dry root yield was observed across environments, suggesting that selection in parental plants for high photosynthesis might lead to high yields if combined with other yield determinants, such as leaf area duration, high harvest index and strong root sink.",Included,
"Cruz, J.L., Mosquim, P.R., Pelacani, C.R., Araujo, W.L., DaMatta, F.M.",2003,Photosynthesis impairment in cassava leaves in response to nitrogen deficiency,,v. 257,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4034/,,Included,
"Calatayud, P.-A., Llovera, E., Bois, J.F., Lamaze, T.",2000,Photosynthesis in Drought-Adapted Cassava,Photosynthetica,38,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2922/,"After 45 d of limited water supply, cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) exhibited pronounced reduction in shoot growth, high leaf fall, and decreased stomatal conductance. However, the water status of the remaining leaves was unaffected. This was combined with an amplified heliotropic response and drooping which minimises radiant energy interception at mid-day, suggesting that leaves are sensitive to high irradiance (I). In well-irrigated plants, CO2-saturated oxygen evolution and net photosynthetic rate (P N) in air were markedly higher (5-fold) in young (expanding) leaves than in mature leaves. Water limitation did not strongly modify CO2-saturated oxygen evolution but it altered P N in air for both types of leaves, although differently. The mature leaves of drought-adapted plants displayed residual rate of P N and deteriorated photosystem 2 (PS2) photochemistry estimated from chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence measurements. In young leaves at moderate I, P N was depressed by only 66 % in stressed plants. Moreover, the photochemical quenching of Chl a fluorescence and the quantum efficiency of PS2 photochemistry in young leaves were comparable in both control and stressed plants. In contrast at high I, P N was almost null and marked decreases in the two fluorescence parameters were apparent. Hence the strong heliotropic response and drooping displayed by young leaves under water limitation is an important strategy for avoiding inactivation of P N by high I and therefore for cassava tolerance to drought.",Included,
"El-Sharkawy, M. A., Cock, J. H.",1990,Photosynthesis of cassava (manihot esculenta),Experimental Agriculture,26,3,10.1017/S0014479700018494,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5077/,"In recent studies of cassava at CIAT, net CO2 uptake rates of 20 to 35 mol CO2 m2 s1 were commonly observed. Cassava photosynthesis has a high optimum temperature (35C) and a wide plateau (25 to 35C) corresponding to the temperature range under which cassava is cultivated. Leaf photosynthesis requires high saturation irradiance (1500 mol m2 s1) and the rates are greatly reduced by leaf-air vapour pressure differences above 1.5 kPa; this reduction is associated with stomatal closure. Cassava leaves have low photorespiration, low CO2 compensation point, high percentage of carbon fixation in C4 acids and a high PEP-carboxylase activity (1535% of that in maize), but cassava does not have the typical C4-Kranz anatomy. Field measurements of single leaf photosynthesis among a wide range of cultivars grown under rain-fed conditions showed that when light interception was not limiting, there were significant correlations between leaf photosynthesis, total biomass and root yield. This suggests that the use of parental materials with high photosynthetic capacity, in combination with other yield determinants, could be a successful strategy for developing high yielding cultivars. This might be done by exploiting any genetical variations in leaf anatomy and biochemistry that could enhance photosynthesis efficiency and hence productivity. 1990, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Palta, J. A.",1983,"Photosynthesis, transpiration, and leaf diffusive conductance of the cassava leaf in response to water stress ( Manihot esculenta)",Canadian Journal of Botany,61,1,10.1139/b83-043,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13704/,"Manihot esculenta leaf water potentials fell to between -0.61 and -1.06 MPa and net photosynthesis and transpiration rates declined as leaf water potential decreased. The linear relationship between leaf water potential and net photosynthesis is dominated by, but not completely explained by, stomatal closure.-from Author",Included,
"Aspiazu, I., Sediyama, T., Ribeiro, J. I., Silva, A. A., Concenco, G., Ferreira, E. A., Galon, L., Silva, A. F., Borges, E. T., Araujo, W. F.",2010,Photosynthetic Activity of Cassava Plants under Weed Competition,Planta Daninha,28,,10.1590/S0100-83582010000500004,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1449/,"The objective of this work was to evaluate characteristics associated with the photosynthetic activity of cassava plants under weed competition. The trial was carried out under field conditions, and experimental units consisted of 150 dm(3) fiberglass boxes containing red yellow Latosol, previously corrected and fertilized. Treatments consisted in the cultivation of cassava plants which were free of weed competition and associated with three weed species Bidens pilosa, Commelina benghalensis or Brachiaria plantaginea. After manioc sprouting started, 15 days after being planted, weeds that had been sown when manioc was planted were thinned, there were then eight plants left per experimental unit in accordance with specified treatments cassava free of competition, cassava competing with B. pilosa, cassava competing with C. benghalensis and cassava competing with B. plantaginea. Sixty days after crop emergence leaf internal CO(2) concentration (Ci), leaf temperature at the time of evaluation (T(leaf)) and photosynthetic rate (A) were evaluated, also the CO(2) consumption rate (Delta C) of cassava plants was calculated. A correlation matrix between variables was also obtained. All characteristics associated with photosynthesis in cassava plants were influenced by weed species. Cassava was more affected by B. pilosa and B. plantaginea in which concerns its exposition to solar radiation and water, while C. benghalensis seems to mostly affect the composition of incident light on the culture, allowing cassava to anticipate imposition when competing, even before it reaches harmful levels.",Included,
"El-Sharkawy, M. A., Cock, J. H., Held, A. A.",1984,Photosynthetic responses of cassava cultivars (Manihot esculenta Crantz) from different habitats to temperature,Photosynthesis Research,5,3,10.1007/BF00030025,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5073/,"Maximum photosynthetic CO2 exchange rates (Pn) of single attached leaves were determined for several cassava cultivars selected from different habitats and grown in pots outdoors at CIAT, Colombia, S.A. Pn rates were in a narrow range of 22 to 26 mol CO2 m-2s-1 for all cultivars tested when measured at high photon flux density, normal air, optimum temperature and with low leaf-air vapor pressure differences. For all tested cultivars (9 cvs.), there was a broad optimum temperature for Pn between 25 to 35C. At temperatures below and above this range Pn declined in all cultivars with Pn rates reaching 80% of maximum at 20 and 40C. Pn temperature coefficient (Q10) from 15-25C was 1.60.2 across cultivars. No consistent relation existed between Pn, optimum temperature, and the original habitat. 1984 Martinus Nijhoff/Dr. W. Junk Publishers.",Included,
"Antoine, F. A., Kerstin, W.",2015,PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL TREATMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis IN CASSAVA SEEDS,Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences,3,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1189/,"Cassava seeds of the landrace TME1 collected from Nigeria were vacuum-infiltrated with Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (Xam) marker strain GSPB 2511 (10(8) cells/ml). The inoculated seeds were subjected to different temperatures of water and air as well as alcohol treatment. Thermal treatment with water at 50 degrees C to 60 degrees C for 30 min resulted in 100% mortality of the pathogen without affecting the germination rate compared to untreated seeds. Thermal treatment by hot air at 65 degrees C for 4 days reduced the bacterial population without affecting the germination rate of treated seeds. Furthermore, soaking infected seeds in 70% ethanol, Xam was re-isolated leading to the conclusion that alcohol treatment may not be 100% effective to control the pathogen in seeds. Seed treatments by hot water or by air are the recommendable means to control Xam in cassava seeds.",Included,
"Teixeira, P. R. G., Viana, A. E. S., Cardoso, A. D., Moreira, G. L. P., Matsumoto, S. N., Ramos, P. A. S.",2017,Physical-chemical characteristics of sweet cassava varieties,Revista Brasileirade Ciencias Agrarias,12,2,10.5039/agraria.v12i2a5433,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17464/,"In order to evaluate the physical-chemical characteristics of nineteen sweet cassava varieties (Milagrosa, Paraguai, Maragogipe, IAC 576-70, Saracura, Amarela Viosa, IAC Guaxup, Manteiga, Aipim Furadinho, Calombo, BRS Dourada, Rosa, Manteigo, Po da China, BRS Gema de Ovo, Colombo, BRS Eucalipto, Cacau Branca and BRS Rosada) this study was conducted at the State University of Southwest Bahia, in Vitoria da Conquista - BA. It was evaluated the pH, soluble solids, acidity, texture, cooking time, starch, amylose, amylopectin content, protein content and ash content of roots harvested at 12 months of age. We used a completely randomized design, with 3 repetitions. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and subsequently the treatment means were grouped by the Scott-Knott procedure, a 5% probability. There were differences between all the features, except for the ash content. Observed pH near neutral results in all varieties, with the highest values found in varieties Calombo and BRS Gema de Ovo. The Milagrosa variety had a higher percentage of soluble solids and higher texture. The IAC 576-70 stood out as the texture, the cooking time, the starch content and protein content. The highest percentage of amylose and amylopectin the lowest percentage was observed in the BRS Dourada.",Included,
"Defloor, I., Dehing, I., Delcour, J. A.",1998,Physico-chemical properties of cassava starch,Starch/Staerke,50,02-Mar,10.1002/(SICI)1521-379X(199803)502/3<58AID-STAR58>3.0.CO;2-N,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4450/,"Cassava starch was isolated from flour of four IITA (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria) cassava genotypes planted in the dry and in the rainy season and harvested at 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 months after planting. The amylose contents of the starch samples varied between 17.9 and 23.6%. Within a single genotype and planting season, no systematic changes in particle size distribution as a function of crop age at harvest were found; particle sizes varied between 9.5 and 12.7 m and between 11.8 and 13.6 m for samples of the dry season and the rainy season, respectively. The starch samples varied in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) gelatinisation temperature and exhibited peak multiplicity depending or planting season and harvest time. Even at a moisture dry matter ratio of 6.0 (w/w) peak multiplicity was still observed, suggesting that the phenomenon is a property of the starch itself rather than resulting from low moisture gelatinisation.",Included,
"Kouassi, S. K., Megnanou, R. M., Akpa, E. E., Djedji, C., N'Zue, B., Sebastien, N. L.",2010,Physicochemical and biochemical characteristics evaluation of seven improve cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) varieties of Côte d'Ivoire,African Journal of Biotechnology,9,41,10.5897/AJB09.1695,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9189/,"A lot of people around the world convert cassava roots into different products according to local customs and preferences. In Cote d'Ivoire, due to its high consumption, cassava is a subject of concern to researchers. For that purpose, seven improved varieties of cassava (with better productivity and resistance to many diseases), were set up by CNRA. Nevertheless, their valorization and popularization need information about physico-chemical, biochemical and sensorial characteristics. So, the aim of this study was to identify the best improved varieties regarding these characteristics. The physicochemical, biochemical and sensorial characteristics were determined according to several standard methods and then the different data were submitted for statistical analyses. Three clusters of varieties were identified. The first cluster (C1) presented the highest energy value (170.26 Kcal/100 g), carbohydrate (37.65 g/100 g), starch (22.52 g/100 g), dry matter (40.79 g/100 g) and the lowest moisture (59.24 g/100 g) and reducing sugar (0.36 g/100 g). In opposition, the second cluster (C2) registered the lowest energy value (130.12 Kcal/100 g), carbohydrate (25.80 g/100 g), starch (6.12 g/100 g), dry matter (29.59g/100 g) while its moisture (70.41 g/100 g) and reducing sugar (0.91 g/100 g) where the highest. The third cluster (C3) presented values between those of cluster 1 and 2. Sensorial characteristics of all the cassava varieties were accepted. Varieties V4, V54 and V69 of the cluster C1, recorded the best characteristics.",Included,
"Mbougueng, Pierre Desire, Dzudie, Tenin, Scher, Joel, Clerge, Tchiegang",2009,Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Cultivars of Irish Potato and Cassava Starches,,v. 5,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10908/,"In this study, starches were extracted from two cultivars of local Irish potatos (Solanum tuberosum,) and tree cultivars of local Cassava (Manihot esculanta). These starches and a commercial Irish potato starch (IPS), where characterized with respect to their physico-chemical and functional properties. Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed among starches as far as their proximate composition were concerned. The commercial starch showed the highest phosphorus content. The amylose content was observed to be significantly lower (P<0.05) in the cassava starches than in the local Irish potato starches. The highest (P<0.05) gelatinisation parameters were those of 2425 starch cultivar. Potato starch granules exhibited the largest granule size at 10, 50 and 90% diameter compared to those of cassava starches. Potato starches had wider particle size distribution compared to cassava starches. There were apparent differences, between species (Cassava and potatoes) with respect to granule morphology and size. No significant colour difference (P>0.05) was observed between the Sipiera starch cultivars and the Irish potatoes commercial starch.",Included,
"Julianti, E., Lubis, Z., Ridwansyah, Yusraini, E., Suhaidi, I.",2011,Physicochemical and functional properties of fermented starch from four Cassava varieties,Asian Journal of Agricultural Research,5,6,10.3923/ajar.2011.292.299,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8436/,"The weaknesses of cassava starch as the raw materials in food industries are low protein content, the ununiform of viscosity and gel forming ability, not resistant to high temperature of heating, acidic conditions and mechanical processes and prone to be syneresis. The purpose of this research was to modify cassava starch by fermentation to produce high nutritional value of starch and better physical and chemical characteristics than those of the native one. Cassava varieties used in this research were the Adira 1, Malaysia, Tahunan and Gunting Saga that are widely grown by farmers in North Sumatera. Starch modification process was done through several methods of fermentation i.e., natural fermentation by soaking in tap water for 16 days, soaking in distilled water for 16 h at 30C, soaking in 1% lactic acid solution for 16 h at 30C. After that the fermented starch was dried under the sun or by oven at 50C. The results showed that different methods of fermentation and drying produced cassava starch of different physicochemical and functional characteristics. The process that produced the good physicochemical and functional characteristics of starch was the natural fermentation by soaking in water for 16 days and dried under the sun based on the color, paste clarity, water and oil absorption of the starch. Starch from Malaysia and Gunting Saga varities had better physicochemical and functional properties if used in making bread or noodles compared to those produced from Adiral and Tahunan. 2011 Knowledgia Review, Malaysia.",Included,
"Onitilo, M.O., Sanni, L.O., Daniel, I., Maziya-Dixon, B., Dixon, A.",2007,Physicochemical and functional properties of native starches from cassava varieties in Southwest Nigeria,,v. 5,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13199/,"Pre- and postharvest factors such as genetic factors, environmental conditions during the growth of the plant and the method of starch isolation have been found to have a profound effect on the properties of root and tuber starches. The physicochemical, functional and pasting properties as well as granule morphology of starches from 40 different new cassava varieties (36 cassava mosaic disease-resistant CMD clones) and currently released cassava varieties in Nigeria (TMS 30572, 4(2) 1425, TME 1 and 82/00058) from experimental farm of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria, were investigated. Moisture content of the starches (dried) ranged between 3.59 and 11.53%, ash content was 0.03-0.49%, protein content 0.23-0.70%, sugar content 0.51-3.46% and starch content 60.34-86.79%. Amylose and dry matter contents were 15.24-30.20% and 88.47- 96.41% respectively. The water absorption capacity ranged from 86.83 to 127.54%, while solubility and swelling power (at 85oC) were 1.03-2.10% and 9.04-16.90% respectively. Starch damage ranged between 0.39 and 2.10%, dispersibility was 81.5-89.5% and least gelation concentration 2.00-4.67%. The pH of the starches ranged from 4.06 to 9.22. The starches had peak viscosity between 261.17 and 593.17 RVU, peak time ranged from 3.36 to 4.25 minutes and pasting temperature ranged between 63.75 and 65.65oC. Set back viscosity ranged from 19.04 to 79.92 RVU and breakdown viscosity from 141.21 to 328.96 RVU. The final viscosity of the starches ranged between 141.21 and 244.84 RVU. The granule size as viewed under microscope ranged from 12.5 to 23.83 m with round shapes. There were significant varietal differences in all the physicochemical properties of the starches except the amylose content. Significant varietal differences (p < 0.05) were also recorded in all the functional and pasting properties of the starches except the least gelation concentration. There were no significant varietal differences (p > 0.05) in the granule size of the starches. The study revealed that the significant varietal differences in the properties of the starches from the different CMD resistant varieties imply that the starches have potentials for a wide end use.",Included,
"Onitilo, M. O., Sanni, L. O., Oyewole, O. B., Maziya-Dixon, B.",2007,Physicochemical and functional properties of sour starches from different cassava varieties,International Journal of Food Properties,10,3,10.1080/10942910601048994,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13200/,"This article reports our investigation on the effect of cassava varieties on the physicochemical and functional properties of sour starches. There were significant differences (P 0.05) in the ash, pH, amylose, amylopectin, starch damage, total titratable acidity (TTA), sugar, and starch content but not moisture contents of various cassava sour starches. There were no significant differences (P 0.05) in Water Absorption Capacity (WAC), swelling power, and solubility index, while significant differences were recorded in Least Gelation Concentration (LGC) and color at 5% level and granule size at P 0.0001 for cassava sour starches. Peak viscosity values ranged from 333.17RVU (clone 4(2) 1425) to 380.75RVU (clone TME 1). There were significant differences (P 0.05) in pasting properties except for pasting temperature and breakdown.",Included,
"Tanya, A. N., Darman, R. D., Ejoh, R. A., Mbahe, R., Hamidou",2006,"Physicochemical and sensory analysis of fermented flour ""Kumkum"" from three improved and one local cassava varieties in the Adamawa province of Cameroon",Pakistan Journal of Nutrition,5,4,10.3923/pjn.2006.355.358,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17394/,"Physicochemical properties and sensory evaluation of fermented flours ""kumkum"" obtained from three improved and one local cassava varieties were carried out. The varieties were from five localities of the Adamawa province, namely Simi, Tibati, Tignre, Lokoti and Ngaoundal. Moisture, ash, crude fiber, starch content, cyanogenic glucosides and swelling ability were studied. The results showed that variety 8017 had higher moisture content than varieties 4115, 2425, and the local variety ""gangbadaa"". Variety 8017 had the highest ash content while the local variety had the lowest. On the other hand, the local variety had the highest starch content while varieties 4115 and 2425 had approximately the same. Variety 4115 was richer in crude fibre than the varieties 8017 and 2425. Variety 4115 had the highest water retention capacity and consequently the highest swelling ability. The ""gangbadaa"" had a low water retention capacity, a low swelling ability and the lowest bulk density. Variety 2425 had the highest cyanide content than all the other varieties. On the other hand variety 4115 had the lowest cyanide content. The sensory evaluation test indicated a significant difference (p<0.05) between the different varieties in terms of taste, colour, odour, and texture. The ""gangbadaa"", the local variety, was highly appreciated for its colour, texture and flavour. Variety 4115 was the least appreciated for the above parameters. This may be a clear indication that even though the improved cassava varieties are disease resistant and have high yield potentials, the local population may not appreciate them as they are bound to their food habits. Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.",Included,
"Charoenkul, Nongnuch, Uttapap, Dudsadee, Pathipanawat, Worayudh, Takeda, Yasuhito",2011,Physicochemical characteristics of starches and flours from cassava varieties having different cooked root textures,,v. 44,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3387/,"Starches and flours from 12 cassava varieties having differences in cooked root texture mealy, firm and mealy & firm were investigated, with a particular focus on aspects of physicochemical characteristics. It was found that chemical composition (protein, lipid, fiber, ash), pasting properties, firmness of gel, thermal properties, morphology and granular size distribution and crystalline pattern of starches from the 12 varieties were not significantly different. On the contrary, cassava flours which consisted of both starch and non-starch components exhibited wider variations in these properties, especially pasting properties and firmness of gel, than the starches. All flour samples had lower paste viscosities than their corresponding starches. Pasting temperatures of flours were in a range of 7074C, which was higher than those of starches (6770C). Fluctuation in the values of pasting parameters of flours among the varieties was associated with the variations in the chemical composition and -amylase activity, i.e. paste viscosity and setback were positively correlated to starch content and negatively correlated to -amylase activity, while protein, lipid and fiber did not show correlation with pasting parameters. Cassava starches from all varieties, except the F-18 variety, had higher firmness of gels than their corresponding flours. Firmness values (except the F-18 variety) of starches were in a range of 149207g, whereas those of flours were 75163g. Firmness of flour gels was negatively correlated to lipid and fiber content, while strong positive correlation was found with the amylase activity.",Included,
"Achinewhu, S.C. (Rivers State Univ. of Science, Technology, Port Harcourt (Nigeria). Dept. of Food Science, Technology), Barber, L.I., Ijeoma, I.O.",1998,"Physicochemical properties and garification (gari yield) of selected cassava cultivars in Rivers State, Nigeria",,v. 52,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/207/,,Included,
"Niba, L.L., Bokanga, M.M., Jackson, F.L., Schlimme, D.S., Li, B.W.",2002,Physicochemical Properties and Starch Granular Characteristics of Flour from Various Manihot Esculenta (Cassava) Genotypes,,v. 67,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12161/,"Flour and starch were produced from 11 cassava genotypes. Starch and total dietary fiber contents were determined using a single-enzyme gravimetric procedure and high-performance anion exchange chromatography, pasting profiles by rotary viscometry, water holding capacity gravimetrically, and granular characteristics by scanning electron microscopy. Starch and total dietary fiber contents varied among genotypes. Flour peak viscosities, setback, and final viscosities differed significantly. Flour water holding capacity correlated with flour peak viscosity (r = 0.7). Starch granules ranged from 9 to 20 m. Predominant granule shapes were oval, rounded, and truncated. The results provide insights into cassava genotype characteristics, and functionality of cassava starch and flour.",Included,
"Souza, H. A. L., Bentes, A. S., Ladeira, T. M. S., Lopes, A. S., Pena, R. S.",2013,Physicochemical properties of three sugary cassava landraces,Ciencia Rural,43,5,10.1590/S0103-84782013000500006,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16766/,"This study evaluates the physical and physicochemical properties of three sugary cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) landraces So Francisco Bag 3, Manicueira 62, and Castanhal Iracema. These three landraces showed high estimated productivity (3.93kg plant-1) and had a high sugar content (3.92g 100g-1 of root), making them viable for use in syrup production, especially the So Francisco Bag 3 landrace (4.76g 100g-1). The Manicueira 62 landrace had the highest starch content (4.40g 100g-1). The three sugary cassava landraces exhibited high levels of cyanide (>195mg kg-1), indicating the need for processing prior to consumption.",Included,
"Ukenye, E., Ukpabi, U. J., Chijoke, U., Egesi, C., Njoku, S.",2013,"Physicochemical, nutritional and processing properties of promising newly bred white and yellow fleshed cassava genotypes in Nigeria",Pakistan Journal of Nutrition,12,3,10.3923/pjn.2013.302.305,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18100/,"Randomly selected fresh roots of sixteen experimental cassava cultivars (fourteen improved cultivars and two controls) in National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, Nigeria were assessed for their food quality characteristics amongst other relevant pre and post harvest traits. TMS 30572 and TME 419 cultivars of cassava were used as local and national checks or controls. The result of the physical properties of the experimental roots showed that those with yellow and cream pulp have high carotene content which is a precursor of Vit.A. The proximate composition result of the experimental energy rich roots showed that ten of the genotypes (like the control cultivars) have high Dry Matter (DM) content of above 30%; with nine genotypes having high protein content above 3% like the controls also. Seven of the new genotypes also have starch content of >20%, with only four of them having relatively high carotenoid of > 3 g/g when compared with the control. It was observed also from this study that the yellow fleshed cassava gari look similar to the yellow gari (cassava+oil) found in Nigerian local market. Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2013.",Included,
"Turyagyenda, Laban F., Kizito, Elizabeth B., Ferguson, Morag, Baguma, Yona, Agaba, Morris, Harvey, Jagger J. W., Osiru, David S. O.",2013,Physiological and molecular characterization of drought responses and identification of candidate tolerance genes in cassava,,v. 5,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17994/,"While the physiological basis of cassava drought tolerance has been characterized, evaluation of the molecular responses to drought stress remains largely unexplored. This study provides an initial characterization of the molecular response of cassava to drought stress resembling field conditions. The candidate drought tolerance genes in cassava identified in this study can be used as expression-based markers of drought tolerance in cassava or be tested in the context of breeding and engineering drought tolerance in transgenics.",Included,
"Irikura, Y., Cock, J. H., Kawano, K.",1979,Physiological basis of genotype-temperature interactions in cassava,"JARQ, Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly",13,4,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7878/,,Included,
"Restrepo Rubio, J. S., Lpez Carrascal, C. E., Melgarejo, L. M.",2017,Physiological behavior of cassava plants (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in response to infection by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis under greenhouse conditions,Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology,100,,10.1016/j.pmpp.2017.09.004,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15067/,"Cassava is one of the main sources of energy for human populations in tropical countries. Cassava production can be severely reduced by diseases, such as the vascular bacteriosis (bacterial blight) caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (Xam). In this study, the physiological behavior of plants from two cassava varieties, one resistant and one susceptible to infection by the Xam CIO151 strain was evaluated. The plants of the susceptible variety presented increased stomatal resistance, decreased leaf water potential and increased proline content compared with the resistant variety. On the other hand, the inoculated plants from the two varieties showed an increased accumulation of total sugars starting at 7 days post-inoculation compared with the non-inoculated plants. 2017",Included,
"Veltkamp, H.J.",1986,Physiological causes of yield variation in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18397/,,Included,
"Hirose, S., Data, E. S., Tanaka, Y., Uritani, I.",1984,"Physiological deterioration and ethylene production in cassava roots after harvest, in relation with pruning treatment",Japanese Journal of Crop Science,53,3,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7228/,,Included,
"Phuntupan, K., Banterng, P.",2017,Physiological determinants of storage root yield in three cassava genotypes under different nitrogen supply,Journal of Agricultural Science,155,6,10.1017/S0021859617000053,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14160/,"Physiological traits can be used to improve the efficiency of selecting suitable genotypes to grow under nitrogen (N) limitation. The objective of the current study was to investigate the relationship between physiological characteristics and storage root yield of three cassava genotypes under three rates of N fertilizer. The experiments were conducted from 2014 to 2016 at farm fields in Thailand. A split-plot randomized complete block design with four replications was used. Three different rates of N fertilizer, i.e., 469, 900 and 1332 kg N/ha and three cassava genotypes, Rayong 9, Rayong 11 and Kasetsart 50, were used. Kasetsart 50 had the highest mean performance for most crop traits. Growth rate of stem (SGR), storage root (SRGR) and crop (CGR) during 180-210 days after planting (DAP) and leaf area index (LAI) at 120 DAP were related to storage root dry weight for all three rates of N fertilizer. Storage root growth during 90-120 DAP, CGR during 180-210 DAP and specific leaf area (SLA) at 210 DAP contributed most to storage root dry weight of the three genotypes grown at 469 kg N/ha, while the combination of SRGR during 90-120 DAP, SRGR during 180-210 DAP, LAI at 210 DAP and SLA at 210 DAP was best for N fertilizer at 900 kg N/ha and the combination of leaf growth rate (LGR) during 180-210 DAP and LAI at 210 DAP was best for N fertilizer at 1332 kg N/ha. 2017 Cambridge University Press.",Included,
"Hirose, S.",1986,Physiological-Studies on Postharvest Deterioration of Cassava Roots,Jarq-Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly,19,4,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7225/,,Included,
"Alcantara, H. J. P., Doronila, A. I., Kolev, S. D.",2017,Phytoextraction potential of Manihot esculenta Crantz. (cassava) grown in mercury- and gold-containing biosolids and mine tailings,Minerals Engineering,114,,10.1016/j.mineng.2017.09.010,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/833/,"The potential of Manihot esculenta Crantz (cassava) to phytoextract Hg and Au from Hg- and Au-containing biosolids and mine tailings was successfully demonstrated for the first time. Removal of Hg by a hyperaccumulating plant species offers new options to clean up Hg-contaminated sites and at the same time harvest trace amounts of Au. Pre-rooted cassava cuttings with 57 nodes were grown in different combinations of biosolids-amended mine tailings to evaluate the best combination that will support optimum plant growth. The 75% biosolids 25% mine tailings combination produced the best growth in cassava. Plant cuttings were also grown in hydroponics solutions amended with Hg and/or Au to determine root uptake of the two metals. Metals uptake was found to be greatest in the fibrous roots, accumulating up to 12.59 g kg1 Hg and 18.99 mg kg1 Au. Given its ease of cultivation and harvesting as well as the high accumulation of Hg and Au in its roots, cassava can be considered as a suitable candidate for Hg remediation and Au recovery from biosolids and mine tailings containing these metals. 2017 Elsevier Ltd",Included,
"Mileo, L. J., Silva, J. F., Albertino, S. M. F., Leite, B. N., Menezes, D. S., Santos, A. F.",2016,Phytosociology of Weeds in Cultivation of Two Varieties of Cassava,Planta Daninha,34,2,10.1590/S0100-83582016340200008,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11101/,"This study has aimed to carry out a phytosociological survey of weeds in different collection periods, in cassava crops of two varieties grown in two consecutive years. The varieties were Pao, of the sweet class, and Racha-terra, of the bitter class. The weeds surveys were performed at 28, 56, 84, 112, 140, 168, 196, 224, 252, 280 and 308 days after planting in the experimental units of each variety. For weeds sampling, a sampler with an area of 0.25 m(2) released twice at random in the floor area of the treatments was used. The phytosociological survey quantified 5,708 individuals distributed in 17 families, represented by 32 species, of which 25 were dicotyledonous and seven were monocotyledonous. The most representative families in number of species were Euphorbiaceae and Poaceae, followed by Cyperaceae and Fabaceae. The most important species in the two growing seasons were Axonopus affinis, Mimosa pudica, Spermacoce verticillata and Paspalum multicaule. Other important species of the Poaceae family were Axonopus affinis, Axonopus fissifolius and Homolepis aturensis.",Included,
"Heckler, Serena, Zent, Stanford",2008,Piaroa Manioc Varietals Hyperdiversity or Social Currency?,,v. 36,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7047/,"The maintenance of exceptionally high numbers of folk varieties by the Piaroa people of the Venezuelan Amazon is considered. We cataloged 113 manioc folk varieties, their nomenclature, use and relevant characters, revealing significant insights into the role of manioc in Piaroa social life. Through a qualitative investigation of the cultivation, processing and symbolic significance of manioc (Manihot esculenta) in two Piaroa regions over a period of 18 years, we have found that such agrobiodiversity can only be fully explained by a combination of multiple factors, including pragmatic and ecological considerations, the subtle and complex diversity of Piaroa manioc preparations and a variety of sociocultural factors, such as manioc's role as a mediator of social relationships and as a marker of cultural and social heritage.",Included,
"Böhringer, A., Leihner, D. E.",1997,Pigeonpea in simultaneous fallow-cropping systems in the subhumid forest-savanna mosaic zone of West Africa,Experimental Agriculture,33,3,10.1017/S0014479797003104,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2227/,"The potential of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) as a simultaneous fallow component in cropping systems is unique in that, being a shrubby grain legume, it combines food production with ease of establishment, fast growth and high biomass productivity. A study was carried out under on-farm conditions at three different sites in southern Benin, West Africa over two years to evaluate the biomass productivity and recycled nutrients of a local pigeonpea cultivar, managed as annual hedgerows, Pigeonpea was sown between a standard cassava-maize intercrop and compared with two other agroforestry systems and annual intercrops with and without mineral fertilizer. The number of cuts taken at a height of 1 m was doubled from two in 1991-92 to four in the 1992-93 season, leading to an increase in total cut dry matter by a factor o f eight (1908 g m-2) and cut leaf dry matter by a factor of fourteen (1317 gm-2) in 1992-93. There were no trade-offs in subsequent dry grain (9.5 g m-2) and firewood yields (96.2 g m-2) for cutting hedges earlier and more often during the second year, despite much lower precipitation. In pigeonpea recycled nutrients, N, P, Ca, Mg and K, increased proportionally to cut dry matter yields. Yield increases over two years with pigeonpea were highest among all evaluated cropping systems for maize (+ 150%) and significant for cassava (+ 66%). Pigeonpea as a simultaneous fallow component in cassava maize intercropping, can help to sustain moderate yields of maize and cassava, provided that insects, nematodes and diseases do not lower its high biomass productivity with continued cropping after two years.",Included,
"Daellenbach, G.C., Kerridge, P.C., Wolfe, M.S., Frossard, E., Finckh, M.R.",2005,Plant productivity in cassava-based mixed cropping systems in Colombian hillside farms,"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment",105,4,10.1016/j.agee.2004.08.009,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4195/,"In the Colombian hillsides cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is cultivated because of its ability to produce high yields on acidic soils poor in nutrients. Farmers often plant mixtures of cassava cultivars, while bush-beans or maize are traditionally grown as cassava-intercrops. The objectives of this study were (a) to determine if cassava or overall production can be improved by planting cassava cultivar mixtures or intercropping, (b) to assess the influence of soil properties on the dry matter production of cassava production systems, (c) to verify if soil cover can be increased by growing cultivar or species mixtures. On-farm trials were conducted at four locations in typical hillside environments with slopes up to 55% in the Southwest of Colombia from 1996 to 1998. Two cassava varieties contrasting in plant architecture (early branching variety, rich in apices versus erect, late branching variety, poor in apices) were grown as pure stands, as a variety mixture and each intercropped independently with upland rice or Canavalia brasiliensis. Rainfall during the trial period was only 76% of the long term average due to the 'El nio' phenomenon. The cassava cultivars produced tuber yields of 9.0 and 7.5 t ha-1 DM when planted in cultivar pure stands. Cassava growth and biomass production increased with increasing size of water stable aggregates and soil N content and decreased with increasing soil bulk density. In the cassava cultivar mixture, competition changed the pattern of biomass allocation, leading to a significantly lower harvest index compared to the mean of the pure stands (-6%). Intercropped C. brasiliensis significantly reduced cassava harvest index (-13%; mean of cassava/C. brasiliensis mixtures compared to mean of pure stands) as well as cassava (-53%) and total biomass production (-24%), while differences were not statistically significant in the cassava-rice systems probably because of the poor performance of rice. The strong reduction in cassava tuber yield in the cassava/C. brasiliensis systems was due to competition for water between cassava and the intercrop, aggravated by the lack of rain. The percentage of soil cover was slightly higher in all mixed cropping systems compared to the pure stands. In contrast to the mixture concept which seeks to increase productivity and soil cover compared to monocropping, the mixed cropping systems used in the studies in Rio Cabuyal reduced cassava tuber yield and total biomass production of the cropping systems compared to the cassava cultivar monocrops. When total soil cover was improved compared to the cassava cultivar pure stands it was paralleled by reductions in terms of cassava tuber yield.",Included,
"Silva, T. S., Lima e Silva, P. S., Braga, J. D., Da Silveira, L. M., De Sousa, R. P.",2013,Planting density and yield of cassava roots,Revista Ciencia Agronomica,44,2,10.1590/S1806-66902013000200014,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16418/,"In Mata Fresca, an area located on the border of the states of Rio Grande do Norte and Cear, in Brazil, small farmers have a source of income from the production of cassava roots, using planting densities of around 5,000 plants ha-1. This procedure might be helping to limit higher yields of the roots, since some studies have shown that it is possible to obtain higher yields of cassava using higher densities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the root yield and other characteristics of the cassava, as a response to planting density. The Vermelhinha cultivar was submitted to planting densities of from 5,000 to 21,000 plants ha-1, at intervals of 2,000 plants ha-1, in an experiment under irrigation. A completely randomized block design with four replications was used. The ideal planting densities in order to maximise leaf green matter, stems and branches, total roots, total marketable roots, number of marketable roots, marketable-root dry matter and stem dry matter, were 17,800; 17,077; 14,416; 13,594; 16,436; 12,361; and 18,149 plants ha-1 respectively. When adopting the planting density used by the farmers, a yield for marketable roots of 15,837 kg ha-1 was obtained. By using the optimal density as found in this work (13,594 plants ha-1), the yield was more than double that of the farmers. Increasing planting density reduced both the length of the marketable roots and the harvest index (the ratio of marketable-root dry matter to total plant dry matter).",Included,
"Otim, M., Legg, J., Kyamanywa, S., Polaszek, A., Gerling, D.",2006,Population dynamics of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera Aleyrodidae) parasitoids on cassava mosaic disease-resistant and susceptible varieties,,v. 16,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13479/,"Three field trials were conducted at Namulonge Agricultural and Animal Production Research Institute to investigate the population dynamics of Bemisia tabaci Gennadius and its associated aphelinid parasitoids in Uganda. Results showed that more whitefly occurred on the cassava mosaic disease-resistant variety, (Nase 4) compared to the susceptible variety, (Ebwanatereka). Two species of aphelinid parasitoids, Eretmocerus mundus Mercet and Encarsia sophia Girault and Dodd, were identified during the study. Overall percent parasitism did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between varieties in all the trials, but significant differences occurred at 13, 15 and 21 weeks after planting during late season (2000), 18 weeks after planting during early season (2001), and 8 weeks after planting during late season (2001). The trends in the build up in numbers of both parasitoids species and apparent parasitism were similar, differed significantly on certain dates. It was, however, noted that percent parasitism decreased with nymph number. The significance of this phenomenon on the potential use of these aphelinid parasitoids as biocontrol agents of the cassava whitefly is discussed.",Included,
"Nyiira, Z.M. (Kawanda Research Station, Kampala (Uganda). Dept. of Agriculture)",1977,"Population dynamics of the green cassava mite and its predator Oligota [Mononychellus tanajoa, Uganda]",,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12455/,,Included,
"Hutton, D.G., Wahab, A.H.",1981,Position paper on root crops in Jamaica [Dioscorea spp; Manihot esculenta; Solanum tuberosum; Ipomoea batatas; Colocasia spp; Xanthosoma spp],,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7560/,,Included,
"Fokunang, C. N., Dixon, A. G. O.",2006,Post-harvest evaluation of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis on cassava genotypes,Plant Pathology Journal,5,1,10.3923/ppj.2006.60.66,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5778/,"The aim of this study was to evaluate the post-harvest survival of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis on infected cassava materials. Infected stem cuttings from 5 cassava cultivars 88/01084, 88/01983, 91/00395, 91/00317 and 91/00052, incubated at 252C for 8 months, showed a significant decrease in fungal survival amongst the cassava cultivars. At 8 months incubation fungal recovery was lowest below 10% among the infected cultivars. Cassava stakes, stored at humid conditions under tree shades for 16 months, showed a gradual decrease in fungal survival up to the 10th month, after which survival peaked again from the 12th up to the 16th month of storage. Survival of the fungus on soil significantly reduced with incubation time and at the 6th month of sampling, there was no recovery recorded for all the soils from the field plot sites. Burial of infected materials for 150 days below 20-30 cm depth significantly reduced the survival of C. gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis on infected materials. Burial at 30 cm depth for 150 days completely eradicated the fungus on the infected cuttings. These studies have shown that C. gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis could survive on infected cuttings for more than 8 months, but less likely to survive in soil for up to 4 months. The potential of high cassava anthracnose disease transmission in cassava planting materials during storage is also reported. 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.",Included,
"Kang, B. T.",1984,Potassium and magnesium responses of cassava grown in Ultisol in southern Nigeria,Fertilizer Research,5,4,10.1007/BF01049120,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8629/,"Results of three consecutive croppings to study the potassium and magnesium responses of two improved cassava cultivars TMS 30395 and 30211 grown on an acid, sandy loam, Ultisol (Typic paleudult) in southern Nigeria is reported. On land newly cleared from Eupatorium fallow a significant potassium response in the first cropping year was observed only with the more vigorous cultivar TMS 30395. Both cultivars responded to potassium applications at rates of 30 and 60 kg Kha-1 in second and third croppings respectively. A significant response to application of 20 kg Mgha-1 was observed in the third crop with cultivar TMS 30211. Cultivar TMS 30395 seems to be more effective in utilizing magnesium from the soil. Potassium and magnesium responses on this Ultisol can be expected when the I N Ammonium Acetate extractable soil K and Mg test levels are 0.15 me K 100g-1 and 0.20 meMg 100g-1, respectively. Critical tissue concentrations of cassava index leaves sampled at 6 MAP are 0.1% K for both cultivars and 0.33% Mg for cultivar TMS 30211. 1984 Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers.",Included,
"Howeler, R.H.",1985,Potassium nutrition of cassava,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7387/,,Included,
"A As Saqui, M.",1984,potential of cassava in optimizing small-farm productivity in Liberia,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8/,,Included,
"Nassar, Nagib, Vizzotto, Carla Simone, da Silva, Humberto Lima, Schwartz, Carlos Alberto, Junior, Osmindo Rodrigues Pires",2005,Potentiality of cassava cultivars as a source of carotenoids,Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment,3,03-Apr,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11924/,"Vitamin A deficiency results in progressive eye damage. It is a serious problem in the northern and northern east Brazil. Screening some cassava clones and interspecific hybrids for its precursors revealed high level of lutein and trans--carotene in a clone namely UnB-400, it has its roots content reaching 236 and 1.24 mg/kg respectively combined to an excellent palatibility. An interspecific hybrid of cassava with M. olignatha showed its leaves to have 9108 mg/kg compared to 780 mg/kg in common cultivars.",Included,
"Howeler, R. H., Sieverding, E.",1983,Potentials and limitations of mycorrhizal inoculation illustrated by experiments with field-grown cassava,Plant and Soil,75,2,10.1007/BF02375570,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7385/,"Field inoculation trials with cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) were conducted in Quilichao (typic Dystropept soil) and Carimagua (Haplustox soil). In Quilichao, with a large and effective native VA-mycorrhizal (VAM) population, inoculation with Glomus manihotis did not increase cassava yields significantly, neither when different sources and levels of inoculum material were used, nor with different cassava cultivars, or after stabilizing soil temperature through mulching. Field inoculation did result in a decrease of the coefficient of variation with respect to yield. The high dependency of cassava on an effective VAM association was indicated by a marked decrease in yield after eradication of native VAM by soil sterilization. In Carimagua, with a lower native VAM population, mycorrhizal inoculation with G. manihotis increased yields significantly at intermediate levels of 100 kg/ha of applied P, using either inoculum of cassava or Panicum maximum roots or inoculum of a soil-root mixture of maize or tropical kudzu. Higher or lower levels of P decreased the effect of inoculation on yield. There were no significant differences among P sources, ranging from highly soluble triple superphosphate to low solubility rock phosphates. Inoculation with different VAM isolates had a variable effect on cassava yields, and showed that there may be an interaction between P fertilizer level and isolate efficiency. It is concluded that there may be a potential to increase yields or decrease the fertilizer P requirements of cassava through field inoculation with effective VAM isolates, in the vast areas of acid infertile Oxisols and Ultisols with low native VAM fungal populations, represented by Carimagua. 1983 Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers.",Included,
"Okonji, C. J., Okeleye, K. A., Olowe, V. I. O., Ajayi, E. O.",2007,Potentials of intercropping rice (Orysa sativa L.) and cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) of different morphotypes in the transition zone of south west Nigeria,International Journal of Agricultural Research,2,5,10.3923/ijar.2007.476.482,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12910/,"A field trial was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (latitude 715 N and longitude 325 E') located in the forest-savanna transition zone of south west Nigeria in 2002 and 2003 to assess the yield and economic potentials of intercropping two cassava morphotypes (TMS 30572, branching and TME 1, non-branching) and rice varieties (WAB 189-B-B-B-6-HB, ITA 150 and ITA 321). Significant differences was observed among the rice varieties as ITA 321 produced the highest grain yield (3.50 and 3.56 t ha-1) under sole in 2002 and 2003, respectively. Similarly under intercropping with both cassava cultivars it recorded the highest grain yield in 2002 and 2003. On the average intercropping significantly reduced the grain yield of rice intercropped with TMS 30572 and TME 1 in 2002 and 2003. In 2002, tuber yields of the two cassava cultivars in mixtures were similar to the yields of their corresponding sole. However, in 2003, sole cassava TMS 30572 and TME 1 produced significantly higher tuber yield than their conesponding intercrops. Rice/cassava intercrop on the average resulted in land equivalent ratio (LER) of 1.88 and 1.79 in 2002 and 2003, respectively indicating an advantage of intercropping rice with cassava. Also a high level of compatibility was observed as the land equivalent co-efficient in 2002 and 2003 was high especially in 2002 (0.52 and 0.88). The intercropping of rice with cassava gave a higher total net income of intercropping than sole crop as TMS 30572 intercropped with ITA 321 gave a higher total net income (Naira sign 377,100.00) than TME 1 intercropped with ITA 321 (Naira sign 355,800.00). 2007 Academic Journals.",Included,
"Esekhade, T.U., Orimoloye, J.R., Ugwa, I.K., Idoko, S.O.",2003,Potentials of Multiple Cropping Systems in Young Rubber Plantations,,v. 22,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5267/,"The long gestation period of rubber, Hevea brasiliensis, has often served as a disincentive for investors in the business of rubber farming. Multiple cropping of rubber inter-rows prior to canopy closure is being suggested as a way of enhancing an early return on investment. A two-year study was conducted at the Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria (RRIN), Iyanomo from 1988 to 1999, to evaluate the agronomic significance and economic potentials of utilizing resources in the vast inter-rows of young rubber plantations. The experiment involved intercropping of one, two, three and four crops selected from cowpea, soybean, melon, maize and cassava with young rubber. The most robust girth of rubber samplings was observed in the rubber + soybean + melon and rubber + melon + maize systems, with 2.25 cm and 3.66 cm, respectively, in the 1998 and 1999 seasons. Young rubber in the rubber + cow-pea system had the highest height increment rate of 9.91cm/month. The area harvest equivalent ratio (AHER) showed a comparative advantage of multiple cropping over sole cropping. Rubber + melon had the highest AHER of 2.41 while rubber + soybean had the least value of 1.20 among the intercrops. The highest net benefit of N102,782 with a marginal-net-benefit of N 49,803 and N 117,587 with a marginal-net-benefit of N 79,974 in 1998 and 1999 were observed in the rubber + melon + cassava and rubber + soybean + cassava cropping systems, respectively. All of the cropping systems had marginal rates of return in excess of the minimum 100 percent, except the sole rubber and rubber + melon cropping systems during the 1998 season.",Included,
"Howeler, R. H., Sieverding, E., Saif, S.",1987,Practical aspects of mycorrhizal technology in some tropical crops and pastures,Plant and Soil,100,01-Mar,10.1007/BF02370945,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7388/,"Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted on the effect of VA mycorrhiza (VAM) on the growth of cassava, various tropical grass and legume species, as well as beans, coffee and tea. A large number of VAM fungal species were evaluated for effectivity in increasing cassava growth and P uptake in acid low-P soils. The effectivity of VAM species and isolates was highly variable and dependent on soil pH and fertilizer applications, as well as on soil temperature and humidity. Two species, Glomus manihotis and Entrophospora colombiana were found to be most effective for a range of crops and pastures, at low pH and at a wide range of N, P, and K levels. At very low P levels nearly all crops and pasture species were highly mycorrhizal dependent, but at higher soil P levels cassava and several pasture legumes were more dependent than grass species. Mycorrhizal inoculation significantly increased cassava and bean yields in those soils with low or ineffective indigenous mycorrhizal populations. In these soils cassava root yields increased on the average 20-25% by VAM inoculation, both at the experiment station and in farmers' fields. VAM inoculation of various pasture legumes and grasses, in combination with rock phosphate applications, increased their early growth and establishment. Agronomic practices such as fertilization, crop rotations, intercropping and pesticide applications were found to affect both the total VAM population as well as its species composition. While there is no doubt about the importance of VA mycorrhiza in enhancing P uptake and growth of many tropical crops and pastures grown on low-P soils, much more research is required to elucidate the complicated soil-plant-VAM interactions and to increase yields through improved mycorrhizal efficiency. 1987 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.",Included,
"Wheatley, C.C., Lozano, J.C., Marriott, J., Schwabe, W.W.",1984,Pre-harvest environmental effects on cassava root susceptibility to post-harvest physiological deterioration,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18897/,,Included,
"Quevedo, M.A., Bautista, O.K. (Visayas State Coll. of Agriculture, Baybay, Leyte (Philippines). Philippine Root Crops Research Training Center)",1983,Pre-harvest factors affecting vascular streaking and quality of cassava tubers,Annals of Tropical Research (Philippines),v. 5,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14589/,"Results showed detopping of cassava plants at 50-100% and stripping of all leaves delayed vascular streaking of the tubers during storage at ambient condition. However, it reduced the dry matter and starch content of the tubers",Included,
"Terry, E. R., Schaefers, G. A., Garber, M. J.",1977,Preferential Feeding and Damage to Cultivars of Nigerian Cassava by Variegated Grasshopper (Zonocerus-Variegatus),Annals of Applied Biology,85,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17497/,,Included,
"Marrewijk, G.A.M. van.",1974,Preliminary cassava yield trials on soils of the Znaderij formation,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10718/,,Included,
"Ekanade, O.",1993,Preliminary investigations of soil patterns in large-scale agricultural projects in Nigeria,,v. 9,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5013/,"The effects of increasing periods of mechanical cultivation on soil properties under maize and cassava are compared with those under savanna in south-western Nigeria. Bulk density is significantly greater under cultivation and total porosity, pH, organic matter and extractable nutrients are all significantly less than under savanna. However, the amounts of nitrate-nitrogen and extractable nutrients do not show clear decreases with increasing mechanical cultivation. As the periods of mechanization increase, changes in most soil properties indicate increasing soil degradation. The implications of these results for agricultural policies in Nigeria are discussed.",Included,
"M., Yaseen",1977,Preliminary investigations on the biology and ecology of the green cassava mite Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) in Trinidad,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10339/,,Included,
"Shukla, P. T.",1976,"Preliminary-Report on Green Mite (Mononychellus-Tanajoa, Bonder) Resistance in Tanzanian Local Cassava Varieties",East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal,42,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16333/,,Included,
"Onyeka, T. J., Owolade, O. F., Ogunjobi, A. A., Dixon, A. G. O., Okechukwu, R., Bandyopadhyay, R., Bamkefa, B.",2008,Prevalence and severity of bacterial blight and anthracnose diseases of cassava in different agro-ecological zones of Nigeria,African Journal of Agricultural Research,3,4,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13261/,"Geo-referenced surveys were conducted in 2001 and 2003 to assess the prevalence and severity of cassava bacterial blight (CBB) and cassava anthracnose disease (CAD) in different agro-ecological zones of Nigeria. A total of 132 fields were visited in 2001 as follow humid forest (HF) 42, derived savannah (DS) 38, southern guinea savannah (SGS) 16, northern guinea savannah (NGS) 16 and Sudan savannah (SS) 20. In 2003, 277 fields were visited HF (83), DS (143), SGS (22), NGS (11), and SS (18). CBB prevalence was greater than 70% in all ecozones in 2001; 33.7% in HF, 65.7% in DS and greater than 90% in others in 2003. CAD prevalence was greater than 90% in HF for the two surveys, 44.7% and 61.5% for 2001 and 2003 respectively in DS, while it was not observed in the other zones. In both surveys, more than 80% of CBB infected fields in all ecozones were moderately severe, except in SS where 47% of fields in 2003 were highly severe. In both HF and DS, more than 30% of fields in 2001, and less than 20% in 2003, had highly severe CAD symptoms. Prevalence of CBB was negatively correlated with annual precipitation and positively correlated with maximum temperature of the ecozones, while prevalence of CAD had strong positive relationship with the annual precipitation and negative association with maximum temperature. The distribution patterns of the diseases found in this study provide a baseline for disease management programme in the rapidly expanding cassava industry in Nigeria, and implications of the results for cassava industry were discussed.",Included,
"Msikita, W., Bissang, B., James, B.D., Baimey, H., Wilkinson, H.T., Ahounou, M., Fagbemissi, R.",2005,Prevalence and severity of Nattrassia mangiferae root and stem rot pathogen of cassava in Benin,Plant disease,v. 89,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11466/,"Root rot pathogens were found through diagnostic surveys in all departments (regions) of Benin, West Africa, to affect 86 to 100% and 96 to 100% of cassava fields during the dry and rainy seasons, respectively. Disease incidence in individual fields ranged between 0 and 53%, and averaged 16 to 27% per department. Nattrassia mangiferae was consistently the most frequently isolated root rot pathogen (56% in the dry season and 22 to 52% in the rainy season). Pathogenicity of N. mangiferae was confirmed on four cultivars of cassava using stem cuttings and storage roots. For all four cultivars, N. mangiferae significantly reduced the number of roots. Lesions (3 to 15 cm long) formed on the lower stem portion of all inoculated plants, whereas control plants remained symptom free. On storage roots, the disease profile was similar to that formed on stem cuttings. Other root rot pathogens detected during the dry season were Macrophomina phaseolina (14.2%), Fusarium spp. (11.8%), Botryodiplodia theobromae (7.7%), and Pythium spp. (2.9%). During the rainy season, Fusarium spp. were the second most commonly isolated root rot pathogens in three departments (Atlantique, Borgou, and Mono). In Oueme and Zou, B. theobromae was the second most isolated root rot pathogen (ranging between 24 and 28%) during the rainy season. During the same season, Pythium spp. were pronounced in Borgou (18%), followed by Mono (11%), Atlantique (9%), Atacora (8%), Oueme (5%), and Zou (6%). Results of the study are discussed with a view to creating awareness of the destructive power of N. mangiferae, a hitherto poorly recognized root rot pathogen of cassava in Benin and West Africa in general.",Included,
"Apea-Bah, F. B., Oduro, I., Ellis, W. O., Safo-Kantanka, O.",2009,Principal components analysis and age at harvest effect on quality of gari from four elite cassava varieties in Ghana,African Journal of Biotechnology,8,9,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1218/,"Four elite cassava varieties in Ghana released under the local names Afisiafi, Tekbankye, Abasafitaa and Gblemoduade were planted in June and harvested the following year at 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 months after planting, and processed into gari. The effect that age at harvest had on selected physicochemical properties indicative of gari quality was studied in the four varieties. The parameters studied include moisture content, ash, pH, titratable acidity (% lactic acid), crude fibre, swelling capacity and yield. Moisture was between 9.54 - 11.57% while ash was between 0.88 - 1.39%. Titratable acidity was between 0.85 - 1.62% while pH ranged between 3.58 and 4.21. Swelling capacity was slightly below 3 while yield ranged between 12 and 26%. The four principal components identified were dry matter, extent of fermentation, starch content and elemental composition of the gari. Age at harvest significantly affected (p < 0.05) moisture, pH and bulk density of the gari samples. Varietal effect was not significant. 2009 Academic Journals.",Included,
"Venturini, M. T., da Silva Santos, V., de Oliveira, E. J.",2015,Procedures for evaluating the tolerance of cassava genotypes to postharvest physiological deterioration,Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira,50,7,10.1590/S0100-204X2015000700006,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18402/,"The objective of this work was to define procedures to assess the tolerance of cassava genotypes to postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD) and to microbial deterioration (MD). Roots of six cassava genotypes were evaluated in two experiments, during storage under different environmental conditions high temperature and low soil moisture; or low temperature and high soil moisture. Roots were treated or not with fungicide (carbendazim) before storage. Genotype reactions to MD and PPD were evaluated at 0, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 days after harvest (DAH), in the proximal, medial, and distal parts of the roots. A diagrammatic scale was proposed to evaluate nonperipheral symptoms of PPD. Fungicide treatment and root position did not influence PPD expression; however, all factors had significant effect on MD severity. Genotypes differed as to their tolerance to PPD and MD. Both deterioration types were more pronounced during periods of higher humidity and lower temperatures. The fungicide treatment increased root shelf life by reducing MD severity up to 10 DAH. Whole roots showed low MD severity and high PPD expression up to 10 DAH, which enabled the assessment of PPD without significant interference of MD symptoms during this period.",Included,
"Sanni, M. O., Sobamiwa, A. O.",1994,Processing and characteristics of soybean-fortified gari,World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology,10,3,10.1007/BF00414860,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15811/,"Two cassava cultivars were fermented for 3 days with the incorporation of soybean residue or full-fat flour at 25% (w/w) to produce gari. Unfortified gari was superior in taste (P<0.05) to the soybean-fortified gari, though consumers still accepted the latter. Fortified samples from two of the three procedures used, in which soybean was added at different stages of the fermentation, were rated similarly (P>0.05). The water activity of soybean-fortified gari was <0.7, the swelling capacity was 2.5 to 3.3, pH was 5.10.2 and total cyanide was 0.8 to 1.3 mg/100 g. The crude protein content of soybean-fortified gari was 8 to 12% (w/w), much higher than the 1 to 2% (w/w) of the unfortified gari. Soybean-fortified gari is recommended for use in areas where cassava is consumed and protein intake is inadequate. 1994 Rapid Communications of Oxford Ltd.",Included,
"Preston, T. R., Rodrguez, L.",2004,Production and utilization of cassava foliage for livestock in integrated farming systems,Livestock Research for Rural Development,16,5,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14446/,"A considerable amount of new research information about the use of cassava foliage as animal feed is becoming available from ongoing research in Vietnam, Thailand and Cambodia. Previously, cassava has been characterized as an ""exploitive"" crop, destructive of soil fertility. However, when cassava is grown as a component of a whole farming system, in which livestock and crops are closely integrated, its capacity to ""exploit"" the nutrients in livestock manure becomes a valuable asset. Managed as a perennial forage, annual foliage yields equivalent to four tonnes of protein per hectare have been obtained, using heavy dressings of biodigestor effluent as fertilizer and with repeated harvesting of the foliage at eight week intervals. For cattle, fresh cassava foliage has been successfully fed as the only protein supplement in diets based on rice straw or molasses. Goats fed cassava foliage as a supplement have been shown to have negligible nematode worm infestations. For pig feeding the ensiled cassava leaves have a higher digestibility when the crop is managed as a semi-perennial forage and harvested at eight week intervals compared with ensiled leaves from cassava plants destined for root production and harvested at 8-12 months. Recent experimental findings on the use of cassava foliage as a protein supplement for pigs, goats, cattle asnd buffaloes are encouraging and lay the basis for future research and development activities that promise to have a major impact in tropical farming systems.",Included,
"Benites, J.R., McCollum, R.E., Naderman, G.C.",1993,Production efficiency of intercrops relative to sequentially-planted sole crops in a humid tropical environment,Field Crops Research,31,,10.1016/0378-4290(93)90046-P,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2117/,"Intercrops are often considered more productive than sole crops in the tropics, but the validity of
this hypothesis has been poorly tested in humid-tropical regions where the growing season is infinite. The 332-day, four-component intercropping systems, modeled after the traditional planting scheme
of the local farmers, and five sole-crops systems of near-equal duration were studied under four N regimes (0, 80, 160 and 240 kg ha -~ on nonlegumes) on a Typic Paleudult in the upper Amazon basin (Yurimaguas, Peru) to test the above hypothesis. Test species were corn (Zea mays L. ), upland rice ( Oryza sativa L. ), peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. ) and cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Each intercropped system included one production cycle of the four test species. One sole-cropped system was cassava; the others were three production cycles of sequentially-planted, short-cycle food crops (corn, rice or peanut ). Production rates by the seven cropping systems were evaluated on the basis of gross product yield, total biomass and revenue generation. No intercropping system was more pro- ductive than sole crops of its intercrop components. As generators of disposable income, furthermore, each four-component intercropping system was substantially less productive than any sole-cropped system except cassava. When the intercrop data were evaluated as two-component systems, it was determined that the low productivity of the two four-crop systems tested was due to cassava-rice (LER= 0.82 ) or cassava-peanut (LER = 0.90 ) portion. The cassava intercrops did not provide any direct benefit for the corn-peanut portion (LER = 1.25 ). This suggested that a two-crop system con- sisting of a legume-nonlegume intercrop of short-cycle food crops, would be worthy of commercial exploitation in a humid tropical environment. However, to ensure the sustainability of the system, it would be necessary to prevent disease build up. Response to N by corn was maximal between 80 and 160 kg ha- t in all systems. The N response pattern for sole-cropped cassava was positive and linear, but it was virtually flat in the intercrops. The effect of N on rice grain yields was either nil or negative in both sole crop and intercrop. There was no measurable effect of N regime on intercrop efficiency.",Included,
"Hargono, Jos, B., Kumoro, A. C.",2017,Production of bioethanol from sweet and bitter cassava starches by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae,Advanced Science Letters,23,3,10.1166/asl.2017.8682,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6943/,"The ethanol fermentation of enzymatically obtained bitter cassava (Manihot glaziovii) and sweet cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) starches hydrolyzates by the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process using Saccharomyces cerrevisiae were studied. Granular starch hydrolysing enzyme (GSHE) was used in the process of hydrolysis to degrade starch into reducing sugar at 30 C and pH 4. The concentration of starch was 200 g/L, concentration of enzyme were 1 and 2% (w/w), while the concentration of yeast was 1% at pH 4.5. The cyanide content in tuber cassava affected the ethanol production. The concentration of ethanol which produced from sweet cassava starch (42 ppm of cyanide) higher than bitter cassava starch (168 ppm of cyanide). Indeed, the cyanide decreased the activity of the enzyme. The optimum condition of the process was fermentation using concentration of substrate 200 g/L, concentration enzyme 2% (w/w), pH 4.5 and 30 C, for 60 h. It was found that ethanol 71.84 g/L (sweet cassava) and 68.65 g/L (bitter cassava) and the maximum productivity of ethanol (Qeth) were 2.24 gL1h1(sweet cassava) and 1.97 gL1h1(bitter cassava). Initial reducing sugar concentration for ethanol production was 34.8 g/L, while a maximum ethanol concentration (over 50 g/L) was achieved during fermentation 60 h. 2017 American Scientific Publishers. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Lozano, J.C., Toro, J.C., Castro, A., Bellotti, A.C.",1977,Production of cassava planting material,"Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14051/,Describes for farmers the selection and propagation of planting materials to obtain healthy high yielding fields of Manihot esculenta in Trinidad and Tobago,Included,
"Leihner, D.E.",1984,production of planting material in cassava some agronomic implications,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9683/,,Included,
"Nassar, N. M. A.",1992,"Production of triploid cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz by hybrid diploid gametes",Field Crops Research,30,01-Feb,10.1016/0378-4290(92)90066-I,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11862/,"A natural hybrid of Manihot pseudoglaziovii Pax & K. Hoffmann and cassava was collected, grown, multiplied vegetatively and studied cytogenetically. The meiotic division showed fairly regular chromosome pairing and formation of 2n pollen. When selfed, a triploid was selected from among its progeny and reported here for the first time. Evaluation of this triploid for agronomic traits showed a high productivity of tuberated roots and resistance to stem borers under semi-arid conditions. The implication of intraspecific hybridization correlated with 2n gamete formation in cassava plant breeding perspectives is discussed.",Included,
"Fasae, O.A., Adu, I.F., Aina, A.B.J., Elemo, K.A.",2009,"Production, defoliation and storage of cassava leaves as dry season forage for small ruminants in smallholder crop - livestock production system",AGRICULTURA TROPICA ET SUBTROPICA,v. 42,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5558/,"Experiments were conducted in 2005 and 2006 cropping seasons in south west Nigeria to investigate the yield performance of cassava (cultivar TMS 30572), the influence of defoliation time and the chemical composition of the leaves obtained when harvested and stored as dry season forage for small ruminants. Five defoliation treatments (0, 4, 5, 6 and 7 months after planting) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Cassava yielded an average of 925 kg DM/ha of leaves with a corresponding crude protein level of 20%. The cassava tuber yield was 11,966 kg/ha. Plants defoliated before 6 months after planting had significantly reduced leaf yield. The fiber fractions, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin and hydrocyanic concentrations of the leaves signif. increased with the increase of the defoliation time. Storing the leaves beyond 3 months signif. increased the dry matter conc., while crude protein conc. signif. decreased. In conclusion, the best quality of cassava leaves was obtained when using the defoliation treatment at 6 or 7 months after planting.",Included,
"Wade, M. K., Sanchez, P. A.",1984,Productive potential of an annual intercropping scheme in the Amazon,Field Crops Research,9,C,10.1016/0378-4290(84)90030-3,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18589/,"A multiple cropping system, modeled after the traditional planting scheme of the local farmers, was the basis for an experiment conducted on a Typic Paleudult near Yurimaguas, Peru. The system utilized intercropping and relay planting to produce four and five crops per year in 2 consecutive years. One objective of the study was to quantify the effect of 1-, 2- and 3-m row spacing of the tall component crops, corn (Zea mays L.) and cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), interplanted with short-statured companion crops. The latter were soybeans (Glycine max L. Merrill) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in the 1st year and upland rice (Oryza sativa L.), peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) and cowpeas in the 2nd year. Monoculture checks were grown simultaneously with each of the intercrop components. The effect of various N rates on the productivity of each cropping pattern was also studied. As the row spacing widened, corn and cassava yields decreased while yields of the short companion crops increased. The 1-m intercropping pattern was 30% more efficient in producing crop yields than the corresponding monocultures, as measured by the area-time equivalency ratio (ATER = 1.3). This treatment also produced income and calories at a rate equal to or higher than monoculture rotations or the individual monoculture checks. The 2- and 3-m intercrops produced income, calories and protein at rates similar to the monocultures, and had ATER values near unity. Only corn (in both years) and soybeans (in the 1st year, non-nodulated) responded to N applications. ATER values were not affected by N application rates. The rate of production of income, calories and protein by the intercropping system increased with additions of N in the 1st year but not in the 2nd. A multiple cropping system such as used in this experiment (with 1-m row spacing) would be equally or more productive biologically, economically and nutritionally than the corresponding monocultures and may provide other benefits such as greater income stability, reduced weed pressure and reduced susceptibility to soil erosion. 1984.",Included,
"Carvalho, L. M. D., Carvalho, H. W. L. D., Oliveira, I. R. D., Rangel, M. A. S., Santos, V. D. S.",2016,Productivity and drought tolerance of cassava cultivars in the coastal tablelands of Northeastern Brazil,Ciencia Rural,46,5,10.1590/0103-8478cr20151035,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3112/,"Ten cassava cultivars were grown in the field and evaluated to identify the most adapted to the Coastal Tablelands of northeast Brazil. The cultivars showed differences in proline and chlorophyll contents, plant height, number of leaves and branches, canopy area and root production, however they did not differ on photosynthetic rates. Cultivars Tiangu and 9783-13 presented lower root yield, whereas BRS Tapioqueira and Irar had the highest root yield. Few leaves coupled with the highest water use efficiency for CO2 assimilation was found in BRS Kiriris in contrast to BRS Jarina and 9783-13. BRS Caipira had high proline content in both Umbaba and Frei Paulo areas, traits usually associated to drought tolerance, that contribute to the adaptation. It is also important to consider that cultivar BRS Caipira was the first to present increase in chlorophyll content after extended period of drought, that indicates a faster recovery after dry season. Furthermore, the results indicated that the most adapted cultivars for cultivation in this area are Irar, BRS Tapioqueira, BRS Kiriris and BRS Caipira. 2016, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Okeke, J.E.",1994,Productivity and yield stability in cassava (Manihot esculenta) as affected by stake weight,Journal of Agricultural Science,v. 122,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12859/,,Included,
"Silva, D. V., Ferreira, E. A., Oliveira, M. C., Pereira, G. A. M., Braga, R. R., dos Santos, J. B., Aspiazu, I., Souza, M. F.",2016,Productivity of cassava and other crops in an intercropping system,Ciencia e Investigación Agraria,43,1,10.4067/S0718-16202016000100015,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16427/,"Intercropping is a common practice among farmers in tropical regions of the world and has persisted for years, not only for traditional reasons, but also for certain advantages that helped in its ecological adaptation. In regard to low income farmers with small areas for cultivation, more attention should be given to the cost of production and better land management. Thus, the aim of this work was to determine the best intercropping system of cassava with other crops. The experiment was conducted in an area belonging to the cassava (Manihot esculenta) producers of the Planalto de Minas district in Diamantina, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The treatments comprised cassava intercropped with maize, beans and dwarf pigeon pea, as well as controls with and without weeding. The dry mass of shoots for maize, beans and dwarf-pigeon pea was affected by the presence of cassava. The productivity of cassava was dependent on cultivar and the intercropped crop. The highest harvest indexes were observed when cassava was intercropped with maize. In a general way, intercropping with maize and beans showed the highest area equivalence indexes and are recommended for the cassava crop. 2016, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Facultad de Agronomia e Ingenieria Forestal. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Muoneke, C. O., Mbah, E. U.",2007,Productivity of cassava/okra intercropping systems as influenced by okra planting density,African Journal of Agricultural Research,2,5,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11566/,"The productivity of cassava (Manihot esculentus Crantz)/okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) intercropping system as influenced by okra planting density (0; 14,000; 28,000; 42,000 and 56,000 plants/ha) in intercropping with cassava (10,000 plants/ha) were investigated in 2000/2001 and 2001/2002 cropping seasons at Umudike, a rainforest location in south-eastern Nigeria. The results showed that sole cassava plants were shorter than the intercrops between 6 to 12 weeks after planting (WAP) in 2000/2001 but throughout the growing period (6 - 48 WAP) in 2001/2002 as okra planting density in the mixture increased. Similarly, sole okra plants were shorter than the intercropped ones. The leaf production and the leaf area index (LAI) of okra were reduced by high okra planting densities intercropped with cassava. The LAI of cassava increased up to 36 WAP and thereafter declined while in okra it declined up to 10 WAP in both years. It was always higher in sole okra than in the intercrops. Intercropping reduced the total number of tubers but the tuber yield was not affected. Intercropping significantly (P< 0.05) reduced the number of fresh pods, pod length and diameter, pod weight per plant and pod yield/ha. Within the intercrops, okra pod yield was not affected by okra planting density in 2000/2001 whereas in 2001/2002 season, 42,000 plants/ha okra plots yielded higher than the other intercrops. The results showed that it was more productive to grow the two crops together as depicted by yield advantages of 25-30% and that there was higher monetary returns in the mixtures. The optimum okra planting density for intercropping with cassava was 42,000 plants/ha as it had the highest yield advantage of 30% in both seasons and gross monetary returns of N 142,000.00 and N 153,900.00 in 2000/2001 and 2001/2002 seasons, respectively.",Included,
"Ikeorgu, J. E. G., Ezumah, H. C., Wahua, T. A. T.",1989,Productivity of Species in Cassava Maize Okra Egusi Melon Complex-Mixtures in Nigeria,Field Crops Research,21,1,10.1016/0378-4290(89)90035-X,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7683/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)/Maize (Zea mays L. ) intercropping is so popular in Ni- geria that a cassava/maize intercropping package is recommended to small-scale farmers. Farmers insist on including low-growing vegetables like okra (Abelmoschus esculentus Moench) and egusi melon ( Citrullus lanatus Thunb.) in the complex. Studies were conducted in Ibadan to investigate the effects of inclusion of either or both vegetables on gross economic yields and total land pro- ductivity of the cassava/maize-plus-vegetables mixture. Tuber yield of cassava in cassava/maize/okra ( 15.8 t/ha), cassava/maize/egusi melon ( 15.1 t/ ha) and cassava/maize/okra/egusi melon {14.5 t/ha) did not differ significantly from that in cassava/maize ( 16.4 t/ha). Maize grain yield was not depressed by intercropping with vegetables. The economic yields of intercropped okra and egusi melon were reduced by more than 50% of their respective sole crop yields. The cassava/maize cropping system yielded highest calories per hectare per day (18.6 X 104 cal ha-' day -1 ) but land productivity, based on land equivalent ratio (LER), was higher where the cassava/maize system ( LER ---~ 1.58 ) included both okra and egusi melon (LER -~- 1.60 ).",Included,
"Ibeawuchi, I. I., Obiefuna, J. C., Ofoh, M. C., Edna, M. N., Ajaero, J. O.",2008,Productivity of yam-cassava based/land-race legumes in intercropping systems,Life Science Journal,5,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7583/,"Raising and sustaining the productivity of smallholder tuber based crop mixture is the major problem facing tropical agriculture. This problem is connected with the development of low input technologies, which is the sure and noble alternative of which the tuber/land race legume mixture is the answer. However, the more the component crops in the mixtures the lower, the individual crop yields. Crop mixtures involving lima bean and African yam bean were most efficient judged by the higher LER and gave the highest monetary returns which is the satisfaction of the smallholders farmer who produce majority of our foods.",Included,
"Ghosh, S.P., Mohan Kumar, B., Kabeerathumma, S., Nair, G.M.",1989,"Productivity, soil fertility and soil erosion under cassava based agroforestry systems",Agroforestry Systems,8,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6247/,,Included,
"Chianu, J. N., Akintola, J. O., Kormawa, P. M.",2002,Profitability of cassava-maize production under different fallow systems and land-use intensities in the derived savanna of southwest Nigeria,Experimental Agriculture,38,1,10.1017/S0014479702000157,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3572/,"Population pressure has diminished the role of the traditional bush fallow system in restoring the fertility of depleted soils following several years of cultivation in the derived savanna of southwest Nigeria. The search for alternative fallow systems led to the development of alley cropping using Leucaena leucocephala and cover cropping using Pueraria phaseoloides. These soil-conserving systems also embody the principles of sustainability by ensuring stable crop yields in spite of an increase in land-use intensity. Simulating smallholder farm conditions and based on a split-plot experiment with the three fallow systems as the main plots and four different land-use intensities (LUI) as the subplots, simple direct observation and record keeping were used to collect data on labour use in all farm operations including fuelwood cutting and stacking in alley cropping systems with fallow phases. Data collection covered a period of four years (1993-96), corresponding to one out of the three phases (or complete cycles) of the trial. Partial budget analysis was used to estimate profitability of cassava (Manihot utilissima)-maize (Zea mays) under each LUI. Results based on crop production indicate that each of the cassava-maize enterprises was profitable but the level of profit varied from 10 819 to 50 289 Naira ha-1. Production under cover cropping has a net benefit advantage of 4-25% (over that under bush fallow) and 25-60% (over alley cropping). Profitability increased as the LUI decreased, depicting the overall importance of fallow periods on soil fertility restoration. Results based on crop production plus fuelwood operations indicate that production with cover cropping has a net benefit advantage over that of both bush fallow and alley cropping under both zero-fallow and one-year fallow LUIs. However, results from two- and three-year fallows indicate that fuelwood yield generated sufficient revenue to put alley cropping at a net benefit advantage of 29-42% over bush fallow and 26-37% over cover cropping. From these results, cover cropping is recommended, especially to farmers in areas where, although land shortage is a problem, fuelwood and the other sources of domestic energy are still cheap and easily accessible. However, in areas with abundant land and where farmers can still wait for fallow periods of at least two years, alley cropping is recommended since, in addition to soil fertility improvement, substantial revenue is obtained. However, considerations of yield variability, labour scarcity, as well as risk-aversion behaviour among farmers may alter their technology choice.",Included,
"Xiong, Lin, Kaimian, Li, Weite, Zhang, Jie, Juang",1998,Progress in cassava breeding at the Chinese Academy of Tropical and Agric. Sciences (CATAS),"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Farmer Participatory Research in Asia: proceedings of the fifth regional workshop held in Danzhou, Hainan, China",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19560/,,Included,
"Sserubombwe, W. S., Thresh, J. M., Otim-Nape, G. W., Osiru, D. O. S.",2001,Progress of cassava mosaic virus disease and whitefly vector populations in single and mixed stands of four cassava varieties grown under epidemic conditions in Uganda,Annals of Applied Biology,138,2,10.1111/j.1744-7348.2001.tb00098.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16878/,"Progress curves of cassava mosaic virus disease (CMD) and populations of the whitefly vector (Bemisia tabaci) were assessed using four cassava varieties grown alone and as a random mixture in two experiments established under epidemic conditions at a site near Kampala in southern Uganda. There were significant differences in final CMD incidence and in the areas under the disease progress curves between varieties when grown alone and as a mixture in both experiments. Variety Ebwanateraka had the highest incidence and SS4 the lowest, even though it supported the largest populations of adult whiteflies. The overall incidence of CMD in the mixture was similar to that in pure stands of the partially resistant Nase 2 and greater than in the resistant Migyera and SS4. Compared to pure stands, incidence of CMD in each component of the mixture was reduced significantly only in Ebwanateraka, whereas vector populations were less only in SS4 and Nase 2. On several observation dates the actual incidence of CMD and populations of adult whiteflies in the mixture were significantly less than expected values estimated from the results for the four varieties when each was grown alone. A highly significant positive relationship was established for each variety between peak populations of adult whitefly and leaf area index at the time. The implications of the findings and the scope for future research on the use of varietal mixtures for the management of CMD are discussed.",Included,
CIAT,1997,Project IP-3 Improved cassava for the developing world Annual Report 1997,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19335/,,Included,
"Chikoye, D., Ellis-Jones, J., Avav, T.R., Kormawa, P.M., Udensi, U.E., Tarawali, G., Nielsen, O.K.",2007,"Promoting integrated management practices for speargrass (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch.) in soybean, cassava and yam in Nigeria","Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment",5,3&4,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19491/,,Included,
"Iglesias, C., Hershey, C., Calle, F., Bolaos, A.",1994,Propagating cassava (manihot esculenta) by sexual seed,Experimental Agriculture,30,3,10.1017/S0014479700024388,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7634/,"Commercial cassava production from true cassava seeds (TCS) appears to be a promising option for reducing or eliminating several of the production constraints associated with vegetative propagation. The most important contribution of TCS would be to reduce virus build-up in vegetative material and to resolve the problems of stake storage, low multiplication rate and the long growth cycle. Preliminary results suggest that the root yield potential of TCS is comparable with that of traditional vegetative propagation. Improvements in the capacity of true seed progenies to germinate and establish in the field can be achieved either genetically or through pre-planting seed treatments such as coating the seed with rock phosphate. Development of a successful TCS technology will require a multidisciplinary approach, involving basic studies in cassava breeding, physiology, agronomy, socio-economics and other fields. 1994, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Elias, Marianne, Lenoir, Hlne, McKey, Doyle",2007,Propagule Quantity and Quality in Traditional Makushi Farming of Cassava (Manihot esculenta) A Case Study for Understanding Domestication and Evolution of Vegetatively Propagated Crops,,v. 54,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5145/,"Modeling how crop plants evolve under domestication requires estimating among-plant variation in important parameters of the reproductive system, including fecundity - the number of propagules produced - and propagule quality. Measuring these traits poses particular problems in vegetatively propagated crop plants. Unlike seeds, vegetative propagules are not intrinsic biological entities but are prepared by farmers. Propagule number and quality are thus determined by the interaction between plant traits and how farmers prepare propagules. We conducted observations, interviews and experiments to study this interaction in cassava grown by Makushi Amerindians, examining how both sources of variation, in plant traits and in farmers' practices, combine to determine the number and quality of propagules produced. Increased stake mass, determined mostly by stem diameter, leads to increased yield and also to increased asexual 'fecundity' of the resulting plant. Farmers' practices reflect knowledge of this relationship. Diameter is the key criterion in the selection of stems for stakes. Larger diameters are preferred; when thinner stems are used, stakes are cut longer, partially compensating for reduced mass. These results suggest that conscious and unconscious selection to increase 'fecundity' and propagule quality in cassava would act to favor plants with thicker stems. Mean stem diameter is greater, and variation in stem diameter is lower, in little-branched plants. Selection for increased asexual 'fecundity' can thus have led to reduction in the degree of branching, one of the most striking differences between domesticated cassava and its wild ancestors. Measuring variation in asexual fecundity is a key step in analyzing evolution of the mixed clonal/sexual reproductive systems that characterize many vegetatively propagated crop plants.",Included,
"Oben, D. H., Menz, K. M.",1981,Prospects for low cyanide cassava in Nigeria,Food Policy,6,3,10.1016/0306-9192(81)90038-5,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12532/,"Sweet (low cyanide) and bitter (high cyanide) varieties of cassava are compared from the viewpoint of their production, processing and consumption in Nigeria. With this information, the costs and benefits of breeding higher yielding sweet varieties are calculated. A new processing method, currently in use in one region of Nigeria, is examined for its likely impact on the demand for sweet cassava. 1981.",Included,
"H.H., Yeoh, M.Y., Chew",1976,Protein content and amino acid composition of cassava leaf,,v. 15,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6747/,,Included,
"Nassar, M.A.N., Dorea, J.G.",1982,Protein contents of cassava cultivars and its hybrid with wild manihot species,,v. 32,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11852/,,Included,
"HockHin, Yeoh, Truong VanDen (Department of Botany, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 0511 (Singapore))",1996,"Protein contents, amino acid compositions and nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors for cassava roots",,v. 70,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7248/,,Included,
"Eggum, B.O.",1970,Protein quality of cassava leaves,Br. J. Nutr.,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4993/,,Included,
"Charles, A. L., Sriroth, K., Huang, T. C.",2005,"Proximate composition, mineral contents, hydrogen cyanide, and phytic acid of 5 cassava genotypes",Food chemistry,"92, issue 4",,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3376/,"Five cassava genotypes Rayong 5, Kaesetsart 50 (KU50), Rayong 2, Hanatee and KMUL 36-YOO2 (YOO2), were used in this study. Investigations showed that cassava contained 9.2-12.3% moisture, 1.2-1.8% crude protein, 0.1-0.8% crude lipid, 1.5-3.5% crude fibre, 1.3-2.8% ash, 80.1-86.3% carbohydrate, 1406-1465 kJ 100 g(-1) DM and 95-135 mg g(-1) of phytic acid. Mineral contents were 10.9-39.9, 15.2-32.3 and 9.3-54.1 mg g(-1) for Ca, Mg and P, respectively, and 221-328, 4.7-25.8, 1.41-4.25, 0.29-1.73 and 1.2-4.44 mg g(-1) for K, Na, Zn, Mn, Cu, and Fe, respectively. HCN content ranged from 8.33 to 28.8 mg HCN/kg dry weight basis. A linear relationship between Ca and P and carbohydrate and energy existed with correlation coefficients of 0.99 and 0.82, respectively. Phytate total p ranged from 77% to 88% and a linear relationship existed between phytate and total p with a correlation coefficient of 0.975.",Included,
"Jorge, V., Verdier, V.",2002,Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of cassava bacterial blight resistance in F1 progeny of a cross between elite cassava clones,Euphytica,123,1,10.1023/A1014400823817,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8384/,"Deployment of resistant varieties is one major approach to controlling cassava bacterial blight (CBB), caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (Xam). To understand the genetic determinism of resistance to CBB, the use of reliable parameters measuring resistance is necessary, In order to test a relevant method for evaluation of quantitative resistance for mapping QTL (quantitative trait loci), the response of 150 F1 individuals, inoculated with four different Xam strains (CIO-84, CIO-1, CIO-136 and CIO-295), was assessed under controlled conditions. We used two types of evaluations at different intervals after inoculation, one based on a scale of 0 to 5 and the second based on the determination of the bacterial population in the vascular system. Both evaluation types revealed interaction between strains and F1 genotypes. Population Values at 3 and 6 cm from the point of inoculation showed a high level of correlation. By performing an association analysis, at 7 and 15 days after inoculation, a significant positive correlation between both evaluation types was obtained. However, the disease rating at 30 days did not correlate with bacterial populations at either 7 or 15 days after inoculation, except for one strain, CIO-84. Evaluation of the bacterial population in stem tissues is time and labour consuming, consequently, for a rapid and reliable assessment of CBB resistance for QTL analysis, we strongly recommend evaluation based on the use of a symptom scale.",Included,
"Wheatley, C.C., Orrego A, J.I., Sanchez, T., Granados, E.",1993,Quality evaluation of the cassava core collection at CIAT,"Proceedings of the first International Scientific Meeting Cassava Biotechnology Network (Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, 25-28 August 1992)",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18909/,"A core collection of 630 cassava clones has been established at CIAT, representative of the complete germplasm collection of 5169 clones. All available clones in the core collection (560) were analysed for dry matter and total cyanogen contents, and starch was extracted for determination of amylose values. Root parenchyma dry matter and total cyanogen contents had maximum and minimum values of 49-13 and 1041-7 mg kg-1 (fresh weight basis) respectively. Mean and median parenchyma total cyanogen contents were 102 and 55 mg kg-1 (fresh weight basis) respectively. Significant positive correlations were found between dry matter contents in peel and parenchyma, and between total cyanogens in peel and parenchyma. Maximum and minimum amylose values of 28 and 15 were found. Cluster analysis identified clones containing both high root dry matter (43) and low parenchyma total cyanogen contents (20 mg kg-1). Significant differences in starch functionality were found between clones with high and low total cyanogen contents",Included,
"Padonou, W., Mestres, C., Nago, M.C.",2005,quality of boiled cassava roots instrumental characterization and relationship with physicochemical properties and sensorial properties,,v. 89  issue 2,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13636/,,Included,
"Gopalakrishna Pillai, K., George, C. M.",1979,"Quality of tubers in tapioca (Manihot utilissima Pohl) var ""Malayan-4"", as influenced by N,P,K and Ca fertilization",Agricultural research journal of Kerala,16,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6509/,,Included,
"Neuenschwander, P., Haug, T., Ajounu, O., Davis, H., Akinwumi, B., Madojemu, E.",1989,Quality requirements in natural enemies used for inoculative release Practical experience from a successful biological control programme,Journal of Applied Entomology,108,01-May,10.1111/j.1439-0418.1989.tb00475.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12036/,"During the past six years, the SouthAmerican encyrtid wasp Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) was released from the ground and from the air in about 100 areas in Africa for the biological control of the cassava mealybug (CM) Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.Ferr. It was established in all release sites and, in 1988, occurred in 18 African countries over 1.5 mio. km2. Its efficiency in permanently reducing CM populations has been documented. E. lopezi was reared on its original host plant, cassava, and on the original insect host, the CM. Rearing methods for plants, CM, and E. lopezi were developed in the course of the actual production of parasitoids for release. Continuous production without bottlenecks was assured by &gt;50 rearing units with potted plants and by large mechanized cages with hydroponic cultures, where cassava, insect host and parasitoid were reared in the same unit. Timing of parasitoid infestation and inoculum size were improved through indepth biological and ecological studies. Host instar preference, host feeding and other nutritional requirements, mutilation of hosts, low reproductive capacity, superparasitism, and developmental time were taken into account for efficient rearing, storage, and transport. The successful establishment of E. lopezi, its spread, and efficiency in Africa attest to the production of sufficient numbers of wasps of high quality. Insect and plant studies, technology development, and careful supervision contributed to good quality which, in inoculative releases, takes precedence over high numbers. Qualittsanforderungen an freizulassende natrliche Feinde zur biologischen Schdlingsbekmpfung Praktische Erfahrungen aus einem erfolgreichen Programm Whrend der letzten sechs Jahre wurde der aus Sdamerika stammende Parasitoid, Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hym., Encyrtidae) in ungefhr 100 Gebieten Afrikas zur biologischen Bekmpfung von Phenacoccus maniboti Mat.Ferr. (Hom., Pseudococcidae) freigesetzt. Der Parasitoid konnte in allen Gebieten erfolgreich eingebracht werden und trat 1988 in 18 afrikanischen Lndern in einem Gebiet von 1,5 Mio. km2 auf. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, da er die Schdlingspopulation dauerhaft reduziert. E. lopezi wurde auf seiner ursprnglichen Wirtspflanze, Cassava, und seinem ursprnglichen Wirt, P. manihoti, gezchtet. Die Zuchtmethoden fr die Pflanzen, P. maniboti und E. lopezi wurden im Rahmen der lauenden Parasitoidenproduktion entwickelt. Eine Dauerzucht ohne Engpsse konnte bei der Verwendung von mehr als 50 Kfigen mit getopften Pflanzen sichergestellt werden und ebenso bei der Verwendung von groen, mechanisierten Kfigen mit Hydrokultur, in denen Cassava, die Wirtsinsekten und die Parasitoide gleichzeitig gezchtet wurden. Die Wahl des Zeitpunktes zum Freisetzen der Parasitoide und die Menge der freigelassenen Insekten konnte durch grundlegende biologische und kologische Studien verbessert werden. Die Bevorzugung eines bestimmten Wirtsstadiums, das Fressen der Wirtstiere und andere Nahrungsansprche, Verstmmelung der Wirtstiere, geringe Reproduktionsrate, Superparasitismus und die Entwicklungsdauer wurden bei der Entwicklung einer effektiven Zuchtmethode, der Lagerung und des Transportes mit bercksichtigt. Die erfolgreiche Einbringung von E. lopezi, seine Verbreitung und Wirksamkeit in Afrika zeigen, da eine ausreichende Anzahl an Parasitoiden hoher Qualitt ausgebracht wurde. Untersuchungen an Insekten und Pflanzen, Entwicklung der Technologie und die sorgfltige berwachung tragen zu einer guten Qualitt bei, welche bei der Einbringung von natrlichen Feinden wichtiger ist, als eine groe Anzahl Insekten freizusetzen. 1989 Blackwell Verlag GmbH",Included,
"Jose, J. J. S., Mayobre, F.",1982,Quantitative Growth Relationships of Cassava (Manihot-Esculenta Crantz) - Crop Development in a Savanna Wet Season,Annals of Botany,50,3,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8402/,,Included,
"Santha, N., Sudha, K. G., Vijayakumari, K. P., Nayar, V. U., Moorthy, S. N.",1990,Raman and Infrared-Spectra of Starch Samples of Sweet-Potato and Cassava,Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences-Chemical Sciences,102,5,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15846/,,Included,
"Ceballos, H., Morante, N., Sanchez, T., Ortiz, D., Aragon, I., Chavez, A. L., Pizarro, M., Calle, F., Dufour, D.",2013,Rapid Cycling Recurrent Selection for Increased Carotenoids Content in Cassava Roots,Crop Science,53,6,10.2135/cropsci2013.02.0123,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3181/,"Improving total carotenoids content (TCC) in cassava roots is an important strategy to reduce vitamin A deficiency in human populations that rely on cassava as a source of energy in their diets. The high heritability for TCC in the roots allowed the International Center for Tropical Agriculture to implement a rapid cycling recurrent selection approach that reduced the standard length of each cycle from the ordinary 8 yr to 3. Data from successive evaluation nurseries suggested that gains have been made through time. However, no comparison of different cycles of selection has been made when representatives of each cycle were grown together. This study compares 4 to 5 clones representative of cycles of selection from 2004 to 2009. Results demonstrated significant gains for TCC as well as for total beta-carotene (TBC) expressed both in a fresh and dry weight basis. Although dry matter content (DMC) was not a selection criterion during the selection process, it increased with the successive cycles of selection. This suggests that indeed, simultaneous gains for TCC, TBC, and DMC are feasible. This finding is relevant for the important ongoing efforts at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture and African National Programs to release biofortified cassava clones in Africa with adequate levels of dry matter content.",Included,
"Esquivel, T. F., Maravalhas, N.",1973,Rapid field method for evaluating hydrocyanic toxicity of cassava root tubers,Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,21,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5286/,,Included,
"Dahniya, N. T., Kallon, S. N.",1984,Rapid multiplication of cassava by direct planting,"Tropical root crops: production and uses in Africa; Proceedings of the 2nd Triennial Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, Africa Branch, Douala, Cameroon, 14-19 Aug 1983",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4208/,"The possibility of rapidly multiplying cassava by planting short, hardwood stakes and soft-stem tops into the field was investigated. The results suggest 1-, 2-. 3-, and 4-node hardwood stakes could be planted directly into the field under the wet, tropical conditions of Sierra Leone. Young stem tops could also be used, if two tops were planted per stand.",Included,
"Popoola, Akinola Rasheed, Olanloye, Olufunmilayo Adebimpe",2012,Rapid screenhouse assessment of bacterial blight in cassava genotypes in Nigeria,,v. 45,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14340/,"Bacterial blight disease caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (Berthet-Bondar) Dye was assessed in 11 artificially inoculated cassava genotypes in a screenhouse. Disease progress was estimated at intervals of 3 days by measuring the length of necrotic lesions on stems and leaves, as well as estimating the average disease score and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC). Based on the average disease scores, cassava genotypes 30572, TME 1, TME 7 and TME 9 were classified as resistant to bacterial blight, genotypes 4(2)1425, TME 2, TME 4 and TME 12 were tolerant while cassava genotypes 30001, TME 3, and TME 28 were susceptible. Direct correlations, statistically significant at p<0.05, were obtained between stem necrosis, leaf necrosis, average disease scores and AUDPC in the 11 cassava genotypes. Screenhouse experiments afford rapid assessment of resistance status of cassava genotypes to bacterial blight in Nigeria.",Included,
"Fokunang, C. N., Dixon, A. G. O., Ikotun, T., Akem, C. N., Tembe, E. A.",2002,Rapid screening method of cassava cultivars for resistance to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f.sp. manihotis,Journal of Phytopathology,150,1,10.1046/j.1439-0434.2002.00708.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5779/,"An in vitro method for assessing cassava anthracnose disease (CAD) resistance was developed as a preliminary screen to a CAD‐resistant breeding programme. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) media was amended by extracts from the stem cortex of 10 cassava cultivars (30001; 30572, 30211, 88/02549, 88/00695, 88/01336, 91/00344, 91/00313, 91/00684 and 91/00475), and assayed for efficacy of inhibition of the growth of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis isolates (05FCN, 10FCN, 12FCN, and 18FCN). Morphological and physiological data indicated that there was a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05), in mycelial growth, spore germination and sporulation among the four isolates on PDA amended with cassava stem extracts. Extracts from cassava cultivars 30211, 91/00684 and 91/00313 showed higher inhibition of germ tube development, mycelial growth and sporulation of the fungal isolates, whereas cultivars 88/02549 and 88/01336 showed the least inhibition. The 10 cultivars were further tested in both greenhouse and field conditions, under disease pressure for two planting seasons, to corroborate resistance to the fungus as observed in vitro. Greenhouse and field trials with the 10 cassava cultivars showed a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) in CAD resistance. Cultivars 88/02549 and 88/01336 were highly CAD‐susceptible, as shown in the in vitro assays and confirmed in the greenhouse and field tests. The other eight cultivars were either resistant (30211, 91/00684), or moderately resistant (30572, 88/00695, 91/00475, 91/00344, 30001 and 91/00313) to CAD. The study shows that an in vitro screening assay of cassava for resistance to CAD could serve as a convenient preliminary screening technique to discriminate CAD‐resistant from CAD‐susceptible cassava cultivars. The in vitro screening method considerably reduces time and labour in comparison with the current screening techniques of cassava, which involve field planting, inoculation and evaluation.",Included,
"Okorogri, E. B., Adetimirin, V. O., Ssemakula, G., Odu, B., Dixon, A. G. O.",2010,Rate of re-infection of tissue culture-derived Latin American and East and Southern African cassava genotypes by mosaic disease,African Journal of Biotechnology,9,51,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12928/,"The rate of reinfection by cassava mosaic disease (CMD) in initially virus-free cassava plants of two Latin American and twelve East and Southern African cassava genotypes grown was studied under high disease pressure conditions. An improved clone, TMS 4(2)1425, from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture was used as check. The virus-free plants had been produced through meristem-tip culture and multiplied in a pest-proof screen house. The genotypes were planted in single row plots of 5 plants each, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications and spacing of 1 × 1 m2. Incidence and severity of CMD on the genotypes were assessed weekly, from 4 to 16 weeks after planting (WAP). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests for the cassava mosaic virus were carried out using young leaves collected randomly at 15, 16 and 17 WAP from plants both with and without symptoms. Six genotypes had > 60% CMD incidence at 4 WAP; by 7 WAP, 12 genotypes had > 60% incidence. Only Kigoma red, Kiroba, and UKG-41-6 were not infected at 4 WAP while Mbudumali had 90% incidence at this time. At 16 WAP, ten genotypes had 100% CMD incidence; Kigoma Red was 39.6% infected. ELISA detected a mean CMD reinfection rate of 66.6%; PCR detected 69%. A high negative and significant (P< 0.01) correlation (r = - 0.70) was established between CMD severity and storage root yield.",Included,
"Alicai, T., Omongo, C.A., Maruthi, M.N., Hillocks, R.J., Baguma, Y., Kawuki, R., Bua, A., Otim-Nape, G.W., Colvin, J.",2007,Re-emergence of Cassava Brown Streak Disease in Uganda,,v. 91,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/857/,"During November 2004, veinal chlorosis on mature cassava leaves, typical of cassava brown streak disease (CBSD), was observed at Mukono in central Uganda. Five out of 11 cultivars at the site showed CBSD symptoms (incidence range 4 to 64%). In a survey of farmers' fields, CBSD was observed in Wakiso and Mukono districts. Incidence of cassava mosaic disease was also recorded and averaged 60% for landraces (range 16.7 to 100%) and 20% for resistant varieties (range 0 to 65%). Leaf samples of plants with CBSD symptoms produced an amplicon of 222 bp using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with primers that amplify a fragment of the coat protein (CP) gene of Cassava brown streak virus. Sequence comparisons based on the amplified CP gene fragment indicated that the isolates have 77 to 82.9% nucleotide and 43.9 to 56.8% amino acid identity with those from Mozambique and Tanzania. There was 95.9 to 99.5% nucleotide and 85.1 to 90.5% amino acid identity among the Ugandan isolates. These results confirm the re-emergence of CBSD in Uganda after it was first observed in the 1930s in cassava introduced from Tanzania and controlled by eradication. Prior to this report, CBSD was known to be restricted to the coastal lowlands of East Africa.",Included,
"Ngeve, J. M., Nukenine, E. N., Dixon, A. G. O.",2003,Reaction of cassava genotypes to the cassava mosaic disease in three distinct agroecologies in Nigeria,Journal of Phytopathology,151,2,10.1046/j.1439-0434.2003.00688.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12081/,"Nine cassava genotypes were grown at six representative sites in Nigeria for 3 years to Study their response to cassava mosaic disease (CMD), investigate the influence of genotype x environment (G x E) interactions on their reactions to the disease, and identify genotypes with stability to the disease, using the Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction statistical model. Environments, genotypes and G x E interactions were highly significant (P < 0.01) for the disease. The G x E interactions accounted for 19.5% of the treatment sums of squares for CMD and influenced the relative ranking of genotypes across environments. The magnitude of the G x E interaction effect for CMD was larger than that of genotypes. Examination of the G x E interaction structure revealed specific areas where screening of cassava genotypes for resistance to CMD could be performed best. The study identified genotypes such as TMS 30001 and 63397 with resistance to CMD and CMD-stable clone U/41044, which could be distributed to growers, and sites such as Ibadan and Ubiaja with high CMD severity for screening genotypes for reaction to CMD.",Included,
"Oduro, K.A., Appah, J, Damptey, H.B.",1999,"Reaction of introduced yellow cassava to a cassava bacterial blight isolate in Port Harcourt, Nigeria",Ghana Journal of Science,39,,10.4314/gjs.v39i1.15853,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12500/,"Two Ghanaian lines and five UTA unreleased lines of yellow cassava were tested for their susceptibility to a cassava bacterial blight (CBB) disease. They were evaluated together with two local white lines which were known to be highly susceptible to the disease. Two trials each were conducted in the greenhouse under artificial irrigation and OR the field under rain-fed conditions. The greenhouse work was done between January and July, 1986 while the field experiments were performed from April to November, 1986. In both the greenhouse and field experiments conducted during the period when the disease was reported to affect cassava in Nigeria (April to September), one of the introduced yellow lines showed a high susceptibility level (3.8) similar to the two local white lines (3.0 and 3.6). The six other introduced lines were moderately resistant (2- 2.4). In the field trial conducted between August and November, however, all the lines including the local white ones showed high resistance (1.0-1.3).",Included,
"Nair, P.G., Mohankumar, C.R., Mohankumar, B., Nayar, T.V.R., Kabeerathumma, S., Potty, V.P.",1992,Recent progress in cassava agronomy research in India,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Utilization Research in Asia: Proceedings of the Third Regional Workshop Held in Malang, Indonesia, Oct. 22-27, 1990",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11725/,"In India, the cultivation of cassava is mainly confined to the southern states (Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh) as well as the NE region. The major cassava growing soils in these states are Ultisols, Vertisols and Alfisols. The agrotechniques and fertilizer schedule for cassava in these soils have been determined. Cassava-based sequential cropping conducted in double-crop rice fields showed that vegetable cowpea followed by cassava is a profitable proposition for max. net income of 300 percent over control. Sequential cropping with short-duration cassava under rainfed conditions in uplands has shown that there was a significant reduction of about 25 percent in root yield when cassava was grown after short-duration legumes. Intercropping cassava with groundnut, French bean and vegetable cowpea was found to be most promising in Kerala, while onion and tomato were most profitable in Tamil Nadu. Interaction effects among component species in a 3-tier agroforestry system indicate a marked yield reduction of cassava when grown along with eucalyptus and Leucaena, but this combination was found to reduce soil loss and run-off by 70-80 percent. When cassava was grown on staggered mounds along with intercrops like groundnut and cowpea, erosion was reduced to only 43.0 percent of control. Nutrient removal under these various cropping systems was highest for the crop sequence cassava-groundnut (324 kg N, 46 kg P and 304 kg K/ha). However, in the multi-tier system the max. removal of 248 kg N, 12 kg P and 123 kg K/ha was for cassava + banana. For continuous cultivation of cassava, a combined application of FYM at 12.5 t/ha and N, P and K at 100 kg/ha each was found to maintain high cassava yields, but an imbalance in this fertilizer dose resulted in deficiency symptoms of Ca, Mg and Zn. However, for low-cost soil fertilizer management for cassava it was found that application of FYM can be eliminated by growing cowpea as a preceeding crop, the rate of P application can be reduced to 50 kg P/ha, applied as rock phosphate, while incorporating the plant tops into the soil. Supplementary irrigation to cassava at 1 IW/CPE resulted in an increase of 42-64 percent in yield",Included,
"Nayar, T.V.R., Kabeerathumma, S., Potty, V.P., Mohankumar, C.R.",1995,Recent progress in cassava agronomy research in India,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy Research and Technology Transfer in Asia, Proceedings of the fourth regional workshop held in Trivandrum, Kerala, India, Nov 2-6, 1993",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11946/,"Earlier agronomy research concentrated on the development of cultural practices and soil fertility management for cassava grown in monoculture. Recently, research has focused on the development of cassava-based cropping systems, soil fertility management with emphasis on micronutrients and bio-fertilizers (especially VA-mycorrhiza), low-input technology, water emphasis on micronutrients and bio-fertilizers (especially VA-mycorrhiza), low-input technology, water management and production practices for non-traditional areas. Short-duration cassava cultivars were shown to produce higher root yields at closer spacing of 75x75 cm, while for cassava grown under coconuts a plant population of 8000/ha was found to be optimum.",Included,
"Evangelio, F.A., Villamayor, F.G., Dingal, A.G., Ladera, J.C., Medellin, A.C., Miranda, J., Sajise, G.E.",1995,Recent progress in cassava agronomy research in the Philippines,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy Research and Technology Transfer in Asia, Proceedings of the fourth regional workshop held in Trivandrum, Kerala, India, Nov 2-6, 1993",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5336/,"In Leyte, the long-term fertility trial under coconut showed significant responses to fertilizers after the second cropping cycle. Highest yields were obtained in treatments with 90 kg/ha of P2O5 and 60 kg/ha of N and K2O, while lowest yields were obtained in treatments without P application. In another trial there was a significant interaction between time-of planting and age-at-harvest. When intercropping maize within cassava rows, the yield of cassava was not reduced if the fertilizer requirements of both crops were met and the population of maize was only half of that of the monocrop. In an erosion control trial, large soil losses were observed in plots where vetiver or lemon grass had been planted as contour barriers, especially during the first year of establishment",Included,
"Evangelio, Fernando A., Ladera, Julieta C.",1998,Recent progress in cassava agronomy research in the Philippines,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Farmer Participatory Research in Asia. Proc. 5th Regional Workshop, held in Danzhou, Hainan, China. Nov 3-8, 1996.",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5338/,,Included,
"Hy, Nguyen Huu, Nghia, Tran Dai, Bien, Pham Van",1995,Recent progress in cassava agronomy research in Vietnam,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy Research and Technology Transfer in Asia, Proceedings of the fourth regional workshop held in Trivandrum, Kerala, India, Nov 2-6, 1993",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7562/,"Cassava is an important root crop in Vietnam, and after rice and maize it is the major source of calories for human consumption and animal feed. Recently, cassava research has been supported by the national Root and Tuber Crops Resarch Program and by CIAT. Cassava agronomy research has produced the following results - Among various intercropping systems, the interplanting of cassava with peanut, mungbean or maize were the most promising in the South, while intercropping with peanut was most promising in the North. - Cassava planted vertically and on single ridges gave higher yields than planting in other positions or with other types of plant bed configurations. Differences in yield due to stake position or plant bed configuration were not significant, however.",Included,
"Xueqin, Zheng, Xiong, Lin, Weite, Zhang, Kaifu, Ye, Yinong, Tian",1992,Recent progress in cassava varietal and agronomic research in China,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Utilization Research in Asia: Proceedings of the Third Regional Workshop Held in Malang, Indonesia, Oct. 22-27, 1990",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19592/,"In China, agronomic research emphasizes rational fertilizer use, including the rate of application of different elements and their ratios, as well as cultural methods to reduce soil erosion. The progress made from 1987 to 1990 can be summarized as follows release and extension of a new cultivar, SC124, which is high-yielding and cold-tolerant; breeding and selection of eight new promising clones CM4031-2, CM4046-4, CM4040-4, CM3970-8, CM4044-1, CM483-3, ZM8013, ZM8002, which have been put into regional trials or production tests; selection of about 30 new advanced clones from breeding trials; acquisition of 70 new accessions for the cassava germplasm collection; establishment of a cassava regional trial network, which consists of 14 trials in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan and Fujian provinces; initiation of soil conservation trials, which indicate that contour ridge planting and/or minimum tillage can reduce soil losses due to erosion to about half; NPK fertilizer trials in Hainan showed that K application increased cassava yields by about 25 percent, while compound fertilizer increased yield by 58 percent; NPK fertilizer trials in Guangzhou and Nanning showed a significant response in the first two years to application of 50-100 kg N/ha with no responses to P and K.",Included,
"Tan, S.L.",1992,Recent progress in cassava varietal and agronomic research in Malaysia,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Utilization Research in Asia: Proceedings of the Third Regional Workshop Held in Malang, Indonesia, Oct. 22-27, 1990",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17311/,"Cassava research in Peninsular Malaysia, specifically in MARDI, over the past 3 yr has concentrated on the selection of high-yielding clones adapted to local conditions, as well as certain agronomic studies related to pressing problems of the industry. A new clone, Perintis, was released in 1988; it is adapted to a range of agro-ecological environments and is higher yielding than the popular local cv., Black Twig. Recent results show the promise in selecting for early clones, harvestable after 6 mo. One particular clone is capable of producing in 6 mo. what Black Twig yields in 12 mo. Agronomic research on mineral soils gave attention to problems of soil erosion, shortage in agricultural labor, and cyanide poisoning. Some preliminary work shows that erosion may be minimized by zero tillage with subsoiling or by trip-cropping cassava with natural grass, groundnut or citronella. The labor problem can be overcome by mechanizing various field operations. Cyanide levels in the shoots of several cassava cv. were found to be poisonous at any stage of growth between 15-55 wk. On drained peat, the research emphasis has been on long-term fertility management, water-table management, and profit-increasing practices such as intercropping with sweet corn and min. tillage. Future research on cassava will aim at developing economically viable technologies for the large-scale exploitation of drained peat as well as for certain aspects of processing related to livestock feed and utilization.",Included,
"Bandara, W.M.S.M., Sikurajapathy, M.",1992,Recent progress in cassava varietal and agronomic research in Sri Lanka,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Utilization Research in Asia: Proceedings of the Third Regional Workshop Held in Malang, Indonesia, Oct. 22-27, 1990",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1847/,"In Sri Lanka the highest annual cassava production of approx. 0.85 million t was recorded in 1974. The cultivation decreased gradually until 1980 and production has remained at about 300-500 thousand t from then onwards. Yields have fluctuated markedly from year to year, with an average of 13.3 t/ha during the past 10 yr. In 1988 the Dept. of Agriculture in Sri Lanka released its 1st cassava cv., CARI-555, which evolved through a systematic var. improvement program. The introduction of high-yielding genotypes was initiated in the form of seeds and tissue cultures. The introduced materials from CIAT (Colombia) and the Thai-CIAT programs are now in different stages of evaluation. Materials generated from the local hybridization and clones selected from local germplasm have also been incorporated. Steps have been taken to distribute new cv. among farmers by conducting on-farm demonstrations. In the area of agronomy, main emphasis was given to determine the possibility of altering former recommendations, specifically for the non-branching growth habit of the new cv. Basic trials such as fertilization, spacing and time of planting are being conducted in different locations.",Included,
"Tan, Swee Lian, Chan, S.K.",1995,Recent progress in cassava varietal improvement and agronomy research in Malaysia,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy Research and Technology Transfer in Asia, Proceedings of the fourth regional workshop held in Trivandrum, Kerala, India, Nov 2-6, 1993",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17320/,"A total of four sets of seeds (totalling 5526 seeds) were received from CIAT during the period 1990-1993. One set (comprising 1100 hybrid seeds) originated from the Thai-CIAT program in Rayong. Evaluation and selection of seedling clones has progressed satisfactorily, and culminated in the release on August 9, 1992 of an early clone (CM3906-31) named MM 92. This cultivar is capable of yielding 30 t/ha of fresh roots on drained peat after six months, and up to 40 t/ha on mineral soils. Starch content, however, was low at 20 percent. Agronomic research included studies on the effect of spacing and fertilizer rates on the yield of Perintis (released in 1988) and MM 92 grown on peat. A long-term fertility trial on peat has now completed its ninth cropping cycle.",Included,
"Baiping, Fang, Xiong, Lin, Kaimian, Li, Yinong, Tian",1995,Recent progress in cassava varietal improvement in China,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy Research and Technology Transfer in Asia, Proceedings of the fourth regional workshop held in Trivandrum, Kerala, India, Nov 2-6, 1993",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1770/,"The paper discusses the research progress mainly for the period of 1990-1993. There are three institutions, SCATC, UCRI and GSCRI, which are systematically working on cassava breeding in China. Since the principal constraint to cassava varietal improvement is the lack of genetic variability, the main approach currently used is the evaluation and selection of hybrid seeds introduced from CIAT/Colombia and from the Thai-CIAT program",Included,
"Widodo, Y., Poespodarsono, S.",1992,Recent progress in cassava varietal improvement in Indonesia,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Utilization Research in Asia: Proceedings of the Third Regional Workshop Held in Malang, Indonesia, Oct. 22-27, 1990",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18950/,"In Indonesia, cassava is the 3rd most important food crop after rice and maize. Due to its rising demand, cassava production in the yr 2000 is projected at about 17.5 million t. This means that the production needs to be increased at the rate of 1.5 percent/yr. This increase in production is expected through an increase in yield rather than from a significant increase in harvested area. The use of high-yielding cv. and improved cultural practices are the key factors for increasing per hectare yield. Some old improved and local cv. are still widely used by farmers. In Java most of the existing cassava cv. are sweet, because cassava is consumed as a staple or supplemental human food, while outside of Java bitter cv. are preferred for making cassava starch. Mentega, Mentik, Ketan (local), Gading and Valenca (old improved) are the sweet cv., while Kretek, Gendruwo (local), Bogor, Faroka, Pandemir, and SPP (old improved) are the bitter ones. The accomplishments of the breeding program play a significant role in increasing cassava production. The high-yielding cv., namely Adira 1 (sweet) and Adira 2 (bitter) released in 1978, and Adira 4 (bitter) released in 1986, are now cultivated widely by farmers and plantations. Collaborative research between Indonesian breeders and CIAT scientists was initiated in the early 80's in order to expedite the development of high-yielding cv. Recently, some very promising clones, with a yield potential up to 40 t/ha, have been identified, and will be released as the national recommended cv. in the near future.",Included,
"Poespodarsono, Soemarjo",1998,Recent progress in cassava varietal improvement in Indonesia,"Cassava breeding, agronomy and farmer participatory research in Asia, proceedings of the fifth regional workshop held in CATAS",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14284/,,Included,
"Limsila, A., Rojanaridpiched, C., Tiraporn, C., Sinthuprama, S., Kawano, K.",1992,Recent progress in cassava varietal improvement in Thailand,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Utilization Research in Asia: Proceedings of the Third Regional Workshop Held in Malang, Indonesia, Oct. 22-27, 1990",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9914/,"The main objective of var. improvement in Thailand has been to add higher yielding ability, higher root DM content and early harvestability to be successful local cv. Rayong 1. The Rayong Field Crops Research Center of the Department of Agriculture (DOA) and the Sriracha Research Station of Kasetsart University (KU) have been actively conducting cassava breeding work since the early 1970s and 1980s, resp. Cooperation with CIAT has been instrumental in training of research personnel and in the introduction of germplasm materials. Regional evaluation trials and on-farm testing are conducted jointly by DOA and KU and promising cross parents are mutually exchanged. The DOA cassava breeding program has released 4 cv. up to now and has 2 advanced clones to be released shortly. The KU program also has 2 promising clones to be released in 1990/91 and 1991/92. The var. release started with a selection from local land races (Rayong 1), then moved to selecting from introduced breeding populations (Rayong 2 and 3), and later progressed to selecting from locally produced hybrid populations (Rayong 60). The most recent and advanced clones are selections from hybrids between Rayong 1 and locally selected cross parents, and they appear to exceed Rayong 1 in both fresh and dry root yields, due to improved total biological yield, HI and root DM content. Advanced breeding materials are being distributed to cassava var. improvement programs in other Asian countries through CIAT cooperation.",Included,
"Rodjanaridpiched, C., Limsila, A., Supraharn, D., Boonseng, O., Poolsanguan, P., Tiraporn, C., Kawano, K.",1995,Recent progress in cassava varietal improvement in Thailand,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy Research and Technology Transfer in Asia, Proceedings of the fourth regional workshop held in Trivandrum, Kerala, India, Nov 2-6, 1993",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15242/,"Five cassava cultivars for industrial purposes, Rayong 3, Rayong 60, Sriracha 1, Rayong 90 and Kasetsart 50, were released during 1984-1992. New cultivars were simultaneously evaluated in research stations and farmers' fields in 53 locations during 1991 and 1992. Yields of each cultivar were regressed on mean yield of all cultivars in each location to detect the response of cultivars to 53 different yielding environments. New cultivars had higher HI and root DM content than the most important local cultivar, Rayong 1. Rayong 3, which had higher HI but lower total biological yield (TBY) than Rayong 1, yielded higher than Rayong 1 only in very high yielding environments.",Included,
"Mariscal, Algerico M., Bergantin, Reynaldo V.",1998,Recent progress in cassava varietal improvement in the Philippines,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Farmer Participatory Research in Asia: Proceedings of the Fifth Regional Workshop held in Danzhou, Hainan, China, Nov 3-8, 1996",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10696/,"In recent years cassava has become an important raw material for various domestic needs (food, feed, alcohol and high fructose sugar). To cope with high demand for cassava roots the breeding and selection program has been intensified to identify varieties that are high yielding and having high starch and dry matter contents. The continuous introduction of improved cassava populations from the Thai-CIAT program and from CIAT/Colombia contributed to the identification of good varieties, and consequently, the establishment of cassava genepools having a wide genetic base. This has led to the establishment of a breeding program using the best parents of local and foreign sources. Progress in selection for the last three years was observed but was not phenomenal. In fact, from the regional trials jointly conducted by PRCRTC and its cooperating stations, two new varieties of cassava from CIAT/Colombia selected by the University of the Philippines at Los Banos, were released by the National Seed Industry Council. These are CM3419-2A as PSB CV-11 and SM972-20 as PSB CV-12. Both are intended for food and feed because of their low levels of HCN. Using the popular variety Lakan as check for the selection and evaluation among introduced materials from CIAT/Colombia and Thailand, gradual progress is made in yield and dry matter content. Superior varieties have been identified but are still in the pipeline for further testing. Varietal dissemination of new varieties has been intensified through on-farm trials and demonstration farms in strategic areas where farmers have the opportunity to observe and select. The involvement of the private sector, specifically the San Miguel Corporation, in the creation of high demand for cassava has paved the way for the rapid increase of production in terms of area and varietal dissemination. For the last two years the Agribusiness Division of San Miguel Corporation has supported 3,000 ha of cassava in Mindanao. Support given is in terms of planting material, land preparation and fertilizer input. All produce will go to San Miguel with a price profitable to the farmers. The projected cassava area needed to meet the needs of San Miguel Corporation is 55,000 ha. To this effect, variety trials are conducted in farmers' fields using recommended varieties (Rayong 60, Rayong 90, Rayong 5, KU-50 and the VC series) in Mindanao. Furthermore, rapid propagation is planned to back-up the need for more planting material. Aside from the San Miguel Corporation, starch millers throughout the country continue to expand their production area due to the high demand for starch. High HCN varieties are preferable. VC-5, which is high in HCN, is now planted in more than 3,000 ha in Lanao, while more than 1,000 ha of Lakan are planted in Negros Occidental to support Unistarch. Further selection will focus on identification of superior varieties with high starch content and high yield while having low to high levels of HCN.",Included,
"Bacusmo, J.L., Bader, R.",1992,Recent progress in cassava varietal improvement in the Philippines,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Utilization Research in Asia: Proceedings of the Third Regional Workshop Held in Malang, Indonesia, Oct. 22-27, 1990",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1708/,"The report focuses on the developments for the period 1987-1990. Cassava varietal improvement in the Philippines is undertaken by the Philippine Root Crops Research and Training Center, ViSCA, Baybay, Leyte, and the Institute of Plant Breeding-UPLB, Los Banos, Laguna. Important developments include the sharing of responsibilities on cassava varietal improvement by institutes/agencies involved. Thirty new accessions in meristem culture were received from CIAT and added to the PRCRTC germplasm collection. Since 1987 about 6,198 and 974 new genotypes have been evaluated by PRCRTC and IPB, respectively. Four new cultivars were released by the Philippines Seed Board. Two of the released cultivars are CIAT-introduced materials, namely CMC 40 and CM 3590-1. Screening for resistance to bacterial blight (CBB), scale insects and spider mites continues. Few cultivars exhibit moderate field resistance to spider mites. On-farm trials are being conducted at strategic locations of the country in order to demonstrate the performance of the recommended cultivars as well as to disseminate them. The distribution of planting materials is still the main constraint for the new cultivars to create impact on cassava production in the Philippines. Throughout the 90s the priority of PRCRTC and other agencies will be on establishing a national system of distribution of cassava planting material.",Included,
"Mariscal, A.M., Bacusmo, J.L.",1995,Recent progress in cassava varietal improvement in the Philippines,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy Research and Technology Transfer in Asia, Proceedings of the fourth regional workshop held in Trivandrum, Kerala, India, Nov 2-6, 1993",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10695/,"The report covers varietal improvement for the period 1990-1993. Not much progress was made in the 1990/91 season due to the occurrence of a super typhoon that damaged standing field trials. In recent years, however, progress in selection was made in terms of high yield and dry matter content and good plant type. The cassava germplasm bank of PRCRTC has currently a total of 270 accessions, including 30 varieties introduced through tissue culture from Thailand. From this germplasm a polycross nursery and hybridization block were established to incorporate desirable genes into the local cultivars. Since 1991 about 3659 new genotypes have been evaluated by PRCRTC. From these evaluations and screenings two varieties of CIAT origin were released by the Philippines Seedboard.",Included,
"Ngoan, Tran Ngoc, Quyen, Tran Ngoc, Kim, Hoang, Kawano, K.",1995,Recent progress in cassava varietal improvement in Vietnam,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy Research and Technology Transfer in Asia, Proceedings of the fourth regional workshop held in Trivandrum, Kerala, India, Nov 2-6, 1993",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12096/,"Cassava is after maize an important subsidiary crop in Vietnam. The amount of production used for human consumption is now only about 10-20 percent, that for animal feed increased to about 30 percent, for industrial processing about 30-40 percent, while about 20 percent is used for other requirements. Although in terms of area Vietnam is among the thirteen largest cassava because cassava is considered a poor farmers' crop, which is generally neglected, both in research and in the production field. Cassava breeding for high yield and high starch content and with adaptation to adverse soil and climatic conditions is the most important among the development strategies for cassava in Vietnam. KM-60 (Rayong 60) and promising clones selected from hybrid seeds are being tested in a network of on-farm evaluation trials throught the country.",Included,
"Byju, G., Misra, R. S., Nair, R. R., Haripriya Anand, M., Jeeva, M. L., Ravindran, C. S.",2013,Reclamation of degraded vertisols under cassava in arid environments of india,Developments in Soil Salinity Assessment and Reclamation Innovative Thinking and Use of Marginal Soil and Water Resources in Irrigated Agriculture,,,10.1007/978-94-007-5684-7_20,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2790/,"A major portion of the area under cassava in India is under irrigated Vertisols, and the farmers face a number of soil-related constraints which significantly reduce the tuberous root yield of cassava. In order to reclaim these arid lands and to increase the yield and profitability of farmers, farmer-friendly technologies have been developed based on field experiments conducted during the past 7 years since 2003. Three different on-farm experiments were conducted to study these problems and to develop a sustainable reclamation strategy. Major components of the technology include adoption of deep tillage with a chisel plough, application of neem cake, application of biofertilizers such as N fixer, P-solubilizing bacteria and AM fungi and biocontrol agents like Trichoderma and Pseudomonas. Besides this, a balanced fertilization schedule based on site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) approach have also been developed to address the problems due to imbalance in nutrient applications by farmers in those arid environments. Studies have shown that these technologies have resulted in significant increase in tuberous root yield and income of farmers besides improving soil health and soil quality. Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013.",Included,
"Pardales Jr, J. R., Yamauchi, A.",2003,Regulation of root development in sweetpotato and cassava by soil moisture during their establishment period,Plant and Soil,255,1,10.1023/A1026160309816,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13774/,"In order to affect a better management for sweetpotato and cassava, especially during their establishment period, a series of experiments were conducted to determine possible regulation of root development of sweetpotato and cassava as a function of (i) moisture regime in the soil and variety, and, (ii) shifting soil moisture. In both sweetpotato and cassava, the production (formation) and growth (elongation) of the adventitious roots and their contemporaneous lateral roots were greatly affected by soil moisture, a deficiency of which generally suppressed their formation and subsequent growth. Genotype variation likewise influenced the individual root system development but this was more apparent in sweetpotato than in cassava. Fluctuation in the amount of water in the soil brought about variable development in the individual component roots in a root system of both sweetpotato and cassava, with deficient moisture as the most depressive, even though the plants had been exposed previously to well watered (normal) condition. In both crops, the individual root system components' growth under deficient soil moisture were in all instances improved when exposed afterwards to normal soil moisture.",Included,
"Shrestha, R. P., Schmidt-Vogt, D., Gnanavelrajah, N.",2010,Relating plant diversity to biomass and soil erosion in a cultivated landscape of the eastern seaboard region of Thailand,Applied Geography,30,4,10.1016/j.apgeog.2010.01.005,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16328/,"Plant diversity can affect ecological processes through effects on biomass and soil condition. A study was carried out in an agricultural watershed of Thailand to document plant species richness of different agricultural land uses and to assess its relationship with biomass and soil erosion. A nested sampling design of 20 20 m, 10 10 m, 5 5 m and 1 1 m quadrats was employed to study species richness of three categories of plants herbaceous plants, shrubs and trees. Interviews were conducted with farmers who owned the cultivated fields where sampling plots were located. Plant diversity was assessed by computing Shannon index, Simpson index, and Species richness. Species utility index, which is the percentage of species identified as useful, was also estimated for each land use. Biomass was estimated using methodology recommended by FAO and soil erosion was estimated using the universal soil loss equation (USLE). From among the different land use types, mixed orchard ranked first in terms of plant diversity while paddy ranked last. Land uses with monocropping of shrubs, such as cassava, pineapple and sugarcane had lower plant diversity than land uses with monocropping of trees, such as coconut and para rubber. Monocropping of eucalyptus was an exception. Rotations of monocrops, namely pineapple-cassava and sugarcane-cassava, or intercropping, namely coconut-cassava, also had a higher plant diversity as compared to monocropping of shrubs. The highest species utility index of 61 was found in orchards, the lowest of 9 was found in Eucalyptus plantations. Plant diversity was found to have a significant positive correlation with biomass and a negative, though non-significant, correlation with soil erosion. 2010 Elsevier Ltd.",Included,
"Ayanru, D. K. G.",1986,Relations Between Biomass Accumulation and Infection by VesicularArbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Cassava as Affected by Planting Date,Journal of Phytopathology,117,4,10.1111/j.1439-0434.1986.tb04375.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1583/,"Roots of 12, 3monthold, fieldpropagated clones of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) were more heavily mycorrhizal in the dry (Jan.March and Oct.Dec.) (3983 %) than in the wet season (AprilSept.) (2071%). Mean dry weights (biomass) of roots and shoots in the wet season (3.87.9 and 9.719.1 g/plant) were higher (P = 0.01) than in the dry season (2.15.9 and 5.412.8 g/plant, respectively). Clones with symptoms of the African cassava mosaic disease (ACMD) were less mycorrhizal, (2069%) than mosaic symptomfree clones (5183%). Higher colonization of roots of the clones by indigenous fungal symbionts and lower biomass accumulation in the dry season are attributed mainly to soil moisture and other effects, while reduced infections in cassava with ACMD symptoms may be due to ACMDinduced reductions in carbohydrate levels. Copyright 1986, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved",Included,
"Oka, M., Limsila, J., Sarakarn, S.",1987,Relationship between Characteristics and Germination Ability of Cuttings in Cassava (Manihot-Esculenta Crantz),Jarq-Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly,21,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12814/,,Included,
"Osakwe, J. A., Chuku, E. C., Harry, S. A.",2008,Relationship between cyanogens and foliar diseases in cassava (Manihot esculenta),Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,78,11,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13358/,"An experiment was conducted during 2004 to assess the total cyanogens content of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars, as well as relationship between the cyanogens, mosaic disease and bacterial blight in Rivers State. T-test for cyanogens contents of the cassava cultivars showed significant difference between the varieties 'TMS 30572', 'TMS 30555', 'TMS 4 (2) 1425', Local variety (LCN) and 'TMS 8081' (Agric Super) at P=0.01 level. There also existed a weak correlation between the total cyanogens of the cassava roots and the mosaic disease and bacterial blight of the cassava leaves. However 'TMS 8081' (Agric Super) did not show symptom of cassava mosaic disease throughout the experiment. The order of resistance to the diseases was 'TMS 8081' > 'TMS 30572' > 'TMS 4(2) 1425' > 'TMS 30555' > LCN. A very high level of cyanogens in cassava reduced the disease occurrence. Therefore instead of cyanide reduction in cassava, an improved processing method should be adopted to reduce the cyanogens content to safe level prior to consumtion.",Included,
"Park, C.H., Kim, K.H., Rumawas, Fred",2005,Relationship between Major Chemical Constituents and Growth Characters in Cassava,Korean Journal of Breeding,37,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13792/,"This study was conducted to investigate the changes of major chemical constituents in sweet and bitter varieties of cassava by developmental phases, and to determine the relationship of major chemical constituents with growth characters in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. The hydrocyanic acid of leaves (HCNL) and roots (HCNR) began to decrease from 5 and 3 months after planting, respectively, except for Pucuk Biru. Gading was considered to be sweet with 5.8 mg HCNR/100 g fresh weight, while Adiral seeded to be intermediate, showing 17.0 mg HCNR/100 g fresh weight, at the harvest time.",Included,
"Park, C.H., Kim, K.H., Aswidinnoor, Hajrial, Rumawas, Fred",2005,Relationship between Planting Material Conditions and Major Agronomic Characters in Cassava,Korean Journal of Crop Science,v. 50,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13793/,"This study was carried out to investigate the effect of stem-cutting (SC) length and portion on the major agronomic characters related with dry matter production and accumulation, and to examine their relationships in cassava. When cassava was planted with longer SCs or with older portion SCs, major canopy or source characters like leaf number and leaf area index developed excessively, while tuber yields could be reduced due to the decrease of root/shoot ratio, relative growth rate, root dry weight, and harvest index, particularly in the bitter varieties (high cyanide-level varieties).",Included,
"El-Sharkawy, M. A., Cock, J. H., Lynam, J. K., del Pilar Hernndez, A., Cadavid, L. F. L.",1990,"Relationships between biomass, root-yield and single-leaf photosynthesis in field-grown cassava",Field Crops Research,25,03-Apr,10.1016/0378-4290(90)90002-S,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5078/,"Preliminary field screening with 127 cultivars of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) was conducted in 1986/1987 to determine the relationships among single-leaf photosynthesis, shoot and total biomass, and storage-root tield. Gas exchange (CO2 uptake and H2O loss) of individual leaves was monitored on three different occasions at 4-6 months after planning. There were significant correlations among leaf photosynthesis, total biomass and root yield across all cultivars. When the cultivars were grouped on the basis of top weight (as a proxy for leaf area), the correlations were significant only with average and high top-weight cultivars. The same trends were observed for correlations among mesophyll conductance, total biomass and root yield. There were no significant correlations between biomass or root yield and leaf conductance. The results suggest that, when light interception is not limiting, selection for high leaf photosynthesis is likely to lead to higher yield. The results of a second-year trial (1988/1989) with 16 cultivars, selected on the basis of their yield, showed a significant correlation between leaf photosynthesis, measured only once at 4 months after planting, and final root yield. Root yield was positively correlated with mesophyll conductance, and negatively correlated with intercellular CO2, but not significantly correlated with leaf conductance. Furthermore, root yield in the 1988/1989 season was significantly correlated with leaf photosynthesis measured in the 1986/1987 season. It is suggested that screening for high leaf photosynthetic rate under field conditions could be used as a selection criterion for parent materials to obtain progeny with high yield. 1990.",Included,
"K.F., Nwanze",1982,"Relationships between cassava root yields and crop infestations by the mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti",,v. 28,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8491/,,Included,
"Nukenine, E. N., O., Dixon A. G., T., Hassan A., F.G., Zalom",2002,"Relationships between leaf trichome characteristics and field resistance to cassava green mite, Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar)",Systematic and applied acarology,v. 7,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12340/,"Experiments were conducted at Ibadan, Nigeria to assess the effect of leaf trichome characteristics (pubescence intensity index, length, and orientation) on field resistance of cassava to the green spider mite, Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar). There were significant (P < 0.01) differences in M. tanajoa density, damage score and leaf trichome characteristics among the cultivars. During the dry season (February, 1993 and 1994) and the early part of the rainy season (May, 1993), there were significant (P < 0.01) negative correlations between pubescence intensity index on the top leaves (leaf 3) and mite damage. Significant negative correlations were also obtained between trichome length and damage in the dry season (February, 1993) (P < 0.05), and between trichome orientation and mite damage in the rainy season (May, 1993) (P < 0.01). Correlation between pubescence intensity index and mite density on the top leaves was significant and positive only in the middle of the rainy season (August, 1993). A significant (P < 0.01) negative correlation was obtained between trichome orientation and mite density in the dry season (February, 1993). The results suggest that, during the dry season, a high pubescence intensity significantly reduces leaf damage by M. tanajoa through mechanical disturbance of movement and feeding. Trichome length is more important than trichome orientation in cassava resistance to M. tanajoa.",Included,
"Chabi-Olaye, A., Nolte, C., Schulthess, F., Borgemeister, C.",2005,"Relationships of intercropped maize, stem borer damage to maize yield and land-use efficiency in the humid forest of Cameroon",Bulletin of Entomological Research,95,5,10.1079/BER2005373,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3268/,"Stem borers are the most important maize pests in the humid forest zone of Cameroon. Field trials were conducted in the long and short rainy seasons of 2002 and 2003 to assess the level of damage and yield reductions caused by stem borers in monocropped maize and in maize intercropped with non-host plants such as cassava, cowpea and soybean. The intercrops were planted in two spatial arrangements, i.e. alternating hills or alternating rows. All intercrops and the maize monocrop were grown with and without insecticide treatment for assessment of maize yield loss due to borer attacks. The land-use efficiency of each mixed cropping system was evaluated by comparing it with the monocrop. The temporal fluctuation of larval infestations followed the same pattern in all cropping systems, but at the early stage of plant growth, larval densities were 21.3-48.1% higher in the monocrops than in intercrops, and they tended to be higher in alternating rows than alternating hills arrangements. At harvest, however, pest densities did not significantly vary between treatments. Maize monocrops had 3.0-8.8 times more stems tunnelled and 1.3-3.1 times more cob damage than intercrops. Each percentage increase in stem tunnelling lowered maize grain yield by 1.10 and 1.84 g per plant, respectively, during the long and short rainy season in 2002, and by 5.39 and 1.41 g per plant, respectively, in 2003. Maize yield losses due to stem borer were 1.8-3.0 times higher in monocrops than in intercrops. Intercrops had generally a higher land-use efficiency than monocrops, as indicated by land-equivalent-ratios and area-time-equivalent-ratios of >1.0. Land-use efficiency was similar in both spatial arrangements. At current price levels, the net production of mixed cropping systems was economically superior to controlling stem borers with insecticide in monocropped maize. The maize-cassava intercrop yielded the highest land equivalent ratios and the highest replacement value of the intercrop. At medium intensity cropping this system is thus recommended for land-constrained poor farmers who do not use external inputs such as fertilizer and insecticides. CAB International, 2005.",Included,
"Chabi-Olaye, A., Nolte, C., Schulthess, F., Borgemeister, C.",2006,Relationships of soil fertility and stem borers damage to yield in maize-based cropping system in Cameroon,Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France,42,03-Apr,10.1080/00379271.2006.10697481,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3269/,"Field trials were designed to investigate the effect of direct nitrate fertilisation and mucuna fallow on maize yield and borer attacks in the humid forest zone of Cameroon. A traditional maizecassava- groundnut system (farmers practice) was compared with a maize-cassava + 120 Kg N ha-1, a rotation system in which maize-cassava followed a mucuna fallow as well as with a maize monocrop grown after mucuna fallow and with a maize monocrop grown with 120 Kg N ha-1. Average egg batch densities of Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) were lower by 3555% in inter- than monocrops but the effect of nitrogen on B. fusca oviposition was not different from that of mucuna fallow. Highest larval infestations were found in sole maize with nitrogen and sole maize after mucuna. Yield losses were 410 times higher in the farmers practice compared to maize-cassava after mucuna and maizecassava with nitrogen. Mixed cropping systems including farmers practice yielded higher total gross and net benefits compared to sole maize crops. But, they were higher in maize-cassava intercrop + N than for farmers practice. 2006 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.",Included,
"Braun, A.R., Guerrero, J.M., Bellotti, A.C., Wilson, L.T.",1987,Relative toxicity of permethrin to Mononychellus progresivus Doreste and Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari Tetranychidae) and their predators Amblyseius limonicus Garman & McGregor (Acari Phytoseiidae) and Oligota minuta Cameron (Coleoptera Staphylinidae) bioassays and field validation,,v. 16,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2588/,"Feasibility of using permethrin for predator-exclusion experiments was studied in the Cauca Valley region of Colombia. Impact of permethrin on the cassava pests, Mononychellus progresivus Doreste and Tetranychus urticae Koch; their natural enemies. Amblyseius limonicus Garman & McGregor (formerly in Typhlodromalus) and Oligota minuta Cameron; and the sympatric pest, Phenacoccus herreni Cox & Williams, was determined through laboratory bioassays and field tests. Laboratory LC50 data showed that the predaceous species were more than an order of magnitude more susceptible to permethrin than their prey. Doses for field testing were chosen based on laboratory data. No effect upon P. herreni survivorship or fecundity was measured at the highest dose chosen for field testing. In the field, data were obtained only for A. limonicus and M. progresivus. Plots that received bimonthly treatments with either 2 or 8 g (AI)/100 liters had significantly lower numbers of A. limonicus than untreated plots. M. progresivus numbers began to increase in treated plots immediately after initiation of permethrin application and remained significantly higher than in untreated plots throughout the course of the treatment period.",Included,
"Tian, G., Salako, F. K., Ishida, F.",2001,"Replenishment of C, N, and P in a degraded alfisol under humid tropical conditions Effect of fallow species and litter polyphenols",Soil Science,166,9,10.1097/00010694-200109000-00005,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17696/,"The capacity of vegetation fallow to replenish carbon and nutrients in degraded soil is related largely to the nature of the fallow vegetation, particularly the chemical composition. Therefore, a study was conducted at Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria (humid tropics), to look into these relationships using fallow species with varying chemical compositions. The treatments include three woody species, Senna siamea, Acacia leptocarpa and Leucaena leucocephala, planted in 1989, and the natural shrub Chromolaena odorata. A continuous cropping of maize/cassava was maintained as a control (no fallow). Composite surface soil (0-15 cm) at three distances from a tree hedgerow (0.5, 2.0, and 3.5 m) was sampled in 1996 for the determination of soil C and nutrient stocks. Maize and cassava were planted as a test crop of soil productivity after fallowing. Litterbags were placed to determine the N immobilization during the decomposition of fallow leaves. Soil organic C (SOC) within 0-15 cm ranged from 19,100 (continuous cropping) to 26,400 kg ha-1 (Leucaena fallow), whereas total N ranged from 1820 (continuous cropping) to 3110 kg ha-1 (Leucaena fallow). High polyphenols in fallow leaves favored SOC and N accumulation. The amount of potentially mineralizable N was increased from 41 kg ha-1 in continuous cropping to 159 under Leucaena fallow and 176 under Acacia fallow. The percentage increase in mineralizable N stock under fallow was, on average, 5.5 times greater than that in total N, implying that fallow causes change in soil organic matter quality. The available P (Olsen) was 8.6 kg ha-1 in the continuous cropping and ranged from 14.1 kg ha-1 (natural fallow) to 29.2 kg ha-1 (Leucaena fallow). Greater maize and cassava yields were obtained in the fallow plots than in the control during the subsequent cropping. The maize grain yield after fallow could be predicted by the potentially mineralizable N in surface soil (0-15 cm). Leucaena and Acacia are promising species for planted fallows for soil regeneration in the humid tropics. The binding of protein by polyphenols during leaf decomposition, as confirmed by higher N immobilization with the increase in leaf polyphenols, could be the main mechanism in the contribution of polyphenols to SOC and N replenishment in the degraded soil. The study suggests the possibility of stabilizing C and N in tropical ecosystems by manipulating polyphenols in vegetation.",Included,
"Gleadow, R., Pegg, A., Blomstedt, C. K.",2016,Resilience of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) to salinity Implications for food security in low-lying regions,Journal of Experimental Botany,67,18,10.1093/jxb/erw302,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6334/,"Rising sea levels are threatening agricultural production in coastal regions due to inundation and contamination of groundwater. The development of more salt-tolerant crops is essential. Cassava is an important staple, particularly among poor subsistence farmers. Its tolerance to drought and elevated temperatures make it highly suitable for meeting global food demands in the face of climate change, but its ability to tolerate salt is unknown. Cassava stores nitrogen in the form of cyanogenic glucosides and can cause cyanide poisoning unless correctly processed. Previous research demonstrated that cyanide levels are higher in droughted plants, possibly as a mechanism for increasing resilience to oxidative stress. We determined the tolerance of cassava to salt at two different stages of development, and tested the hypothesis that cyanide toxicity would be higher in salt-stressed plants. Cassava was grown at a range of concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) at two growth stages tuber initiation and tuber expansion. Established plants were able to tolerate 100mM NaCl but in younger plants 40mM was sufficient to retard plant growth severely. Nutrient analysis showed that plants were only able to exclude sodium at low concentrations. The foliar cyanogenic glucoside concentration in young plants increased under moderate salinity stress but was lower in plants grown at high salt. Importantly, there was no significant change in the cyanogenic glucoside concentration in the tubers. We propose that the mechanisms for salinity tolerance are age dependent, and that this can be traced to the relative cost of leaves in young and old plants. The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology.",Included,
"Hahn, S. K., Isoba, J. C. G., Ikotun, T.",1989,"Resistance breeding in root and tuber crops at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria",Crop Protection,8,3,10.1016/0261-2194(89)90022-7,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6812/,"Despite the advantages of root crops as important staple food crops in the tropics, research and development of such crops has been neglected. There is, therefore, the need for production, processing and utilization techniques to be developed, evaluated and made available to farmers. However, because of the limitations associated with the use of chemicals in Africa, development of resistant cultivars is the most appropriate and realistic approach to the control of pests and diseases. The strategy employed by IITA in breeding root and tuber crops resistant to diseases and pests is, first to identify the factors determining the incidence of such diseases and pests; these are the biological and environmental factors on which screening breeding materials in the field is based. The second step is to examine the factors influencing the efficiency of screening. Finally, the role of pathogenic variation in developing efficient and foolproof screening methods is examined. These form the basis of screening breeding materials for resistance to pests and diseases. Using this strategy, IITA has made substantial progress in breeding for resistance to cassava mosaic virus, cassava bacterial blight, the cassava mealybug, the cassava green spider mite, the African sweet potato weevils, the sweet potato virus disease complex, white yam scorch, cocoyam blight and nematodes. 1989.",Included,
"Hahn, S. K., Leuschner, K., Ezeilo, W., Carpenter, A. J., Khatibu, A. I., Constantin, C. A.",1980,"Resistance of cassava clones to cassava green mite, mononychellus tanajoa",Tropical Pest Management,26,3,10.1080/09670878009414410,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6797/,"The cassava breeding materials from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) were evaluated for resistance to cassava green mite (CGM) at the Chambesi and Kizimbani Stations, Tanzania, where CGM population was high. At Chambesi Station, 58 clones (15%) of the 377 clones tested under natural infestation were rated resistant (classes 1 and 2) to CGM. In Zanzibar the CGM-resistant clones, which were high yielding, resistant to cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and acceptable in consumer quality, are being multiplied for distribution to farmers. 1980 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.",Included,
"Egesi, C. N., Ogbe, F. O., Akoroda, M., Ilona, P., Dixon, A.",2007,Resistance profile of improved cassava germplasm to cassava mosaic disease in Nigeria,,v. 155,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4985/,"Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) caused by a group of begomoviruses and transmitted by whitefly vector is a serious disease in all the cassava-growing areas of Africa. Field evaluation with replication was conducted in 2003 and 2004 in three agroecologies in Nigeria to study the response of 40 cassava genotypes to CMD and to investigate genotype x environment (GE) interactions on their reactions to CMD, using the rank-sum classification and site regression analysis model. The 40 genotypes were separated into resistant (n = 17), moderately resistant (n = 6), moderately susceptible (n = 2) and susceptible (n = 15) groups. Environments, genotypes and GE interactions were all highly significant (P < 0.0001) for the virus disease contributing 9.5%, 71.36% and 19.14%, respectively to total variation. More than 40% of the genotypes were identified as resistant to the disease. Genotypes TMS 98/0581, TMS 99/3073, TMS 97/4763, TMS M98/0040, TMS 98/0505, TMS 97/0211, TMS 97/4769, TMS 99/2123, TMS M98/0068 and TMS 97/0162 were shown to have high resistance to CMD. The study also identified Umudike, in south-east Nigeria, as having high disease severity and the most appropriate site for CMD resistance screening of genotypes. Most of the genotypes exhibited stable resistance to CMD. The implication that the availability of these resistant genotypes as identified in this study could be a source of CMD resistance for further breeding is discussed.",Included,
"Restrepo, S., Duque, M.C., Verdier, V.",2000,Resistance spectrum of selected Manihot esculenta genotypes under field conditions,,v. 65,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15072/,,Included,
"Zhang, P., Vanderschuren, H., Futterer, J., Gruissem, W.",2005,Resistance to cassava mosaic disease in transgenic cassava expressing antisense RNAs targeting virus replication genes,Plant Biotechnology Journal,3,4,10.1111/j.1467-7652.2005.00132.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19954/,"African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) is a major contributor to cassava mosaic disease (CMD), the economically most important and devastating disease of cassava in Africa. We have developed transgenic cassava plants with increased ACMV resistance using improved antisense RNA technology by targeting the viral mRNAs of Rep (AC1), TrAP (AC2) and REn (AC3). Viral DNA replication assays in detached leaves demonstrated that replication of two ACMV isolates was strongly reduced or inhibited in most transgenic lines. After ACMV infection of plants using biolistic inoculation, several lines remained symptomless at lower infection pressure (100 ng viral DNA/plant). Symptom development was reduced and attenuated even at higher DNA doses. Transgenic ACMV-resistant plants had significantly reduced viral DNA accumulation in their infected leaves. Short sense and antisense RNAs specific to AC1 were identified in transgenic lines expressing AC1 antisense RNA, suggesting that the short RNAs mediate interference by post-transcriptional gene silencing. Our results demonstrate that resistance to ACMV infection of cassava can be achieved with high efficacy by expressing antisense RNAs against viral mRNAs encoding essential non-structural proteins, providing a new tool to combat CMD in Africa.",Included,
"de Oliveira, S. A. S., Hohenfeld, C. S., Santos, V. D., Haddad, F., de Oliveira, E. J.",2013,Resistance to Fusarium dry root rot disease in cassava accessions,Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira,48,10,10.1590/S0100-204X2013001000014,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/20228/,"The objective of this work was to identify sources of resistance to dry root rot induced by Fusarium sp. in cassava accessions. A macroconidial suspension (20 mu L) of 11 Fusarium sp. isolates was inoculated in cassava roots, from 353 acessions plus seven commercial varieties. Ten days after inoculation, the total area colonized by the pathogen on the root pulp was evaluated by digital image analysis. Cluster analysis revealed the presence of five groups regarding resistance. The root lesion areas ranged from 18.28 to 1,096.07 mm(2) for the accessions BGM 1518 and BGM 556, respectively. The genotypes BGM 1042, BGM 1552, BGM 1586, BGM 1598, and BGM 1692 present the best agronomical traits.",Included,
"Ntui, V. O., Kong, K., Khan, R. S., Igawa, T., Janavi, G. J., Rabindran, R., Nakamura, I., Mii, M.",2015,Resistance to Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus (SLCMV) in genetically engineered cassava cv. KU50 through RNA silencing,PLoS ONE,10,4,10.1371/journal.pone.0120551,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12333/,"Cassava ranks fifth among the starch producing crops of the world, its annual bioethanol yield is higher than for any other crop. Cassava cultivar KU50, the most widely grown cultivar for non-food purposes is susceptible to Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus (SLCMV). The objective of this work was to engineer resistance to SLCMV by RNA interference (RNAi) in order to increase biomass yield, an important aspect for bioethanol production. Here, we produced transgenic KU50 lines expressing dsRNA homologous to the region between the AV2 and AV1 of DNA A of SLCMV. High level expression of dsRNA of SLCMV did not induce any growth abnormality in the transgenic plants. Transgenic lines displayed high levels of resistance to SLCMV compared to the wild-type plants and no virus load could be detected in uninoculated new leaves of the infected resistant lines after PCR amplification and RT-PCR analysis. The agronomic performance of the transgenic lines was unimpaired after inoculation with the virus as the plants presented similar growth when compared to the mock inoculated control plants and revealed no apparent reduction in the amount and weight of tubers produced. We show that the resistance is correlated with post-transcriptional gene silencing because of the production of transgene specific siRNA. The results demonstrate that transgenic lines exhibited high levels of resistance to SLCMV. This resistance coupled with the desirable yield components in the transgenic lines makes them better candidates for exploitation in the production of biomass as well as bioethanol. 2015 Ntui et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.",Included,
"Carabal, Arturo, Montoya-Lerma, James, Belloti, Anthony C., Fregene, Martin, Gallego, Gerardo",2013,Resistance to the Whitefly Aleurotrachelus socialis (Hemiptera Aleyrodidae) and SSR Marker Identification in Advanced Populations of the Hybrid Manihot esculenta subsp. Manihot flabellifolia,Journal of integrative agriculture,12,,10.1016/S2095-3119(13)60661-9,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2993/,"Genes resistant to Aleurotrachelus socialis were transferred to the F1 from the interspecific hybrid wild species of Manihot flabellifolia to M. esculenta and two advanced generations of backcrosses (BC1 and BC2). We characterized the resistance of A. socialis transferred to BC2 parents (CW67-160, CW67-130, CW67-44), MTAI-8 (BC1), resistant (CMB9B-73) and susceptible (CMB9B-104) genotypes from contrasting pools, and resistant (MEcu-72) and susceptible (CMC-40) genotypes. Whitefly demography and biology were evaluated. SSR molecular markers associated with a phenotypic response of plant resistance were detected in segregating populations (BC2). Results showed that although female survival time was similar on all hosts, the lowest averages of longevity, fecundity and oviposition rate were observed in the resistant control MEcu-72, only being significantly similar to the parent CW67-130. When the BC1 and BC2 populations were compared, it was found that A. socialis fecundity was eight times lower on CMB9B-73 progeny than on CW67-130, expressing the highest levels of resistance to the whitefly. Ten genotypes of CMB9A and CMB9B family had the best segregation. A total of 486 microsatellite primers were evaluated using bulked segregant analysis (BSA), 11 showed polymorphism between the contrasting pools and only one showed significant differences between resistant and susceptible individuals. In conclusion, fecundity was the parameter that impacted most on the intrinsic rate of A. socialis population growth.",Included,
"Carabal, A., Bellotti, A. C., Montoya-Lerma, J., Fregene, M.",2010,"Resistance to the whitefly, Aleurotrachelus socialis, in wild populations of cassava, Manihot tristis",Journal of Insect Science,10,,10.1673/031.010.14130,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2990/,"The levels of resistance in the wild species of cassava, Manihot tristis Muell-Arg. (Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae), to the whitefly, Aleurotrachelus socialis Bondar (Hemiptera Alelyrodidae), the most important economic pest in cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz (Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae) crops in South America, were estimated under glasshouse conditions. The parameters of the life history of A. socialis were studied on TST-26 and TST-18 accessions of the wild parent and compared with the susceptible (CMC-40) and resistant (MEcu-72) cultivars. The average longevity on the wild accessions (TST-26, 4.1; TST-18, 4.6 days) and oviposition rates (TST-26, 2.0; TST-18, 1.6 eggs/female/2 days) of the A. socialis females were not significantly different from those of MEcu-72 (5.1 days and 3.4 eggs/female/2days). The longevity and oviposition rates on CMC-40 were highest (11 days and 8.6 eggs/female/2days). Analyses of the demographic parameters (Ro, rm; DT) showed a significant impact of the M. tristis accessions on the potential growth of A. socialis. The average survival time of adults that fed on TST-26, TST-18, and MEcu-72 were significantly different from those recorded on the susceptible genotype. Results from this study revealed important levels of resistance to the whitefly A. socialis on the TST-26 and TST-18 accessions due to the marked differences found for longevity and reproduction, which influenced and were consistent with the differences found in the net reproduction rate (Ro), intrinsic growth rate (rm) and population doubling time (DT). The combined effect of these parameters indicated that M. tristis accessions were inappropriate hosts for A. socialis.",Included,
"Ogbo, Frank C., Okafor, Edith N.",2015,resistant starch content of some cassava based Nigerian foods,,v. 33,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12693/,"The resistant starch (RS) content of some Nigerian cassava varieties and staples, fufu, garri and abacha processed from them were determined. Tubers of six varieties studied contained different concentrations of resistant starch, ranging from 5.70% in TMS 4(2)1425 to 7.07% in the TMS 30,572. Processing using traditional methods reduced the RS content in all cassava based foods compared with tubers from which they were processed. RS concentration was reduced by an average of 70.4% in fufu, 52.8% in garri and 35.85% in abacha for the four varieties of cassava tested. Cassava processing steps involving fermentation were responsible for the major reductions in concentration of RS. Steps involving cooking or frying, resulted in increase in concentrations of RS relative to other processing methods. Modifications of traditional methods of processing such as the addition of bitter leaf during retting or the addition of oil to mash during dewatering of garri affected RS concentrations in foods studied. Results of this work suggest that manipulation of processing methods and conditions employed during cassava processing can be used to improve RS concentration in cassava based foods, thus making them more functional.",Included,
"Spear, S.N., Edwards, D.G., Asher, C.J.",1979,Response of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) to potassium concentration in solution critical potassium concentrations in plants grown with a constant or variable potassium supply,Field Crops Research,v. 2,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16783/,,Included,
"Okoli, P.S.O., Wilson, G.F.",1986,Response of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) to shade under field conditions,Field Crops Research,v. 14,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12894/,,Included,
"De Tafur, S. M., El-Sharkawy, M. A., Cadavid, L. F.",1997,Response of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) to water stress and fertilization,Photosynthetica,34,2,10.1023/A1006892607834,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4422/,"Experiments done in Santander de Quilichao (Cauca, Colombia) on two cassava cultivars indicated that cassava had at least three defence mechanisms against water deficit, enabling it to assimilate and store photosynthates in roots, even during prolonged droughts. These mechanisms include partial stomatal closure, ability of leaves to maintain reasonable net photosynthetic rate for long periods of water stress, reduced leaf area, and exploration of water from deep soil layers. While cassava responded positively to fertilization, no significant statistical differences were found between treatments of stress and non-stress, confirming cassava's ability to tolerate soil water deficit.",Included,
"Olasantan, F. O., Ezumah, H. C., Lucas, E. O.",1996,"Response of cassava and maize to fertilizer application, and a comparison of the factors affecting their growth during intercropping",Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,46,3,10.1007/BF00420556,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13001/,"A field experiment was conducted on a Paleustalf to examine the effect of fertilizer application and the possible yield limiting factors in a cassava-maize intercropping system. Application of N-fertilizer significantly increased maize grain and cassava root yields as well as N, P and K concentrations of both crops compared with application of non-N fertilizer or with the unfertilized controls. Intercropping, with or without fertilizer application, led to a decrease in the root yield and N, P and K concentrations of cassava, but had no significant effect on nutrient concentrations and grain yield of maize. Growth analysis revealed that from 20 weeks after planting to harvest in cassava and during the flowering to harvest in maize dry matter accumulation in both crops was similar in intercropping. However, during the same period, the mean crop growth rate in cassava was less than a fourth of the mean crop growth rate in maize. It was concluded that the main factor limiting total yield in a cassava-maize intercropping system is the depression of early cassava growth by vigorous maize component, which reduces the amount of assimilate allocated to cassava roots. 1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers.",Included,
"Odurukwe, S.O., Oji, U.I.",1984,Response of cassava to fertilizers and town refuse under continuous cropping,"Tropical root crops production and uses in Africa ; proceedings, 2nd Triennial Symp., Internatl. Society for Tropical Root Crops, Africa Branch, Douala, Cameroon, 14-19 Aug 1983",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12649/,"We sought to determine whether, and at what levels, NPK fertilizer and compost could be used to sustain continuous cropping with cassava. NPK and compost were each tested at three levels. The experiment lasted 4 years (1974-76 and 1978). Results showed that only K consistently affects root yield significantly. There was a decline in yield with years of continuous cropping, for 1975, 1976, and 1978, respectively, 33.8%, 45.8%, and 49.1%. The yield decline was attributed to depletion of trace and minor elements, proliferation of pests and diseases, and physical deterioration of the soil. Under the heavy rainfall common in the area, the fertility and productivity of the soil could not be maintained by application of fertilizers and refuse.",Included,
"G.R., Baker, S., Fukai, G.L., Wilson",1982,Response of cassava to irrigation [Queensland]. [Conference paper],Proceedings - Australian Agronomy Conference (Australia). no. 2.,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6011/,,Included,
"Manrique, L.A.",1987,Response of cassava to liming on a strongly acid Ultisol of Panama,Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,v. 18,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10630/,,Included,
"Coyne, D.L., Kagoda, F., Wambugu, E., Ragama, P.",2006,"Response of cassava to nematicide application and plant-parasitic nematode infection in East Africa, with emphasis on root knot nematodes",International Journal of Pest Management,v. 52,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4004/,,Included,
"El-Sharkawy, M.A., Cadavid, L.F.",2002,Response of cassava to prolonged water stress imposed at different stages of growth,,v. 38,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5084/,"A two-year field trial was conducted to study the effects of prolonged water stress on cassava (Manihot esculenta) productivity, and on nutrient uptake and use efficiency. Four contrasting cultivars were supplied with adequate fertilization and watering, except when water was excluded by covering the soil with plastic sheets for different periods, depending on treatment from two to six months, four to eight months, or from six to twelve months after planting (early, mid-season and terminal stress respectively). Sequential harvests were made at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 months after planting to determine leaf area index and shoot and root biomass. At final harvest, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium concentrations in shoots and storage roots were determined. During both early and mid-season stress, leaf area index and shoot and root biomass were significantly smaller than those in the controls across all cultivars. After recovery from stress, leaf area index was greatly enhanced with less dry matter allocated to stems, and root yields approached those in the controls. One cultivar, CMC 40, had greater final root yield under stress treatments. Nutrient concentration in roots and shoots was less in all cultivars with early stress and resulted in higher nutrient use efficiency in all elements for root production. The same trend was observed under mid-season stress, except for nitrogen concentration, which remained unchanged. Terminal stress did not affect leaf area index, but reduced the shoot biomass in all cultivars. Final root yields were smaller than those in the controls except for CMC 40 whose final root yield was greater under stress. Nitrogen concentration was greater in root biomass but less in shoot biomass of all cultivars, resulting in lower nitrogenuse efficiency for root production. Across cultivars, only potassium- and magnesium-use efficiencies were greater than in the controls. CMC 40 was the only cultivar with consistently greater use efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium for root production under terminal stress. This higher nutrient use efficiency was due, mainly, to a greater root production rather than to smaller nutrient concentration. This cultivar is suitable as a gene source for improving cassava in order to maximize root production per unit nutrient extracted under stressful environmental conditions.",Included,
"Howeler, R. H., Cadavid, L. F., Burckhardt, E.",1982,Response of cassava to VA mycorrhizal inoculation and phosphorus application in greenhouse and field experiments,Plant and Soil,69,3,10.1007/BF02372454,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7383/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) was grown in the greenhouse and in the field at different levels of phosphorus applied, with or without inoculation with VA mycorrhiza in sterilized or unsterilized soil. When grown in a sterilized soil to which eight levels of P had been applied the non-inoculated plants required the application of 3200 kg P ha-1 to reach near-maximum yield of plant dry matter (DM) at 3 months. Inoculated plants, however, showed only a minor response to applied P. Mycorrhizal inoculation in the P check increased top growth over 80 fold and total P uptake over 100 fold. Relating dry matter produced to the available P concentration in the soil (Bray II), a critical level of 15 ppm P was obtained for mycorrhizal and 190 ppm P for non-mycorrhizal plants. This indicates that the determination of critical levels of P in the soil is highly dependent on the degree of mycorrhizal infection of the root system. In a second greenhouse trial with two sterilized and non-sterilized soils it was found that in both sterilized soils, inoculation was most effective at intermediate levels of applied P resulting in a 15-30 fold increase in DM at 100 kg P ha-1. In the unsterilized soil inoculation had no significant effect in the quilichao soil, but increased DM over 3 fold in the Carimagua soil, indicating that the latter had a native mycorrhizal population less effective than the former. When cassava was grown in the field in plots with 11 levels of P applied, uninoculated plants grown in sterilized soil remained extremely P deficient for 4-5 months after which they recuperated through mycorrhizal infection from unsterilized borders or subsoil. Still, after 11 months inoculation had increased root yields by 40%. In the non-sterilized soil inoculation had no significant effect as the introduced strain was equally as effective as the native mycorrhizal population. These trials indicate that cassava is extremely dependent on an effective mycorrhizal association for normal growth in low-P soils, but that in most natural soils this association is rapidly established and inoculation of cassava in the field can only be effective in soils with a low quantity and quality of native mycorrhiza. In that case, plants should be inoculated with highly effective strains. 1982 Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers.",Included,
"Alves, A. A. C., Setter, T. L.",2000,Response of cassava to water deficit Leaf area growth and abscisic acid,Crop Science,40,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/943/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) responds to decreases in water status by pronounced stomatal closure and decreased leaf area growth. Many water deficit responses are thought to be regulated by abscisic acid (ABA). To evaluate the extent to which ABA accumulated in a temporal pattern related to water deficit and leaf area growth, five cassava genotypes were grown in greenhouse conditions and subjected to water deficit and recovery treatments during the vegetative-growth stage. Young and mature leaves were sampled for analysis of area growth and ABA. Under water deficit, leaves from all genotypes rapidly accumulated large amounts of ABA in both mature and young leaves. Correspondingly, young leaves halted leaf expansion growth and transpiration rate decreased. Young leaves accumulated more ABA than mature leaves in both the control and stressed treatments. The high ABA levels under water deficit were completely reversed to control levels after 1 d of rewatering. This rapid return to control ABA levels corresponded with a rapid recovery of leaf area growth rates. We postulate that the rapid reduction in leaf area growth and stomatal closure observed in our study may be due to cassava's ability to rapidly synthesize and accumulate ABA at an early phase of a water deficit episode.",Included,
"Connor, D. J., Cock, J. H., Parra, G. E.",1981,Response of Cassava to Water Shortage .1. Growth and Yield,Field Crops Research,4,3,10.1016/0378-4290(81)90071-X,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3887/,,Included,
"Connor, D. J., Cock, J. H.",1981,Response of Cassava to Water Shortage .2. Canopy Dynamics,Field Crops Research,4,4,10.1016/0378-4290(81)90079-4,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3888/,,Included,
"Connor, D. J., Palta, J.",1981,Response of Cassava to Water Shortage .3. Stomatal Control of Plant Water Status,Field Crops Research,4,4,10.1016/0378-4290(81)90080-0,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3889/,,Included,
"Spear, S.N., Asher, C.J., Edwards, D.G. (University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane (Australia). Dept. of Agriculture)",1978,"Response of cassava, sunflower, and maize to potassium concentration in solution. 1. Growth and plant potassium concentration",,v. 1,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16782/,,Included,
"S.N., Spear, C.J., Asher, D.G., Edwards",1978,"Response of cassava, sunflower, and maize to potassium concentration in solution. 2. Potassium absorption and its relation to growth",,v. 1,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15489/,,Included,
"Adriko, J., Sserubombwe, W. S., Adipala, E., Bua, A., Thresh, J. M., Edema, R.",2011,Response of improved cassava varieties in Uganda to cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and their inherent resistance mechanisms,African Journal of Agricultural Research,6,3,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/449/,"Field based trials were setup to evaluate response and inherent resistance mechanisms to cassava mosaic disease (CMD) of four improved varieties; Nase 9, Nase 11, 00036 and 00057 together with Nase 4 and Bao as resistant and susceptible standards, respectively. These were grown in a CMD epidemic hotspot at Namulonge in Central Uganda. There were differences in sensitivity to CMD and whitefly populations among tested varieties. The improved varieties were less affected by CMD than the susceptible standard Bao. Three resistance mechanisms were exhibited by the varieties tested, namely; low infectibility (00036), recovery (Nase 9 and Nase 11) and reversion. Two of the varieties, that is, Nase 4 and 00057 showed all three resistance mechanisms. High whitefly populations characterized Bao, Nase 4 and 00057. Most of the varieties had a higher infestation of whiteflies on healthy than diseased plants. Results also showed that growth and yield parameters depended on the variety, growth stage at infection and health status of the cuttings used with improved varieties recording lower yield losses than the susceptible Bao. Also, plants infected earlier in the growth period suffered higher yield losses. Furthermore, plots planted from diseased cuttings recorded higher yield losses compared to those planted from healthy cuttings. 2011 Academic Journals.",Included,
"Toko, M., Yaninek, J. S., O'Neil, R. J.",1996,"Response of Mononychellus tanajoa (Acari Tetranychidae) to cropping systems, cultivars, and pest interventions",Environmental Entomology,25,2,10.1093/ee/25.2.237,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17766/,"The effects of cropping systems (cassava monocropped and intercropped with maize), pest interventions (spray of acaricide and release of an exotic phytoseiid) and cultivars ('Agric' and 'TMS 30572') on the population dynamics of the green mite. Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar), were evaluated in 2 locations (Dogbo and International Institute of Tropical Agriculture) in Benin Republic, West Africa. Maize and cassava were intercropped at the beginning of the wet season. Pest interventions were applied during the dry season with Amblyseius manihoti Moraes (=limonicus s.l.) (Garman and McGregor) (Acari Phytoseiidae) released at the beginning of the dry season at both sites and the acaricide dimethoate sprayed bimonthly at Dogbo and once in December at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. Intercropping cassava with maize had no significant effect on M. tanajoa and associated phytoseiid predator populations during the intercropping, dry, and postdry seasons. The acaricide spray reduced M. tanajoa densities 50% below those of the predator and the control (no predator and no spray) treatments. A manihoti reduced M. tanajoa densities 20% below the control treatment by the end of the experiment. Agric supported 2-3 times more mites per leaf than did TMS 30572. A pest management strategy that combines resistant cultivars and an efficient exotic predator is suggested to control M. tanajoa.",Included,
"Akinyemi, S.O.S., Tijani-Eniola, H., Olaleye, A.O.",2003,Response of Plantain Intercropped with Arable Crops to Varying Levels of Potassium Fertilizer on an Alfisol,,v. 26,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/737/,"An onfarm experiment was conducted in 1992 and 1993 on an Alfisol in south western Nigeria. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine the response of varying levels of potassium (K) fertilizer to plantain when grown as sole or intercropped with selected arable crops such as melon, maize, and cassava and (ii) to determine the critical limit of K in the soil at 90% relative plantain bunch yield. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. The treatments were four cropping systems sole plantain (SP), plantain + melon (PME), plantain + maize (PMA), and plantain + cassava (PCA). Five levels of potassium fertilizers were used 0, 120, 240, 360, and 480 kg K ha-1. The results showed that bunch yield of plantain at harvesting, the cropping systems follows the order PME > SP > PCA > PMA. Highest bunch yield of about 10.39 t ha-1 were obtained with PME intercropping at the rate of 360 kg K ha-1. At varying levels of K fertilizers significant differences ( p < 0.05) were observed amongst the following morphological parameters 50% days to shooting, plant height, number of suckers/stool as well as number of fingers/bunch. Cate and Nelson model showed that when these data are pooled, optimum soil test K was between 0.20 and 0.21 cmol kg-1.",Included,
"Carsky, R.J. (International Inst. of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria)), Walker, P., Hauser, S., Dashiell, K., Dixon, A.G.O.",1993,Response of selected crop associations to groundwater table depth in an inland valley,,v. 34,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3067/,,Included,
"Chikoye, D., Manyong, V. M., Carsky, R. J., Ekeleme, F., Gbehounou, G., Ahanchede, A.",2002,Response of speargrass (Imperata cylindrica) to cover crops integrated with handweeding and chemical control in maize and cassava,Crop Protection,21,2,10.1016/S0261-2194(01)00078-3,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3587/,"Speargrass [Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel] is a noxious weed widespread in most tropical zones of the world. Studies were conducted in the savannah of West Africa from 1997 to 1999 to evaluate crop yield, speargrass control, and net benefit from the use of cover crops integrated with handweeding and chemical control in maize and cassava. Glyphosate and handweeding were main treatments. Subplot treatments were type of cover crop [velvetbean, Mucuna cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev., kudzu, Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth, and velvetbean intercropped with kudzu] and plots without cover crops. Weeding five times or applying glyphosate was more effective than weeding twice in preventing crop yield losses and suppressing speargrass. Plots that received glyphosate or those weeded five times had 28-59% higher crop yields than plots weeded twice at all locations. In maize, subplots without cover crop had 30% more maize grain yield than plots with cover crops. In cassava, subplots without cover crops at Ezillo and plots where kudzu was intercropped with velvetbean at Ogoja had the lowest cassava tuber yields. Speargrass was more effectively suppressed in plots with cover crops than in plots without cover crops. Across all main treatments, velvetbean nearly eliminated rhizomes of speargrass within 2 years of treatment application at Avrankou. It was cheaper to use glyphosate than handweeding for speargrass control in both crops. Cover crops generally gave better economic benefit in cassava while in maize an opposite trend was observed. 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Munyahali, Wivine, Pypers, Pieter, Swennen, Rony, Walangululu, Jean, Vanlauwe, Bernard, Merckx, Roel",2017,"Responses of cassava growth and yield to leaf harvesting frequency and NPK fertilizer in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo",Field crops research,214,,10.1016/j.fcr.2017.09.018,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11553/,"Harvesting young cassava leaves as a vegetable is a common practice in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo). However, information on its effects on growth and yield of cassava is scarce. Multi-locational trials were conducted on farmers fields in the province of South Kivu, DR Congo, during two consecutive years to investigate the effects of harvesting frequency of 3 young leaves (no leaf harvesting (NoH); leaf harvesting at 4 week intervals (4-WI) or 2 week intervals (2-WI), starting 4 months after planting) and fertilizer (with or without NPK application) on the growth and yields of cassava, comparable to common practice by farmers in the area, based on a preceding household survey. Overall, harvesting of leaves did not result in significant effects on both height and stem diameter compared with the unharvested treatment. However, collection of leaves at 2-WI significantly (P<0.05) decreased both height and stem diameter, and resulted in significant (P<0.1) reduction of stem yields of 20.9% (4.0tha1) relative to leaf harvesting at 4-WI but only in the second year. Average total biomass and storage root yields in the control treatment were 35.8 and 23.5tha1, respectively and were not significantly affected by leaf harvesting. Application of NPK fertilizer resulted in significant (P<0.05) increases of both height and stem diameter over time, independent of the frequency of leaf harvesting. Mineral fertilizer significantly (P<0.05) increased the overall total, storage root and stem yields by 28.3% (9.5tha1), 19.9% (4.5tha1) and 45.1% (5.0tha1), respectively regardless of the frequency of leaf harvesting. This study indicates that harvesting of young leaves results in small or negligible effects on cassava growth and yields compared to the mineral fertilizers which increase both cassava growth and yields in the conditions of our study.",Included,
"Brown, B. J., Ewel, J. J.",1988,Responses to defoliation of species-rich and monospecific tropical plant communities,Oecologia,75,1,10.1007/BF00378808,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2665/,"Floristically rich and monospecific tropical plant communities both responded to partial defoliation with increases in rates of production of new leaf area. Even after 50% of the leaf area had been removed three times, the leaf area increments were still higher in defoliated plots than in controls. Mean leaf area increment after defoliation, on a leaf area per unit ground area basis, was 905 cm2 m-2 d-1 in diverse successional vegetation and 536 cm2 m-2 d-1 in a cassava monoculture. Although defoliation stimulated leaf area development, on a per unit ground area basis, in both the cassava monoculture and the successional vegetation, the effect was more pronounced in the successional vegetation. On a per unit leaf area basis, leaf area increments following defoliation in both the diverse successional vegetation and the monoculture were approximately five times those of controls. The diverse plant community continued to respond vigorously after repeated defoliation, while the amount of stimulation of leaf are development in the monoculture declined. Because of their ability to respond even after repeated defoliation, diverse communities may in the long term be more homeostatic with respect to leaf area than are monocultures. The enhanced responsiveness of the species-rich community was due to changes in plant species abundance and very rapid leaf area development by some species. 1988 Springer-Verlag.",Included,
"Ogbe, F. O., Dixon, A. G. O., Atiri, G. I., Thottappilly, G.",2002,Restriction of virus movement into axillary buds is an important aspect of resistance in cassava to African cassava mosaic virus,Journal of Phytopathology,150,10,10.1046/j.1439-0434.2002.00800.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12682/,"Axillary buds and bark samples of resistant, moderately resistant and susceptible (control) cassava genotypes either naturally infected under field conditions or experimentally inoculated by grafting were indexed for African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV). Virus detection was carried out using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reactions to determine the distribution of the virus within the plant and elucidate the genotypes response to virus movement. Significantly more bud and bark samples were positive for virus on the susceptible genotype TME 117 than resistant genotypes TMS 30001 and TMS 91/02319, or the moderately resistant genotype TMS 30572. Detectable virus concentration was significantly lower in the buds of moderately resistant and resistant genotypes than the susceptible control. Under field conditions, it was significant that more primary stem buds were infected than the buds of secondary and tertiary stems but such a gradient was not obvious with bark samples. Shoots that had asymptomic new leaves after the initial symptomatic leaves had no virus in their buds, but some of the bark samples from the same plants tested positive. A significant interaction was observed between year and stem type, and among year, genotype and stem type with respect to virus detection in bud and bark samples. Restriction of virus movement into axillary buds occurred in all the resistant and moderately resistant genotypes. This may explain ACMV-infected stem cuttings of resistant genotypes producing healthy plants in subsequent generation.",Included,
"Thakkar, S. K., Huo, T., Maziya-Dixon, B., Failla, M. L.",2009,"Retention and bioaccessibility of B-carotene in cassava (Manihot esculanta, Crantz) are affected by style of cooking",Faseb Journal,23,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17545/,,Included,
"Failla, M. L., Chitchumroonchokchai, C., Siritunga, D., De Moura, F. F., Fregene, M., Manary, M. J., Sayre, R. T.",2012,Retention during processing and bioaccessibility of -carotene in high -carotene transgenic cassava root,Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,60,15,10.1021/jf204958w,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5489/,Cassava is a root crop that serves as a primary caloric source for many African communities despite its low content of -carotene (C). Carotenoid content of roots from wild type (WT) and three transgenic lines with high C were compared after cooking and preparation of nonfermented and fermented flours according to traditional African methods. The various methods of processing all decreased C content per gram dry weight regardless of genotype. The greatest loss of C occurred during preparation of gari (dry fermentation followed by roasting) from WT and transgenic lines. The quantities of C in cooked transgenic cassava root that partitioned into mixed micelles during in vitro digestion and transported into Caco-2 cells were significantly greater than those for identically processed WT root. These results suggest that transgenic high C cassava will provide individuals with greater quantities of bioaccessible C. 2012 American Chemical Society.,Included,
"Failla, M. L., Chitchumroonchokchai, C., Siritunga, D., De Moura, F. F., Fregene, M., Manary, M. J., Sayre, R. T.",2012,Retention during Processing and Bioaccessibility of beta-Carotene in High beta-Carotene Transgenic Cassava Root,Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,60,15,10.1021/jf204958w,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5488/,Cassava is a root crop that serves as a primary caloric source for many African communities despite its low content of beta-carotene (beta C). Carotenoid content of roots from wild type (WT) and three transgenic lines with high beta C were compared after cooking and preparation of nonfermented and fermented flours according to traditional African methods. The various methods of processing all decreased beta C content per gram dry weight regardless of genotype. The greatest loss of beta C occurred during preparation of gari (dry fermentation followed by roasting) from WT and transgenic lines. The quantities of beta C in cooked transgenic cassava root that partitioned into mixed micelles during in vitro digestion and transported into Caco-2 cells were significantly greater than those for identically processed WT root. These results suggest that transgenic high beta C cassava will provide individuals with greater quantities of bioaccessible beta C.,Included,
"Carvalho, L. M. J., Oliveira, A. R. G., Godoy, R. L. O., Pacheco, S., Nutti, M. R., de Carvalho, J. L. V., Pereira, E. J., Fukuda, W. G.",2012,Retention of total carotenoid and beta-carotene in yellow sweet cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) after domestic cooking,Food & Nutrition Research,56,,10.3402/fnr.v56i0.15788,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3104/,"Background Over the last decade, considerable efforts have been made to identify cassava cultivars to improve the vitamin A nutritional status of undernourished populations, especially in northeast Brazil, where cassava is one of the principal and essentially only nutritional source. Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the total carotenoid, beta-carotene, and its all-E-, 9-, and 13-Zb- carotene isomers content in seven yellow sweet cassava roots and their retention after three boiling cooking methods. Design The total carotenoid, b-carotene, and its all-E-, 9-, and 13-Z-beta-carotene isomers in yellow sweet cassava samples were determined by ultraviolet/visible spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively, before and after applying the cooking methods. All analyses were performed in triplicate. Results The total carotenoid in raw roots varied from 2.64 to 14.15 mu g/g and total beta-carotene from 1.99 to 10.32 mu g/g. The beta-carotene predominated in all the roots. The Hibrido 2003 14 08 cultivar presented the highest beta-carotene content after cooking methods 1 and 3. The 1153 - Klainasik cultivar presented the highest 9-Z-beta-carotene content after cooking by method 3. The highest total carotenoid retention was observed in cultivar 1456 - Vermelhinha and that of beta-carotene for the Hibrido 2003 14 11 cultivar, both after cooking method 1. Evaluating the real retention percentage ( RR%) in sweet yellow cassava after home cooking methods showed differences that can be attributed to the total initial carotenoid contents. However, no cooking method uniformly provided a higher total carotenoid or beta-carotene retention in all the cultivars. Conclusion Differences were found in the cooking methods among the samples regarding total carotenoid or beta- carotene retention, suggesting that the different behaviors of the cultivars need to be further analyzed. However, high percentages of total carotenoid or b- carotene retention were observed and can minimize vitamin A deficiency in low-income populations.",Included,
"Ngobo, M. P., Weise, S. F., McDonald, M. A.",2004,Revisiting the performance of natural fallows in central Africa,"Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, Supplement",19,4,10.1080/14004080410034029,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12104/,"This study aimed to provide quantitative information on the ecological performance of natural fallow systems along a resource use intensification gradient in southern Cameroon, and their socioeconomic value to farming communities in that area. The effect of the resource use intensity was particularly evident on the availability and distribution of short and long fallows across the three study resource domains. Of the 174 useful species identified in this study, nearly 58% were collected in fallows of less than 10 yrs old. Species and functional diversity were significantly associated with vegetation structure and plant community composition in 5-7-yr-old fallows under different land use intensity regimes. The pattern of the responses of maize, groundnut and cassava to the three fallow types did not differ over the 2 yrs of the study, all crops producing higher yield in fields established after clearing Chromolaena odorata-dominated fallows than in fields following bush fallows.",Included,
"Ennin, S. A., Otoo, E., Tetteh, F. M.",2009,"Ridging, a mechanized alternative to mounding for yam and cassava production",West African Journal of Applied Ecology,15,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5215/,"A cassava seedbed preparation field study was established at Fumesua in the forest and Ejura in the forest-savanna transition agro- ecologies of Ghana in 2004/2005. The experimental design was split plot with three seed bed preparation methods as the main plots and three nitrogen rates as sub plots, with basal application of 45-90 kg ha-1 P205 - K20 on the fertilized plots. A similar study was conducted on yam seedbed preparation in 2003/2004, with a 23 factorial design. Cassava and yams on ridges resulted in highest root and tuber yields, on both Lixisols in the coastal and forest-savanna transition and Acrisols in the forest agro-ecologies. However, yam tuber yield on mounds was not statistically different from yields on ridges. Number of roots per plant was identified as a major contributory factor to the yield increase of cassava on ridges. Seed bed preparation method was, however, not an important determinant of cassava root yield at high rates of fertilizer application of 90-45-90 kg ha-1 N-P205-K20. Planting on mounds resulted in slender, cylindrically shaped cassava roots and yam tubers, while ridging produced oblong shaped roots and tubers. Weeding and fertilizer application were easier on manual ridging than on manual mounds. The study points to ridging as a potential option to mounding for cassava and yam production, with the feasibility of mechanization of ridges to reduce drudgery associated with roots and tuber crop production in the West African sub-region.",Included,
"Liu, S., Zainuddin, I. M., Vanderschuren, H., Doughty, J., Beeching, J. R.",2017,RNAi inhibition of feruloyl CoA 6 '-hydroxylase reduces scopoletin biosynthesis and post-harvest physiological deterioration in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) storage roots,Plant Molecular Biology,94,01-Feb,10.1007/s11103-017-0602-z,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10018/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a major world crop, whose storage roots provide food for over 800 million throughout the humid tropics. Despite many advantages as a crop, the development of cassava is seriously constrained by the rapid post-harvest physiological deterioration (PPD) of its roots that occurs within 24-72 h of harvest, rendering the roots unpalatable and unmarketable. PPD limits cassava's marketing possibilities in countries that are undergoing increased development and urbanisation due to growing distances between farms and consumers. The inevitable wounding of the roots caused by harvesting triggers an oxidative burst that spreads throughout the cassava root, together with the accumulation of secondary metabolites including phenolic compounds, of which the coumarin scopoletin (7-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2-H- 1-benzopyran-2-one) is the most abundant. Scopoletin oxidation yields a blue-black colour, which suggests its involvement in the discoloration observed during PPD. Feruloyl CoA 6'-hydroxylase is a controlling enzyme in the biosynthesis of scopoletin. The cassava genome contains a seven membered family of feruloyl CoA 6'-hydroxylase genes, four of which are expressed in the storage root and, of these, three were capable of functionally complementing Arabidopsis T-DNA insertion mutants in this gene. A RNA interference construct, designed to a highly conserved region of these genes, was used to transform cassava, where it significantly reduced feruloyl CoA 6'-hydroxylase gene expression, scopoletin accumulation and PPD symptom development. Collectively, our results provide evidence that scopoletin plays a major functional role in the development of PPD symptoms, rather than merely paralleling symptom development in the cassava storage root.",Included,
"Odipio, J., Ogwok, E., Taylor, N. J., Halsey, M., Bua, A., Fauquet, C. M., Alicai, T.",2014,RNAi-derived field resistance to Cassava brown streak disease persists across the vegetative cropping cycle,GM crops & food,5,1,10.4161/gmcr.26408,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12621/,"A confined field trial was established to determine durability of RNAi-mediated resistance to Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD). Stem cuttings were obtained from field-grown cassava plants of cv 60444 transgenic for construct p718, consisting of an 894 bp inverted repeat sequence from the Ugandan Cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV) coat protein. Plants were established from three transgenic lines previously shown to provide complete resistance to UCBSV and differing levels of protection to the non-homologous virus species Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV), and grown for 11 months. CBSD symptoms were observed on shoots and storage roots of all non-transgenic cv 60444 control plants and transgenic lines p718-002 and p718-005, but not on p718-001. RT-PCR diagnostic showed tissues of plant lines p718-002 and p718-005 to be infected with CBSV, but free of UCBSV. All leaves and roots of p718-001 plants were to carry no detectable levels of either pathogen. Plants of cv 60444 in this field trial showed severe cassava mosaic disease symptoms, indicating that presence of replicating geminiviruses did not cause significant suppression of RNAi-mediated resistance to CBSD. Resistance to CBSD across a vegetative cropping cycle confirms earlier field data, and provides an important step in proof of concept for application of RNAi technology to control of CBSD under conditions encountered in farmers' fields.",Included,
"YADAV, JITENDER S., OGWOK, EMMANUEL, WAGABA, HENRY, PATIL, BASAVAPRABHU L., BAGEWADI, BASAVARAJ, ALICAI, TITUS, GAITAN-SOLIS, ELIANA, TAYLOR, NIGEL J., FAUQUET, CLAUDE M.",2011,RNAi-mediated resistance to Cassava brown streak Uganda virus in transgenic cassava,,v. 12,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19602/,"Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD), caused by Cassava brown streak Uganda virus (CBSUV) and Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV), is of new epidemic importance to cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) production in East Africa, and an emerging threat to the crop in Central and West Africa. This study demonstrates that at least one of these two ipomoviruses, CBSUV, can be efficiently controlled using RNA interference (RNAi) technology in cassava. An RNAi construct targeting the near full-length coat protein (FL-CP) of CBSUV was expressed constitutively as a hairpin construct in cassava. Transgenic cassava lines expressing small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against this sequence showed 100% resistance to CBSUV across replicated graft inoculation experiments. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis showed the presence of CBSUV in leaves and some tuberous roots from challenged controls, but not in the same tissues from transgenic plants. This is the first demonstration of RNAi-mediated resistance to the ipomovirus CBSUV in cassava.",Included,
"Fokunang, C. N., Akem, C. N., Ikotun, T., Dixon, A. G. O., Tembe, E. A.",2000,"Role of the insect vector, Pseudotheraptus devastans, in cassava anthracnose disease development",European Journal of Plant Pathology,106,4,10.1023/A1008757118385,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5770/,"The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Pseudotheraptus devastans in cassava anthracnose disease transmission and development. P. devastans, Dist (Het. Coriedae) insects were collected from cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) field plots at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria and reared in large cages. The insects were separated at different developmental growth stages of eggs, first to fifth instar nymph, and adults. The different stages of P. devastans showed the presence of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides both externally and internally. Isolates of C. gloeosporioides derived from the insects produced cassava anthracnose disease symptoms (necrotic lesions, wilt and defoliation) 8 weeks after inoculation on two cassava clones. Re-infectivity of cassava plants by the insect-derived fungus established that P. devastans was a potential vector in anthracnose transmission. Except for the first and second instar nymphs, all nymph stages and adult insects produced significant anthracnose symptoms on cassava plants. Defoliation and lesion diameters were greatest using fifth instar nymphs and adult insects. The association between P. devastans feeding and C. gloeosporioides f.sp. manihotis, showed that feeding by P. devastans followed by fungal inoculation and vice versa resulted in more severe anthracnose symptoms than insect feeding or fungal inoculation alone. It was also observed that the influence of P. devastans damage/infection on the development of anthracnose depended on cassava cultivar resistance to both the fungus and the insect feeding.",Included,
"Escasinas, A.B., Escalada, R.G., Baliad, M.E.",1986,Root crops-legumes rotation at varying fertilizer levels,Annals of Tropical Research,8,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5254/,"Sweet potato yield was not significantly affected by fertilizer application even at the rate of 90-60-60 kg NPK/ha. Similar result was noted in cassava root yield. Fertilizer application in gabi at the rate of 0.60-60 kg NPK/ha resulted in 4.98 t of corms per hectare. This did not sig2048nificantly differ from corm yield obtained at 30-60-60 and 90-60-60 kg NPK/ha. Planting root crops in rotation with legumes even without applying inorganic fertilizers may be employed and reasonable yields can still be obtained. It appears that all the legume crops used were promising and can be used in rotation with the root crops to increase land productivity. However, mungbean, bushbean and soybean produced the highest gross and net income when planted in rotation with gabi, cassava and sweet potato, respectively, and contributed greatly to the total in",Included,
"Zhiping, Q., Rao, I. M., Ricaurte, J., Amezquita, E., Sanz, J. I., Kerridge, P. C.",2004,Root distribution and nutrient uptake in crop-forage systems on Andean hillsides,Journal of Sustainable Agriculture,23,4,10.1300/J064v23n04_05,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/20062/,"Root growth and distribution of crop and forage components of production systems on hillsides Could have important effects on nutrient acquisition and plant growth, as well as on sod loss. A long-term field experiment was established in 1994 in the Andean hillsides region Ad of Cauca, Colombia. Soil at the site is medium- to fine-textured Andisol derived from volcanic-ash deposits. Four treatments-cassava monocrop, cassava + cover legumes intercrop, elephant grass forage, and imperial grass forage-were selected to determine differences in dry matter partitioning, leaf area index, nutrient composition, root distribution (0-80 cm soil depth), nutrient acquisition and soil loss. Root biomass of the cassava + cover legumes intercrop was 44% greater than that of the cassava monocrop. The presence of cover legumes not only reduced soil loss but also improved potassium acquisition by cassava. Among the two forage systems, elephant grass had greater root biomass (9.3 t/ha) than the imperial grass (4.2 t/ha). The greater root length density (per unit soil volume) of the former contributed to superior acquisition of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium from soil. In addition, the abundance of very fine roots in the elephant grass forage system in the topsoil layers reduced the loss of soil from the steep slopes. These results indicate that (1) the presence of cover legumes can improve potassium acquisition by cassava; and (ii) the use of elephant grass as a forage grass can reduce Soil loss in Andean hillsides. (C) 2004 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Hauser, S.",1993,Root Distribution of Dactyladenia (Acioa) Barteri and Senna (Cassia) Siamea in Alley Cropping on Ultisol .1. Implication for Field Experimentation,Agroforestry Systems,24,2,10.1007/BF00706886,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7018/,"Root observations were carried out on a typic Paleudult in the humid forest zone of south eastern Nigeria in an alley cropping trial using Dactyladenia (Acioa) barteri and Senna (Cassia) siamea as hedgerow trees and the interrow space planted to maize/cassava intercrop. Rooting depth of D. barteri and S. siamea exceeded 1.6 m. Lateral root propagation of S. siamea was 15 m, and of D. barteri was 5 m from the hedgerows. The whole no-tree control plot was within the range of roots of the adjacent hedgerows. Rooting density and depth of S. siamea in the no-tree control plot was generally higher than of cassava. S. siamea and cassava root density were inversely correlated. Assuming radial symmetry of root propagation, water and nutrients were available from an area 6.1 and 2.3 times larger than the allocated plot size of S. siamea and D. barteri, respectively. Data obtained in alley cropping trials, not considering lateral root propagation, can be invalidated through exploitation of the no-tree control treatment and nutrient acquisition by hedgerow species from a larger area than allocated, thus underestimating and overestimating the performances of the respective treatments. Possible alternative measures for avoiding root interference are discussed but no good solution can be given.",Included,
"Hauser, S., Gichuru, M. P.",1994,Root Distribution of Dactyladenia-(Acioa)-Barteri and Senna-(Cassia)-Siamea in Alley Cropping on Ultisol .2. Impact on Water Regime and Consequences for Experimental-Design,Agroforestry Systems,26,1,10.1007/BF00705149,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7020/,"Tensiometer measurements were carried out on a typic Paleudult in the humid forest zone of south eastern Nigeria in an alley cropping trial using fertilized and unfertilized Dactyladenia (Acioa) barteri and Senna (Cassia) siamea as hedgerow trees and a no-tree control. The interrow space of alley cropped and no-tree control plots were planted to maize/cassava intercrop. Water withdrawal during short dry spells and the dry season occurred fastest in the no-tree control plot and resembled the pattern in the adjacent S. siamea alley cropping. Previous root investigations showed that the whole no-tree control plot was within the range of root propagation of the adjacent hedgerow trees. Installation of a 70 cm deep root barrier led to a retarded water withdrawal in unfertilized no-tree control plots to a depth of 150 cm. In fertilized no-tree control this retardation occurred to a depth of 110 cm, while at 130 and 150 cm water withdrawal with root barriers was faster than without barriers. Results indicate that S. siamea depleted water resources in the no-tree control plot and shortened the growing season of cassava. Restricting roots to the assigned plot size can reduce competition for water in adjacent plots even in layers below the depth of the barrier but can also induce compensative water withdrawal from layers which were not necessarily affected by the barrier. It appears that currently no standard methodology is available to conduct agroforestry trials without the risk of invalidation through root interference. Methods to determine minimum plot size in order to reduce the risk of invalidation and misinterpretation of results are suggested.",Included,
"Ojeniyi, S. O., Ezekiel, P. O., Asawalam, D. O., Awo, A. O., Odedina, S. A., Odedina, J. N.",2009,Root growth and NPK status of cassava as influenced by oil palm bunch ash,African Journal of Biotechnology,8,18,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12794/,"Experiments were carried out at Omoku and Umudike in southeast Nigeria to study effect of oil palm bunch ash (OBA) on number, length, diameter of roots, dry root yield and leaf N, P and K content of bitter and sweet cassava (Manihot esculenta Grantz). The 0.00, 1.25, 2.50, 3.75, 5.00 t/ha OBA and 600 kg/ha NPKF [151515) fertilizer were applied on soil to cassava and root growth parameters were determined at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after planting (MAP). Root dry weight and leaf N, P and K were determined at 12 MAP. OBA treatments and NPKF increased root length, root diameter, number of roots, root weight and leaf N, P and K concentrations significantly (P = 0.05). The 2.50, 3.75, 5.00 t/ha OBA and NPKF gave similar values of root diameter. The 2.50 t/ha OBA gave the highest mean root yield and tuber yield of sweet cassava. The 2.50 and 3.75 t/ha OBA increased tuber yield than NPKF by 83%. Application of 2.50 t/ha OBA is recommended. 2009 Academic Journals.",Included,
"Okechukwu, R.U., Dixon, A.G.O., Akoroda, M.O., Mwangi, M., Bandyopadhyay, R.",2009,Root rot resistance in new cassava varieties introduced to farmers in Nigeria,Expl Agric.,v. 45,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12852/,"In 2004 and 2005 through field trials in over 2500 locations in several agroecological zones, 40 new cassava varieties were introduced in Nigeria. The trials were managed by scientists, extension workers and farmers. The aim in introducing these new varieties was to pre-emptively manage cassava mosaic disease, to avert an imminent threat from the Ugandan strain of the pathogen and prevent damage to the Nigerian cassava economy. From these trials, 10 new varieties were selected and officially released for high root yield, high dry matter content and acceptability for food, industry and livestock. Cassava root rot is a major source of yield loss in Nigeria, especially where farmers practice late harvest because they wait for a good price from the market before harvest and sales. This paper investigated how the 40 varieties together with three old improved varieties currently in farmers' fields during the formal trials responded to root rot disease. No absolutely resistant variety was found, indicating that early harvest (9-11 months after planting) is still the best way to reduce losses from root rot. Root rot is also significantly (p <or= 0.05) influenced by genotype and environment interaction. Most root rot was recorded in the humid forest and the least was in the Sudan savanna agroecological zone. Using a rank-sum method, the 43 varieties were separated into highly resistant, resistant, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible, susceptible and highly susceptible classes.",Included,
"Izumi, Y.",1999,Root system development including root branching in cuttings of cassava with reference to shoot growth and tuber bulking,Plant Production Science,2,4,10.1626/pps.2.267,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7978/,"In spite of the important role it plays for water and nutrient acquisition, information on the root system development in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is limited. To examine the root length and branching pattern with reference to shoot growth and tuber bulking, we grew cassava plants in containers under natural climatic conditions in the southern end of Sumatra Island, Indonesia. One 20-cm length cutting of cassava (cv. Ardira IV) was planted in either a plastic bucket or a wooden box. The containers, which were filled with heavy clay soil, had different sizes depending on the growing period. At 30, 60, 100, 140, 180, and 270 days after planting (DAP), both the shoot and roots were sampled for quantitative analysis. The dry weight of both shoot and roots increased rapidly with the leaf area. The axile root number, however, decreased from 60 to 140 DAP as a result of the abscission of roots emerging from the basal part of the cutting during tuber bulking. The total root length reached its maximum at 60 DAP and significantly decreased thereafter because of decay and decomposition during tuber bulking. On the other hand, the root branching either increased the branching order or retained it, as determined from a topological point of view. The root branching during the later growing period compensated for the decrease in total root length and contributed to maintain a sufficient root surface area. The surviving roots with a well-developed branching pattern could absorb water and nutrients essential for tuber bulking.",Included,
"Pardales Jr, J. R.",1999,Root system development of cassava and sweetpotato during early growth stage as affected by high root zone temperature,Plant Production Science,2,4,10.1626/pps.2.247,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13772/,"Root zone temperature (RZT) is an important factor that affects the establishment of crops in the field. This study was conducted to determine the effect of high RZT on the root system development of cassava and sweetpotato and to assess the response of each root system component of cassava and sweetpotato to high RZTs. Cassava and sweetpotato are widely grown crops in soils that are prone to reach a high temperature especially during the dry season. The plant root system was the primary object of investigation in this study. Cassava and sweetpotato cuttings were grown in pots for 20 days in a growth chamber where two different soil temperature regimes were maintained 40C (high RZT) and 25C (normal). High RZT significantly decreased the total length of the adventitious roots (ARs) and the number and total length of the first order lateral roots (LRs) in both cassava and sweetpotato. Reduction in these root growth parameters was greater in the latter than in the former. High RZT caused a marked increase in the number of the second order LRs in sweetpotato and tended to enhance the formation of the third order LRs. Under high RZT, in cassava, a higher proportion of the total number of ARs and the first order LRs, and thus, a greater fraction of the total root length came from the lower nodes of the cuttings that were buried deep in the soil at planting. In sweetpotato, a greater proportion of the total number and total length of the ARs and the first order LRs was observed in the nodes of the cuttings that were buried closer to the soil surface than those buried deeper. An opposite trend was evident in both cassava and sweetpotato grown under a normal RZT. In the screenhouse experiment where plants were grown for 12 days, root growth of cassava was significantly reduced by the high RZT that prevailed when the soil was not covered with mulch materials. The root development in the mulched soil was similar to that under normal RZT in the growth chamber.",Included,
"Polthanee, A., Taboonmuang, R., Manaonok, J.",2016,Root yield and nutrient removal of four cassava cultivars planted in early rainy season of Northeastern Thailand Crop experienced to drought at mid-growth stage,Asian Journal of Crop Science,8,1,10.3923/ajcs.2016.24.30,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14298/,"The objectives of this study were to evaluate growth yield and nutrients removal of cassava cultivars planted in early rainy season under rainfed condition of Northeastern Thailand. Four cassava cultivars including Rayong-7, Rayong-11, Rayong-72 and Huaybong-80 were tested in randomized complete block design with four replications. The crops were planted in May and harvested after 345 days. Cassava plantation experienced to drought in December to March for four months. The results showed that the vigorous cultivar Rayong-7 gave highest of leaf dry weight, number of leaf retained per plant, number of new leaf produced per plant, number of storage root, storage root fresh weight per plant and storage root yield. Irrespective of nutrient removal; N, P and K removed ranges from 3.5-5.2,0.62-0.85 and 3.5-5.3 kg t-1 fresh root weight, respectively depending on cassava cultivar. The cultivar Rayong-7 removed maximum quantities of N, the cultivar Rayong-11 and Huaybong-80 removed the highest quantities of P and K, respectively. Regardless of nutrient removal at different plant parts; N, P and K removed maximum quantities in leaf, stem and storage root, respectively. 2016 Anan Polthanee et al.",Included,
"Diomande, M.",1982,Root-knot nematodes on upland rice (Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima) and cassava (Manihot esculenta) in Ivory Coast,"Proceedings of the Third Research Planning Conference on Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. : Region IV, Benin, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria; Region V, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe : Nov 16-20, 1981, Ibadan, Nigeria",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4645/,,Included,
"Valentin, C., Agus, F., Alamban, R., Boosaner, A., Bricquet, J.P., Chaplot, V., de Guzman, T., de Rouw, A., Janeau, J.L., Orange, D., Phachomphonh, K., Phai, Do Duy, Podwojewski, P., Ribolzi, O., Silvera, N., Subagyono, K., Thibaux, J.P., Toan, Tran Duc, Vadari, T.",2008,Runoff and sediment losses from 27 upland catchments in Southeast Asia Impact of rapid land use changes and conservation practices,"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment",128,4,10.1016/j.agee.2008.06.004,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18245/,"Rapid changes in upland farming systems in Southeast Asia generated predominantly by increased population pressure and 'market forces' have resulted in widespread land degradation that has been well documented at the plot scale. Yet, the links between agricultural activities in the uplands and downstream off-site effects remain largely unknown because of the difficulties in transferring results from plots to a larger scale. Many authors have thus pointed out the need for long-term catchment studies. The objective of this paper is to summarize the results obtained by the Management of Soil Erosion Consortium (MSEC) over the last 5 years from 27 catchments in five countries (Indonesia, Laos, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam). The purpose of the study was to assess the impacts of cultivation practices on annual runoff and erosion rates. Initial surveys in each catchment included topography, soils and land use. Monitoring included climatic, hydrologic and erosion (total sediment yield including bed load and suspended sediment load) data, land use and crop yields, and farmers' income. In addition, new land management options were introduced through consultations with farmers and evaluated in terms of runoff and erosion. These included tree plantations, fruit trees, improved fallow with legumes, maize intercropped with legumes, planted fodder, native grass strips and agro-ecological practices (direct sowing and mulch-based conservation agriculture). Regressions analyses showed that runoff during the rainy season, and normalized runoff flow coefficient based on erosive rainfall during the rainy season (rainfall with intensity exceeding 25mmh) increase with the percentage of the catchment covered by maize. Both variables decrease with increasing soil depth, standard deviation of catchment slope (that reflects terrain roughness), and the percentages of the catchment covered by fallow (regular and improved), tree plantations and planted fodder. The best predictors of sediment yield were the surface percentages of maize, Job's tears, cassava and footpaths. The main conclusions generated from this study were (i) soil erosion is predominantly influenced by land use rather than environmental characteristics not only at the plot scale but also at the catchment scale; (ii) slash-and-burn shifting cultivation with sufficiently long rotations (1 year of cultivation, 8 years of fallow) is too often unjustly blamed for degradation; (iii) in its place, continuous cropping of maize and cassava promotes high rates of soil erosion at the catchment scale; (iv) conservation technologies are efficient in reducing runoff and total sediment yield at the catchment scale; (v) the adoption of improved soil management technologies by upland farmers is not a function of the degree of intensification of their farming system and/or of their incomes. The results suggest that if expansion of maize and cassava into already degraded upland systems were to occur due to increased demand for biofuels, there is a risk of higher runoff and sediment generation. A failure to adopt appropriate land use management strategies will result in further rapid resource degradation with negative impacts to downstream communities.",Included,
"Cruz, J. L., Coelho, M. A., Coelho, E. F., dos Santos, A. A.",2017,Salinity reduces carbon assimilation and the harvest index of cassava plants (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Acta Scientiarum-Agronomy,39,4,10.4025/actasciagron.v39i4.32952,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4043/,"This study was developed to evaluate the effects of salinity on the growth and gas exchange of cassava plants, cultivar Verdinha. The four concentrations of NaCl (mM) were as follows 0, 20, 40, and 60. Under salinity, the lowest concentration of Na+ ions was observed in the tuberous roots; however, the dry matter of tuberous roots was reduced with an application of just 20 mM NaCl. The harvest index was reduced 50% with the highest salt concentration. Salinity reduced carbon assimilation (A), stomatal conductance (g(s)), transpiration, and the instantaneous water use efficiency. The correlation between gs and A was high and positive, showing that stomatal movement was one of the responsible for the lower A. Under salt stress, there was an increase in intercellular CO2 concentration, indicating the impairment of carbon metabolism. Based on the reduction of dry matter of the tuberous roots (reduction of 81% under 60 mM NaCl), it was concluded that cassava is sensitive to salinity. The growth of shoots and the absorbing roots were minimally affected by salinity, even in the situation where A was reduced; therefore, the sensitivity of cassava was related to the high sensitivity of the tuberous roots to the ionic and/or osmotic effects of salinity. Thus, tuberous roots can be the target organ in studies that aim to improve the tolerance of cassava to salinity.",Included,
"Hawker, J. S., Smith, G. M.",1982,Salt Tolerance and Regulation of Enzymes of Starch Synthesis in Cassava (Manihot-Esculenta Crantz),Australian Journal of Plant Physiology,9,5,10.1071/PP9820509,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7030/,,Included,
"Yaninek, J. S., Baumgaertner, J., Gutierrez, A. P.",1991,Sampling Mononychellus tanajoa (Acari Tetranychidae) on cassava in Africa,Bulletin of Entomological Research,81,2,10.1017/S0007485300051282,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19666/,"Density-specific sampling plans were developed under African conditions for the exotic spider mite, Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar), a serious pest of cassava, Manihot esculenta. The within-plant distribution of Mononychellus tanajoa was found to favour new foliage, regardless of time of planting or plant age. Consequently, the first developed leaf near the top of the foliage was selected as the sampling unit and related to whole plant populations of M. tanajoa. The relationship between the mite population's variance and mean as measured by Taylor's Power Law proved to be stable over a range of planting dates, seasons and locations. Two binomial sampling plans, one based on Taylor's dispersion parameters and another based on direct field observations, were developed and compared. Binomial sampling, appropriate only for densities below 30 mites per leaf, was replaced by an enumerative procedure based on a quick count protocol at higher mite densities. 1991, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Lozano, J.C., Bellotti, A., Vargas, O.",1986,Sanitary problems in the production of cassava planting material,"Global Workshop on Root and Tuber Crops Propagation. Proceeding of a Regional Workshop held in Cali, Colombia, 13-16 September, 1983",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10167/,,Included,
"J.C., Lozano, A., Bellotti, O., Vargas",1986,Sanitary problems in the production of cassava planting material. Proceedings of a regional workshop,"Global Workshop on Root and Tuber Crops Propagation: Proceedings of a Regional Workshop held in Cali, Colombia, 13-16 September, 1983",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8000/,,Included,
"Cooke, R.D., Howland, A.K., Hahn, S.K.",1978,Screening cassava for low cyanide using an enzymatic assay,Enpl Agric.,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3896/,,Included,
"Monde, G., Walangululu, J., Bragard, C.",2012,Screening cassava for resistance to cassava mosaic disease by grafting and whitefly inoculation,,v. 1  v. 45,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11263/,"Screening for cassava mosaic begomoviruses (CMBs)-resistance using grafting and whitefly inoculation was performed with local and improved cassava. The onset of symptom appearance and the evolution of Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) varied in function of genotypes and virus inoculation techniques used. Grafting position using cassava as scion or rootstock does not affect CMD display and evolution. No relation was established between the number of whiteflies feeding on each genotype and viral inoculation technique tested. Detopping of young leaves induces triggering effect on CMD expression. PCR and ELISA confirmed the EACMV-UG's preferential transmission by whitefly. Hypothesis of virus replication and cultivars's susceptibility were supported by virus increasing particles in infected cassava. Cultivars Mvuazi (TMSI 95/0528) and 96/1089A are suggested field immune to CMBs; Disanka (TMSI 95/0211), Yauma, Timolo, Bangi, Mahungu (TMS 92/297), Mvuama (TMS 83/138), Lueki (TMS 91/377) and Zizila (MV 99/0038) are CMD-resistant; whereas Ponjo, Lofiongi, Ngonga and Mboloko are susceptible. Our results showed that resistant genotypes may express CMD under high inoculum pressure such as grafting.",Included,
"Lozano, J. C., Laberry, R.",1982,Screening for Resistance to Cassava Bacterial Blight,Plant Disease,66,4,10.1094/PD-66-316,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10159/,"Resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. manihotis in cassava (Manihot esculenta) was identified during four cycles of field evaluation in an area where cassava bacterial blight is endemic. Some genotypes that were rated resistant based on foliar symptoms produced under controlled conditions were eliminated because of infection after two, three, or four cycles of continuous cultivation.",Included,
"Raji, Adebola, Ladeinde, Oluseyi, Dixon, Alfred",2008,Screening Landraces for Additional Sources of Field Resistance to Cassava Mosaic Disease and Green Mite for Integration into the Cassava Improvement Program,Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,50,3,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14787/,"Twelve cassava landraces were evaluated for sources of resistance genes to diseases and pests of major economic importance in Africa. The objective was to assess their levels of field resistance to mosaic disease (ACMD), bacterial blight (CBB), anthracnose (CAD), and green mite (CGM), compared to TMS30572, an elite cultivar widely adopted in Africa. Considerable genotypic variation was observed among cultivars for resistance to ACMD and CGM but not for CBB and CAD. The lowest mean incidence of 12% and severity of 1.8 on a scale of 1-5 for ACMD was recorded for Atu, a landrace with farmer acceptable qualities. In comparison, the improved cultivar, TMS 30572, had a mean disease incidence of 72% and a severity score of 2.8. Another landrace, MS-20 had the lowest CGM damage score (2.1) while TMS 30572 emerged as one of the susceptible cultivars with a damage score of 3. Additional sources of resistance to ACMD and CGM that may possibly be better than the popular improved cultivar, TMS 30572, were identified in this study. These could serve as novel sources of additional genes to complement existing resources for elite cassava breeding in Africa.",Included,
"Pillai, Lekshmi Saraswathi, Misra, Raj Shekhar",2013,Screening of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) accessions against Phytophthora palmivora induced tuber rot of cassava,,v. 46,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14216/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), is an important tropical tuber crop with global importance and plays a significant role in the food, nutritional and livelihood security of around 500 million people. In India, the low productivity of cassava attributes to the soil borne disease, particularly tuber rot caused by Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) which is destructive and the attack is spreading in alarming rate in all the cassava growing regions causing heavy yield loss of more than 50%. Introduction of disease resistant varieties may alleviate the problem to a certain extent. This paper describes the screening procedures and findings on the disease resistant variety of cassava accession against tuber rot. Variety Sree Padmanabha imparted high resistance against tuber rot, while Sree Sahya was moderately resistant and all other accessions studied were found to be susceptible in in vitro and in field trials. In screening studies, a reproducible positive correlation was obtained between attached tubers in live plant with detached tubers which showed that detached tuber part can be used for the prediction of resistance in attached live plants of cassava for cultivar resistance. The procedure described here could be used as a simple, rapid and efficient method for screening of cassava accessions against tuber rot of cassava.",Included,
"Amusa, N. A.",2001,Screening of cassava and yam cultivars for resistance to anthracnose using toxic metabolites of colletotrichum species,Mycopathologia,150,3,10.1023/A1010955402457,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1040/,"Collectotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis and C. gloeosporioides, causal agents of cassava (Manihot spp.) and yam (Dioscorea spp.) anthracnose diseases, respectively, produce toxic metabolites in culture that fluoresce at 254 nm and 366 nm, producing bands with Rf of 0.65 and 7.0, respectively. Symptoms induced on yam and cassava by the extracted metabolites were similar to those induced by the pathogens. Twenty-four clones of tropical D. rotundata (TDr), D. alata (TDa), D. esculenta (TDe), and D. cayenensis (TDc) were screened by applying toxic metabolites of C. gloeosporioides to their leaves and stems. Only TDr131, TDe 179 and TDc750 were resistant. Other clones were susceptible to varying degrees. Nineteen of the 45 clones of M. esculenta were resistant to varying degrees of toxic metabolites of C. gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis. Results from in vitro screening of' cassava and yam clones using toxic metabolites compared favourably with field screening based on natural epidemics. Using toxic metabolites appears to be a more effective technique for screening for disease resistance than conventional inoculation with plant pathogens.",Included,
"Banito, A., Kpemoua, K. E., Wydra, K.",2010,SCREENING OF CASSAVA GENOTYPES FOR RESISTANCE TO BACTERIAL BLIGHT USING STRAIN x GENOTYPE INTERACTIONS,Journal of Plant Pathology,92,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1872/,"Twenty-four improved and local genotypes of cassava (Manihot esculenta) from Togo were screened under controlled conditions for resistance to cassava bacterial blight by stem-inoculation with four highly virulent Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis strains from different African origins. The local genotypes Nakoko and Toma159 were most susceptible to the four strains, while most other genotypes, including the reference genotype Ben86052, with susceptible reaction to at least two strains, were resistant to at least one strain. Six genotypes showed a resistant reaction to the four strains, the local genotype Gbazekoute and the improved CVTM4 from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) being the most resistant. Six groups of genotypes with differential reactions to the strains were identified, which allowed the strains to be defined as pathotypes.",Included,
"Adegbite, Ayodele Adesina",2017,Screening of cassava varieties for resistance to root-knot nematodes,Archiv fur Phytopathologie und Pflanzenschutz,50,07-Aug,10.1080/03235408.2017.1314753,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/270/,"Twenty cassava cultivars were screened in micro-plot experiments in the green house of Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Moor Plantation, Ibadan for root-knot nematode resistance. Four weeks after planting, each plant was inoculated with 5000 eggs of Meloidogyne incognita . There were three replications per cultivar. The plants were uprooted and assessed for resistance after 60days of inoculation. Assessment of plant damaged was determined by gall index and reproductive factor. Based on host status rating, 3 cultivars were found to be resistant, 4 cultivars were tolerant, 10 cultivars ere susceptible while .3 cultivars were hypersusceptible. All the screened cultivars are resistant to cassava mosaic disease and other major pests of cassava like bacterial disease, anthracnose disease, cassava green mite and cassava mealy bug. They are all high yielding, suitable for food, industry and livestock feed.",Included,
"Timbilla, J. A., Yeboah-Gyan, K., Lawson, B. W., Woode, E.",2007,Screening of chemical insecticides for the development of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-based attracticides for the management of Zonocerus variegatus,Journal of Entomology,4,3,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17720/,"Current research has shown that derivatives of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) from the dry chopped roots of Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae) are effective lures for Z. variegatus. Bioassays on the effect of a developed PA-based attracticides on 4th instar nymphs of Z. variegatus were conducted in the laboratory with a completely randomized design. The PA-source was the dry roots of C. odorata. The PA-attracticides evaluated comprised 300 g each of dry roots of C. odorata poisoned with three dilutions each of three standard insecticides, Carbofuran 3G, Perfektion 40 EC and Karate 2.5 EC, each with control treatment without attracticide. The insects were exposed to cassava (serving as feed) and the PA-attracticides in choice tests. The effects of the Carbofuran 3G based PA-attracticides in knocking down Z. variegatus was concentration dependent while those of Perfekthion 40 EC and Karate 2.5 EC were not. The results showed that treating the dry chopped roots of C. odorata with as low as 0.5% w/v 3G Carbofuran derives an effective PA-based attracticide for the management of Z. variegatus. The results indicate that poisoning the dry roots of C. odorata could serve as a new management strategy for Z. variegatus. Here, the insect will be lured to its doom rather than spraying large hectares of infested fields with pesticides. On the other hand the use of the dry roots of C. odorata as a lure will be contributing to the management of the weed which impacts negatively on agriculture and forestry. 2007 Academic Journals.",Included,
"Sanchez, T., Salcedo, E., Ceballos, H., Dufour, D., Mafla, G., Morante, N., Calle, F., Perez, J. C., Debouck, D., Jaramillo, G., Moreno, I. X.",2009,Screening of Starch Quality Traits in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Starch-Starke,61,1,10.1002/star.200800058,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15748/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is one of the most important sources of starch in the tropics. There is limited and contradictory information regarding cassava starch characteristics. The International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) holds in trust FAO's cassava germplasm collection. Starches from 3272 landraces (including 12 wild relatives) and 772 improved clones were extracted and analyzed over a period of several years. In most cases only one starch sample per genotype was analyzed. Average cyanogenic potential was 327 ppm but considerably higher in the landraces (340 ppm) than in improved clones (267 ppm). Average total and reducing sugars were slightly higher in improved clones (4.06 and 1.56%, respectively) than in landraces (3.68 and 1.25%, respectively). Amylose content was similar in both types of germplasm with an average of 20.7%. Average pasting temperature was 65.3 degrees C. Maximum viscosity was 777.5 mPa s, breakdown was 298.1 mPa s, consistency was 155.8 mPa s and setback was -144.5 mPa s. The large sample of starches analyzed provides very robust information regarding the actual characteristics of cassava starch.",Included,
"Bernardo, E.N., Esguerra, N.M.",1981,Seasonal abundance of red spider mite and its predators on selected cassava accessions [study conducted in the Philippines],Annals of Tropical Research (Philippines),v. 3,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2150/,"In a sprayed cassava planting, the cassava red spider mite population fluctuated in lesser magnitude in moderately resistant Accessions 8, 12 and 46 than in Golden Yellow and susceptible Accessions 35, 36 and 38. Irrespective of the susceptibility level, population build up of the spider mite in VISCA (Visayas State Coll. of Agriculture) occurred during low rainfall months which, during the two-year period covered, were from December 1978 to April 1979, August and September 1979 and in May, June and July 1980. In some instances, factors other than rainfall seem to reduce mite population. Temperature and relative humidity did not show adverse effect on spider mite population. Predaceous insects such as coccinellid and staphylinid beetles, cecidomyiid fly and thrips (in decreasing order of abundance) and predaceous phytoseiid mites fluctuated in population density only slightly and showed minimum build up despite the presence of high mite population. Factors other than predators could have helped also in reducing mite population in certain months. It is suggested that field planting should be planned such that the critical stage of growth of cassava which usually occurs during the third to the fifth month from planting will not coincide with the population peaks of the cassava red spider mite to avoid significant loss in tuber yield",Included,
"Badejo, M. A.",1990,Seasonal Abundance of Soil Mites (Acarina) in 2 Contrasting Environments,Biotropica,22,4,10.2307/2388555,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1711/,"The soils of a secondary regrowth forest plot and an adjoining cassava plot in southwest Nigeria were investigated over an annual cycle to show the seasonal variations in their mite (Acarina) populations. Data on rainfall, soil moisture content, and soil temperature were simultaneously collected. Microenvironmental differences in the two plots were reported to have influenced the densities, age structure, and fluctation patterns of the mite populations. Like most other arthropods, mostly insects and spiders studied in other tropical environments, the soil mites showed within and between seasonal changes in abundance at both the forest and cassava plots. Two patterns of seasonal fluctuations characterized by a single maximum population density on the one hand and multiple peak populations on the other hand were shown by the mite groups in the forest and cassava plots. Unlike most mite groups whose patterns of fluctuations were similar in the forest and cassava plots, Haplozetes sp., Carabodes sp., Oppia sp., Tectocepheus sp., and Parasitidae were reported to have reacted to the difference in environmental attributes between the forest and the cassava plots by exhibiting different fluctuation patterns between the two plots. The population build-up potential of mites in the cassava plot, especially Haplozetes sp., is discussed.",Included,
"Calatayud, P. A., Tertuliano, M., Le R, B.",1994,Seasonal changes in secondary compounds in the phloem sap of cassava in relation to plant genotype and infestation by Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera Pseudococcidae),Bulletin of Entomological Research,84,4,10.1017/S0007485300032673,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2915/,"A previous study on the population dynamics of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Matile-Ferrero), on cassava has shown that populations increase during the dry season. The aim of the present studies was to determine whether these important changes in the pest population observed throughout the seasons in the field in the Congo, could be correlated with seasonal variations in the level of secondary compounds in the phloem, implicated in cassava plant resistance to P. manihoti. Our results showed that cassava was in drought stress conditions during the dry season (foliar area decreased). The combination of infestation and dry stress factors was clearly visible during the dry season. In fact, the decrease in leaf water potential together with infestation by P. manihoti was clearly observed at the end of the rainy season and during the dry season. The levels of the secondary compounds, rutin (an unfavourable substance to P. manihoti) decreased in the less resistant genotype, and cyanide (a phagostimulant substance) increased in each genotype in the dry season. These results may partially explain the important population changes in P. manihoti during the seasons. 1994, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Tertuliano, M., Calatayud, P. A., Le Ru, B. P.",1999,Seasonal changes of secondary compounds in the phloem sap of cassava in relation to fertilisation and to infestation by the cassava mealybug,Insect Science and its Application,19,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17507/,"The aim of the present study was to determine, by a field experiment, whether the seasonal variations in the levels of cyanide and rutin in the phloem, secondary compounds potentially implicated in cassava resistance to the cassava mealybug (Phcnnccocus nmnilioti), could be influenced by different kinds of soil fertilisation (manure, NPK, KC1, lime, mulch). It was found that mean cyanide and rutin contents varied significantly with season, soil treatments and infestation. For each soil treatment, the highest contents of these compounds on uninfested plants was registered in the main dry season (Jul-Aug) for cyanide and at the end of the dry season (Jul-Aug) and beginning of the rainy season (Oct-Nov) for rutin. The infestation factor induced.an increase in cyanide and rutin contents for 43 combinations of period and soil treatment among 48 in total. For cyanide content (phagostimulant function in mealybug), this increase appeared significant at the end of the rainy season (Apr-May) and in the main dry season (Jul-Aug) for control and KC1 fertilisation. For rutin content (an unfavourable substance for the insect) significant increase was induced by infestation in each period for manure and mulch and especially in the main dry season (Jul-Aug) and at the beginning of the rainy season (Oct-Nov) for other soil treatments. Concerning the seasonal variations in the level of rutin, these results showed that mulch and manure are the best fertilisers to increase cassava resistance against mealybugs. 1999ICIPE.",Included,
"Agim, L. C., Osuji, G. E., Igwe, C. A., Ekpe, II, Ikeh, S.",2015,"Seasonal Variability and Land Use Effects on Aggregate Stability, Shear Strength and Organic Matter Content of an Ultisol",Malaysian Journal of Soil Science,19,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/519/,"Ultisols of the tropics are characterised bylow crop productivity, severe degradation and variability in their properties due to inappropriate land use practices and seasonal changes. Knowledge of variability in soil properties is important for precision farming, adequate food production and environmental modeling. The major objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of season and land use on the studied properties. The experiment was factorially arranged in randomised complete block design (RCBD), with season, month of sampling and land use, serving as factors. Data were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant means were separated using least significant difference at 5% probability level. Bare fallow had the lowest shear strength (119.62 kN m(-2)), water stable aggregates (WSA) (33.34 %), soil organic matter (13.95 g kg(-1)), and bulk density (1.40 g cm(-3)). Soil under bush fallow had the highest shear strength (136.95 kN m(-2)) andWSA (38.00 %), and the least silt content (89.35 g kg(-1)). The shear strength, organic matter and aggregate stability varied moderately (C.V=16.89, 20.26 and 38.43%, respectively). Significant interactions between the season and land use were noted in organic matter content only. Seasonal variations affected shear strength, organic matter, and bulk density significantly (P=0.05).",Included,
"Eke, J., Achinewhu, S.C., Sanni, L., Barimalaa, I.S., Maziya-Dixon, B., Dixon, A.",2007,Seasonal variations in the chemical and functional properties of starches from local and improved cassava varieties in high rainfall region of Nigeria,,v. 5,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5028/,"The aim was to investigate the chemical and functional properties of starches produced from 39 different cassava varieties (36 varieties resistant to cassava mosaic disease and three checks TMS 30572, 4(2) 1425 and 82/00058) in two planting seasons at the experimental farm of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Onne, Rivers State, Nigeria. Varieties screened showed significant seasonal and varietal differences (p<0.05) in all the properties over two harvesting seasons. Amylose content ranged from 19.25 to 25.08% in Year 1 and from 16.19 to 20.29% in Year 2; amylopectin ranged from 77.88 to 79.71% in Year 1 and from 80.75 to 83.71% in Year 2. Protein content ranged from 0.7 to 1.06% in Year 1 and from 0.06 to 0.34% in Year 2. Sugar content ranged from 0.39 to 1.45% in Year 1 and from 0.52 to 1.13 % in Year 2. Starch damage ranged from 0.81 to 1.67% in Year 1 and from 0.58 to 0.89% in Year 2. pH ranged from 3.73 to 6.88 in Year 1 and from 5.25 to 9.30 in Year 2. Moisture content ranged from 7.47 to 14.55% in Year 1 and from 7.51 to 15.52% in Year 2. Ash content ranged from 0.05 to 0.36% in Year 1 and from 0.03 to 0.77% in Year 2. Starch content ranged from 61.36 to 91.78% in Year 1 and from 64.67 to 84.21% for Year 2. Dispersibility ranged from 79.50 to 87% in Year 1 and from 79.50 to 85.50% in Year 2. Swelling power ranged from 10.91 to 17.47% in Year 1 and 8.57 to 14.28% in Year 2. Solubility index ranged from 4.68 to 26.36% in Year 1 and from 2.07 to 14.36% in Year 2. Color ranged from 85.05 to 94.49% in Year 1 and from 90.27 to 92.96% in Year 2. The study therefore showed significant genotypic and seasonal variations in the chemical and functional properties of native starches from cassava.",Included,
"Siregar, Masdjidin, Nagai, Naoko, Suryadi, Muhammad",2006,"Secondary crops based farming systems and their integration with processing in Lampung, Indonesia",CAPSA Working Paper No.98,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16528/,"This report is the outcome of the second phase of the AGRIDIV project in Indonesia. The goal of this second phase study is to examine the performance of farming, marketing and processing of CGPRT crops at two study dry land that have different cropping patterns. The two selected sites were Siswa Bangun and Restu Baru village. The results would by no means represent a national average. Hence, the description of farming, marketing and processing of those crops given here forms a source of in-depth quantitative and qualitative information that might have wider validity. Findings relate to maize and cassava commodity systems.",Included,
"Stamp, J. A., Henshaw, G. G.",1987,Secondary somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in cassava,"Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture",10,3,10.1007/BF00037307,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16894/,"Somatic embryos isolated from mature seed-derived cotyledon cultures of cassava (Mannihot esculenta Crantz) underwent direct secondary somatic embryogenesis or plant development under appropriate incubation conditions. Isolated somatic embryos were subjected to a two-stage culture procedure similar to that which induced their development on cotyledon explants. This involved incubation for 24-30 days on Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with 2-8 mgl-1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (Stage I medium) before transfer to medium supplemented with 0.01 mgl-1 2,4-D and 0.1 mgl-1 6-benzylamino purine (BAP) (Stage II medium). Under these conditions, secondary somatic embryos developed directly from the cotyledons and shoot-tip region of primary somatic embryos by a developmental process morphologically very similar to that occurring on zygotic cotyledon explants. Apical shoot extension and adventitious root formation occurred when somatic embryos were isolated from parental cultures and incubated on Stage II medium. Somatic embryo-derived plants growing in greenhouse conditions appeared morphologically normal when compared with non-regenerated plants. 1987 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.",Included,
"Fokunang, C.N. (Ibadan Univ. (Nigeria). Dept. of Crop Protection, Environmental Biology), Akem, C.N., Ikotun, T., Dixon, A.G.O., Tembe, E.A.",1999,"Seed survival and transmission of cassava anthracnose disease, and seed treatment effect on seedling growth",Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences,v. 2,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5769/,"Open pollinated seeds from cassava genotypes were used to investigate the survival and transmission of cassava anthracnose disease fungus. Seeds from each genotype were surface-sterilized, cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated for 8 days, at 25 plus minus 2 degree centigrade. Microscopic examination indicated that Colletorichum gloeosporioides was one of the seed-borne fungi, with up to 40 percent incidence in some genotypes. Seeds from five genotypes with high incidence of C. gloeosporioides, were selected for transmission studies. They were planted in steam-pasteurized soils in jiffy pots in the greenhouse. The pots were placed closed to each other to increase canopy relative humidity needed for anthracnose development at temperatures of 25-32 degree centigrade. After six weeks, some plants exhibited symptoms that resembled those of cassava anthracnose disease. The stems, leaves and roots of these plants were washed, surface sterilized, plated on PDA and incubated for 5-7 days. Microscopic examination of the fungus identified conidia of C. gloeosporioides. The rest of the plants were monitored for 3 months under vector-free conditions for typical anthracnose symptoms. Mean maximum wilt and defoliation of 35-38 percent was recorded on some genotypes. C. gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis was confirmed by pathogenicity tests on young healthy cassava seedlings with stem puncture inoculations. Treatment of infected seeds with three synthetic fungicides; benlate, captan, thiram, two anti-microbial plant products from Azadirachta indica A. Juss and Ocimum gratissimum Linn at full strength concentration, and hot water treatment, significantly reduced fungal incidence, increased seedling emergence and plant vigour index of the cassava genotypes.",Included,
NA,2001,SEEDS OF HEALTH,A NEWSLETTER FOR PRACTITIONERS IN AGRICULTURE AND H H EALTH UMAN NUTRITION,1,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19363/,Headlines Welcome to Seeds of Health; Golden Rice Proof Of Concept And Beyond; Nutritional Genomics Using Molecular Biology To Improve Human Health; Using Simulated Digestion And Cell Culture To Determine Iron Bioavailability; Plant Breeding A Cost-Effective Approach For Reducing Micronutrient Malnutrition; CGIAR Micronutrient Project Update- Micronutrients Variability In Rice; CGIAR Micronutrients Project Update- Research On Trace Minerals In Common Bean; CGIAR Micronutrients Project Update-Breeding For Trace Minerals In Wheat; CGIAR Micronutrients Project Update- Carotene In Cassava Roots And Leaves; Needed More Emphasis In Using Food-Based Strategies To Improve Human Nutrition.,Included,
"Schmitz, G. J. H., Peroni-Okita, F. H. G., do Nascimento, J. R. O., Campanha, R. B., Valle, T. L., Franco, C. M. L., Cordenunsi-Lysenko, B. R.",2017,Selected physicochemical properties of starches isolated from ten cassava varieties reveal novel industrial uses,Starch-Starke,69,07-Aug,10.1002/star.201600272,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16035/,"Although cassava is of great importance as a starch source for industrial purposes or food consumption, the evaluation of different varieties is an under-investigated topic. Thus, in order to contribute to the identification of cassava starches more suitable for use and application in the food industry, this study aimed to analyze and compare the physicochemical properties of starches from ten different cassava varieties of household consumption, industrial use, and mixed use. In order to accomplish this goal, analyses were performed into the thermal and pasting properties, granule size, and amylopectin branch-chain-length distribution and amylose and phosphorus contents, as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the starches. In addition, a principal component analysis (PCA) biplot was generated, as one of the most useful methods to analyze multidimensional datasets with quantitative variables. Significant differences in phosphorus and amylose contents, branch-chain-length distribution of amylopectin, starch granule diameter, gelatinization and retrogradation temperatures, and pasting properties were obtained. Therefore, this study adds to the literature regarding the physicochemical properties of starches of these cassava varieties, contributing to improving their uses in the food industry by novel applications these starches, and adding and corroborating uses of some varieties studied.",Included,
"Sery, D. J. M., Kouadjo, Z. G. C., Voko, B. R. R., Zeze, A.",2016,Selecting Native Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi to Promote Cassava Growth and Increase Yield under Field Conditions,Frontiers in Microbiology,7,,10.3389/fmicb.2016.02063,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16172/,"The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) inoculation in sustainable agriculture is now widespread worldwide. Although the use of inoculants consisting of native AMF is highly recommended as an alternative to commercial ones, there is no strategy to allow the selection of efficient fungal species from natural communities. The objective of this study was (i) to select efficient native AMF species (ii) evaluate their impact on nematode and water stresses, and (iii) evaluate their impact on cassava yield, an important food security crop in tropical and subtropical regions. Firstly, native AMF communities associated with cassava rhizospheres in fields were collected from different areas and 7 AMF species were selected, based upon their ubiquity and abundance. Using these criteria, two morphotypes (LBVM01 and LBVM02) out of the seven AMF species selected were persistently dominant when cassava was used as a trap plant. LBVM01 and LBVM02 were identified as Acaulospora colombiana (most abundant) and Ambispora appendicula, respectively, after phylogenetic analyses of LSU-ITS-SSU PCR amplified products. Secondly, the potential of these two native AMF species to promote growth and enhance tolerance to root-knot nematode and water stresses of cassava (Yavo variety) was evaluated using single and dual inoculation in greenhouse conditions. Of the two AMF species, it was shown that A. colombiana significantly improved the growth of the cassava and enhanced tolerance to water stress. However, both A. colombiana and A. appendicula conferred bioprotective effects to cassava plants against the nematode Meloidogyne spp., ranging from resistance (suppression or reduction of the nematode reproduction) or tolerance (low or no suppression in cassava growth). Thirdly, the potential of these selected native AMF to improve cassava growth and yield was evaluated under field conditions, compared to a commercial inoculant. In these conditions, the A. colombiana single inoculation and the dual inoculation significantly improved cassava yield compared to the commercial inoculant. This is the first report on native AMF species exhibiting multiple benefits for cassava crop productivity, namely improved plant growth and yield, water stress tolerance and nematode resistance.",Included,
"Boster, J.S.",1985,Selection for perceptual distinctiveness evidence from Aguaruna cultivars of Manihot esculenta,,v. 39,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2493/,,Included,
"Eder, Jorge, Oliveira, de, Saulo, Santos, Alves, Oliveira, de, Sandielle, Vilas, Arajo, Boas, Camila, Santiago, Hohenfeld, Vanderlei, Santos, da Silva",2017,Selection of cassava accessions with multiple resistance to pathogens associated with root rot disease,,v. 213 (8,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4940/,"Cassava root rot disease (CRRD) severely affects productivity in several countries. The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters and to identify multiple resistance sources against pathogens associated with CRRD. The symptoms caused by Fusarium spp., Phytophthora spp., and Botryosphaeriaceae species in peel and pulp from the roots were evaluated in 277 accessions using a whole tuberous root inoculation method. The resistance data were obtained by REML/BLUP (restricted maximum likelihood/best linear unbiased predictor). The classic selection index (CI), multiplicative (MI), and sum of ranks (SRI) were used to identify the accessions with multiple resistance. For all pathogens, the environmental variance ([Formula see text]) was the most important component. Individual heritability [Formula see text] was of low magnitude for resistance to most pathogens (0.160.02peel and 0.310.03pulp for Fusarium spp.; 0.260.03peel and 0.300.03pulp for Phytophthora spp.; and 0.280.03peel and 0.270.03pulp for Botryosphaereacea species). The distribution of CRRD symptoms indicated the presence of quantitative inheritance. The direct selection of the 15 more resistant accessions based on the genotypic predicted values result in high reductions of disease (>50%). However, there was a low matching rate of the most resistant accessions for each pathogen and the different parts of the tuberous roots (peel and pulp). The CI and MI were the most promising compared to the SRI to ensure high and balanced resistance for each pathogen. Understanding the genetic basis of resistance to CRRD and the identification of sources with multiple resistance may be useful in various management strategies to control the disease.",Included,
"Tan, S.L. (Malaysian Agricultural Research, Development Institute, Serdang, Selangor (Malaysia). Horticulture Div.), Mak, C.",1993,Selection of cassava clones for high fresh root yield and root starch content with stability of performance under Malaysian conditions,,v. 21,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17312/,"Fifteen genotypes of cassava were tested for two seasons in each of six locations (representing mineral soils and drained peat as well as three agro-ecological zones [AEZ]), and data collected on fresh root yield and root starch content. Highest fresh yield and starch content was recorded at Serdang (mineral soil, AEZ 3 with no distinct dry season). However, peat locations were capable of productivity and starch content equivalent to the mineral soil locations. CM 982-7 produced the highest genotype mean for yield over all locations. With its moderately low root cyanide content, this genotype is suitable for eating. However, because of its low starch content, this genotype is not as good as 17/A and Black Twig for planting on mineral soils, nor CM 982-2 for peat",Included,
"de Oliveira, E. J., dos Santos, P. E. F., Pires, A. J. V., Tolentino, D. C., Santos, V. D.",2016,Selection of Cassava Varieties for Biomass and Protein Production in Semiarid Areas from Bahia,Bioscience Journal,32,3,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/20234/,"The selection of cassava varieties for cultivation in semiarid regions constitutes an alternative to generate income and for animal feed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential for biomass and protein production of seven cassava varieties in semiarid area from Bahia. Eleven agronomic shoot (SH) and root (ROT) traits, as well as crude protein (CP), were evaluated using a randomized block design with four replications in Senhor do Bonfim (BA). Principal component analysis (PCA) and correlations analysis were carried out among the traits. Significant differences were found among varieties for all traits except for dry matter content of the shoots. Important variations were identified for crude protein content (17.9 to 25.13%), root yield (8.17 to 19.79 t.ha(-1)), yield of the upper third of the aerial part (from 9.36 to 15.89 t.ha(-1)) and dry matter yield of the shoot (1.99 to 3.14 t.ha(-1)), crude protein content in the shoot (0.37 to 0.64 t.ha(-1)) and roots (from 0.12 to 0.37 t.ha(-1)). According to the PCA the first two components accounted for over 77% of the variation, and traits related to yield were the main sources of diversity among the cassava varieties. Most of the correlations were positive and favorable for the selection of the most suitable varieties for production in semiarid regions. Although, grouping the cassava varieties based on PCA was not possible, varieties 'BRS Verdinha' showed good potential for protein production and variety 'Izabel de Souza' as a producer of biomass (shoot and roots).",Included,
"Maieves, Helayne Aparecida, Oliveira, Daiana Cardoso De, Frescura, Jlia Rodrigues, Amante, Edna Regina",2011,Selection of cultivars for minimization of waste and of water consumption in cassava starch production,,v. 33,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10497/,"When considering the sustainability of a business, deciding on the industrial use of starchy raw materials requires more than just the information on their agricultural productivity and starch yield. The main goal of this work was to investigate ten different cultivars to select for industrial applications seeking to minimize residue generation and water consumption in the production of cassava starch. The cassava cultivars that are richer in starch (22.61-22.89g100g) generated the smallest amounts of residues (420.63-423.52kgton of cassava roots) and required the smallest amounts of water for processing. There is an inverse relationship between the dry matter content in cassava roots and the amount of solid residues generated. One of the cultivars stood out for showing the following features high starch yield, little tendency for generation of residues, low requirement of water for processing, easiness in the peeling process, and high content of total solids; therefore such features can suggest its use for starch extraction with wastes minimization.",Included,
"Costa, N. V., Andrade, D. C., Sontag, D. A., Scariot, C. A., Tsuzuki, L. H.",2013,Selectivity of clomazone and S-metolachlor applied after cassava pruning,Planta Daninha,31,4,10.1590/S0100-83582013000400024,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3965/,"The objective of this work was to evaluate the selectivity of clomazone in two formulations and S-metolachlor applied on shoots of different sizes after pruning of 'Baianinha' cassava. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design in a factorial 5 2 (5 treatments 2 sizes of shoots after pruning-10 and 33 cm) with four replications. The herbicides evaluated were clomazone (encapsulated suspension-900 g h-1), clomazone (encapsulated suspension-1,080 g ha-1), clomazone (emulsifiable concentrate 900 g ha-1), S-metolachlor (1,920 g ha-1) and an untreated control. During the experiment, all plots were kept free of weed interference by hand weeding. It was concluded that both the formulations of clomazone and S-metolachlor were selective when applied on both the shoot sizes evaluated. However, the application of S-metolachlor on 33 cm shoots gave higher selectivity to 'Baianinha' cassava plants.",Included,
"Zhang, P., Wang, W. Q., Zhang, G. L., Kaminek, M., Dobrev, P., Xu, J., Gruissem, W.",2010,"Senescence-Inducible Expression of Isopentenyl Transferase Extends Leaf Life, Increases Drought Stress Resistance and Alters Cytokinin Metabolism in Cassava",Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,52,7,10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.00956.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19964/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) sheds its leaves during growth, especially within the tropical dry season. With the production of SAG12-IPT transgenic cassava we want to test the level of leaf retention and altered cytokinin metabolism of transgenic plants via the autoregulatory senescence inhibition system. After confirmation of transgene expression by molecular analysis and phenotype examination in greenhouse plants, two transgenic plant lines, 529-28 and 529-48, were chosen for further investigation. Detached mature leaves of 529-28 plants retained high levels of chlorophyll compared with wild-type leaves after dark-induced senescence treatment. Line 529-28 showed significant drought tolerance as indicated by stay-green capacity after drought stress treatment. Field experiments proved that leaf senescence syndrome was significantly delayed in 529-28 plants in comparison with wild-type and 529-48 plants. Physiological and agronomical characterizations of these plants also revealed that the induced expression of IPT had effects on photosynthesis, sugar allocation and nitrogen partitioning. Importantly, the 529-28 plants accumulated a high level of trans-zeatin-type cytokinins particularly of corresponding storage O-glucosides to maintain cytokinin homeostasis. Our study proves the feasibility of prolonging the leaf life of woody cassava and also sheds light on the control of cytokinin homeostasis in cassava leaves. 2010 Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences.",Included,
"Beleia, A., Prudencio-Ferreira, S.H., Yamashita, F., Sakamoto, T.M., Ito, L.",2004,"Sensory and instrumental texture analysis of cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) roots",,v. 35,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2061/,,Included,
"Johnson, P. N. T., Gallat, S., Oduro-Yeboah, C., Osei-Yaw, A., Westby, A.",2006,Sensory properties of instant fufu flour from four high-yielding Ghanaian varieties of cassava,Tropical Science,46,3,10.1002/ts.59,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8334/,"The cassava starch used in the manufacture of instant fufu flour can be replaced by the flour of the high-yielding varieties Abasa fitaa and Gblemo duade. Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.",Included,
"Msikita, W., Baimey, H., James, B.D.",2007,Severity of Curvularia Stem Blight Disease of Cassava in West Africa,Plant Disease,91,11,10.1094/PDIS-91-11-1430,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11468/,"In diagnostic surveys, Curvularia stem blight affected 9, 13, and 38% of cassava fields, respectively, in Benin, Ghana, and Nigeria. Disease incidence (number of plants with visible symptoms per total sampled) ranged between 0 and 80%, and severity (number of lesions) between 2 and 25 lesions per stem. In greenhouse studies, the fungus inhibited shoot growth depending on the degree of bud colonization, such that when buds were completely colonized, they failed to sprout. Partially colonized buds sprouted, but depending on genotype, overall growth was reduced 20 to 50% compared with healthy stems. Shoot growth for all artificially inoculated cultivars was consistently lower than for the respective noninoculated plants, and they suffered up to 50% leaf abscission. In two field localities, shoot sprouting for cultivars TMS 30572 and Odongbo was reduced 4 to 18% and 26 to 58% compared with noninoculated stems.",Included,
"Howeler, R.H., Cadavid, L.F.",1990,Short- and long-term fertility trials in Colombia to determine the nutrient requirements of cassava,Fertilizer Research,26,,10.1007/BF01048744,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7390/,,Included,
"Suja, Girija, John, Kuzhivilayil Susan, Sreekumar, Janardanan, Srinivas, Tavva",2010,"Short-duration cassava genotypes for crop diversification in the humid tropics growth dynamics, biomass, yield and quality",,v. 90,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17031/,"BACKGROUND Short-duration (6-7 months) cassava provides opportunities to smallholder farmers for effective utilisation of resources such as land, moisture and nutrients as well as diversification of enterprise and income. The variation in biomass production and partitioning, seasonal course of growth indices, yield, quality and nutrient uptake of ten short-duration/early-bulking genotypes of cassava and their impact on nutrient contents in soil in a lowland situation akin to rice fallow were examined in this study.RESULTS Triploid 2-18 gave the highest yield (38.34 t ha), followed by triploid 4-2, Sree Vijaya, Sree Jaya and Vellayani Hraswa, which were on a par (30-32 t ha). Vellayani Hraswa, Sree Vijaya and triploid 4-2 had significantly higher tuberous root dry matter content (370-380 mg g) and fairly higher starch content (270-280 mg g). All genotypes except triploid 4-2, triploid 2-18 and H-165 had low cyanogen content (29.2-43.8 g g), well within the tolerable limit. Tuberous root dry matter and total dry matter production, crop growth rate, tuberous root bulking rate and harvest index at the last phase, number of tuberous roots, mean weight of tuberous roots and nutrient uptake showed significant positive correlations with tuberous root yield. Principal component analysis also showed a similar trend.CONCLUSION The diploids Sree Vijaya, Sree Jaya, Vellayani Hraswa and Kalpaka are ideal for cultivation in rice fallow for food use owing to their high yield, good cooking quality and low cyanogen content. The triploids are better suited for industrial use owing to their high tuberous root dry biomass production.",Included,
"Hok, L., Sa, J. C. D., Boulakia, S., Reyes, M., Leng, V., Kong, R., Tivet, F. E., Briedis, C., Hartman, D., Ferreira, L. A., Magno, T., Pheav, S.",2015,Short-term conservation agriculture and biomass-C input impacts on soil C dynamics in a savanna ecosystem in Cambodia,Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,214,,10.1016/j.agee.2015.08.013,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7267/,"Conservation agriculture (CA) is an effective tool that is used to increase soil C sequestration and enhance soil quality and agronomic productivity. However, rigorous empirical evidence from Southeast Asia, particularly in the Cambodian agro-ecosystem, is still scarce. We hypothesized that high and diversified biomass-C inputs in CA might be the first step toward to increase SOC in the topsoil by creating the C flow to support C storage overtime. Thus, the aim of this study was to quantify the short-term (i.e., five year) impacts of soil management and cropping systems on soil organic C (SOC), soil total N (STN), particulate organic C (POC) and mineral-associated organic C (MAOC). There were three distinct experiments comprised of a combination of cover and main crops including rice-, soybean- and cassava-based cropping systems, hereafter designated as RcCS, SbCS and CsCS, respectively. The experimental plots were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Soil management treatments included conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT) and a selected adjacent area of reference vegetation (RV). Soil sampling was conducted in 2011 and 2013 at seven depths (0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60, 6080 and 80-100 cm). Soil management and crop sequences significantly affected SOC and STN stocks in all three cropping systems. On average, NT SOC stocks at 0-5 cm depth was greater than those of CT by 10%, 20% and 18% and STN stocks by 8%, 25% and 16% for RcCS, SbCS and CsCS, respectively. SOC levels followed the order RV > NT > CT. SOC stocks in the subsoil layers were consistently lower in NT than in CT in all three cropping systems. POC stocks at 0-5 cm depth in NT were on average 22%, 20% and 78% greater than those in CT in RcCS, SbCS and CsCS, respectively. However, significant differences were detected only in RcCS and CsCS. The major POC stocks were found at 0-20 cm depth. NT treatments in SbCS stored 9% greater MAOC stocks at 0-5 cm depth than those in CT, and an increasing trend of NT was observed in RcCS and CsCS. In all three cropping systems, NT systems with diversified crop species significantly increased SOC stocks ranging by 6 to 28% and POC stocks by 56-127% in the surface soils and tended to restore SOC and POC in the subsoil layers after five years. The results leads to accept the hypothesis that short-term CA associated with high biomass-C inputs (particularly bi-annual rotations) promotes SOC recovery in the topsoil layer and creates a potential to increase SOC in the subsoil layers when deeprooting cover crops are included in crop rotations. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Staver, C.",1989,Shortened bush fallow rotations with relay-cropped Inga edulis and Desmodium ovalifolium in wet central Amazonian Peru,Agroforestry Systems,8,2,10.1007/BF00123120,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16908/,"In the Palcazu Valley alluvial Inceptisols are relay-cropped with maize-cassavaplantain in rotation with 2-5 years of tree fallow. These lands, of limited extent, yet important for Yanesha Indian subsistence production, are being cropped even more intensively as population increases and land is converted to other uses. The relay-planting of the tree-thicket combination Inga edulis with Desmodium ovalifolium into the on-farm crop sequence was evaluated as a means to accelerate fallow recovery and thereby shorten fallow rotations. Three experiments with Inga/Desmodium planted with cassava-plantain and one with rice under different weeding regimes after a Desmodium fallow were conducted. Inga and Desmodium were not chopped back or pruned during these experiments. Desmodium/Inga suppressed herbaceous weeds from one year after planting. Desmodium/Inga accumulated more woody biomass than natural fallows. Cassava yields were unaffected by the presence of Desmodium/Inga, while plantain yields were greater under Desmodium/Inga compared to natural weeds. Desmodium/Inga, while promising for shortening fallow rotations, demonstrated potential difficulties increased labor for establishment, tendency of Desmodium to weediness in later crop cycles, and suppression of the natural regeneration of trees and shrubs. 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers.",Included,
"Sieverding, E.",1990,Should VAM inocula contain single or several fungal species?,"Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment",v. 29,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16375/,,Included,
"D., Fargette, K., Vie",1995,"Simulation of the effects of host resistance, reversion, and cutting selection on incidence of African cassava mosaic virus and yield losses in cassava",Ecology and Epidemiology,v. 85,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4140/,"A simulation model, developed earlier to describe epidemics of African cassava mosaic, was used to investigate the effects of resistance and sanitation on epidemic severity and cassava productivity in successive annual cropping cycles. Parameters characterizing host resistance, secondary spread within plantings, latent period, and yield losses were incorporated into the model. Resistance and sanitation were modeled in two ways reversion (the percentage of healthy cuttings derived from infected plants) and preferential cutting selection (the ratio of the number of cuttings from a healthy plant to the number from an infected one). When reversion or cutting selection occurred for several successive crop cycles in highly resistant cultivars, disease incidence increased during the first few annual crop cycles but ultimately reached an equilibrium considerably below 100%. At this equilibrium stage, new infections caused by transmission of the virus by insect vectors balanced escapes through reversion or cutting selection, and yield losses were limited. Respective and combined effects of host resistance, reversion, and cutting selection on disease incidence and yield losses are assessed.",Included,
"Onzo, Alexis, Sabelis, Maurice W., Hanna, Rachid",2014,Single versus multiple enemies and the impact on biological control of spider mites in cassava fields in West-Africa,Exp Appl Acarol,v. 62,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13279/,"To determine whether to use single or multiple predator species for biological pest control requires manipulative field experiments. We performed such tests in Benin (West Africa) in cassava fields infested by the cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa, and the cotton red mite Oligonychus gossypii. These fields also harboured the cassava apex-inhabiting predator Typhlodromalus aripo and either the leaf-inhabiting predator Amblydromalus manihoti or Euseius fustis. We manipulated predator species composition on individual plants to determine their effect on prey and predator densities. In fields with T. aripo plus A. manihoti, M. tanajoa densities were reduced by T. aripo alone or together with A. manihoti, but neither of these predators, alone or together, reduced O. gossypii densities. In fields with T. aripo plus E. fustis, T. aripo alone or together with E. fustis exerted significant control over O. gossypii, but weak control over M. tanajoa. Densities of any of the predator species were not affected by co-occurring predator species, suggesting a minor role for intraguild predation in the field, contrary to earlier experiments on small plants in the laboratory. We conclude that (1) T. aripo is the most effective predator species in suppressing M. tanajoa, (2) two predator species, T. aripo and E. fustis, are needed to suppress O. gossypii, and (3) predator species together on the same plant do not negatively affect each other nor the extent to which they control their prey. We argue that intraguild predation is reduced due to partial niche separation among predator species.",Included,
"Pellet, D., El-Sharkawy, M.A. (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), AA 6713, Cali (Colombia))",1994,Sink-source relations in cassava effects of reciprocal grafting on yield and leaf photosynthesis,,v. 30,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13942/,,Included,
"Wezel, A., Steinmuller, N., Friederichsen, J. R.",2002,Slope position effects on soil fertility and crop productivity and implications for soil conservation in upland northwest Vietnam,Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,91,01-Mar,10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00242-0,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18891/,"Agriculture is increasingly practised on the very steep slopes of mountainous Vietnam with serious problems of soil erosion and degradation. In five Black Thai villages of Yen Chan and Mai Son district, northwest Vietnam, soil parameters and crop yields of 19 maize (Zea mays L.) and 25 cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) fields with 33-91% inclination at upper and lower mid slope positions were studied. Farmers' preferences for different fanning systems components was assessed by interviews in Black Thai, Hmong, Xinh Mun and Khmu villages and soil conservation strategies evaluated. The 10-22% lower organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus content at the lower mid slope was associated with decreased maize yields by 27% and cassava yields by 31%, compared to upper mid slope positions. This accelerated soil degradation at lower slope positions may primarily be attributed to an enhanced mineralisation and crop export rather than to soil erosion due to more frequent historic cropping activities towards lower slope positions. The general implication to toposequence studies for assessing erosion. effects is that they are likely to be confounded with historic farmers' preferences to cultivate easier accessible, lower slope positions. Irrespective of the causes of degradation, soil fertility was not a priority for farmers whose cropping management is currently focusing on the introduction of improved maize varieties. Consequently, only soil conservation and fertilisation strategies that include long- and short-term interests of farmers should be promoted in the future vegetative barrier and cover crops with food and fodder species, fruit and timber trees and minimum tillage. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Nebiyu, A., Getachew, E.",2011,"Soaking and drying of cassava roots reduced cyanogenic potential of three cassava varieties at Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia",African Journal of Biotechnology,10,62,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11986/,"Detoxification of three cassava varieties (NR-44/72, NW-45/72 and NW-44/72) by traditional methods of processing to produce cassava flour was investigated at the college of agriculture, Jimma University during February to May, 2007. The total hydrogen cyanide (HCN) quantitative determination in cassava flour was carried out using a simple enzymatic picrate paper method. Results show that varieties, soaking time and their interactions highly significantly reduced (P<0.01) total HCN content (ppm) in the flour. Soaking of cassava chips in water for about 24 h prior to sun drying reduced the HCN from 108.37 to 10.83 ppm (reduced by 90%), from 66.45 to 13.33 ppm (reduced by 79.94%) and from 58.63 to 15.0 (reduced by 74.42%) for varieties NW-44/72, NR-44/72 and NW-45/72, respectively. It was noted that total HCN content in cassava flour can be substantially eliminated (by more than 80%) by soaking of cassava chips in water. This study highlighted the importance of soaking of cassava chips for at least 24 h prior to sun drying for a safe level of HCN in the flour. However, it is also important to develop new and improved processing techniques to reduce HCN substantially. 2011 Academic Journals.",Included,
"Kawano, Kazuo",1998,Socio-economic contribution of cassava varietal improvement to the small farmer communities in Asia,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Farmer Participatory Research in Asia, Proceedings of the Fifth Regional Workshop Held in Danzhou, Hainan, China",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8784/,,Included,
"Joslin, A. H., Markewitz, D., Morris, L. A., de A. Oliveira, F., Figuereido, R. O., Kato, O. R.",2013,Soil and plant N-budget 1 year after planting of a slash-and-mulch agroforestry system in the eastern Amazon of Brazil,Agroforestry Systems,87,6,10.1007/s10457-013-9641-x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8420/,"Nutrient losses during slash-and-burn clearing in tropical forests, coupled with demand by food crops, can deplete nutrients and result in crop abandonment after 1-2 years. Slash-and-mulch technology prevents nutrient losses from burning, while mulch decomposition may serve as a nutrient source. This research investigates the release of nutrients from the mulch and potential uptake of released N by plant biomass after a multi-species agroforestry system was planted in June 2005, following the clearing of a 1 ha of 7-year-old forest with a mulching tractor in Igarap Au, Brazil. The study evaluated soil conditions, mulch decomposition, and nutrient concentrations of Manihot esculenta and native vegetation under treatments of P+K fertilization in combination with four native tree species and N-fixing Inga edulis, or with three native tree species without I. edulis. Mulch layer N, Ca and Mg content decreased in response to fertilization, while mulch layer P and K content increased. Nutrient content increased in M. esculenta stems and tubers with fertilization and in the presence of I. edulis, and in competing vegetation with fertilization. Estimated tree N content increased 311 % with fertilization, but by 154 % in the presence of I. edulis. Fertilization with P+K, as well as the presence of I. edulis, increased N stocks in total biomass. 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.",Included,
"Sarno, Iijima, M., Lumbanraja, J., Sunyoto, Yuliadi, E., Izumi, Y., Watanabe, A.",2004,Soil chemical properties of an Indonesian red acid soil as affected by land use and crop management,Soil and Tillage Research,76,2,10.1016/j.still.2003.09.001,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15937/,"In the middle terrace area of south Sumatra, Indonesia, where red acid soils poor in crop productivity are widely distributed, the effects of cropping pattern and cultivation techniques on physico-chemical properties of soil were investigated. Five patterns for cassava cropping, including monoculture, a rotation with annual food crops, and three intercroppings with differences in the combination with annual crops and in the planting density, were evaluated in Experiment I. In Experiment II, eight plots composed of the combinations of two tillage methods (no-tillage or conventional tillage), the presence or absence of surface mulch from crop residues, and two rates of chemical fertilizers were established for a maize-soybean-cowpea sequential cropping pattern. At the end of 3 years, there was no difference in total C and total N concentrations among the plots in Experiment I irrespective of the mulch treatment using crop residues. Soil organic matter (SOM) concentration was not affected even in the no-tillage plot where the maximum crop residues (20tha -1) was given as surface mulch with the increased root residues due to higher rates of fertilizers (Experiment II). In Experiment I, available P concentration was highest in an intercropping with higher fertilizer rates and lowest cassava planting density. In Experiment II, an increase in available P was attained by mulching and the higher rate of fertilizers, and a minor positive effect of fertilizer was also observed in exchangeable Mg and K concentrations. Surface mulch resulted in less clay fraction compared with the non-mulch plots in both the experiments, suggesting its effect on the maintenance of soil particle distribution. An additional finding suggested no prominent influence of cassava monoculture on the level of SOM in this area based on the comparison with other major land uses, including secondary forest, rubber plantation, and mixed cultivation of fruits with crops. Nevertheless, the introduction of crop residue mulch and higher rates of fertilizers are recommended for sustaining soil quality and achieving higher crop yields. 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Leihner, D. E., Ruppenthal, M., Hilger, T. H., Castillo F, J. A.",1996,"Soil conservation effectiveness and crop productivity of forage legume intercropping, contour grass barriers and contour ridging in cassava on andean hillsides",Experimental Agriculture,32,3,10.1017/S0014479700026260,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9691/,"Soil erosion and the productivity of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cropping systems, including forage legume intercropping, were monitored under natural rainfall conditions on Inceptisols in southwest Colombia. Trials were conducted over two cropping periods on moderate slopes. The best erosion control and cassava fresh font yields were achieved by sole cropping on contour ridges. Erosion was greater with forage legume intercropping than with cassava sole cropping in the first cropping period but once well established and uniformly distributed, undersown legumes controlled erosion effectively, though yields of cassava were depressed by 40% or more. Dense stands of grass contour barriers decreased erosion to tolerable levels. Lower cassava yields due to reduced cropping area and competition from the grasses could be compensated for by the production of valuable forage and by increasing cassava planting density.",Included,
"Vine, P.N., Ajayi, O.B., Mitchozounou, D.M., Hounkpatin, E.J., Hounkpevi, T.",1984,Soil conserving techniques in cassava and yam production,"Tropical root crops: production and uses in Africa, proceedings of the second triennial symposium of the international society for tropical root crops, Africa branch held in Douala, Cameroon, 14-19 August 1983",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18496/,"In the belief that conventional land preparation for root crops accelerates soil erosion unnecessarily, we investigated the potential of some soil conserving practices in the production of cassava and yam in Nigeria. We studied dry season planting of cassava to hasten canopy development to protect the soil during the subsequent rainy season and we examined the effects of mulching and tillage on both cassava and yams. In both the dry and the wet seasons, mulch aided cassava growth in some circumstances but not in others; however, it increased wet season earthworm activity manyfold and reduced splash erosion. Other findings in the series of studies were that planting cassava stakes on a slant is suitable for both tilled and untilled plots and that the hardness of the soil does not appreciably affect the ease with which cassava roots can be pulled from the ground.",Included,
"Muller-Samann, Karl M.",1995,Soil degradation and crop productivity research for conservation technology development in Andean hillside farming project No.91.7860-01.112,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11521/,"Soil erosion is by far the most important factor of soil degradation in tropical hillsides where rainfall characteristics are favouring soil erosion (Hudson, 1971), and already have led to severe damage (El Swaify et al, 1991). Increasing cultivation of marginal, steep lands leads to accelerated levels of soil erosion with reductions of fertile topsoil where only crops with high levels of resistance to environmental stress can be grown successfully. One of the crops frequently found under these conditions is cassava but under marginal conditions it also shows slow initial development, soil cover and favours further degradation of the land (Howeler, 1985). CIAT Cassava Program scientists therefore have been actively engaged in applied soil conservation research on hillsides for several years. These efforts have been strengthened in the past years through a collaborative research project with the University of Hohenheim, financed by BMZ, allowing CIAT to continue this research activity which otherwise could not have been continued because of the loss of a soil scientist and an agronomist position in the Cassava Program. Earlier research concentrated on collecting basic information on erosion processes on two locations in the mid altitudes of the Southern Colombian Andes, on soil characteristics and first data on climate, based on the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) developed by Wischmeier and Smith (1978). Results showed high variability of erodibility and soil losses, values sometimes departing considerably from calculated figures, suggesting the collection of long term data to obtain conclusive, consistent results on the applicability or adjustment needs of the USLE for this Andean environment. As a second major objective of the previous project, studies were conducted on the effect of management systems and cultural practices on soil losses and cassava productivity, the work focussing on tillage practices (Reining, 1992) and forage legume intercropping (Ruppenthal, 1995). As a result promising options like live grass barriers, contour ridges and covers with less competitive forage legumes could be identified and characterized as regards to their erosion potential. More extensive and detailed research was suggested to judge innovative systems with respect to competition mechanisms and productivity. On farm activities to complement on station research on conservation component development was initiated since 1992 to include farmer's interest and point of view in the process of technology generation. Collaboration with non-governmental and semiofficial organizations was sought to enhance technology adoption and development.",Included,
"Da Silva, M. S. C., Correia, M. E. F., Da Silva, E. M. R., Maddock, J. E. L., Pereira, M. G., Da Silva, C. F.",2016,Soil fauna communities and soil attributes in the agroforests of paraty,Floresta e Ambiente,23,2,10.1590/2179-8087.059813,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4171/,"We conducted the present study in Paraty, southeastern Brazil, in areas under different management regimes and plant cover. The study comprised two different agroforestry systems (AFS-1 and AFS-2), a secondary forest, and a cassava monoculture. We aimed at assessing the effects of land use on the soil fauna and its relationship with soil chemical (pH, Al, Ca, Mg, P, K, carbon, and organic matter) and microbiological attributes (soil microbial biomass carbon - SMB-C, soil respiration - SR, metabolic quotient -qCO2, microbial biomass carbon -C-mic). During winter, AFS-2 showed higher abundance of microphagous, saprophagous, and total individuals than the other areas. AFS-1 and the forest showed an increased abundance of Formicidae and phytophagous groups from winter to summer. The soil fauna and community structure showed that the studied agroforests are under regeneration, becoming more similar to the native forest, where ecological processes are considered efficient.",Included,
"McIntosh, J.L., Effendi, S.",1979,Soil fertility implications of cropping patterns and practices for cassava,"Intercropping With Cassava Proceedings of an international workshop held at Trivandrum, India, 27 Nov - 1 Dec 1978",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10931/,,Included,
"K.A.G., Wyckhuys, D.D., Burra, D.H., Tran, I., Graziosi, A.J., Walter, T.G., Nguyen, H.N., Trong, B.V., Le, T.T.N., Le, S.J., Fonte",2017,Soil fertility regulates invasive herbivore performance and top-down control in tropical agroecosystems of Southeast Asia,"Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8485/,"In terrestrial ecosystems, changes in soil nutrient availability, plant growth or natural enemies can generate important shifts in abundance of organisms at various trophic levels. In agroecosystems the performance of (invasive) herbivores and their impacts on crops is of particular concern. Scientists are presently challenged with making reliable inferences on invader success, natural enemy performance and efficacy of biological control, particularly in tropical agroecosystems. In this study, we assess how trophic regulatory forces (bottom-up vs. top down) influence the success of three globally important pests of cassava. We examine the mealybug species (Hemiptera Pseudococcidae) of differing host breadth and invasion history Phenacoccus manihoti, Paracoccus marginatus, and Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi. Potted plant fertilizer trials were combined with a regional survey in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia of 65 cassava fields of similar size and age, but with varying soil fertility. Relative abundance of each mealybug invader was mapped along a soil fertility gradient, and contrasted with site-specific measures of parasitism. Potted plant trials revealed strong bottom-up effects for P. manihoti, such that impacts of nitrogen and potassium additions were propagated through to higher trophic levels and substantially boost development and fitness of its specialist parasitoid, Anagyrus lopezi (Hymenoptera Encyrtidae). Field surveys indicate that mealybug performance is highly species-specific and context-dependent. For example, field-level abundance of P. jackbeardsleyi and P. marginatus, was related to measures of soil fertility parameters, soil texture and plant disease incidence. Furthermore, for P. manihoti, in-field abundance is equally associated with soil texture (i.e., silt content). Principal component analysis (PCA) and regression suggested that P. manihoti and P. marginatus are disproportionately favored in low-fertility conditions, while P. jackbeardsleyi prospers in settings with high organic carbon and phosphorus. Parasitism of P. manihoti by A. lopezi varied greatly with field and soil fertility conditions, and was highest in soils with intermediate fertility levels and where management practices include the addition of fertilizer supplements. Our characterization of the relative performance of invasive mealybugs and strength of parasitism across variable soil fertility conditions will help guide parasitoid release programs and soil management practices that enhance mealybug biological control.",Included,
"Salako, F. K., Babalola, O., Hauser, S., Kang, B. T.",1999,Soil macroaggregate stability under different fallow management systems and cropping intensities in southwestern Nigeria,Geoderma,91,01-Feb,10.1016/S0016-7061(99)00006-3,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15640/,"Evaluation of soil aggregate stability under managed fallow systems is very relevant in the assessment of their agricultural sustainability. It is also important to identify the parameters that are most responsive to the effects of these fallow systems on aggregate stability. This study was carried out in southwestern Nigeria to quantify the effects of various fallow management systems on the macroaggregate stability of surface soft (0-15-cm depth) using a long-term fallow management trial established in 1989 on an Alfisol toposequence. Data were collected between 1994 and 1995. Three fallow systems (bush fallow, Pueraria phaseoloides, and Leucaena leucocephala) and three fallow periods (1-3 years after 1-year cropping) were evaluated. Cropping consisted of maize + cassava intercropping. A split-plot design with fallow systems as main plot and cropping intensities as subplot in four replications was used in the trial. Soil aggregate samples were wet-sieved to evaluate their mean-weight diameter (MWD) and fractal dimension (D). The means of MWD for the fallow systems and cropping intensities ranged from 2.4 to 6.4 mm. The mean D values ranged from 2.29 to 2.72 while the mean intercepts (log k) of the regression ranged from 2.01 to 2.28. Low D values (cohesive and stable aggregates) were associated with fallowing whereas high D values (fragmented aggregates) were associated with cultivation. Fallowing enhanced soil aggregate stability. The Pueraria system also enhanced soft aggregate stability more than the bush fallow and Leucaena systems when continuous cropping was practised. The subplots, which were fallowed for 2 or 3 years after 1 year of cropping, were usually similar in aggregate stability to the secondary forest soil. Fractal analysis showed further that soil aggregates in the dry season and on the upper slope of the topesequence were more cohesive than in the wet season and on the lower slope. Observed D and log k values were also significantly influenced by laboratory method.",Included,
"Opara, C. C.",2009,Soil microaggregates stability under different land use types in southeastern Nigeria,Catena,79,2,10.1016/j.catena.2009.06.001,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13296/,"Low water stability of soil microaggregates accentuated by increased intensity of cultivation, high soil erodibility and climatic erosivity has become a major cause of increased water erosion process on agricultural lands in Imo State, southeastern Nigeria. Consequently; it has remained one of the most serious soil physical constraints to increased and sustained high level crop production in the area. Thus, this study was conducted in 2006 to quantify the effects of different land use types (LUTs) on the water stability of their various soil microaggregates in the area. Six LUTs [natural forest (NF); oil palm plantation (OPP); plantain plantation (PP); rubber plantation (RP); bush fallow (BF) and continuous cassava cropping (CCC)] were chosen for the study. Under each LUT, traverses were cut at equal intervals to obtain three plots per LUT that served as replications. From each plot, bulk samples were collected from 15 sampling points at 0-20 cm soil depth for determination of aggregate stability and other soil properties. The soil microaggregate stability was measured by clay dispersion ratio (CDR) and aggregated silt and clay, ASC (%) indices. Results showed that the CDR obtained from soil under NF LUT was significantly (P 0.05) lower (implying higher microaggregate stability) than what were obtained from other LUT soils. Conversely, the CDR of soils under CCC was significantly higher (indicating lower microaggregate stability) than what were obtained under other LUT soils. The relative increase (%) in CDR or decrease in microaggregate stability over the control (NF soil) were 16.67, 54.76, 57.14 and 78.57 for soils under OP, PP, RP, BF and CCC LUTs respectively. Similarly, the ASC (%) under NF soil was significantly (P 0.05) higher (indicating higher microaggregate stability) than those of other LUT soils. Contrarily, the ASC (%) of CCC, soil was significantly lower (lower microaggregate stability) than other LUT soils. The relative reduction (%) in ASC or microaggregate stability of the soils over the control (NF soil) stood at 25.37, 44.03, 44.03, 44.03 and 62.69 for soils under OPP, PP, RP, BF and CCC LUTs respectively. Correlation of each of the microaggregate stability indices (CDR and ASC) with some soil properties suggested that organic matter (OM), calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) might be the most important variables related to each of the indices. By running multiple regression analysis, using linear, exponential, semi logarithmic and double logarithmic functional forms, whereas the semi logarithmic form was indicated as the best fit equation relating CDR to clay, OM and Ca; the linear form was the best fit model relating ASC to clay, OM and Ca. Thus, they could be used for prediction purposes. 2009.",Included,
"Adejuyigbe, C. O., Tian, G., Adeoye, G. O.",1999,Soil microarthropod populations under natural and planted fallows in southwestern Nigeria,Agroforestry Systems,47,01-Mar,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/304/,"Microarthropods, such as soil mites (Acari) and springtails (Collembola), with body width between 0.08 mm and 0.5 mm play important roles in soil fertility maintenance through their regulatory activities in decomposition and nutrient turnover. Observations were made at IITA, Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria to evaluate the effects of natural regrowth of vegetation - mainly the shrub Chromolaena odorata - and three planted woody fallow species (Acacia leptocarpa, Senna siamea, and Leucaena leucocephala) on soil microarthropods in a degraded Alfisol. Populations of soil microarthropods were higher in the rainy season than the dry season, and populations were greater under natural fallow than for continuous cropping with maize (Zea mays) and cassava (Manihot esculenta). Populations of soil microarthropods were comparable under leucaena and natural fallow, but populations in the rainy season were 38% higher under senna than natural fallow and 36% higher under acacia than natural fallow. Regression analysis indicated that soil microarthropod population under fallow species was positively correlated with the lignin contents of leaf litter.",Included,
"Mulebeke, R., Kironchi, G., Tenywa, M. M.",2013,Soil moisture dynamics under different tillage practices in cassava-sorghum based cropping systems in eastern Uganda,Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology,13,1,10.1016/j.ecohyd.2013.02.001,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11513/,"Soil moisture storage in the root zone determines availability of water in crop production, but there is limited attention on water resource management in cassava-sorghum production systems. Soil moisture content was higher under ripping than mouldboard ploughing. Mouldboard ploughed plots had more moisture in the upper (0-10 cm) layer while, the ripped plots accumulatedmore moisture in the lower (20-40 cm) root zone. Soil surface roughness was stable two months after ploughing. Crop combinations and seasons influenced soil moisture storage over the growing period. The different cropping systems vary in their soil moisture extraction capacities at different growth stages, hence influencing the overall moisture storage and water used in the root zone. 2013 European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology. Published by Elsevier Urban & Partner Sp. z o.o. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Oda, M.(Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki), Ogura, C.",2008,Soil moisture movement during the dry season in the sandy soil area of northeast Thailand,,v. 24,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12598/,"The layer of soil from the surface to a depth of 1 m was monitored using a soil profile probe (Delta-T Devices Ltd. PR-1) at 76 points in the dry season from November 18, 2005 to February 8, 2006. The study sites comprised 2 small watersheds in the Khon Kaen province of Northeast Thailand. The dry season began from October 13 but there was a total of 30 mm of irregular rainfalls in early November. Rainfall greater than 1 mm was not observed during the monitoring period. The average soil-stored water was 132 mm at the beginning of December and 109 mm at the beginning of February. The decrease in soil moisture was 23 mm. This was much less than the potential evaporation of 324 mm during this period. The amount of soil moisture was different at each monitoring point. The effects of the topographical level of the watersheds were not clear for both the talweg and cross line. On the contrary, the type of vegetation affected the soil moisture. The moisture level in December was 25 mm in forest, 79 mm in fallow uplands (weeds), 96 mm in cassava fields, 131 mm in sugarcane fields, 147 mm in fallow paddy fields (weeds), and 163 mm in after-rice (little vegetation) fields. The decrease of the soil stored water between December and February was as follows 3 mm in forest, 19 mm in fallow uplands (weeds), 30 mm in cassava fields, 26 mm in sugarcane fields, 28 mm in fallow paddy fields (weeds), and 18 mm in after-rice (little vegetation) fields. The soil moisture at each layer increased with depth. However, the soil moisture in forest was an exception; it decreased from the soil surface to a depth of 1 m. This implies that the available soil moisture had already evaporated by December. The 22 mm of soil moisture in the forest can be considered as unavailable water. In December, the available water in the after-rice (little vegetation) fields was estimated to be 141 mm. The transpiration coefficients are known to be approximately 100 for com and 200-500 for general crops. Therefore, 141 mm of water can yield a maximum dry matter of 1.4 kg/square m for corn and 0.7-0.3 kg/square m of general crops.",Included,
"Asadu, C.L.A., Dixon, A.G.O.",2005,Soil nutrient and cassava yield variations under continuous cultivation of three crop mixtures in south-eastern Nigeria,"Proceedings of the 13th ISTRC Symposium, Arusha, Tanzania, 2007",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1385/,,Included,
"Makinde, E. A., Agboola, A. A.",2002,Soil nutrient changes with fertilizer type in cassava-based cropping system,Journal of Plant Nutrition,25,10,10.1081/PLN-120014077,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10525/,"The changes in soil nutrient status following the application of different fertilizer types were studied in field experiments involving maize-melon intercrop relayed into a cassava-soybean intercrop between 1995 and 1997. The soil at the experimental site was a Kanhaplic Haplustalf, which was under continuous cultivation with arable crops for seven years and fallow for four years. The effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers were investigated singly and in combination. The type of fertilizer had no significant effect on the soil pH, although, cropping significantly lowered the pH from 6.0 to 5.7. Cropping also significantly reduced the soil organic matter and total nitrogen (N). The soil organic matter (OM) and total N were most depleted with organic fertilizer application. Complementary application of organic and inorganic fertilizers limited the degree of depletion from 31.0 to 12.1 g kg-1 of OM and 1.8 to 0.6 g kg-1 total N. Soil available P was increased (60%) by inorganic fertilizer while the organic fertilizer increased it by 145% and the combined fertilizer by 186%. Exchangeable calcium (Ca) was depleted by about 12% with organic fertilizer application, 15% by inorganic fertilizer and about 19% with complementary application of organic and inorganic fertilizers. Exchangeable sodium (Na) was reduced from 0.43 to about 0.38 cmol kg-1 while magnesium (Mg) was increased from 0.5 to about 0.6 cmol kg-1.",Included,
"Olanyan, A.A., Fagbayide, J.A.",2007,Soil Nutrients Balance in Sweet Orange Intercropped with Some Arable Crops,Journal of Plant Nutrition,v. 30,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12989/,"Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck Cv. Agege) was intercropped between 1996 and 1999 on an alfisol (Oxic Paleustalf), at the National Horticultural Research Institute, Ibadan Nigeria. The objectives were to determine the best compatible crops that would provide stable environmental conditions for sweet orange growth and yield. The companion crops were maize (M) (Zea mays L. DMR-LSR-W) in the early planting season, followed by cowpea (CP) (Vigna unguiculata L., Walp cv. Ife-brown) in the late planting season of each year, cassava (CA) (Manihot esculenta, Crantz cv. TMS30572), and pineapple (P) (Ananas comosus, cv. Smooth cayenne). For comparison, there were sole plots of sweet orange (SCT), maize (SM), cowpea (SCP), Cassava (SCA), and pineapple (SP) to serve as controls. The treatments were assigned to plots using a randomized complete block design (RCB). The growth of sweet orange intercropped with cassava was not as good as that of sole orange or orange intercropped with maize/cowpea (CT + M/CP) and pineapple (CT + P). Sweet orange in pure stands and CT + M/CP produced flowers 24 months after transplanting, with 75% and 87% of trees producing flowers and fruits, respectively. Forty-two months after transplanting sweet orange, SCT, CT + M/CP, and CT + CA had 1.63, 1.45, and 0.05 citrus fruit t/ha, respectively. Sweet orange intercropped with pineapple did not produce fruits. The effects of the crop mixtures on the soil showed that pH decreased by 2.17, which was a 5.2% decrease for all the cropping systems after three years of continuous cropping. There was a build up of nitrogen (N) and organic carbon in the soil for all the intercrops after the third year of the study. The cropping mixture of CT + M/CP and SCT had the highest N value of 0.70 g N/kg soil as compared to 0.30 g N/kg pre-planting. Zinc (Zn) a major nutrient of citrus, decreased from 3.16 mg/kg to 0.37 mg/kg under SCT and SP cropping systems. Sweet orange leaf analysis for N in all the treatments showed that leaf N was higher than the 2.5-2.7% optimum level, except for citrus intercropped with cassava, which had a leaf N concentration of 2.36%. Sweet orange intercropped with maize/cowpea had the highest phosphorus (P) level of 0.17%, followed by SCT, while sweet orange intercropped with cassava or pineapple had the lowest P values. Potassium (K) was in the adequate range in the sweet orange leaves for all the cropping systems, but the Zn content was below the satisfactory range of 20-50 ppm. The nutrient dynamics were results of the interaction among cropping systems, soil depth, and cropping cycle. Maize intercropped in the early planting season followed by cowpea in the late season was the most compatible crop with sweet orange in terms of fruit yield.",Included,
"Eneji, A. E., Agboola, A., Aiyelari, E. A., Honna, T., Yamamoto, S., Irshad, M., Endo, T.",2003,Soil physical and micronutrient changes following clearing of a tropical rainforest,Journal of Forest Research,8,3,10.1007/s10310-003-0030-6,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5197/,"One of the options for achieving an adequate food supply in tropical Africa is by bringing more land into production. This often requires clearing and developing new vegetation areas for agricultural production. In sub-Saharan Africa, large areas of forest are being cleared for cultivation without adequate knowledge as to the consequences of the clearing method employed. This study was therefore initiated to, among other objectives, assess the effects of some forest clearing methods on soil compaction, texture, and micronutrients. Treatments were the following five clearing methods (1) mechanical (MC), (2) semi-mechanical (SMC), (3) slash and burn (manual) (SB), (4) mechanical - no planting (MCNP), and (5) slash and burn -no planting (SBNP). After clearing, we planted maize and cowpea in every other row during the first year, and planted maize and cassava during the second year in the plots of treatments 1-3. Changes in soil texture, bulk density, and exchangeable Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu were determined. Soil bulk density increased (with depth) in all treatments from the intitial (0-15cm) level of 1.1 g cm-3 to between 1.27 and 1.39 g cm-3 2 years after clearing, with the highest levels occurring in the MC plots. This indicated that clearing was accompanied by soil compaction. Some changes were noted in soil textural composition, but these were not of practical significance. Exchangeable Mn, Fe, and Cu (0-15 cm) decreased markedly after clearing, especially under MC in the first year. Zinc levels changed little during the study period. The decline in micronutrient levels was paralleled by a decline in soil organic carbon.",Included,
"Juo, A.S.R., Franzluebbers, K., Dabiri, A., Ikhile, B.",1996,Soil properties and crop performance on a kaolinitic Alfisol after 15 years of fallow and continuous cultivation,Plant and Soil,v. 180,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8452/,,Included,
"Cherubin, M. R., Tormena, C. A., Karlen, D. L.",2017,Soil quality evaluation using the soil management assessment framework (SMAF) in Brazilian oxisols with contrasting texture,Revista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo,41,,10.1590/18069657rbcs20160148,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3548/,"The Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) was developed in the U.S.A. and has been used as a tool for assessing and quantifying changes in soil quality/health (SQ) induced by land uses and agricultural practices in that region and elsewhere throughout the world. An initial study using SMAF in Brazil was recently published, but additional research for a variety of soils and management systems is still needed. Our objective was to use data from five studies in southern Brazil to evaluate the potential of SMAF for assessing diverse land-use and management practices on SQ. The studies examined were (i) horizontal and vertical distribution of soil properties in a long-term orange orchard; (ii) impacts of long-term land-use change from native vegetation to agricultural crops on soil properties; (iii) effects of short-term tillage on soil properties in a cassava production area; (iv) changes in soil properties due to mineral fertilizer and pig slurry application coupled with soil tillage practices; and (v) row and inter-row sowing effects on soil properties in a long-term no-tillage area. The soils were classified as Oxisols, with clay content ranging from 180 to 800 g kg-1. Six SQ indicators [pH(H2O), P, K, bulk density, organic C, and microbial biomass] were individually scored using SMAF curves and integrated into an overall Soil Quality Index (SQI) focusing on chemical, physical, and biological sectors. The SMAF was sensitive for detecting SQ changes induced by different land uses and management practices within this wide textural range of Brazilian Oxisols. The SMAF scoring curve algorithms properly transformed the indicator values expressed in different units into unitless scores ranging from 0-1, thus enabling the individual indicators to be combined into an overall index for evaluating land-use and management effects on soil functions. Soil sector scores (i.e., chemical, physical, and biological) identify the principal soil limitations and can therefore be used to establish priorities for specific management actions. The SMAF can be used as a tool for assessing SQ in Brazilian soils, thus helping farmers, land managers, and politicians make better decisions regarding sustainable land-use and management practices. 2017, Revista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Salau, A.W., Olasantan, F.O., Bodunde, J.G., Makinde, E.A.",2015,Soil temperature and moisture content changes with growth and yield of cassava/vegetable intercrops,Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science,61,4,10.1080/03650340.2014.939958,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15661/,"Field experiments were conducted at the Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Nigeria to evaluate the changes in crop microenvironment, growth and yield performance of intercropping okra, pepper and pumpkin with cassava. The vegetables were planted sole and in mixtures with three cassava cultivars Idileru, Odongbo and TMS30572. Intercropping reduced weed dry weight and soil temperature but increased soil moisture content, light interception and number of earthworm casts. Cassava/pumpkin intercrop increased soil moisture content, light interception and number of earthworm casts but reduced soil temperatures and weed dry weight compared with cassava/okra and cassava/pepper intercrops. Vegetative characters and fruit yields of okra, pepper and pumpkin were not affected by intercropping. Leaf area index (LAI) of intercropped cassava with pumpkin was reduced but not with okra and pepper. Land equivalent ratio was higher in cassava/okra and cassava/pepper than in cassava/pumpkin intercrop. Cassava/vegetable intercrop is a viable cropping option for high productivity and provision of suitable microenvironment for growth. A short, early-maturing cassava cultivar with a moderate LAI is better adapted in mixture with vegetables.",Included,
"Kuzhivilayil, Susan John, Ravindran, Chandra Sekhara, George, James",2015,Soil Test and Plant Tissue Analysis as Diagnostic Tools for Fertilizer Recommendations for Cassava in an Ultisol,Communications in soil science and plant analysis,46,13,10.1080/00103624.2015.1043442,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9336/,"Soil- and plant-based fertilizer recommendations hold promise for increasing farmers incomes with high-input crops such as cassava. Considering the significance of cassava for the food, nutritional, and economic security of a half billion people globally and the positive response of the crop to fertilizer and manure applications in terms of tuber yield and quality through starch improvement and cyanogenic glucoside reduction, these recommendations were validated and popularized in two districts of Kerala State. Soil and plant samples from nine major cassava-growing districts of Kerala were analyzed for soil reaction, organic carbon, and essential nutrients, which formed the basis for the recommendation. The soil-test-based recommendation [nitrogen (N)phosphorus (P)potassium (K)zinc (Zn) at 826.3682kgha along with farmyard manure (FYM) at 6.25tha ] resulted in the greatest benefitcost ratio of 1.75 with improvements in tuber and soil quality.",Included,
"Ibeawuchi, I. I.",2007,Soil-chemical properties as affected by yam/cassava/landrace legumes intercropping systems in Owerri Ultisols Southeastern Nigeria,International Journal of Soil Science,2,1,10.3923/ijss.2007.62.68,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7580/,"Soils with low N when planted with legumes or legumes in association with tuber/root crops helped to increase N-fixation. Biological nitrogen fixation may be the only means by which N supply to plants can be increased in tropical farm lands since yam/cassava based intercropping with landrace legumes left behind substantial amounts of N after a cropping season especially when initial soil N is low. Intercropping and even sole cropping resulted in increased organic matter content of the soil and higher quantities are expected when the litters are incorporated into the soil and there is total decay. There is Phosphorous (P) decline in plots with tuber/root crops as they take up large quantities of P from the soil. Also, there was a decline in soil basic cations calcium (Ca) magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) in tuber/legume crop mixture. This is viewed as being temporary since the decay of litters and roots of these crops thereafter will boost the soil reserve as a result of humus complexes, which will release most of the lost nutrients back to the soil. Tuber/legume crop mixture increased soil pH. Soil chemical properties in terms of macro, meso and micro nutrients after a cropping period depends on the type of crops planted and cropping systems used. 2007 Academic Journals.",Included,
"Raich, J., Ewel, J., Olivera, M.",1985,Soil-CO2 efflux in simple and diverse ecosystems on a volcanic soil in Costa Rica,,v. 35,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14721/,,Included,
"Burgos, C. F.",1980,Soil-related intercropping practices in cassava production,"Cassava Cultural Practices. Proceedings of a workshop held in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 18-21 March 1980",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2756/,,Included,
"Asaduzzaman, K., Khandaker, M. U., Amin, Y. M., Bradley, D. A., Mahat, R. H., Nor, R. M.",2014,"Soil-to-root vegetable transfer factors for 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 88Y in Malaysia",Journal of Environmental Radioactivity,135,,10.1016/j.jenvrad.2014.04.009,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1392/,"Soil-to-plant transfer factors (TFs) are of fundamental importance in assessing the environmental impact due to the presence of radioactivity in soil and agricultural crops. Tapioca and sweet potato, both root crops, are popular foodstuffs for a significant fraction of the Malaysian population, and result in intake of radionuclides. For the natural field conditions experienced in production of these foodstuffs, TFs and the annual effective dose were evaluated for the natural radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and for the anthropogenic radionuclide 88Y, the latter being a component of fallout. An experimental tapioca field was developed for study of the time dependence of plant uptake. For soil samples from all study locations other than the experimental field, it has been shown that these contain the artificial radionuclide88Y, although the uptake of 88Y has only been observed in the roots of the plant Manihot esculenta (from which tapioca is derived) grown in mining soil. The estimated TFs for 226Ra and 232Th for tapioca and sweet potato are very much higher than that reported by the IAEA. For all study areas, the annual effective dose from ingestion of tapioca and sweet potato are estimated to be lower than the world average (290Svy-1). 2014 Elsevier Ltd.",Included,
"Williams, M. R., Fisher, T. R., Melack, J. M.",1997,Solute dynamics in soil water and groundwater in a central Amazon catchment undergoing deforestation,Biogeochemistry,38,3,10.1023/A1005801303639,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18981/,"Hydrochemical changes caused by slash-and-burn agricultural practices in a small upland catchment in the central Amazon were measured. Solute concentrations were analyzed in wet deposition, overland flow, shallow throughflow, groundwater and bank seepage in a forested plot (about 5 ha) and an adjacent plot (about 2 ha) which had been deforested in July 1989 and planted to manioc, and in stream water in partially deforested and forested catchments. Measurements were made from November 1988 to June 1990. The effects of slash-and-burn agricultural practices observed in the experimental plot included increased overland flow, erosion, and large losses of solutes from the rooted zone. Concentrations of NO3/-, Na+, K+, SO4/2-, Cl- and Mn in throughflow of the experimental plot were higher than those of the control plot by more than a factor of 10. Extensive leaching occurred after cutting and burning, but solute transfers were diminished along pathway stages of throughflow to groundwater, and particularly within the riparian zone of the catchment. High concentrations of N and P in overland flow indicate the importance of using forested riparian buffers to mitigate solute inputs to receiving waters in tropical catchments.",Included,
"Williams, M.R., Melack, J.M.",1997,Solute export from forested and partially deforested catchments in the central Amazon,Biogeochemistry,38,,10.1023/A:1005774431820,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18980/,"The hydrochemical responses to slash-and-burn agriculture in a small rainforest catchment of the central Amazon were investigated for one year. Disturbances in the partially deforested catchment began in 1987, and during the study a 2-ha plot was cut (July 1989) and burned (October 1989) in preparation for the cultivation of manioc; the partially deforested catchment was approximately 80% deforested at the time of this study. Solute fluxes exported by base flow were estimated from solute concentrations of stream water measured at least once per week. Solute fluxes for storm flow were estimated by measuring stream water concentrations during two storms. Base flow runoff represented about 94% of the water outflow from the study basin and was the dominant pathway of solute export. Total rainfall during the study period was 2754 mm of which 2080 mm was exported from the partially deforested catchment as stream runoff. The ratio of surface runoff to annual rainfall for a similar study conducted in the same catchment while completely forested in 1984 was lower than after the catchment was 80% deforested in 1990 (0.57 versus 0.76), while evapotranspiration (ET) was lower by about a factor of two in 1990 compared to 1984. Particulate removal from the partially deforested catchment was 151 kg ha−1 yr−1. Nutrient losses from the partially deforested catchment were higher than those measured when the catchment was undisturbed in 1984 by factors of 1.4, 1.8, and 2.1 for total inorganic nitrogen (TIN), total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), and total nitrogen (TN); and by factors of 4.0, 6.6, and 7.9 for soluble reactive phosphate (PO3−4), total dissolved phosphorus (TDP), and total phosphorus (TP), respectively. These data show that deforestation and colonization in upland catchments of the central Amazon alter the hydrochemical balance of streams by decreasing ET, thereby increasing discharge and solute export.",Included,
"Mongomake, K., Doungous, O., Khatabi, B., Fondong, V. N.",2015,Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) landraces from Cameroon,SpringerPlus,4,1,10.1186/s40064-015-1272-4,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11270/,"A procedure to regenerate cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars from Cameroon via somatic embryogenesis (SE) was developed. Shoot apical meristems and immature leaf lobes were used as explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium containing 33 or 50M of the auxins Picloram (Pic), 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), Dicamba (Dic), and -Naphthalene acetic acid. Cultivar performance was assessed using SE and number of somatic embryos produced. Overall, the frequency of primary somatic embryogenesis (PSE) and the mean number of somatic embryos produced varied considerably with genotype, type of auxin and concentration tested. For example, cultivar (cv.) Ngan Mbada showed the best performance on MS medium supplemented with 50M Pic with a SE frequency of 40% and an average number of somatic embryos of 90. The second best performance was recorded in cv. Local Red on MS medium supplemented with 33M 2,4-D, where the SE frequency was 40% and an average number of somatic embryos of 60.5. Cultivar Ekona Red recorded the best performance on medium supplemented with 50M Pic showing a SE frequency of 47% and an average number of somatic embryos of 45. We further examined secondary and cyclic somatic embryogenesis (SSE, CSE) and both were also observed to vary with genotype, however, both exhibited significantly higher frequencies of SE compared with PSE. SE started to decline at the fourth cycle of embryogenesis. Examination of organogenesis showed that shoot bud induction from green cotyledons varied across cultivars and benzylaminopurine was shown to outperform Thidiazuron in the ability to induce organogenesis. Furthermore, the frequencies of bud induction were identical under light and dark conditions. Finally, regenerated plants grew easily in the greenhouse with 90100% survival rate and did not display detectable variation in morphology. 2015, Mongomake et al.",Included,
"Ikeorgu, J. E. G., Ezumah, H. C.",1991,Some Analytical Aspects of Cassava Maize Okra Egusi-Melon Complex Mixture .1. Soil-Temperature in Relation to Leaf-Area Variation,Field Crops Research,27,01-Feb,10.1016/0378-4290(91)90021-M,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7687/,"Afternoon soil temperature of about 39-degrees-C observed at 5 cm depth under sole cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) early in the growing season was reduced by respectively 1.0, 1.3, 3.0 and 4.4-degrees-C by intercropping with maize (Zea mays L.), maize/okra (Abelmoschus esculentus Moench), maize/egusi melon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.), and maize/okra/egusi melon. There was a negative but significant relationship between soil temperature and combined leaf area index (L) of crops grown in mixture with sparse-canopy cassava (r = -0.91**) and with dense-canopy cassava (r = -0.93**). This work has shown that, for effective soil temperature reduction under cassava, associated inter-crops must attain L of at least 1.5 within the first eight weeks of growth. Since the L of cassava is below 0.5 during the first eight weeks of growth, intercrops such as egusi melon and maize would help in reducing supra-optimal temperatures under cassava.",Included,
"Fauquet, C., Fargette, D., Thouvenel, J.C.",1988,Some aspects of the epidemiology of African cassava mosaic virus in Ivory Coast,,v. 34,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5579/,,Included,
"Obigbesan, G. O., Fafunso, M.",1980,Some Chemical-Components of Nigerian Cassava Cultivars and of the Processed Product,Tropenlandwirt,81,OCT,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12555/,,Included,
"Hirose, S. (Nihon Univ., Tokyo (Japan). Coll. of Agriculture, Veterinary Medicine), Data, E.X., Uritani, I.",1983,Some observations on post-harvest deteriorations of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) roots,,v. 27,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7219/,,Included,
"Charles, A. L., Chang, Y. H., Ko, W. C., Sriroth, K., Huang, T. C.",2004,Some physical and chemical properties of starch isolates of cassava genotypes,Starch/Staerke,56,9,10.1002/star.200300226,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3375/,"Cassava starches (Manihot esculenta Crantz) were prepared from tubers of Kaesetsart 50 (KU50), Rayong 5, Manatee and KMUL 36-YOO2 (YOO2) and their physicochemical properties studied using the Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and rheometry. Amylose content was determined by iodine potentiometric titration (IPT) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Starch contents of the tubers varied from 34.2 to 35.1 % and protein and fiber contents in the starches varied from 0.8 to 1.1 % and 0.6 to 0.8%, respectively. The cassava starches contained 0.06-0.12% lipid and 0.7% to 0.9% ash. Amylose content determined by IPT (15.9 to 22.4%) had higher positive correlation with peak viscosity, breakdown and gel consistencies (R2 = 0.835, 0.772, 0.859), respectively, whereas GPC (18.1 to 25.3%) showed high correlation with setback (R2 = 0.923) and H (R2 = 0.579). The onset gelatinization temperatures varied from 59.7-64.4C, and KU50 exhibited highest H of 13.7 J/g. Hanatee and YOO2 formed clear gels with higher peak viscosities, setback and gel consistency viscosities attributed to their higher amylose contents. Retrogradation of KU50 and Rayong 5 tended to be more severe on cooling and formed opaque gels, showing higher resistance to shearing, properties attributed to recrystallized amylopectin fractions.",Included,
"T., Ramanujam",1987,Source-sink relationship in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Short communication,Indian Journal of Plant Physiology,v. 30,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17223/,Source-sink relationship in cassava was studied using four cultivars. The results suggested that the net assimilation rate (NAR) was reduced significantly when source size was increased beyond a LAI of 3.0. Significant reduction in NAR was also noticed when the sink size was reduced.,Included,
"Parsa, S., Medina, C., Rodriguez, V.",2015,Sources of pest resistance in cassava,Crop Protection,68,,10.1016/j.cropro.2014.11.007,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13816/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), a primary food crop in developing countries, can be severely affected by the attack of several Neotropical pests. To contribute to their management, this study sought to identify genetic resources for resistance breeding within the world's largest cassava genebank, held at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CAT), in Colombia. We compiled data from 89 field trials between 1980 and 2004 evaluating natural mite, thrips, and whitefly herbivory in hundreds of cassava genotypes. Highly susceptible genotypes were excluded from subsequent evaluations within one or two trials. Statistical analyses estimating resistance were therefore performed only for genotypes evaluated for a given pest in at least three trials. These analyses revealed potentially-useful genotype variation in resistance to Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar), Aleurotrachelus socialis Bondar, and Frankliniella williamsi Hood. Based on this variation, we identified 129 potential sources of resistance to E williamsi, 33 to M. tanajoa, and 19 to A. socialis. Leaf pubescence was positively associated with resistance to the three pests, and root cyanide was negatively associated with resistance to A. socialis. Our results support the potential for developing improved cassava cultivars with high pest resistance. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Owolade, O. F., Dixon, A. G. O., Adeoti, A. A., Osunlaja, S. O.",2005,Sources of resistance to cassava anthracnose disease,African Journal of Biotechnology,4,6,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13497/,"A total of 436 African landraces and 497 improved cassava genotypes were planted in 1996, 1997, 1998 and 1999 growing seasons.. These were evaluated for their reactions to cassava anthracnose disease (CAD) under natural infection conditions at Ibadan (a high infection zone). The severity of the disease was determined by counting the total number of canker/plants and measuring the diameter the cankers. Data were collected at 6, 9 and 12 months after planting. The four-year data were pooled and subjected to statistical analysis. Result showed that of the 436 improved germplasm evaluated, 10 were resistant, 64 moderately resistant, 328 were moderately susceptible, and 95 were highly susceptible. The results also showed that 45 of the landraces were resistant, 87 moderately resistant, 354 were moderately susceptible, whereas 60 were highly susceptible. Of the resistant landraces and the improved, TME 19, TME 53, TME113, TME 244, TME 475, and TME 523; I85/02015 and I8700028 were completely free of cankers. The resistant genotypes have been introgressed into broad-based breeding populations to diversify resistance to CAD in newly improved genotypes. 2004 Academic Journals.",Included,
"Boas, S. A. V., Hohenfeld, C. S., de Oliveira, S. A. S., da Silva Santos, V., de Oliveira, E. J.",2016,Sources of resistance to cassava root rot caused by Fusarium spp.: a genotypic approach,Euphytica,209,1,10.1007/s10681-016-1676-4,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2326/,"The development of cassava cultivars resistant to root rot (PRM) is a viable strategy for disease control. The objectives of this study were to identify stable sources of PRM resistance and to estimate genetic parameters. Inoculation with Fusarium spp. (Fspp) species was performed in 697 accessions and five environments that were then assessed for symptom severity in the peel (cortex and periderm) and root pulp. The environment and genotypes was considered to have random effects via analysis of mixed models. The resistance stability, resistance adaptability, and resistance stability + adaptability for Fspp were assessed using the harmonic means of genotypic value (Si), relative performance of genotypic values (Ai), and harmonic mean of the relative performance of genotypic value (Zi), respectively. About 10 % of the accessions were considered resistant to Fspp. Discrepancies in the accession classification for PRM resistance in the root peel and pulp indicate the existence of different defense mechanisms in these parts of the root. The individual heritability and mean genotypic heritability through environments were of low magnitude, resulting in medium accuracy selective magnitude. Despite the existence of strong genotype × environment interaction (G × E), accessions with high adaptability and stability were identified. The 22 accessions resistant to PRM in the peel and pulp enabled significant and balanced disease reduction on Zi estimates (−48.18 and −46.42 %, respectively). The lack of complete resistance and continuous distribution of PRM suggest quantitative inheritance of resistance. The Zi method is a useful approach in the capitalization of G × E interaction for disease resistance.",Included,
"Oshunsanya, S.O.",2013,Spacing effects of vetiver grass (Vetiveria nigritana Stapf) hedgerows on soil accumulation and yields of maizecassava intercropping system in Southwest Nigeria,,v. 104,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13388/,"Large losses of soil usually occur under continuous cropping systems in the tropics owing to high rainfall erosivity coupled with predominately weak soil structure. Vetiver grass (V. nigritiana) planted at intervals across slopes could check erosion losses and allow meaningful cultivation of the alleys between vetiver hedgerows. Between 2004 and 2007, studies were conducted at Ibadan in the humid region of Southwest Nigeria to evaluate the effects of vetiver grass hedgerows (VGH) on soil accumulation, bulk density, soil moisture content, infiltration characteristics, crop growth and yields. Plots were planted to cassava intercropped with maize. Treatments consist of a control (no hedgerow) and three VGH at 5m (8 hedges), 10m (4 hedges) and 20m (2 hedges) spacing on 13% slope of farmland. Treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Measurements of soil physical properties were taken at the center of the control plot and 0.25m in front of vetiver hedgerows in plots with vetiver. Calibrated metal rods were inserted 0.15m from the edge of the hedgerows to monitor accumulated soil due to runoff while erosion pins were inserted every 5m down the slope on control plots to measure the depth of soil removal. Soil accumulation by VGH serving as barriers to trap eroded soil was significantly (p<0.05) affected by the spacing. The average depth of soil accumulated per VGH spaced at 5m, 10m and 20m wide intervals over three years were 32.17, 67.21 and 159.7mm respectively while depth of soil removed on the control plot was 168.0mm. Gravimetric moisture content increased with wider alley spacing and infiltration characteristics were improved in the alleys. Mean maize grain yield over the three growing seasons was significantly (p<0.05) higher in vetiver grass alleys of 5, 10 and 20m than the control by 34.4%, 23.3% and 6.5%, respectively. Cassava tuber yields were higher in vetiver alleys than the control by 1.7 to 4.7% in the first season, 2.8 to 5.1% in the second season and 3.6 to 7.0% in the third season, following the same trend as maize yields. The greater loss of soil under maize and cassava intercropped on plot without vetiver grass resulted in a decrease in the yields of crops as compared to vetiver alley plots. Although crop yields in VGH plots were higher than on the control, areas of land taken out of cultivation by VGH spaced at 5, 10 and 20m wide intervals were 120, 60 and 30mha, respectively at the end of the third season when the vetiver was 52months old. Thus, a balance needs to be struck between the number of hedges with respect to slope and the area of land left for cultivation.",Included,
"Hauser, S., Asawalam, D. O., Vanlauwe, B.",1998,Spatial and temporal gradients of earthworm casting activity in alley cropping systems,Agroforestry Systems,41,2,10.1023/A:1006035119108,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7027/,"The amounts of earthworm surface casts were monitored for 200 days after commencement of casting in three alley cropping experiments of different ages and hedgerow species. Casts were collected twice per week in transects from under the hedgerow to the middle of the interrow space. Average annual cumulative amounts of casts were higher in alley cropping systems with one to five years of cropping than in the no-tree control. After five years of cropping, amounts of casts were similar in all treatments. Within the alley cropping systems, casting activity was highest immediately under the hedgerows and decreased towards the middle of the interrow space. In systems using Leucaena leucocephala as hedgerow species, the hedgerow to interrow space gradient of casting activity became more pronounced with increasing length of cropping. Casting activity in the interrow space was reduced by 12%, 55%, 80% and 86% in the first, fourth, sixth and seventh year of cropping, respectively, compared to the casting activity under the hedgerows. Senna siamea, which produced a more recalcitrant mulch, did not show such a strong decline in casting in the interrow space. In a Dactyladenia barteri system, the difference in casting between interrow space and hedgerows was insignificant. With perpendicular distance from the hedge, largest gradients in casting activity occurred close to the hedgerows with up to −4.00 Mg ha−1 cm−1 in L. leucocephala but only −1.23 and −0.76 Mg ha−1 cm−1 in S. siamea and D. barteri, respectively. The shading effect of trees and a relatively low level of soil disturbance is apparently more beneficial for earthworms in a cropped system than a high supply of readily available food from fast decomposing L. leucocephala prunings.",Included,
"Fondong, V. N., Thresh, J. M., Zok, S.",2002,Spatial and temporal spread of cassava mosaic virus disease in cassava grown alone and when intercropped with maize and/or cowpea,Journal of Phytopathology,150,7,10.1046/j.1439-0434.2002.00775.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5790/,"The spread of cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and populations of the whitefly vector (Bemisia tabaci) were recorded in cassava when grown alone and when intercropped with maize and/or cowpea. The trials were planted under conditions of high inoculum pressure in 1995 and 1996 at a site in the lowland rainforest zone of southern Cameroon. In the 1995 experiment, the maize and cowpea intercrops reduced the final incidence of CMD in the cassava cvs. Dschang White and Dschang Violet, but not in the more resistant cv. Improved. In the 1996 experiment with cv. Dschang Violet, the maize and cowpea intercrops grown alone or together decreased adult whitefly populations on cassava by 50% and CMD incidence by 20%. The monomolecular population growth model generally provided the best fit for disease progress. Areas under the disease progress curves (AUDPCs) and incidences expressed as multiple infection units were significantly (P 0.05) less for cassava intercropped with maize and/or cowpea than in cassava alone; times to 50% CMD incidence were significantly (P 0.05) longer in all intercrop systems. In 1995 the basic infection rates (r) were similarly low (0.010 per month) in the moderately resistant cv. Dschang Violet intercropped with maize and in all treatments in the more resistant cv. Improved. By contrast, rates were significantly higher for cv. Dschang Violet alone or with cowpea and in all treatments for the less resistant cv. Dschang White (0.030-0.060). In 1996, r values in cassava grown alone (0.077) were significantly larger (P 0.05) than in the other cropping systems (0.042-0.052). There were no significant differences in the symptom severity in the different cropping systems. Disease foci were isodametric and more compact in plots containing cowpea than in other cropping systems.",Included,
"Ceballos, H., Luna, J., Escobar, A. F., Ortiz, D., Perez, J. C., Sanchez, T., Pachon, H., Dufour, D.",2012,Spatial distribution of dry matter in yellow fleshed cassava roots and its influence on carotenoid retention upon boiling,Food Research International,45,1,10.1016/j.foodres.2011.10.001,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3179/,"Understanding retention of carotenoids after different processing methods is important. This study was conducted to quantify dry matter content and carotenoids found in different sections of the cassava roots from six clones and to assess true retention of carotenoids after 30 min of boiling. Retention was quantified in normalized prisms taken from proximal, central and distal sectors of the root. Dry matter content (DMC) was measured along and across the roots and varied from 14.1 to 51.0%. DMC tended to be lower at the center of the root and in distal sections. DMC affected the homogeneity of the food matrix and, therefore, contributed in spatial variation in retention of carotenoids. Average true retention (dry matter basis) was 86.6% and ranged from 76.0 and 96.7% (averages per clone and section of the root, respectively). Retention was positively associated with carotenoid content in unprocessed samples, although the relationship was weak. The study shows that during boiling weight of samples changed from slight losses to gains of up to 40% (depending on original DMC of the uncooked root), resulting in an ""apparent dilution"" of the carotenoids. Results suggested the occurrence of some isomerization. All-trans beta-carotene losses (13%) were partially explained by increases in the 13-cis (34%) and 15-cis (8%) isoforms, as well as lixiviation (< 1%) into the boiling water. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Nyanza, Elias C., Dewey, Deborah, Thomas, Deborah S. K., Davey, Mark, Ngallaba, Sospatro E.",2014,"Spatial Distribution of Mercury and Arsenic Levels in Water, Soil and Cassava Plants in a Community with Long History of Gold Mining in Tanzania",Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,93,6,10.1007/s00128-014-1315-5,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12448/,"This study examined the spatial distribution of total mercury (THg) and total arsenic (TAs) in water, soil and cassava (Manihot esculenta) (leaves and roots) samples taken from areas in Rwamagasa village in northwestern Tanzania where daily living activities occur in close proximity to extensive artisanal and small scale gold mining. Results indicated that 33.3% of the water sources had THg levels above the WHO guideline of 1.0g/L for safe drinking water, and 12.5% had TAs levels above 10g/L. Cassava leaves were found to have higher THg (ranging from 8.3 to 167g/kg) and TAs (ranging from 60 to 1,120g/kg) levels than cassava roots, which ranged between 1.28.3g/kg for THg and 25310g/kg for TAs. Concentrations of THg and TAs in soil samples ranged between 5.81,759 and 18320,298g/kg, respectively. Both THg and TAs were found to be distributed throughout Rwamagasa village.",Included,
"Esuma, W., Kawuki, R. S., Herselman, L., Labuschagne, M. T.",2016,Stability and genotype by environment interaction of provitamin A carotenoid and dry matter content in cassava in Uganda,Breeding Science,66,3,10.1270/jsbbs.16004,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5315/,"Efforts are underway to develop staple crops with improved levels of provitamin A carotenoids to help combat dietary vitamin A deficiency (VAD), which has afflicted the health of resource-poor people in the developing world. As a staple crop for more than 500 million people in sub-Saharan Africa, cassava enriched with provitamin A carotenoids could have a widespread nutritional impact. To this effect, 13 provitamin A clones were evaluated in a randomized complete block design in six environments to assess genotype by environment interaction (GEI) effects for total carotenoid (TCC) and dry matter content (DMC) in roots. Additive main effect and multiplicative interaction analysis showed significant variation among genotypes for TCC, DMC, fresh root weight and harvest index. Environmental effects were non-significant for TCC, but GEI effects were significantly large for all traits measured. There were significant temporal increments for all traits measured within 12 months after planting. TCC correlated negatively with DMC, illustrating an important challenge to overcome when developing provitamin A cassava varieties without compromising DMC, which is a major farmer-preference trait. Nonetheless, best performing genotypes were identified for TCC, DMC and FRW, and these could constitute genetic resources for advancement or developing breeding populations through hybridization. 2016, Japanese Society of Breeding. All rights reserved.",Included,
Sholihin,2015,Stability of Cassava Promising Clones Based on Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) Model,Energy Procedia,65,,10.1016/j.egypro.2015.01.062,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16321/,"The aim of the study was to know the productivity and stability of cassava promising clones. The experiments were done in nine environments in Pati, Probolinggo, Malang, Lampung Timur, Lampung Tengah and Lampung Selatan from 2010 to 2012. The experiments were arranged in a randomized complete block design, three replications. The plot size was a 5 m 5 m. Plants distance was 100 cm 80 cm. Dosage of fertilizers was 93 kgha-1 N + 36 kgha-1 P2O5 + 60 kgha-1 K2O. A total of nine clones were used. Parameter recorded was fresh tuber yield of seven months old plants. IRRISTAT program was used to analyze the variance based on AMMI model, IPCA score and IPCA biplot. The study showed that Clone BIC 180, BIC 556, BIC 280, CMM 03001-10, and BIC 499 were more stable than CMM 02048-6, CMM 03020-2, CMM 03013-11, and UJ3 based on AMMI models. Mean of fresh tuber yield in seven months of CMM 03001-10 over locations and years was the highest (31.75 tha-1), 11% higher than UJ3, equal to Rp2 377 500 ha-1, if the price of cassava tuber Rp750. 2015 Elsevier Ltd.",Included,
"Benesi, I.R.M., Labuschagne, M.T., Dixon, A.G.O., Mahungu, N.M.",2004,"Stability of native starch quality parameters, starch extraction and root dry matter of cassava genotypes in different environments",,v. 84  issue 11,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2105/,"Cassava is an important food and cash crop in Malawi. It is also becoming increasingly important for industrial use. The aim of this study was to investigate the native starch quality of different Malawi cassava genotypes. Trials were conducted at Chitedze and Makoka in Malawi in the 2000/01 season. Apart from root dry matter and starch extraction, starch quality parameters considered included protein, moisture and ash contents, pH and whiteness. Various stability measures were used to deal with the problem of genotype x environment interaction. The results showed that all the cassava genotypes produced starch with no protein and with colour as white as required by the industry. Moisture and ash contents and pH fell within the industry-recommended ranges. This suggests that native cassava starch is suitable for use in various industries. Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) was strongly correlated with other measured stability parameters and is therefore recommended for stability analysis of starch quality parameters. Genotype had a larger influence than environment on root dry matter. This agrees with the hypothesis that one or a few major genes control root dry matter in cassava.",Included,
"Ssemakula, G., Dixon, A. G. O., Maziya-Dixon, B.",2007,Stability of total carotenoid concentration and fresh yield of selected yellow-fleshed cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Journal of Tropical Agriculture,45,01-Feb,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16875/,"The effects of genotype (G), environment (E), and G x E interaction on carotenoid concentration and yield of 25 yellow-fleshed (YF) and three white-fleshed (WF) cassava genotypes were investigated at five locations in Nigeria for two consecutive cropping seasons. The locations represented the major cassava growing agroecologies in the country and the objective was to identify stable cassava clones for yield and carotenoid levels. Location (L) and G main effects, and year (Y) x L and G x L interactions were significant (p<0.001) for fresh yield and total carotenoid concentrations; G x L was the largest component of G x E. AMMI analysis revealed that carotenoid concentration is a stable trait, while yield is relatively unstable. The most stable genotypes for total carotenoid concentration with levels above the overall mean were 01/1277, 01/1235, 01/1371, 01/1413, and 01/1442. Likewise, the most stable clones for yield with above average performance were 01/1235, 94/0006, and 01/1206. The high G and low E effects, and the relatively low GEI on total carotenoid concentration imply that evaluation and selection can be effectively done in fewer environments to distinguish clones with high and stable performance while yield requires early testing in diverse and multiple environments to identify genotypes with broad and specific adaptations. Our results suggest that it is possible to breed cassava with high and stable performance for both yield and carotenoid contents.",Included,
"Rajendran, P.G., Mohan, C., Sreekumar, J.",2005,"Standardisation of true cassava seed (TCS) programme with special emphasis on more homogeneous, CMD resistant progenies",Euphytica,142,01-Feb,10.1007/s10681-005-0318-z,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14777/,"The propagation of cassava through true seeds (sexual seeds) rather than by clones is a promising option due to its manifold advantages such as enhancing the multiplication rate, keeping the dreaded cassava mosaic disease (CMD) under check, longer seed viability, ease of storage and transport. The high genetic heterogeneity and consequent variation among seedlings is the major stumbling block in sexual propagation. In the present study, a CMD resistant exotic accession MNga-1 and a promising cultivar “Ambakadan” with profuse fruit setting, seed output and male sterility were identified to be promising parents for the TCS programme. The rate of sexual propagation could be more than 20-fold over the traditional clonal propagation. Seed treatment with 1% KNO3 or 300 ppm GA promoted uniform seed germination and seedling vigour and reduced the transplanting period from 45 days after planting (DAS) to 30 DAS. Removal of taproots of seedlings while transplanting enhanced tuber development. Tuber yield of first clones (C1) was significantly superior to that of the seedlings. The dry matter content and starch output of seedlings and first clones were comparable to that of the commercial varieties. Similarly, the HCN and cooking quality of seedlings and first clones were at acceptable levels. In the open pollinated (OP) progenies of the Ambakadan the CMD infection increased drastically due to secondary spread of the pathogen. The hybrid progenies of Ambakadan and the CMD resistant line MNga-1 revealed higher percentage of CMD free seedlings and first clonal progenies in the evaluation trials conducted at CTCRI Thiruvananthapuram and ARS, Peddapuram during 2001–2002 and 2002–2003. Nearly homogeneous hybrid population resistant to CMD could be obtained by systematic roguing at seedling and first clonal stage.",Included,
"Salvador, E. M., McCrindle, C. M. E., Buys, E. M., Steenkamp, V.",2016,Standardization of cassava mahewu fermentation and assessment of the effects of iron sources used for fortification,"African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development",16,2,10.18697/ajfand.74.15305,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15709/,"Cassava root is the main staple for 70% of the population in Mozambique, particularly in inaccessible rural areas, but is known to be low in iron. Anaemia is a public health problem in mothers and preschool children in Mozambique and up to 40% of these cases are probably due to dietary iron deficiency. The World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) recognize the fortification of foodstuff as an effective method to remedy dietary deficiencies of micronutrients, including iron. Cassava mahewu, a non-alcoholic fermented beverage is prepared at subsistence level from cassava roots using indigenous procedures. The aim of the study was to standardize mahewu fermentation and investigate if the type of cassava fermented, or the iron compound used for fortification affected the final product. Roots of sweet and bitter varieties of cassava from four districts (Rapale, Meconta, Alto Molocue and Zavala) in Mozambique, were peeled, dried and pounded to prepare flour. Cassava flour was cooked and fermented under controlled conditions (45C for 24 h). The fermentation period and temperature were set, based on the findings of a pilot study which showed that an end-point pH of about 4.5 was regularly reached after 24 h at 45C. Cassava mahewu was fortified with ferrous sulfate (FeSO4.7H2O) or ferrous fumarate (C4H2FeO4) at the beginning (time zero) and at the end of fermentation (24 h). The amount of iron added to the mahewu was based on the average of the approved range of iron used for the fortification of maize meal. The mean pH at the endpoint was 4.5, with 0.29% titratable acidity. The pH and acidity were different to those reported in previous studies on maize mahewu, whereas the solid extract of 9.65% was found to be similar. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast growth were not significantly different in mahewu fortified with either of the iron compounds. There was no significant difference between cassava mahewu made from bitter or sweet varieties. A standard method for preparation and iron fortification of cassava mahewu was developed. It is recommended that fortification occurs at the end of fermentation when done at household level.",Included,
"Unfried, J.R., Montalvn, R.",2003,"Starch content variation in cassava cultivars during four harvesting seasons in Marechal C?ndido Rondon, Brazil",,v. 3,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18145/,,Included,
"Meja-Agero, L. E., Galeno, F., Hernndez-Hernndez, O., Matehus, J., Tovar, J.",2012,"Starch determination, amylose content and susceptibility to in vitro amylolysis in flours from the roots of 25 cassava varieties",Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,92,3,10.1002/jsfa.4629,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11002/,"Background Cassava cultivars are classified following different criteria, such as cyanogenic glucoside content or starch content. Here, flours from the roots of 25 cassava varieties cultivated simultaneously in a single plantation, were characterized in terms of starch content (SC), amylose content (AC), -amylolysis index (AI) and gel formation ability. Resistant starch content (RS) was measured in 10 of the samples. Results Cassava flours exhibited high SC, low AC and low AI values, with differences among varieties. Cluster analysis based on these parameters divided the cultivars in four groups differing mainly in SC and AC. AI and AC were inversely correlated (r = - 0.59, P < 0.05) in 18 of the cultivars, suggesting AC as an important factor governing the susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis of starch in raw cassava. Differences in susceptibility to amylolysis, assessed by RS, were also recorded in the sample subset analyzed. Most flours yielded pastes or gels upon heating and cooling. Gels differed in their subjective grade of firmness, but none exhibited syneresis, confirming the low retrogradation proclivity of cassava starch. Conclusion Some differences were found among cassava samples, which may be ascribed to inter-cultivar variation. This information may have application in further agronomic studies or for developing industrial uses for this crop. 2011 Society of Chemical Industry.",Included,
"S.N., Moorthy, J.M.V., Blanshard, J., Rickard",1993,Starch properties in relation to cooking quality of cassava,Working Document (CIAT). no. 123.,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15493/,"Cassava tubers exhibit wide variation in cooking quality depending on varietal differences and environmental conditions. There have been few studies on the relationship between cooking quality and properties of starch extracted from different varieties. Hence studies were undertaken at CTCRI, University of Nottingham and NRI on starch extracted from five varieties of differing quality. The physicochemical and rheological properties were examined in detail. Only minor differences were observed in the total and soluble amylose contents. Though the average granule size was nearly similar among the varieties, the granule size distribution was quite different for var. H-1687. The Brabender Viscographic pattern was also quite distinct for this variety. The swelling volume of starch of var. M4 was invariably the lowest among the varieties. There was no difference in the XRD patterns, but the DSC patterns were noticeably different for starch of H-97 and M4. Though the results do not give any conclusive relationship between cooking quality and starch properties, the existence of differences can be useful in unravelling any possible relationship.",Included,
"Mitchozounou, D.M., Vine, P.N.",1989,Stem bending in cassava,Field Crops Research,v. 22,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11159/,,Included,
"Bhagwat, B. (Guelph Univ., Guelph, Ont. (Canada). Dept. of Crop Science), Vieira, L.G.E., Erickson, L.R.",1996,"Stimulation of in vitro shoot proliferation from nodal explants of cassava by thidiazuron, benzyladenine and gibberellic acid",,v. 46,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2208/,,Included,
"D.E., Leihner",1986,Storage and regeneration of cassava planting material. Proceedings of a regional workshop,Global Workshop on Root and Tuber Crops Propagation. Cali (Colombia). 13-16 Set 1983,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4092/,,Included,
"Leihner, D.E.",1984,Storage effects on planting material and subsequent growth and root yield of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9684/,,Included,
"Booth, R. H.",1976,Storage of Fresh Cassava (Manihot esculenta). I. Post-Harvest Deterioration and its Control,Experimental Agriculture,12,2,10.1017/S001447970000716X,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2448/,"The rapid post-harvest deterioration of cassava roots, which usually prevents their storage in the fresh state for more than a few days, is poorly understood. Two types of deterioration are defined, namely primary, shown by internal root discoloration, and secondary, caused largely by wound pathogens. Information is presented on the influence of such factors as mechanical damage and plant cultivar upon the development of the two types. Control of primary, and a reduction in secondary, deterioration is achieved during a curing process, but none of the chemical treatments examined gave consistent practical control of deterioration. 1976, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Muimba-Kankolongo, A., Muyolo, G., Mahungu, N.M., Pandey, S.J.",1987,Strategies of Programme National Manioc (PRONAM) of Zaire in screening cassava for resistance to major diseases,"Tropical root crops : root crops and the African food crisis : proceedings of the Third Triennial Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops--Africa Branch held in Owerri, Nigeria, 17-23 August 1986",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11499/,,Included,
"Ewusie, E. A., Parajulee, M. N., Adabie-Gomez, D. A., Wester, D.",2010,"Strip cropping A potential IPM tool for reducing whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera Aleyrodidae) infestations in Cassava",West African Journal of Applied Ecology,17,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5351/,"Insect pests and diseases are a major limiting factor to cassava production in Africa. The cassava mosaic virus disease (CMVD), caused by cassava mosaic geminiviruses (CMGs) (Geminiviridae Begomovirus) and transmitted by whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, threatens the production of the crop in Africa, causing an estimated annual yield loss of over 1.5 billion US dollars. A 6-month field experiments were conducted to explore the potential of using strip cropping to reduce whitefly infestations in cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiaceae). Five rows each of cassava, Jatropha and cotton were grown around a 10-row (1 m row width) 25 m cassava plots in a randomized complete block design. At weekly intervals, the levels of whiteflies infestations (number of eggs, nymphs and adults) per plot were determined. A significantly lower numbers of immature (egg and nymph) and adult Bemisia tabaci were found in cassava plots surrounded on all sides by five rows of both cotton and Jatropha curcas, clearly demonstrating the potential of strip cropping as a management option for the suppression of Bemisia tabaci populations.",Included,
"Ambe, J.T., Agboola, A.A., Hahn, S.K.",1992,Studies of weeding frequency in cassava in Cameroon,International Journal of Pest Management,v. 38,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/972/,,Included,
"Nartey, F.",1968,"Studies on cassava, Manihot utilissima Pohl-I. Cyanogenesis The biosynthesis of linamarin and lotaustralin in etiolated seedlings",Phytochemistry,7,8,10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85629-0,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11816/,"No HCN could be detected in seeds of one cultivar of Manihot utilissima Pohl whereas seeds of two other cultivars contained 52-85 g HCN/g fresh weight. However, 10-14-day-old seedlings of all three cultivars contained 156-260 g HCN/g fresh weight. Thus a rapid biosynthesis of cyanogenic material occurred during germination. Chromatographic analysis showed that linamarin, 2(-d-glucopyranosyloxy) isobutyronitrile, accounted for 93 per cent, while lotaustralin, 2(-d-glucopyranosyloxy) 2-methylbutyronitrile, accounted for 7 per cent of the total HCN evolved by autolysing etiolated seedlings. l-Valine14C (U) and l-isoleucine14C (U) were incorporated by etiolated seedlings into the aglycone moieties of linamarin and lotaustralin respectively, indicating that the amino acids are effective precursors of these glucosides in M. utilissima. Seedlings of all three cultivars contained linamarase, the -glucosidase which catalyses the hydrolysis of both glucosides. A crude preparation of the enzyme from leaves showed strong activity against linamarin and lotaustralin, mild activity against salicin, and weak activity against -methyl glucoside and amygdalin. 1970.",Included,
"Itani, J.",1999,Studies on mechanisms of dehydration postponement in cassava leaves under short-term soil water deficits,Plant Production Science,2,3,10.1626/pps.2.184,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7936/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) can produce a high crop yield even in an environment with irregular rains. This is mainly attributed to its abilities to maintain leaf area under drought conditions and rapidly regrow after rain. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of leaf maintenance under water deficits through measurement of photosynthetic rate and water potential changes in leaves. The cassava plants were grown in pots and exposed to water deficits, and the diurnal changes in water potentials, rates of photosynthesis and transpiration and stomatal conductance were measured. The relationship between leaf water potential (w) and photosynthetic rate with decreasing soil water, and osmotic adjustment were also investigated. With respect to water supply in leaves, the movement of water in plants was measured using stem heat balance. Under water deficits, photosynthesis occurred only in the early morning. The water loss was reduced by stomatal closure in the mid-day. This was attributed to the complete closure of the stomata during the decrease in w to a range between -1.0 and - 1.4 MPa. Furthermore, the firm stomatal closure is caused by the consistency of osmotic potential under decreases in soil water, i.e., to a lack of osmotic adjustment. Water stored in the pith parenchyma of stem flowed into leaves in the morning. From these results, we conclude that cassava can consistently maintain an adequate water level in leaves via water storage and the sensitivity of stomata to water deficits, thereby avoiding leaf dehydration.",Included,
"Malavolta, E., Graner, E. A., Coury, T., Brasilsobr, M. O. C., Pacheco, J. A. C.",1955,Studies on the Mineral Nutrition of Cassava (Manihot-Utilissima Pohl),Plant Physiology,30,1,10.1104/pp.30.1.81,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10549/,,Included,
"Eleazu, C. O., Amajor, J. U., Ikpeama, A. I., Awa, E.",2011,"Studies on the nutrient composition, antioxidant activities, functional properties and microbial load of the flours of 10 Elite cassava (Manihot esculenta) varieties",Asian Journal of Clinical Nutrition,3,1,10.3923/ajcn.2011.33.39,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5123/,"Flours of 10 cassava varieties TME778, TMS/1646, TMS00/0355, 01/0103, TMS94/0330, TMS91934, TMS/0338, TMS91/1730, NR87/184 and TMS92/0057 were screened for their nutritional composition, antioxidant activities, functional properties and microbial loads. TMS91934 had the highest starch composition among the 10 varieties while TMS94/0330 had the least (17.811.38). The loose bulk density of TMS01/0103 was higher than that of other varieties (0.3080.03) (p&lt;0.05) with TMS91934 having the least (0.1470.025) while TMS001/0355 had higher packed bulk density (0.4490.06) and moisture content (68.770.84) among other varieties studied with TME778 having the least packed bulk density (0.3240.02) and moisture content (57.380.59). The percentage dry matter contents of the cassava varieties ranged from 30.4 to 46.23 with TME778 having the highest dry matter content (42.570.66) and TMS001/0355 having the least (31.240.84). The cassava varieties were found to possess antioxidant activities as evaluated by the phenolic composition of methanolic extracts of the flours and reducing power tests. Phytochemical analysis of the flours indicated that they contained significant quantities of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins with their cyanogenic glucoside content lower than LD 50 values for man. All flours of the 10 cassava varieties had good viable and fungal counts in addition. The results obtained indicate the biosafety in the consumption of these cassava varieties with antioxidant potentials whose shelf life could be extended if packaged well and stored. In addition, they're quite suitable as drug binder and disintegrant in pharmaceuticals. 2011 Asian Network for Scientific Information.",Included,
"Gopalakrishna Pillai, K., George, C. M.",1978,"Studies on the response N, P and K in conjunction with Ca on the growth and yield of tapioca (Manihot utilissima Pohl) var. ""Malayan-4""",Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala,16,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6510/,,Included,
"Persley, G.J.",1979,Studies on the survival and transmission of Xanthomonas manihotis on cassava seed,Annals of Applied Biology,93,2,10.1111/j.1744-7348.1979.tb06526.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5999/,"Cassava seed which had been stored at 5 oC and 60% r.h. for 2–51 months was assayed for the presence of Xanthomonas manihotis by a leaf‐infiltration technique, using as inoculum the supernatant from seeds soaked in sterile water at 30 oC for 2–4 h. The threshold of sensitivity of the assay method was 105 cells/ml. Twenty out of 50 samples yielded the pathogen. The infested seed had been in storage for 2–18 months. Bacteria reisolated from infiltrated leaves were identical to X. manihotis in cultural characteristics, phage type and pathogenicity. Surface sterilisation or hot air treatment for 24 h at 65oC or lower did not eliminate the pathogen from infested seed. Soaking of infested seed in hot water at 60 oC for 20 min reduced the number of bacteria to less than the minimum detectable level without appreciably reducing germination. Cassava bacterial blight was observed in 8‐wk‐old seedlings which had been planted during the dry season at a site where infection from outside sources was unlikely. It is postulated that a low percentage of successful seed transmissions of X. manihotis can occur under favourable environmental conditions.",Included,
"Nunekpeku, W., Amoatey, H. M., Oduro, V., Klu, G. Y. P., Asare, D. K., Danso, K. E.",2013,Study of the reproductive characteristics of nine cassava accessions,West African Journal of Applied Ecology,21,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12349/,"Reproductive behaviour of two cultivars (AF and AN) and seven breeding lines (BA, AS, LA, BS-1, HO-008, ME and SE) of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) was studied to obtain information pertaining to flowering habits and other reproductive characteristics of these potential parents required for future hybridization programmes. The accessions were grown on the Research Farm of the Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute in the coastal savanna agro-ecological zone of Ghana between April 2008 and December 2009. For each accession, 40 stem cuttings, each bearing five to eight nodes, were prepared from the mid-section of healthy cassava stems and planted at a spacing of 1.5 m x 1.0 m while accessions were separated by a distance of 2 m. Ten plants were tagged per accession for the collection of data on key reproductive characteristics. All accessions flowered, suggesting that flower production may not be a limiting factor under the prevailing climatic conditions. Light microscopy revealed that one accession (BA) produced dysfunctional male flowers which were devoid of pollen. Mean days to flowering and fruiting varied significantly (P < 0.05) among the accessions, indicating the need to use different planting dates for different accessions to ensure synchronization of flowering. The accessions also differed significantly (P < 0.05) with respect to plant height at various levels of branching, as well as number of inflorescences, staminate and pistillate flowers, and fruit produced per branching level. There was also variation in percent seed set, embryo formation and fruit drop. The extensive variability observed among the accessions provides breeders with immense opportunities for carrying out cross combinations to generate new genotypes to meet specific objectives.",Included,
"Phengvilaysouk, A., Wanapat, M.",2008,Study on the effect of harvesting frequency on cassava foliage for cassava hay production and its nutritive value,Livestock Research for Rural Development,20,SUPPL.,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14108/,"This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of harvesting frequency on yield and nutritive value of cassava foliage. It was arranged in a Randomized complete block design (RCBD). Two treatments were two different ages of cassava foliage of initial harvesting, at 2 and 4 months; (IC2) and (IC4). The subsequent harvestings for both were at every 2 months until the cassava foliage was 8 months old. Cassava (Rayong 5, RY5) was cultivated as a monoculture for all plots; each plot was 5x10 m (50 m 2), and 150 kg/ha of commercial fertilizer (46-0-0, N-P-K) was applied to cassava crop at the start. The results showed that cassava foliage yield was significantly different (P&lt;0.05) among harvesting times within the treatments. For the initial harvesting at 2 months of age (IC2), DM yield was highest in the second harvest (H2) and was lowest in the fourth harvest (H4) (3.2 and 1.2 tonnes/ha, respectively). For the treatment of initial harvesting at 4 months of age (IC4), DM yield was greatest in the first harvest (H1) (3.3 tonnes/ha) and was lowest in the third harvest (H3) (1.2 tonnes/ha). The foliage yield at each harvesting time significantly decreased (p&lt;0.05) with the crop age. However, total DM yield was not significantly different among treatments. Total DM yields of IC2 and IC4 were 7.1 and 6.5 tonnes/ha, respectively. The fiber contents, NDF, ADF and ADL, were significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in IC4 than IC2, especially in the first harvest (H1) (56.4, 37.5 and 14.6%, respectively). In contrast, CP was significantly higher in IC2 (21.5%). Based on this study, it is concluded that different initial harvesting of cassava foliage at 2 months (IC2) and 4 months of age (IC4) had no major affect on the quantity of the foliage, with yields of 7.1 vs 6.5 tonnes/ha, respectively, but affected the chemical composition of cassava, especially of CP (21.5% vs 20.5%) and NDF (48.1% vs 52.4%), respectively.",Included,
"Uhl, C., Clark, H., Clark, K., Maquirino, P.",1982,Successional patterns associated with slash-and-burn agriculture in the upper Rio Negro region of the Amazon Basin,Biotropica,14,4,10.2307/2388082,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18092/,"Weeds established just as readily in plots with Manihot esculenta (the principal crop plant of the region) present as in plots with M. esculenta removed. Repeated farm-plot weedings caused woody plants to decline in numbers and biomass and herbaceous plants to increase. Forbs and grasses dominated immediately following farm site abandonment, but by one year these had begun to senesce and fast-growing successional woody species (particularly Vismia spp) were common. Standing crop biomass at one year was 773 g dry weight m-2. Several microhabitat types were present on abandoned farm sites. Grasses and forbs showed no microhabitat preference, whereas successional woody individuals had their best establishment near slash and under fruit trees.",Included,
"Costa, N. V., Ferreira, S. D., Ramella, J. R., Moratelli, G., Dourado, R. F.",2015,Sulfentrazone selectivity and efficiency in cassava crops in sandy and clayey soils,Planta Daninha,33,4,10.1590/S0100-83582015000400017,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3970/,"Weeds have the potential to dramatically interfere in cassava cultivation, reducing its productive potential; however, there are few studies on the selective herbicides in this crop. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate in this work the selectivity and efficiency of sulfentrazone in cassava crops grown in sandy and clayey soils. Two experiments were carried out The first one was carried out in sandy soil conditions in the conventional system; and the second one was carried out in clayey soil conditions in the no-tillage system. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications. The treatments consisted in doses of 250, 500, 750 and 1,000 g ha-1 of sulfentrazone, and weeded and non-weeded controls. Sulfentrazone application in cassava crops has linearly reduced the production of roots in a proportion of 0.0153 and 0.0107 t ha-1 at each increment in grams of the active ingredient, respectively. It was concluded that sulfentrazone was not selective for cassava crops grown both in sandy and in clayey soil; however, it was highly effective in weed control in both soils. 2015, Sociedade Brasileira da Ciencia das Plantas Daninha. All rights reserved.",Included,
"Polthanee, A., Srisutham, M.",2017,Supplementary irrigation for cassava planted in the late rainy season of Northeastern Thailand,Asian Journal of Crop Science,9,4,10.3923/ajcs.2017.100.108,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14299/,"Background and Objective Cassava planting usually takes place in the latter part of the rainy season, which thereby exposes the cassava to the prolonged drought of the upcoming dry season. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of irrigation regimes on growth, yield and starch content of cassava. Materials and Methods Two cassava varieties were planted in split-plot design, late in the rainy season of 2014/2015. Cassava varieties (Huaybong 80 and Rayong 11) were assigned as the main-plot. Sub-plots were cultivated with 5 different water regimes (1) The crop received 15 mm of water when the daily cumulative pan evaporation value reached 40 mm [I-15, EV-40 mm] and, correspondingly, (2) [I-15, EV-60 mm], (3) [I-30, EV-40 mm], (4) [I-30, EV-60 mm] and (5) The no-irrigation (control) group [I-0]. All treatments received similar amounts of natural rainfall during the rainy season. One way-analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed according to a split plot design using statistics version 8 (STAT 8) software. Means were separated by Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 0.05 probability level. Results Irrigation treatments in each of the irrigated sub plots significantly increased the storage root yields over the non-irrigated control across the two varieties (p 0.01). Total water usage (in descending order) of 1363, 1153, 1108, 1003 and 853 mm were recorded for sub-plots (3) [I-30, EV-40 mm], (4) [I-30, EV-60 mm], (1) [I-15, EV-40 mm], (2) [I-15, EV-60 mm] and (5) [I-0], respectively. The water use efficiency determined within cropping season ranged from 62.8-74.7 kg ha-1 mm-1. Percentages of total water applied from total water used in sub-plots (3) [I-30, EV-40 mm], (4) [I-30, EV-60 mm], (1) [I-15, EV-40 mm] and (2) [I-15, EV-60 mm] were 37.4, 26.0, 23.0 and 14.9%, respectively. Conclusion The water regime of [I-30, EV-40 mm] (sub-plot 3) produced the highest fresh (85.6 t ha-1) and dry (37.5 t ha-1) storage root yields across both varieties; however, the Huaybong 80 variety produced significantly higher storage root yields than those of the Rayong 11 variety across all irrigation regimes (p 0.05). Neither the irrigation regime nor the variety of cassava had any significant effect on the starch content of the storage root. 2017 Anan Polthanee and Mallika Srisutham.",Included,
"Aflakpui, G. K. S., Bolfrey-Arku, G. E. K.",2007,Suppression of Imperata cylindrica (Speargrass) and changes in weed flora in yam and cassava fields,Journal of Plant Sciences,2,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/461/,"Experiments were conducted on farmers' fields in the forest-savannah transition zone of Ghana to assess the effectiveness of glyphosate, land preparation and mucuna alone or in combination to smother speargrass. The aim was to reclaim lands that have been abandoned because of speargrass to produce yam and cassava. A randomized complete block design with three treatments in one experiment and four treatments in another was used. The density of speargrass on the plots that were ploughed before mucuna was planted were 0.6-0.7, 0.3-0.4 and 0.2% that of the fallow plot at 3 Months After Treatment (MAT). The density of speargrass at 6 MAT was 0.35% that of the fallow plots when glyphosate was sprayed before planting mucuna. When glyphosate alone was sprayed the density at 6 MAT had increased from 2 to 13% that of fallow whilst mucuna planted on hoed plots resulted in a reduced density from 54 to 22% of that of the fallow plot. Thus hoeing plots before planting mucuna enhanced the effectiveness of mucuna to smother speargrass. However, mucuna could not smother speargrass on plots which were slashed before planting. When the initial population of speargrass was controlled with glyphosate, mucuna effectively smothered the regrowth of speargrass and associated weeds. The most dominant weed that could not be smothered by mucuna or killed by glyphosate are Commelina sp. The results show that lands that have been abandoned because of speargrass can be reclaimed in about seven months by planting mucuna on such fields with an initial cultivation or by spraying with glyphosate followed by mucuna. Academic Journals Inc.",Included,
"Legg, J.P., Raya, M.D.",1998,Survey of cassava virus diseases in Tanzania,International Journal of Pest Management,44,1,10.1080/096708798228473,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9654/,"A survey was carried out of African cassava mosaic geminivirus and cassava brown streak virus diseases (ACMD and CBSD) in Tanzania. ACMD occurred throughout the country at low to moderate incidences in the fifteen different regions surveyed (1 ± 64%). The incidence was generally higher along the coastal plain than in higher altitude areas in the interior. There was a significant correlation between numbers of adults of the whitefly vector, Bemisia tabaci, and incidence of recently infected plants (R = 0×77, p< 0×01), although most infection was attributable to the use of infected cuttings. CBSD was more restricted in distribution and, where present, incidence was low to moderate (1 ± 36%). Cassava plantings along the southern border with Mozambique link the highest incidence area on the south-east coast near Mtwara, with the other important area of CBSD incidence along the shore of Lake Malawi. The effects of climatic parameters on ACMD and CBSD incidence are discussed. The survey data suggest that both diseases could be controlled in Tanzania by the use of phytosanitation which involves the use of disease-free planting material and the removal (roguing) of diseased plants.",Included,
"Chikoye, D., Ekeleme, F., Ambe, J.T.",1999,Survey of distribution and farmers' perceptions of speargrass [Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel] in cassava-based systems in West Africa,International Journal of Pest Management,v. 45,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3585/,,Included,
"Trujillo, H.E., Arias, B., Guerrero, J.M., Hernandez, P., Bellotti, A., Pena, J.E.",2004,Survey of parasitoids of whiteflies (Homoptera Aleyrodidae) in cassava growing regions of Colombia and Ecuador,Florida Entomologist,v. 87,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17912/,,Included,
"Nolt, B.L., Pineda L, B., Velasco, A.C. (Cassava Program, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Apartado Aereo 6713, Cali (Colombia))",1992,Surveys of cassava plantations in Colombia for virus and virus-like diseases,,v. 41,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12278/,,Included,
"Ikotun, T.",1977,"Survival of Xanthomonas manihotis, the cassava bacterial blight pathogen",Cassava Bacterial Blight: Report of an Interdisciplinary Workshop,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7704/,,Included,
"Gold, C. S., Altieri, M. A., Bellotti, A. C.",1991,"Survivorship of the Cassava Whiteflies Aleurotrachelus-Socialis and Trialeurodes-Variabilis (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae) under Different Cropping Systems in Colombia",Crop Protection,10,4,10.1016/0261-2194(91)90010-O,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6397/,"Survivorship of immature cassava whiteflies, Aleurotrachelus socialis Bondar and Trialeurodes variabilis (Quaintance), was studied in the Department of Tolima, Colombia during outbreak attacks. Survivorship indices, based on disappearance over time, were determined at 2-week intervals for age-synchronous whitefly cohorts. Survivorship in A. socialis from egg to adult was estimated at 5-8%. T. variabilis survivorship in the first two instars was estimated at 50%. Survivorship trends varied over time and were not necessarily followed by corresponding shifts in subsequent adult and egg density. Effects were undoubtedly confounded by whitefly movement patterns. Nevertheless, estimated survivorship helps explain continued increase in whitefly numbers from existing high levels. Predators and parasitoids probably accounted for, at most, 50% of larval and pupal mortality and usually much less. Natural enemy impact and total mortality were similar in intercropped and monoculture systems in spite of differences in host plant architecture, microclimates and/or host plant quality. Cropping system effects on whitefly density were related to host plant size (larger in monoculture) which probably affected immigration and emigration rates into the different systems.",Included,
"Pillai, K.S. (Central Tuber Crops Research Inst., Trivandrum (India))",1977,Susceptibility of cassava chips to Araeceras fasciculatus,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14205/,,Included,
"Muimba-Kankolongo, A., Adeniji, M.O., Terry, E.R.",1984,Susceptibility of cassava to Colletotorichum manihotis,"Tropical root crops: production and uses in Africa, proceedings of the second triennial symposium of the international society for tropical root crops, Africa branch held in Douala, Cameroon, 14-19 August 1983",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11496/,"Studies were conducted to determine how inoculum concentration, pathogen virulence, cassava host, insect mediation, planting time, and location influence the susceptibility of cassava to anthracnose. The results indicated that the severity of infection is directly related to inoculum concentration and virulence of the isolate, although no specific races were identified among the isolates. A latent phase of Colletotrichum manihotis exists, during which its acervuli can be recovered from tender, symptomless stems. Pseudotherapus devastans feeding on cassava mediate the initiation of infection, and the degree of infection varies according to planting season and location.",Included,
"Anthony Bellotti, Joseph Tohme, Michael Dunbier, Gail Timmerman",2004,Sustainable integrated management of whiteflies through host plant resistance Progress report 2003-2004,Whitefly and Whitefly-borne Viruses in the Tropics: Building a Knowledge Base for Global Action,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19408/,,Included,
"Hammond, W. N. O., Neuenschwander, P.",1990,Sustained biological control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti [Hom. Pseudococcidae] by Epidinocarsis lopezi [Hym. Encyrtidae] in Nigeria,Entomophaga,35,4,10.1007/BF02375086,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6871/,"Following the successful introduction of Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) for biological control of the cassava mealybug (CM)Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. in southwestern Nigeria in 1981 and 1982, 11 groups of cassava fields were sampled every 2 weeks up to 1988 for impact assessment. After 1984, CM populations remained mostly below 10 per tip despite the presence of native hyperparasitoids, demonstrating the long-term success of biological control by E. lopezi in the region. Indigenous polyphagous coccinellids were found only during peak host densities, whereas the specific E. lopezi was common throughout the year. During some periods, percentage parasitism indicated delayed density dependence. Since 89% of all sampled cassava tips had no CM at all and the parasitisme is very mobile, parasitization rates were also calculated for individual infested tips (N=4,878). Parasitism increased slightly with host density on tips having between 1 and 10 CM of the 3rd and 4th instars, indicating positive density dependence. Such tips comprised 64% of all infested tips. At higher host densities, parasitism rates fell rapidly. The results are discussed in view of different theories on population regulation by biological control agents. 1990 Lavoisier Abonnements.",Included,
"Jakovac, C. C., Pea-Claros, M., Mesquita, R. C. G., Bongers, F., Kuyper, T. W.",2016,Swiddens under transition: Consequences of agricultural intensification in the Amazon,"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment",218,,10.1016/j.agee.2015.11.013,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8111/,"Swidden cultivation is one of the most widespread agricultural systems in the tropics. Due to socio-economic changes, swiddens are either abandoned, substituted for other agricultural systems, or intensified. In the region of the middle Amazon river, Brazil, the high market demand for cassava flour (farinha) combined with land scarcity is inducing agricultural intensification. We define agricultural intensification as an increase in the frequency of swidden–fallow cycles and a decrease in the fallow period. In this study, we evaluate the consequences of agricultural intensification for management practices and swidden productivity in one of the main cassava producing areas of the Brazilian Amazon. We used ethnographic and biophysical surveys to characterize the current management practices and to evaluate the effect of repeated swidden–fallow cycles within a short fallow period regime on swidden size, weed infestation and life-form composition, weeding effort and cassava productivity. Our results show that with repeated swidden–fallow cycles cassava yield decreases, weed cover increases and weed composition changes from a tree-dominated to a graminoid-dominated community. Such changes in the weed community result in increased weeding effort, to which farmers respond by cultivating smaller swiddens. Therefore, the ongoing agricultural intensification leads to lower swidden productivity and household income without ensuing clear benefits for farmers. Limited access to fertilizers, herbicides and technical assistance combined with the market demand for a single product hinders adaptation. Broadening market opportunities and improving technical assistance to farmers could raise the diversification of production and sources of income and guarantee higher resilience to the system.",Included,
"Ogbe, F. O., Atiri, G. I., Dixon, A. G. O., Thottappilly, G.",2003,Symptom severity of cassava mosaic disease in relation to concentration of African cassava mosaic virus in different cassava genotypes,Plant Pathology,52,1,10.1046/j.1365-3059.2003.00805.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12683/,"The concentration of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in relation to symptom severity among resistant, moderately resistant and susceptible cassava genotypes. Resistant genotype NR 8083 had significantly lower symptom severity scores (P < 0.05) than the susceptible genotype TMS 91934, but the two genotypes contained similar levels of virus concentration. The moderately resistant genotypes TMS 30572 and NR 8082 expressed significantly lower symptom severities (P < 0.05) than the susceptible genotypes TMS 91934 and TME 117, but they contained significantly higher virus concentrations (P < 0.05) than TMS 91934 and similar virus concentration as in TME 117. However, two other resistant genotypes, TME 1 and TME 8, had low symptom severity scores and virus concentrations. There was significant interaction (P 0.05) between cropping season and virus concentration in all the genotypes except TMS 30572. The resistant and moderately resistant genotypes that had high virus concentrations sustained storage root yield losses. The severity of symptoms expressed was not necessarily a reflection of the virus concentration in some of the genotypes. In addition to the use of symptom severity scores to group genotypes into resistant classes, it is recommended that virus concentration should also be considered. Genotypes displaying mild symptoms, but with high levels of virus accumulation, could be an important source of inoculum in the spread of ACMV by the whitefly vectors. This suggests that each genotype should be tested for virus accumulation prior to its release to the farmers.",Included,
"Maziya-Dixon, Bussie, Dixon, Alfred G.O., Adebowale, Abdul-Rasaq A.",2007,Targeting different end uses of cassava: genotypic variations for cyanogenic potentials and pasting properties,International Journal of Food Science and Technology,42,8,10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01319.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10871/,"Cassava flour has potential for multiple applications in the food industry. To develop cassava varieties for targeted household and industrial uses, it is necessary to evaluate the varietal and environmental variations in fresh root yield, cyanide potential and physicochemical properties. A total of 303 and 379 cassava varieties were grown at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture research farm, Nigeria in 2000 and 2001, respectively, and harvested at 12 months after planting. The genotypic variations in cyanide content as well as the genotype x year interactions on the cyanide contents were significant (P < 0.01). There were significant (P < 0.05) genotypic variations in all the pasting properties except peak time and pasting temperature in 2001. The observed wide varietal differences in pasting properties indicate that cassava genotype can be targeted for use in different food products, feed and industries. The clones were screened and characterised for food, feed and industrial applications.",Included,
"Agbede, O. O., Adeola, A. O., Oyeboade, O. A.",1987,Taungya in Nigeria: Tree planting time and fertilizer effects on growth and crop yield,Forest Ecology and Management,20,03-Apr,10.1016/0378-1127(87)90085-5,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/484/,"The growth of Gmelina arborea, a forest crop tree, and the yields of food crops as affected by tree planting time and fertilizer levels, were investigated in taungya experimental research farms spread over four vegetational zones of southern Nigeria. Yields of food crops were depressed significantly (P < 0.05) when both the tree and food crops were planted at the same time or within a period of less than 1 month. Yield reductions of food crops due to planting time of tree crops were 13%, 25%, and 31% for maize, yam, and cassava, respectively. Early-planted Gmelina seedlings performed markedly well in terms of height and girth increments, probably due to exposure to a longer period of rainfall and soil nutrient availability. Trees planted in May, June and July reached a mean height of 1.97, 1.44 and 0.74 m, respectively, by the following December while the equivalent girths were 17.7, 11.6, and 7.6 cm. Whereas application of 151515 NPK fertilizer significantly increased agricultural yields, it tended to depress the girth increment of young Gmelina forest tree crops, possibly due to competition for space and light with the food crop.",Included,
"Aye, Tin Maung, Howeler, Reinhardt H.",2009,Technology development to improve the sustainability of cassava production systems in Laos [poster] [on line],,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1587/,,Included,
"Otim-Nape, G. W., Thresh, J. M., Bua, A., Baguma, Y., Shaw, M. W.",1998,Temporal spread of cassava mosaic virus disease in a range of cassava cultivars in different agro-ecological regions of Uganda,Annals of Applied Biology,133,3,10.1111/j.1744-7348.1998.tb05840.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13473/,"The spread of cassava mosaic disease (CMD) in a range of cassava cultivars was studied in experiments and on-farm trials in different agro-ecological regions of Uganda in 1989-1990 and 1990-91. No spread occurred in either experiment at the southernmost site near Kampala, but there was considerable spread at the four sites elsewhere and also in the on-farm trials in Luwero district. There were significant differences in the final incidence of disease between locations and between cultivars at each location. Where spread occurred it was more rapid in the Ugandan cvs Ebwanateraka, Senyonjo and Bao than in four of the five improved TMS cultivars introduced from Nigeria. These usually showed an apparent decline in incidence of CMD after reaching maxima 4 to 8 months after planting (MAP). The areas under the disease progress curves (AUDPCs) differed significantly between locations and cultivars and were less for cvs TMS 30572, TMS 30395, TMS 30337 and TMS 60142 than for cvs Ebwanateraka, Senyonjo, Bao and TMS 30786. Overall, the mean AUDPCs were greatest at Migyera in Luwero district in 1989-1990 and at Kagando in Kasese district in 1990-1991. They were significantly less at Mubuku in Kasese district in 1989-1990 than at the other two experimental sites where spread occurred. Adult whitefly vector populations were highest at Migyera and Kagando in the 1989-1990 and 1990-1991 trials, respectively, and they were higher on cvs Bao, Ebwanateraka and TMS 30786 than on other varieties. Mean numbers of adults increased until 3-5 MAP and then declined, but CMD incidence increased progressively to reach maximua at or near crop maturity. Locations with the largest numbers of adults also had a relatively high incidence of CMD. Symptoms of CMD were usually more severe on cvs Ebwanateraka, Bao and Bukalasa 11 than on the TMS cultivars, on which symptoms remained slight throughout growth and usually decreased from 5 MAP. The differences between sites, the resistance of the cultivars and the relationship between CMD incidence and whitefly populations are discussed.",Included,
"Umeh, V. C., Ivbijaro, M. F.",1997,Termite abundance and damage in traditional maize-cassava intercrops in southwestern Nigeria,Insect Science and its Application,17,03-Apr,10.1017/S1742758400019123,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18122/,"During surveys conducted in 40 maize-cassava intercrops in the humid forest zone of southwestern Nigeria, the following termite species were identified from soil samples Microtermes spp., Macrotermes nigeriensis (Sjstedt), Macrotermes siibhyalinns (Rambur), Amitemtes evuncifer (Silvestri) and Anoplotermes quietus (Fr. Muller). High incidence of Microtermes and Macrotermes spp. was observed. The population density of predominant species was generally higher in the rainy seasons than in the dry seasons, indicating the role of moisture in their spread. The soil texture of surveyed farms did not influence the presence of the subterranean species Microtermes. The level of weeds in the surveyed farms also did not affect the population density of termites. However, Microtermes population increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increase in crop residues and its presence in farms partly depended on the presence of maize in such farms. Microtermes and Macrotermes species inflicted most of the damage observed on maize crops, while that caused by Amitermes evuncifer was low. No termite attack was observed on growing cassava during the surveys. The presence of live cassava in the intercrop did not influence damage by termites. Nasutitermes and Microcerotermes species which attack economic trees such as cocoa, citrus, oil palm, and forest trees did not attack cassava or maize.",Included,
"Boonsue, B., Sinthuprama, S.",1975,Thailand,"The International Exchange and Testing of Cassava Germ Plasm: Proceedings of an interdisciplinary workshop held at CIAT, Palmira, Colombia, 4-6 February 1975",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2440/,,Included,
"Cock, J.H., Howeler, R.H.",1978,The ability of cassava to grow on poor soils,ASA Special Publication - American Society of Agronomy,32,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3810/,,Included,
"Ngoan, Tran Ngoc, Howeler, Reinhardt H.",2007,The adoption of new technologies and the socio-economic impact of the Nippon Foundation cassava project in Vietnam,Cassava Research and Development in Asia: Exploring New Opportunities for an Ancient Crop,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12102/,"During the second phase of the Nippon Foundation project in Vietnam (1999-2003) a methodology for conducting Farmer Participatory Research (FPR) and Farmer Participatory Extension (FPE) was developed in order to benefit a large number of small cassava farmers. Through collaboration between researchers, extension workers and farmers in all activities of the project, such as the conducting of FPR trials, FPR training courses, field days, and cross-site visits, farmers have identified the most suitable new technologies for adoption in their cassava fields. Thus, at the end of 2002, about 2,717 farmers in the FPR pilot sites are planting new high-yielding varieties (KM60, KM94, KM95-3, KM98-1, KM98-5, KM98-7 and SM 937-26) on 1,244 ha. About 222 farmers have planted contour hedgerows to control soil erosion by using Tephrosia candida, vetiver grass, Paspalum atratum, pineapple or various combinations of these on 99 ha. About 689 farmers adopted intercropping cassava with peanut, black bean or maize on 42 ha; and 157 farmers are using balanced fertilizers for cassava on 26 ha. Farmers in the central part of the country have also quickly adopted the new technology of using cassava root and leaf silage for pig feeding. The number of farmers applying this technology has increased to 1,027 within two years. The total number of farmers adopting new technologies has now reached 4,812, and the economic benefit in 2002 resulting from these improved technologies has been estimated at 4,1 16 million VND or US$ 274,400. Results of the second phase of the project indicate that the effects of FPR/FPE methodologies are not limited only to economic benefits for a large number of farmers, but have also had positive effects on other aspects, such as better environmental management resulting in soil and water conservation, strengthening of the capacity of researchers, extensionists and farmers in conducting strategic and applied research in crop production and animal husbandry that will overcome constraints identified at the farm level; and last but not least, it has enhanced the establishment of different types of farmers' organizations for further self-development. The experience of working together in this project will further contribute to long-term sustainable rural development in Vietnam.",Included,
"Mala, Thongchai",1998,The bioassay of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculums on cassava plant in greenhouse,Kasetsart Journal (Natural Science),32,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17644/,"The bioassay was carried out in greenhouse with Pakchong and Yangtalard soil. The experimental design was CRD with 4 replications and the host plant was KU-50 cassava. Stalks were grown in plastic pots containing 2 l of sterilized soil, nonsterilized soil, nonsterilized soil with Glomus sp. T6 and nonsterilized soil with Glomus sp. D13, depending upon each treatment. The bioassay was checked 2 times, 6 and 12 weeks. The results revealed that roots of cassavas were proliferately colonized by 2 isolates of Glomus sp. and the amount of root infections were higher than those of indigenous species from nonsterilized soil. The root infection of Glomus sp. T6 was higher than that of Glomus sp. D13 in both soils. P concentrations in the leaves of most VAM inoculated plants at both soils were higher than those of noninoculated plants. Height of plant in Yangtalard soil was higher than that in Pakchong soil. Growth of almost VAM inoculated plants were lower than plants grown in sterilized soil at 6 weeks, while the positive effect of VAM on growth of tested plants appeared at 12 weeks.",Included,
"Ngeve, J.M.",2003,The cassava root mealybug (Stictococcus vayssierei Richard) (Homoptera: Stictococcidae): a threat to cassava production and utilization in Cameroon,International Journal of Pest Management,49,4,10.1080/09670870310001603900,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12082/,"The spread and severity of Stictococcus vayssierei, a root mealybug of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), was monitored from 1990 to 1998 with 5 cassava genotypes in five sites in the sub-humid forest region of Cameroon. Pest frequency was low (12.5%) in 1990 but rapidly increased to 87.5% in 1994. Pest impact was more severe in the dry season than in the wet season. The improved clones were more tolerant of the pest than the local variety, and infestation was more severe in Nkolnkoumou and Mbalmayo than in the other sites. S. vayssierei adversely affected root yields and root counts; for instance, clone 8034 suffered a 27% depression in root yields and a 33% reduction in root counts. The pest was more severe when cassava was planted on the flat (30 mealybugs/hill) than when planted on ridges (16 adults/hill); plants also sprouted better (91%) when cassava was planted on ridges than when planted on the flat (71%). S. vayssierei infestation was also more severe when cassava was intercropped with maize and groundnuts than when planted alone. Techniques have to be developed for large-scale rearing of S. vayssierei inoculum in the laboratory for use in uniform screening of genotypes by artificial infestation. Monocropping is recommended in areas where pest impact is very severe. Also, disinfestation of cuttings with insecticidal bioproducts should be exploited to reduce pest impact. Finally, rhizosphere biocontrol agents such as endomycorrhizae should be studied to determine their usefulness in controlling the pest under farming conditions in Cameroon.",Included,
"Panitnok, K., Chaisri, S., Sarobol, E., Ngamprasitthi, S., Chaisri, P., Changlek, P., Thongluang, P.",2013,"The combination effects of Zinc, Magnesium, Sulphur foliar fertilizer management on cassava growth and yield grown on Map Bon, coarse-loamy variant Soil",Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences,91,,10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.425,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13743/,"Microelement fertilization is an important for adding efficiency of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) production in Thailand. It had grater effects on quality of cassava root. The cassava cultivar KU 50, HB 60 and HB 80 were grown on Map Bon, coarse-loamy valiant, sandy loam, low organic matter at Khao Hin Son Research Station, Khao Hin Son, Phanom Sarakham, Chachoengsao, Thailand, to evaluate the combination effects of zinc, magnesium and sulphur foliar fertilizer management on yield and quality of cassava. The experiment was carried out in a split plot in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications during May 2010 to July 2011. There were five main plots; T1) non foliar fertilization, T2) foliar fertilization of Zn+Mg+S at the rate of 10 cc/20 liters of water, 30 cc/20 liters of water and 60 g/20 liters of t ha(-1)water at 2 and 3 month after planting (2 times/month), T3) foliar fertilization of Zn+Mg at the rate of 10 cc/20 liters of water and 30 cc/20 liters of water at 2 and 3 month after planting (2 times/month), T4) foliar fertilization of Zn+S at the rate of 10 cc/20 liters of water and 60 g/20 liters of water at 2 and 3 month after planting (2 times/month) and T5) foliar fertilization of Mg+S at the rate of 30 cc/20 liters of water and 60 g/20 liters of water at 2 and 3 month after planting (2 times/month) and three cassava cultivars subplots; V1) KU 50, V2) HB 60 and V3) HB 80. The results illustrated that the treatment with various rates of zinc, magnesium and sulphur gave difference in fresh stem weight, fresh rhizome weight, fresh root weight (grout) and root starch content, but the foliar fertilization with Zn+Mg+S gave the highest units while KU 50 cultivar gave the greater effect on fresh stem weight and fresh rhizome weight, HB 60 cultivar tended to give higher fresh root yield (11.90 t rai(-1) or 74.38 t ha(-1)) and fresh root weight (370.10 grout) but HB 80 cultivar tended to give higher root starch content (27.16%) and root number (13.81 root/plant). The An+Mg treatment sprayed on HB 60 cultivar gave the highest fresh root yield (15.77 t rai(-1) or 98.56 t ha(-1)) and fresh root weight (442.45 g/root) but the HB 80 cultivar with Zn+Mg+S foliar fertilization gave the highest root starch content of cassava by 29.33%.",Included,
"Batista, M. C., Lopes, G. S., Marques, L. J. P., Teodoro, A. V.",2016,The dung beetle assemblage (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) is differently affected by land use and seasonality in northeastern Brazil,Entomotropica,31,2016,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1991/,"Dung beetles have been widely used as bioindicators of environmental quality. Here, we assessed the influence of land use and seasonality on patterns of species richness and abundance of dung beetles in northeastern Brazil. Dung beetles were sampled in five different land uses (cassava, eucalyptus, alley cropping, young fallows and old fallows) in the dry and rainy seasons, using pitfall traps baited with fresh cow manure. Seasonality strongly influenced the dung beetle assemblage with a higher number of species and individuals being collected during the rainy season. Species richness was influenced by land use only in the rainy period. Additionally, except for eucalyptus, all land uses supported high dung beetle diversity during the rainy season. We conclude that seasonality and land use should be taken into consideration in bioindication studies using dung beetles since species richness and abundance vary widely depending on the period of the year and on the habitat.",Included,
"Jeremiah, S. C., Ndyetabula, I. L., Mkamilo, G. S., Haji, S., Muhanna, M. M., Chuwa, C., Kasele, S., Bouwmeester, H., Ijumba, J. N., Legg, J. P.",2015,"The Dynamics and Environmental Influence on Interactions Between Cassava Brown Streak Disease and the Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci",Phytopathology,105,5,10.1094%2FPHYTO-05-14-0146-R,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8225/,"Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) is currently the most significant virus disease phenomenon affecting African agriculture. In this study, we report results from the most extensive set of field data so far presented for CBSD in Africa. From assessments of 515 farmers plantings of cassava, incidence in the Coastal Zone of Tanzania (46.5% of plants; 87% of fields affected) was higher than in the Lake Zone (22%; 34%), but incidences for both zones were greater than previous published records. The whitefly vector, Bemisia tabaci, was more abundant in the Lake Zone than the Coastal Zone, the reverse of the situation reported previously, and increased B. tabaci abundance is driving CBSD spread in the Lake Zone. The altitudinal ceiling previously thought to restrict the occurrence of CBSD to regions <1,000 masl has been broken as a consequence of the greatly increased abundance of B. tabaci in mid-altitude areas. Among environmental variables analyzed, minimum temperature was the strongest determinant of CBSD incidence. B. tabaci in the Coastal and Lake Zones responded differently to environmental variables examined, highlighting the biological differences between B. tabaci genotypes occurring in these regions and the superior adaptation of B. tabaci in the Great Lakes region both to cassava and low temperature conditions. Regression analyses using multi-country data sets could be used to determine the potential environmental limits of CBSD. Approaches such as this offer potential for use in the development of predictive models for CBSD, which could strengthen country- and continent-level CBSD pandemic mitigation strategies.",Included,
"Connor, D.",1980,The effect of a period of water shortage on the growth and yield of cassava,The effect of a period of water shortage on the growth and yield of cassava,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4127/,"A drought stress was imposed on two cultivars, M Col 22 and M Mex 59, by withholding rainfall from field plots for 10 weeks commencing when the crops were 12 weeks old. The crops were then allowed to recuperate until the experiment was terminated at 10 months. Harvests were taken at intervals through the growth cycle and were supplemented with measurements of fine root distribution, leaf production, leaf senescence, soil and plant water status and stomatal response. As a result of the stress the late-developing cultivar M Mex 59 actually improved its yield at 10 months over the controls. An explanation for the behaviour of both cultivars is sought in the relative effects of water shortage on dry matter production and allocation, canopy dynamics and internal plant water relations.",Included,
"Melis, R.J.M., Staden, J. van.",1986,"The effect of Alar (succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide) on the growth of cassava (Manihot esculenta) under subtropical conditions",South African Journal of Plant and Soil,3,1,10.1080/02571862.1986.10634186,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11009/,"The effect of Alar (succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide) and pruning on cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) was studied under subtropical conditions in Natal. Alar application in early summer had little effect on shoot growth and did not increase yield. Pruning at the start of the second growing season stimulated shoot growth and led to a low tuber growth rate. Alar reduced shoot growth but did not lead to an increase in tuber yield.",Included,
"Terry, E.R., Hahn, S.K.",1980,The effect of cassava mosaic disease on growth and yield of a local and an improved variety of cassava,Tropical Pest Management,26,1,10.1080/09670878009414280,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17499/,"The improved cassava mosaic-resistant cassava variety TMS 30395 produced significantly higher root yields under field conditions than its susceptible parent Isunikakiyan, irrespective of whether it was established from mosaic-free or mosaic-infected planting material. Significant reductions in fresh root yield, root number, root size, top fresh weight and starch content in both varieties resulted from plants established from CMD-infected planting material. For the variety Isunikakiyan, yield reduction was greater in plants established from clonal CMD-infected cuttings than in those established from disease-free cuttings but which later became infected through vector transmission.",Included,
"Amusa, N. A., Ojo, J. B.",2002,"The effect of controlling Mononychellus tanajoa (Acari: Tetranychidae) the cassava green spider mite using Typhlodromalus aripo (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on the severity of cassava diseases in Transition forest, Nigeria",Crop Protection,21,7,10.1016/S0261-2194(01)00133-8,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1041/,"An experiment to control the cassava green spider mite (CGM) Mononychellus tanajoa Bondar, an exotic pest of cassava, using an exotic predator Typhlodromalus aripo in cassava fields in the transition forest in Nigeria revealed a significant effect on the severity of cassava diseases. High population densities of T. aripo/cassava leaf in cassava fields were associated with low disease severity of cassava bacterial blight, cassava anthracnose disease and African cassava mosaic disease. Also, the population densities of the T. aripo did not have a significant effect on the severities of cercospora leaf blight, brown leaf spot and white leaf spot. Controlling the CGM using T. aripo therefore reduced the severity of 3 most important diseases of cassava in the transitional forest zone.",Included,
"Benesi, I. R. M., Labuschagne, M. T., Herselman, L., Mahungu, N. M., Saka, J. K.",2008,"The effect of genotype, location and season on cassava starch extraction",Euphytica,160,1,10.1007/s10681-007-9589-x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2107/,"When cassava is harvested too early, it often leads to reduction in yield, while delayed harvest leads to development of woody and fibrous tuberous roots, and reduction in starch content. The optimum harvest time is not known. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of genotype, location and season on starch extraction in order to find an optimum harvest regime for cassava, and to find the best parameter for monitoring starch levels in cassava tuberous roots. Results showed that genotypic effect was large for starch weight, starch extraction rate on fresh weight basis, and root dry matter content. This suggested that high starch weights could be realised by selection of suitable varieties for starch extraction. It was found that cassava harvesting and starch extractions should be done between October and November since the highest starch extraction rates were achieved during that period, and drying of the extracted starch using the open air method was fast and convenient. The results also suggested that starch levels can efficiently be monitored using starch extraction rate on fresh root weight basis. Starch content on fresh root basis and root dry matter content can also be used to determine the optimum time to harvest cassava for starch extraction but were inferior to starch extraction on fresh root weight basis.",Included,
"Melis, R. J. M., van Staden, J.",1984,The effect of gibberellic acid and gibberellin inhibitors on cassava,"Proceedings, Sixth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops / hosted by CIP in Lima, Peru, 21-26 February 1983",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11007/,"The effect of gibberellic acid and gibberellin inhibitors (Alar and RSW-0411) on the physiology of greenhouse grown cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) was investigated. Foliar application of gibberellic acid and gibberellin inhibitors markedly affected shoot and tuber growth. Gibberellic acid applied to a dwarf cultivar (MSAF2) stimulated shoot growth. This resulted in a decrease in tuber dry mass. Following gibberellic acid treatment, abscisic acid and cytokinin activity in the tuber decreased. Application of gibberellin inhibitors to a tall cultivar (MSAF1) decreased elongation and shoot dry mass. This decreased shoot growth resulted in a significant increase of tuber dry mass.",Included,
"Chen, X., Tian, Y., Guo, X. F., Chen, G. K., He, H. Z., Li, H. S.",2017,The effect of monoculture peanut and cassava/peanut intercropping on physical and chemical properties in peanut rhizosphere soil under the biochar application and straw mulching,IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science,59,12021,10.1088/1755-1315/59/1/012021,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3520/,"Cassava/peanut intercropping is a popular cultivation method in the south China, with the advantage of apparent yield increase. In order to analyze the effect of cassava/peanut intercropping on physical and chemical properties in peanut rhizosphere soil, the physical and chemical properties were investigated under the biochar application and straw mulching. The result showed that the Ph, organic materials content, available phosphorus content, available potassium content in peanut rhizosphere under the biochar application increased by 7.06%, 94.52%, 17.53%, 25.08% (monoculture peanut) and 8.47%, 89.94%, 17.93%, 22.87% (cassava/peanut intercropping) compared with Ck in the same planting patterns. In addition, the available nitrogen content, organic materials content, available phosphorus content, and available potassium content in peanut rhizosphere under the straw mulching increased by 89.80%, 60.92%, 5.95%, 9.98% (monoculture peanut) and 67.09%, 52.34%, 6.96%, 11.94% (cassava/peanut intercropping) compared with Ck in the same planting patterns. In the same treatment conditions, bulk density in peanut rhizosphere soil decreased and porosity and saturated permeability coefficient increased slightly. But there was no significant difference between the two. At the same time, cassava/peanut intercropping could increase soil nutrients. Therefore, it is beneficial to apply biochar and straw mulching, and the suitable intercropping row spacing is more beneficial to increase soil nutrient contents.",Included,
"Howeler, R.H.",1980,The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on the phosphorus nutrition of cassava,"Cassava cultural practices: proceedings of a workshop held in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 18-21 March 1980",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7378/,"The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation of cassava on plant growth and P uptake was studied in sterilized and unsterilized soil, to which eight levels of P had been applied, as well as in flowing nutrient solution at four different P concentrations. Inoculation had the greatest beneficial effect on cassava grown in sterilized soil to which 2 t P/ha was applied, increasing dry matter production nearly threefold and total P uptake about sevenfold. In the unsterilized soil both dry matter production and P uptake increased about 50% when 0.5 t P/ha was applied. In the soil experiment cassava became mycorrhizal only at the intermediate P application rates of 0.1 to 4 t/ha, corresponding to soil solution P concentrations of about 2 to 52 µM. Without applied P and at the two highest rates of applied P (8 and 16 t/ha) mycorrhizal inoculation had no beneficial effect and the percent infection was low, especially in the unsterilized soil. In flowing solution culture, inoculation significantly increased DM production of eight cassava cultivars at the intermediate P concentration of 1 µM, whereas it had no effect on maize, rice, cowpea, and Phaseolus beans. The latter species produced maximum yields at 1 µM P, but cassava required at least 10 µM P. At 10 and 100 µM P cassava roots did not become mycorrhizal after inoculation, whereas at the lowest concentration of 0.1 µM P the roots became mycorrhizal, but this had no significant effect on yield. Some implications of cassava's apparent dependence on mycorrhiza are discussed.",Included,
"Ambe, J.T., Ntonifor, N.N., Awah, E.T., Yaninek, J.S.",1999,"The effect of planting dates on the incidence and population dynamics of the cassava root scale, Stictococcus vayssierei, in Cameroon",International Journal of Pest Management,45,2,10.1080/096708799227914,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/976/,"A study on the influence of planting dates on the incidence of the cassava root scale, Stictococcus vayssierei, was conducted using an improved and a popular local cassava variety from each of two participating villages in the rain forest of Cameroon. Monthly planting of each variety from April to October of 1995 and S. vayssierei sampling from 1 month after each planting until 12 months after planting was done. S. vayssierei attacked both cassava varieties in each village. The pest usually occurred in clusters or aggregations on the subterranean parts of the plants. The highest root scale densities were ca 75 and 51 individuals per plant during the long dry and rainy seasons, respectively. Generally, higher S. vayssierei densities were recorded during the dry season irrespective of the village. Planting in August- September predisposes the early bulking stages of the crop to high root scale pressures in the dry season which can have serious repercussions on cassava storage root yield. The onset of the main rainy season (April/ May) was the most appropriate period for planting cassava to enable the more susceptible early growth stages of the crop to avoid the period of high root scale infestations. These results highlight the possibility of using cultural practices in managing S. vayssierei.",Included,
"Ambe, J. T.",1993,The effect of planting dates on three cassava diseases in Cameroon,International Journal of Pest Management,39,3,10.1080/09670879309371811,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/974/,"In an investigation into the response of cassava yield to different planting dates, two local cultivars (red- and white-skinned) were planted on eight dates from March to October, corresponding to the wet period of the zone, from 1984 to 1986. Fresh storage root yields were evaluated 12 months after planting with the incidence and severity of the main diseases. The fresh storage root yield 12 months after planting increased from March to August plantings and began to decrease from September in both cultivars. The white-skinned cultivar was superior to the red-skinned with a mean yield difference of 5.0 t/ha and mean storage root number of 9-5 per 10 m2. Fresh storage root yield of both cultivars followed the same rainfall pattern but the reverse was recorded in relation to sunshine hours. Early planting produces greater marketable yields. Cassava mosaic, bacterial blight and leaf spot diseases decreased from the early to the late plantings in both cultivars. Cassava can give profitable yields if planted from March to October in the area studied. If larger roots are preferred, early planting is recommended; late planting is recommended for quality leaves devoid of disease. The choice of planting period depends on the needs of the farmer for fresh storage root, the time available and the inputs at his disposal.",Included,
"Oirschot, Q.E.A. van, O'Brien, G.M., Dufour, D., El-Sharkawy, M.A., Mesa, E.",2000,The effect of pre-harvest pruning of cassava upon root deterioration and quality characteristics,Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,80,13,10.1002/1097-0010(200010)80:13<1866::AID-JSFA718>3.0.CO;2-H,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12784/,"One of the major constraints of cassava as a crop is its perishability. Physiological deterioration, parenchymal blue-black vascular streaking, often starts within 24 h after harvest. This paper presents the results of a detailed study of the effects of pre-harvest pruning upon post-harvest physiological deterioration (PPD) and some other quality characteristics. Six cultivars, grown at CIAT (Centro International de Agricultura Tropical), with varying intrinsic susceptibility to PPD, were assessed at pruning-harvest intervals of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 28 and 39 days. After harvesting, the roots were analysed. For the unpruned plants a low susceptibility was found to coincide with a low dry matter content and a high sugar content. After pruning, the susceptibility for all cultivars was drastically reduced, reaching a minimum of around 25% of the original value for a pruning-harvest interval of up to 25 days. Beyond this interval the plants slowly develop new leaf canopy, normal assimilation sets in again and the starch content increases. Analysis of the cassava roots revealed a relationship between the combined sugar and starch contents and the interval duration, and that sugar and starch contents were inversely related to each other. The sugar content increased with the interval period, probably as a result of starch hydrolysis. Other properties such as the contents of dry matter, cyanogen, scopoletin, amylose and reducing sugars and the starch pasting properties were not affected by pruning to a comparable, interval-dependent, extent. It is concluded that the sugar content, ie the sugar/starch ratio, of cassava roots is positively related to their resistance to post-harvest physiological deterioration.",Included,
"Asaoka, M., Blanshard, J.M.V., Rickard, J.E.",1993,The effect of pre-harvest pruning on the quality of cassava starch,Annals of Applied Biology,122,2,10.1111/j.1744-7348.1993.tb04039.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1405/,"Two cassava cultivars CMC 40 and MPer 245 were grown at the Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropicale (CIAT) in Colombia. Specimens were pruned by the removal of aerial growth 4 weeks prior to harvest and starch granules were isolated from the roots of pruned and control plants after harvest. The glassiness and hardness of cooked roots from the pruned plants showed an increase of 60–70% and 40–60% respectively compared with the controls. Although there was some reduction in the size of the starch granules derived from the pruned roots as compared with the control, pruning had negligible effects upon X‐ray crystallinity, amylose/amylopectin contents, the elution patterns of the isoamylase debranched starch, the susceptibility of the granules to enzyme digestion, their swelling power and solubility, the temperature and enthalpy of gelatinisation and their behaviour in the Rapid Visco Analyser. Minor differences were observed when pruned and control samples were examined in the Brabender amylograph.",Included,
"Amos, Tautua, Woriweinpre, B. M., Madukosiri, Helen, C.",2009,"The effect of processing on the sodium, potassium and phosphorus content of six locally consumed varieties of Manihot esculenta grown in Bayelsa state",Pakistan Journal of Nutrition,8,10,10.3923/pjn.2009.1521.1525,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1021/,"The minerals, sodium (Na), potassium (K) and phosphorus (P), content in the peels, raw unfermented pulp and fermented pulp of six local varieties of Manihot esculenta (cassava) grown and consumed in Bayelsa state were determined. The six varieties where identified as old cassava cultivars traditionally named Janet, Rowaina, Yomugha, Accra, Agric and Oguru in Bayelsa state. Flame photometer was used for the analysis of Na and K; while the colourimetric determination of P was done using vanadomolybdate method described in AOAC. The average mineral content determined (ppm) in the raw and fermented pulp from all the varieties were 6.33 and 3.33 for Na; 45.43 and 9.83 for K; 1.42 and 0.73 for P, respectively. The inner peels had more Na, K and P than the rest segments. Hence it appeared to be the mineral storehouse (probably due to pH values between 6.55 and 7.21) from where they are translocated to the pulp during growth. The outcome of processing by use of fermentation was a drastic reduction in the mineral content of fermented product. The effect of processing on the P content was deemed to be species-dependent. There was no detectable P in the fermented pulp of Accra variety.",Included,
"Obilo, O.P., Ikotun, B., Ihejirika, G.O., Ibeawuchi, I.I., Oben, T.T.",2010,The effect of the incidence of cassava anthracnose disease (CAD) on the performance and yield of cassava cultivars,Crop Protection,29,5,10.1016/j.cropro.2009.11.009,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12561/,"The objective of this work was to assess the effect of the incidence of cassava anthracnose disease (CAD) on the performance and yield of cassava cultivars planted in Owerri, Imo state. Eighteen cultivars were planted in a randomized complete block design and replicated three times over a period of 3 years. Cultivars TMS 30211, TMS 30001, 98/0510 and TMS 4(2)1425 were regarded as resistant due to the possession of more than three desirable characteristics such as the least size of cankers and absence of cankers in the first and second trials (2003/04 and 2004/05) respectively, lowest severity score and highest weight of healthy fresh tuber and stems. They are recommended for use as parent materials for breeding for resistance to CAD. Cultivar Akwakwuru had the largest size of cankers on whole plant, highest fresh weight of infected tubers and stems which led to low yield and less planting materials. It is regarded as susceptible and may lead to spread of CAD. The correlation of weight of infected fresh tubers on size of canker on whole plant, young stem and maturing stem were positively and highly significantly correlated (r = 0.645, r = 0.470, r = 0.583 and r = 0.622, respectively).",Included,
"Osonubi, O., Atayese, M. O., Mulongoy, K.",1995,The Effect of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Nutrient-Uptake and Yield of Alley-Cropped Cassava in a Degraded Alfisol of Southwestern Nigeria,Biology and Fertility of Soils,20,1,10.1007/BF00307844,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13402/,"Leaf and root (tuber) nutrient uptake patterns of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) alley-cropped with gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium), leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), and senna [(Senna (syn. Cassia) siamea] as influenced by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) inoculation in a degraded Alfisol were investigated in 3 consecutive years. The cassava plants were mulched with fresh prunings of each hedgerow tree species at 2-month intervals in the second and third years of alley cropping. While VAM inoculation significantly influenced the root uptake of nutrients, the leaf uptake was not affected except for the uptake of P. In most cases, there was no difference in the nutrient concentration between inoculated and uninoculated plants, either in the leaf or in the root, indicating that the productivity of cassava was regulated by the amount of nutrients the roots could absorb. In spite of similar total soil N in all inoculated and uninoculated alley-cropped cassava plots and similar exchangeable soil K contents in inoculated and uninoculated alley-cropped cassava plots with leucaena and senna, greater uptake of N, P, and K and greater concentrations of K were observed in roots of inoculated alley-cropped cassava with gliricidia and leucaena than with senna. These results indicated that greater mineralization and availability of nutrients to cassava roots from prunings of nodulating gliricidia and leucaena than from non-nodulating senna may be important, particularly with efficient VAM inoculation, in these alley-cropping systems. Also, for similar nutrients in the inoculated and uninoculated cassava soils alley-cropped with each hedgerow species, VAM inoculation significantly enhanced cassava root dry weights, indicating that an effective VAM fungus can be an agent of greater nutrient uptake in a competitive environment.",Included,
"Okon, I. E., Solomon, M. G., Osonubi, O.",2010,The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation and mulch of contrasting chemical composition on the yield of cassava under humid tropical conditions,The Scientific World Journal,10,,10.1100/tsw.2010.59,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12907/,"The influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), Glomus deserticola, and leaf mulch from Gliricidia sepium and Senna siamea on the yield of cassava (Manihot esculenta) in a degraded alfisol of southwestern Nigeria was investigated. Inoculation in conjunction with mulching increased cassava tuber yield by 40-278% over the control. The highest yield was obtained with G. sepium and S. siamea mulch applied together in equal proportions. The results are explained in the light of the growth-enhancing effects of AMF, encouraged by the ameliorating effects of mulch on the soil structure and nutrient contents.",Included,
"Ekanayake, I. J., Oyetunji, O. J., Osonubi, O., Lyasse, O.",2015,The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and water stress on leaf chlorophyll production of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),"Food, Agriculture & Environment",2,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19480/,"Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are well known phyto-stimulators of various growth processes of its symbiotic plants. Semi-controlled experiments were conducted in large container cultured cassava to investigate the influence of AM inoculation and water stress on leaf chlorophyll production from sprouting to 6 months after sprouting with the aim to better understand stressful conditions on its growth habit. Two AM species Glomus clarum and G. mosseae were used to inoculate two cassava cultivars, TMS 4(2) 1425 (an improved cultivar) and TME1 (a landrace). A 3-factor factorial complete randomized design, with three replications was used to arrange the containers. Water stress was begun one month after planting (MAP) and compared to non-water stressed. The results indicated that plant water stress levels based on more negative leaf Ψ had a detrimental effect on leaf chlorophyll contents of both genotypes. There were significant cultivar x AM species x irrigation treatment interactions during stress and post-stress recovery periods. The introduced AM fungi species were also found to enhance chlorophyll production both under well watered and water stressed conditions. G. clarum remained more effective on chlorophyll synthesis under both water regimes. The improved cultivar also responded more positively to AM fungi inoculation with regard to chlorophyll production. Our data suggest that genotypic differences between the Glomus spp. and also that of cassava genotypes and their interactions have to be considered in the successful use of AM technology in cassava cultivation.",Included,
"Otim-Nape, G. W., Thresh, J. M., Shaw, M. W.",1997,The effects of cassava mosaic virus disease on yield and compensation in mixed stands of healthy and infected cassava,Annals of Applied Biology,130,3,10.1111/j.1744-7348.1997.tb07678.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13471/,"The effects of cassava mosaic virus disease (CMD) on yield in fully and partly infected stands of cassava were investigated in field trials in Uganda in 1990-91 and 1991-92. Three cultivars (Ebwanateraka, Bao and Bukalasa 11), each at three levels of cutting infection (0%, 50% and 100%) and harvested 5, 10 and 15 months after planting (MAP) were used in a randomised block design with split-split plots and four replicates. Moreover, yield and growth data for individual infected and uninfected plants were considered in relation to the health status of their nearest neighbours. In each experiment, fresh tuberous root yields of plants from 100% infected plots gave significantly lower yields than those from 0% or 50% infected plots at each harvest date and the losses were greatest in cv. Bao. Yields of plants from 0% and 50% plots for each of the three cultivars were not significantly different, 10 and 15 MAP. The loss in yield differed between cultivars and harvest dates. Fresh stem, leaf and root yields and the number of tuberous roots were influenced by the health status of the plants harvested and that of their nearest neighbours. Uninfected plants surrounded by infected ones had more roots and heavier total fresh root, stem and leaf weights than those surrounded by uninfected ones. Overall, 26% and 42% compensation was recorded in 1990-91 and 1991-92, respectively. The effects of CMD on cassava production and of compensation in mixed stands of infected and uninfected plants are discussed, especially in relation to control strategies such as roguing.",Included,
"Odemerho, F. O., Avwunudiogba, A.",1993,The effects of changing cassava management practices on soil loss: a Nigerian example,The Geographical Journal,159,1,10.2307/3451490,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12605/,"Traditional polyculture is giving way to monoculture in the cassava-growing areas of Nigeria. This study concerns a comparison of erosion between monoculture and polyculture systems, and an assessment of the planting practices in reducing erosion under monoculture. The results from monitoring soil loss on six run-off plots show that soil erosion increases when traditional cassava polyculture is changed to monoculture practices. Moreover, the traditional cassava planting practices, found to be highly successful in reducing soil erosion under polyculture, are less effective when used in monoculture. The planting of cassava on flat surface proved the least effective in reducing soil loss; ridging across the slope was found to be the most effective.",Included,
"Borin, K., Frankow-Lindberg, B. E.",2006,The effects of effluent from biodigesters loaded with pig or cow manures on soil fertility and forage yield of cassava grown as a perennial crop,Biological Agriculture and Horticulture,24,1,10.1080/01448765.2006.9755010,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2472/,"Forage production of a cassava variety originating from Thailand was investigated using effluent from biodigesters charged with either cow (CM) or pig manure (PM), which provided 525 kg N ha1 18 months1. The first harvest was done 90 days after planting and consecutive harvests (all material above 60 cm height) were taken every 60 days thereafter. At each harvest, leaves and stems plus petioles were weighed and recorded separately, and samples were analysed for dry matter and nitrogen. Soil fertility was assessed three times during the experimental period by a biological test with maize grown in soil samples from the cassava plots. Soil samples were analysed for chemical composition at the beginning and the end of the experiment. The highest total forage DM and crude protein (CP) yields and leaf DM and CP yields, respectively, were obtained in PM plots. The leaf proportion of the harvested crop was around 50% and no treatment effect was observed. The CP content ranged from 19.926.4% and 6.29.1% in the leaves and stems plus petioles, respectively, and a significant harvest occasion effect on CP content on leaves was recorded. Both PM and CM treatments had a significant positive effect on maize biomass production at the final assessment. The total soil N removal by the forage crop differed significantly between treatments and the N uptake was 67 and 27% above the N inputs in treatments PM and CM, respectively. There was a decline in the concentration of some elements in all plots during the experimental period. 2006 Taylor &amp; Francis Group, LLC.",Included,
"Gold, C.S., Altieri, M.A., Bellotti, A.C.",1989,The effects of intercropping and mixed varieties of predators and parasitoids of cassava whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Colombia,Bulletin of Entomological Research,79,1,10.1017/S0007485300018629,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6391/,"Cassava intercropped with cowpea in Colombia had lower numbers of Aleurotrachelus socialis Bondar and Trialeurodes variabilis (Quaintance) per leaf and per plant than did monoculture cassava. These differences persisted for up to six months after harvest of the cowpea. These results are examined in light of the natural enemies hypothesis, which suggests that natural enemies may be favoured in diversified systems, thereby reducting herbivore load. In this regard, the effects of different cropping systems on the whitefly predator Delphastus pusillus (Le Conte) and on the combined action of the parasitoids Amitus aleurodinus Haldeman and Eretmocerus aleyrodiphaga (Risbec) are discussed. D. pusillus displayed a functional responce and was more abundant in monocultures than in intercrops. Predator:prey ratios were similar between treatments and so low that predation appeared to have little impact on whitefly numbers. Parasitism levels of Aleurotrachelus socialis were not affected by crop combinations. The data suggest that the activity of the natural enemies does not explain cropping system effects on cassava whitefly populations.",Included,
"Osei-Bonsu, K., Amoah, F.M., Oppong, F.K.",1998,The establishment and early yield of cocoa intercropped with food crops in Ghana,Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science,31,,10.4314/gjas.v31i1.1944,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13361/,"A cocoa-food crop intercropping trial was set up in 1988 at the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, Tafo. The effects of plantain, cassava, and maize as intercrops with cocoa only and in their various combinations on the establishment, growth of the cocoa, and the profitability of the food crops were studied in a randomized block experiment with five replicates. Mixed hybrid cocoa seedlings were planted at 3 mx 3 m and Glyricidia maculata provided permanent shade in all plots. Three years after planting, the sole cocoa with Glyricidia maculata was inferior in growth to the cocoa interplanted with food crops. Cocoa in treatments which included maize showed superior growth and better precocity. Yield of each food intercrop with cocoa only was higher than when combined with other food crops. Sole cocoa gave less revenue equivalent to the operational costs during the establishment phase. The other food crop combinations with cocoa gave net revenue gain in the first 2 years after planting. The economic evaluation of the food crop combinations indicated that treatments which included cassava were the most profitable.",Included,
CIAT,2002,The establishment of an IPM program for cassava whiteflies in Valle del Cauca y Cauca departments in Colombia,Project PE-1: Integrated Pest and Disease Management in Major Agroecosytems in the Americas. Annual Report 2002.,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19387/,,Included,
IITA,1987,The impact of cassava green mites on cassava yields,IITA Annual Report and Research Highlights 1986,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7802/,,Included,
"Abass, A., Amaza, P., Bachwenkizi, B., Wanda, K., Agona, A., Cromme, N.",2017,The impact of mechanized processing of cassava on farmers production efficiency in Uganda,Applied Economics Letters,24,2,10.1080/13504851.2016.1167817,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/97/,"The study investigates the impact of adopting mechanized processing of cassava on farmers production efficiency in Uganda. A stochastic production function, using translog functional form, was used to compare efficiency measures of farmers in mechanized cassava-processing villages compared with the farmers in nonmechanized cassava-processing villages in 2014. Given the specification of the translog production function, the mean technical efficiencies of the farmers were 0.69 and 0.52 in mechanized and nonmechanized villages, respectively. The significant determinants of technical inefficiency among the respondents are farming experience, education, membership of farmer association, access to markets, sale of cassava to processors and farmers who planted cassava as sole crop are all negative, which confirm to a priori expectations and significant at different levels. The policy implication of the study is that mechanization of cassava processing, particularly if done at the right scale, could create demand that can transform primary production for increased yields, higher incomes and production efficiency of smallholder farmers who constitute a significant proportion of Ugandas agricultural sector.",Included,
"Heikens, A., Widianarko, B., Dewi, I. C., De Boer, J. L. M., Seinen, W., van Leeuwen, K.",2005,The impact of the hyperacid Ijen Crater Lake. Part I: Concentrations of elements in crops and soil,Environmental Geochemistry and Health,27,05-Jun,10.1007/s10653-005-0827-7,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7058/,"In Asembagus (East Java, Indonesia) irrigation water is contaminated with effluent from the hyperacid Ijen Crater Lake resulting in a low pH and high levels of various elements. As a first step towards a risk assessment, locally produced food items (rice, maize, cassava leaf, cassava root, peanuts) were collected and concentrations of As, B, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, Zn were compared to samples from a reference area and with literature values. Further, concentrations in rice were compared to total soil concentrations in paddy fields. Compared to the reference area, food items produced in the contaminated area had increased levels of Cd, Co, Ni and Mn in particular, while levels of Mo were lower. In contrast, total soil concentrations of Cd and Mn in particular have decreased whereas especially Mo was increased. In combination with the observed soil acidification, it is likely that the bioavailable concentration of most elements in the contaminated soil is higher (except for Mo) due to an increased weathering rate and/or input via the contaminated irrigation water. In terms of human health, concentrations in foods were generally within normal literature values. However, it was observed that essential elements (in particular Fe) known for their inhibitory effects on e.g. Cd and Mn toxicity did not accumulate in crops whereas Cd and Mn did.",Included,
"Peter, A. O. O.",2008,"The impact of tillage systems on soil microclimate, growth and yield of cassava (Manihot utilisima) in Midwestern Nigeria",African Journal of Agricultural Research,3,3,10.5897/AJAR,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14060/,"Cassava is the most widely cultivated root crops among traditional farmers in the Midwestern Nigeria. Majority of the traditional farmers employ the zero tillage system. It is unclear if zero tillage is the best practice for optimizing yield? This study investigates the impact of tillage types on soil microclimatic condition, growth and yield of cassava in Midwestern Nigeria. An experimental area that measured 17 by 47 m was established in Agbor, Delta State, Nigeria for two planting seasons 1997/1998 and 1998/1999. The microclimatic parameters monitored include air and soil temperatures and relative humidity while the physiological parameters measured were emergence, growth rate, leaf area accumulation and yield. Time series, multiple correlation, chi-square., ANOVA and stepwise regression analyses were the statistical tools employed in analysing the data. The results showed that soil moisture at 0 - 15 cm depth was significantly higher in zero tillage, followed by ridge and mound. The reverse is true with soil temperature. Ridge tillage (9.6 t ha(-1)) significantly produced more cassava tubers, followed by mound tillage (7.5 t ha(-1)) and zero tillage (5.2 t ha(-1)). The conventional ridge tillage method is recommended because it yielded more than the local practice of the zero tillage by 46%.",Included,
"Ceballos, I., Ruiz, M., Fernndez, C., Pea, R., Rodrguez, A., Sanders, I. R.",2013,"The In Vitro Mass-Produced Model Mycorrhizal Fungus, Rhizophagus irregularis, Significantly Increases Yields of the Globally Important Food Security Crop Cassava",PLoS ONE,8,8,10.1371/journal.pone.0070633,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3182/,"The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is formed between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant roots. The fungi provide the plant with inorganic phosphate (P). The symbiosis can result in increased plant growth. Although most global food crops naturally form this symbiosis, very few studies have shown that their practical application can lead to large-scale increases in food production. Application of AMF to crops in the tropics is potentially effective for improving yields. However, a main problem of using AMF on a large-scale is producing cheap inoculum in a clean sterile carrier and sufficiently concentrated to cheaply transport. Recently, mass-produced in vitro inoculum of the model mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis became available, potentially making its use viable in tropical agriculture. One of the most globally important food plants in the tropics is cassava. We evaluated the effect of in vitro mass-produced R. irregularis inoculum on the yield of cassava crops at two locations in Colombia. A significant effect of R. irregularis inoculation on yield occurred at both sites. At one site, yield increases were observed irrespective of P fertilization. At the other site, inoculation with AMF and 50% of the normally applied P gave the highest yield. Despite that AMF inoculation resulted in greater food production, economic analyses revealed that AMF inoculation did not give greater return on investment than with conventional cultivation. However, the amount of AMF inoculum used was double the recommended dose and was calculated with European, not Colombian, inoculum prices. R. irregularis can also be manipulated genetically in vitro, leading to improved plant growth. We conclude that application of in vitro R. irregularis is currently a way of increasing cassava yields, that there is a strong potential for it to be economically profitable and that there is enormous potential to improve this efficiency further in the future.",Included,
"Harsono, A., Pratiwi, H.",2017,The increase of Ultisol productivity based on intercropping cassava with peanut and soybean,Nusantara Bioscience,9,2,10.13057/nusbiosci/n090209,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6977/,"The research aimed to determine the productivity and economic benefits of intercropping cassava with peanut and soybean on Ultisol dryland. Field experiment covering 2 ha land was conducted at Ultisol in East Lampung during 2011 growing season. A split plot design was used in this research involving four farmers as replications. Each farmer applied two fertilizer packages for the main plot, i.e., (A) 1/2 dose of recommended NPK + organic fertilizer + biofertilizer, and (B) the recommended dose of NPK. The sub-plot was intercropping system, i.e., (i) the farmer's monoculture cassava technological package, (ii) the improved farmer's monoculture cassava technological package, (iii) intercropping cassava + peanut, and (iv) intercropping cassava + peanut +/ soybean. The results indicated that improvement of plant spacing and NPK fertilization could increase the productivity of the farmer's monoculture cassava technological model by 54-85% of fresh roots. The productivity could be further increased by intercropping cassava with peanut, or intercropping cassava + peanut/+ soybean. The LER of intercropping cassava + peanut was 3.30 when the technological farmer's monoculture cassava was used as the control in the LER calculation and was 1.78 when the improved technological monoculture cassava was used as the control in the LER calculation. In addition, the LER of intercropping cassava + peanut +/soybean was 3.70 and 1.98, respectively, when the calculation of LER considered, respectively, the farmer's monoculture cassava and improved monoculture cassava as the control. The intercropping system significantly increased the net income of monoculture system up to 210% and the higher income was generated by intercropping cassava + peanut +/soybean. The use of organic and biological fertilizer reduced the NPK fertilizer requirement by 50% and significantly increased the benefit-cost ratio.",Included,
"Gmez, G., Valdivieso, M., Noma, A. T.",1985,The influence of cultivar and plant age on the chemical composition of field-grown cassava leaves and roots,Qualitas Plantarum Plant Foods for Human Nutrition,35,2,10.1007/BF01092126,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6342/,"The chemical composition, including the proximal composition, cyanide and amino acid concentrations of leaves and root tissues, as well as the starch and sugar concentrations of root peel and parenchyma, of low-(M Col 113), intermediate-(M Col 22 and the hybrid CM 342-170) and high-(M Col 1684) cyanide-containing cassava cultivars at four plant ages (6, 8, 10 and 12 months) is presented. The local cultivar (M Col 113) showed lower leaf and root parenchyma dry matter contents, lower crude fiber and crude protein levels in root peel, a higher sugar content and lower cyanide concentration in root tissues, than the other three cultivars (M Col 22, CM 342-170 and M Col 1684). Most of the parameters studied were affected by the cultivar as well as by plant age. Less variability was observed for all criteria in the root parenchyma than in the leaves and root peel. The sulfur-containing amino acids were low in all tissues analyzed and a high concentration of arginine was found in the root tissue samples. The cyanide concentration of root parenchyma was less variable than that of leaves and root peel; the cultivar M Col 1684 showed a higher cyanide concentration in the parenchyma (900 to 1000 mg/kg DM) than the other three cultivars, which ranged from 100 to 200 mg/kg DM. The local cultivar (M Col 113) was the only one in which the cyanide concentration in leaves was higher than that of the root peel. The hybrid CM 342-170 produced roots with the highest dry matter and starch concentrations.",Included,
"Ellis, R. H., Hong, T. D., Roberts, E. H.",1981,The influence of desiccation on cassava seed germination and longevity,Annals of Botany,47,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5169/,,Included,
"Aigbe, S. O., Remison, S. U.",2010,The influence of growth stages on cassava tuberous root rot in different ecological environments,Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection,43,12,10.1080/03235400903145467,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/610/,"A multilocational field experiment to determine the influence of cassava growth and development on tuberous root rots in Onne and Sabongidda-Ora humid forests and in the Ibadan derived savanna of Nigeria was carried out from June 2003 to November 2005. Healthy cassava stems of TME-1 (local), TMS 30572 and TMS 4 (2)1425 (both improved) were planted in a randomised complete block design with three replications. The experiment was repeated and the data collected were statistically analysed using the general linear model statistical procedures with the SAS system for Windows. Experimental result showed tuberous root rot incidence and severity to be pronounced at 12 months after planting in Onne and Sabongidda Ora humid forests but less at the Ibadan derived savanna. Local TME-1 variety had the highest root rot incidence of 53% and severity of 21% while improved TMS 4(2)1425 variety had the least root rot incidence and severity at 0% each.",Included,
"Aigbe, S. O., Remison, S. U.",2009,The influence of root rot incidence on cassava genotype on consumers' acceptability of the gari produced from it,African Journal of Biotechnology,8,22,10.5897/AJB09.480,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/609/,"In Nigeria cassava root rot causes serious yield losses in cassava tuber production every year. However, the influence of root rot incidence on cassava genotype at harvest on consumers' acceptability of the gari produced from it has not been studied. A sensory evaluation was conducted on gari processed from the tuberous root yield of rot susceptible TME-1 and improved TMS 30572, harvested at 12 months after planting at Sabongidda-Ora (humid forest eco-zone) of Nigeria during the 2003 and 2004 cropping seasons. A 5-point hedonic scale ranging from like extremely, through neither like nor dislike, to dislike extremely was designed to measure the degree of liking for the gari processed from both genotypes. 28 panelists were asked to indicate their degree of preference for the colour, odour and taste of each gari sample by choosing the appropriate category in the hedonic scale. The results were compared with the tuberous root rot incidence and severity of genotypes in the field. All experiments were repeated and the data collected were statistically analysed using the general linear model statistical procedures with the SAS system for windows. Comparisons among treatment means was done with the least significant square, with the Duncan multiple range test (P = 0.05). Variety TME-1 with the highest root rot incidence and severity of 53 and 21% respectively was less preferred for gari colour, texture and odour compared to TMS 30572 which had 15 and 6% rot incidence and severity respectively. In the second year trial where TME-1 still possessed the highest rot incidence and severity, panellists still showed more preference for the colour, taste and odour in TMS 30572 gari than TME-1 gari. All the differences observed and reported above between TMS 30572 and TME-1 were significantly different at probability 0.05%. The results of this experiment clearly show that high root rot incidence of a cassava genotype in the field can reduce consumer's acceptability of the gari produced from it.",Included,
"Aigbe, S. O., Remison, S. U.",2010,The influence of root rot on dry matter partition of three cassava cultivars planted in different agro-ecological environments,Asian Journal of Plant Pathology,4,2,10.3923/ajppaj.2010.82.89,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/613/,"A field experiment to determine the influence of root rot on dry matter partition of three cassava cultivars planted in the Sabongidda-Ora humid forests and in the Ibadan derived savanna of Nigeria was carried out from July 2003-November 2005. In each location, healthy cassava stems of three varieties; TME-1 (local), TMS 30572 and TMS 4 (2) 1425 (both improved) were planted in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Dry matter partition data were recorded and statistically analysed using the general linear model statistical procedures. Comparisons among treatment means less than six were made with the Least significant square and up to six and above with the Duncan multiple range test (p = 0.05). Results were compared with the previously reported root rot incidences and severities from the same cultivars. Results showed cultivar TME-1; previously reported to have the highest root rot incidence of 52.6% and a severity of 21.3% at 12 months after planting in Sabongidda-Ora humid forest, to have the lowest dry matter partition of 367.4 g to roots in the same location, 12 months after planting. This was significantly lower than the 804.1 g of TMS 4(2)1425 and the 667.6 g of TMS 30572 recorded in the same location; cultivars TMS 4(2)1425 and TMS 30572 have also been reported to have the lowest root rot incidences of 0 and 6.4% and severities of 0-0.5% at the Ibadan derived savanna. The trend was the same during the second year planting. The results show clearly that root rot can have significantly negative effect on the dry matter partition to the storage roots of root rot susceptible cassava cultivar.",Included,
"Schulthess, F., Baumgaertner, J.U., Delucchi, V., Gutierrez, A.P.",1991,"The influence of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat-Ferr. (Hom., Pseudococcidae) on yield formation of cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz",Journal of Applied Entomology,111,01-May,10.1111/j.1439-0418.1991.tb00306.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16060/,"The cassava mealybug (CM), Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr., is a dry season pest of cassava, Manihoti esculenta Crantz. Its effects on the patterns of dry matter production and allocation in cassava planted July, September 1982 and May 1983 and grown for 12 months was studied. Peak CM population densities varied greatly (from 600 to 37000 CM per plant) due to plant size at the time of infestation, duration of infestation, and mortality from the introduced parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis). CM feeding reduced new leaf production and assimilation and allocation of dry matter to storage roots. Severly infested cassava plants, lost between 9 per cent and 46 per cent during the dry season, compared to CM-free plants. At the beginning of the ensuing rainy season, mobilisation of reserves from storage roots for regrowth caused temporary root yield losses of up to 75 per cent. Yield losses at harvest across planting dates measured 12 months after planting, were of 52 to 58 per cent in the CM-infested plants compared to non-infested plants",Included,
"Chatakanonda, P., Chinachoti, P., Sriroth, K., Piyachomkwan, K., Chotineeranat, S., Tang, H. R., Hills, B.",2003,The influence of time and conditions of harvest on the functional behaviour of cassava starch—a proton NMR relaxation study,Carbohydrate Polymers,53,3,10.1016/S0144-8617(03)00047-X,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3397/,The extent of irrigation of crops in the field not only affects crop yield but also the functionality of the harvested product. This irrigation effect severely affects the processing response of starch harvested from Cassava and leads to industrial quality control problems. In this paper we show how the NMR transverse proton relaxation spectrum is a sensitive probe of the effect of irrigation on cassava starch functionality. The results suggest that increased irrigation results in a looser packing of the amylose and amylopectin chains in the cassava starch granule that facilitates their plasticization and gelatinization.,Included,
"Fernandez, A., Wenham, June E., Dufour, Dominique, Wheatley, Christopher C.",1996,The influence of variety and processing on the physicochemical and functional properties of cassava starch and flour,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5651/,"The influence of certain processing conditions on the quality, functional properties, and product potential of flour made from three cassava cultivars are being evaluated as part of a project (DGXII) funded by the European Union (EU). The collaborators in this project are the Universidad del Valle (UNIVALLE), Colombia; CIRAD-SAR, France; the Natural Resources Institute (NRI), UK; and CIAT, Colombia. The influence of drying temperature (40, 60, and 80 degrees C), milling procedure (hammer, roller, pin, and paddle), and particle size (less than 250 micro m and less than 160 micro m) on the quality, functional properties, and product potential of flour from three cassava cultivars are being evaluated. The influence of genetic variability on starch quality is also being evaluated, using starches made from cultivars chosen from the cassava core collection established at CIAT. This chapter outlines the results so far.",Included,
"Howeler, R.H., Cadavid, L.F., Calvo, F.A.",1977,The interaction of lime with minor elements and phosphorus in cassava production,Tropical Root Crops Symposium,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7377/,"Cassava appears to be a promising food crop for the acid and infertile soils of the Llanos Orientales of Colombia due to its tolerance to soil acidity. Large numbers of varieties have been screened for acid soil tolerance in plots receiving various amounts of lime. Most varieties responded positively to only minor applications of lime while showing a marked negative response to high liming rates. In a lime x minor element trial it was shown that liming significantly reduced the uptake of Zn, Mn, Cu, and B and that high liming rates reduced yields by inducing the deficiency of Zn and possibly Mn and B. Cassava appears to have a very high requirement for Zn. In an experiment studying the effect of lime on P-uptake, cassava responded to P mainly at low liming rates, whereas at high liming rates the response to P was reduced. Thus, liming may improve the availability of soil P and reduce the fixation of applied P. At low liming rates cassava responded markedly to applications as high as 200 kg 13205/ha as TSP; the basal application was consistently superior to a split application, while the method of application did not affect yields significantly.",Included,
"Dodd, J. C., Arias, I., Koomen, I., Hayman, D. S.",1990,The management of populations of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in acid-infertile soils of a savanna ecosystem - II. The effects of pre-crops on the spore populations of native and introduced VAM-fungi,Plant and Soil,122,2,10.1007/BF02851981,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4685/,A field trial conducted over two seasons in the savanna ecosystem in the eastern plains of Colombia was sequentially sampled to assess the effects of phosphate (P) source and plant host on the introduced and indigenous vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAMF) spore populations at two field sites. Spore densities were greatest under Sorghum sp. 5 months after sowing in both inoculated and non-inoculated sub-plots at both sites. The major sporulators in all Sorghum sub-plots 5 months after sowing were from the Glomus occultum/Acaulospora myriocarpa morphological grouping. Spore numbers of the introduced Glomus manihotis isolate were specifically increased in inoculated cassava (Manihot esculenta) sub-plots 5 months after sowing. Total spore numbers declined rapidly during the 4 month dry season but increased again under cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) at one site 15 months after trial establishment. At this stage spore numbers were greatest under cowpea growing on plots previously cropped with kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides) and comprised predominantly spores of the Entrophospora colombiana/Acaulospora mellea/Acaulospora morrowae morphological group. The data are discussed in terms of their use in the management of VAMF populations for the benefit to plant growth in acid-infertile soils.,Included,
"Dodd, J. C., Arias, I., Koomen, I., Hayman, D. S.",1990,The management of populations of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in acid-infertile soils of a savanna ecosystem I. The effect of pre-cropping and inoculation with VAM-fungi on plant growth and nutrition in the field,Plant and Soil,122,2,10.1007/BF02851980,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4684/,"A field trial was conducted at two sites in the savanna ecosystem of eastern Colombia to compare the effects of inoculation with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAMF) of Brachiaria dictyoneura (a tropical grass), cassava (Manihot esculenta), the tropical forage legume kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides) and Sorghum sp., and two phosphate sources. The second stage of the trial studied the effect of these pre-crop treatments on the subsequent growth, nutrition and VAM status of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and Stylosanthes capitata in the following season, compared with both crops sown in native savanna. Inoculation significantly increased the levels of VAM and plant yields in the early growth stages of all crops during the first season, particularly with the rock phosphate (RP) source. The most significant increases were observed in the mycorrhiza-dependent cassava and kudzu crops up to 15 weeks after sowing, and were associated with increased foliar uptake of P and Mg. The effectiveness of the introduced inoculum was greater at the field site with a sandier soil. In the second season the levels of VAM in roots of cowpea and S. capitata were all increased significantly in pre-cropped plots compared with a savanna control. The increased presence of VAM was associated with significantly increased yields on plots previously sown to cassava, kudzu and Sorghum sp. The data support the idea that increasing the VAMF inoculum potential of these acid-infertile soils by inoculation or pre-crops can greatly increase the rate of establishment of mycorrhiza-dependent host plants.",Included,
"Dharmaputra, T. S., Bruijn, G. H. de",1977,The Mukibat system of cassava production,"Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, Held at CIAT, Cali, Columbia, 1-7 August 1976",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4565/,"The Mukibat system may outyield normal cassava production systems. Individual varieties react differently to the system, therefore it may be possible to select for high yielding varieties that have good eating quality, but which only produce moderately under the normal system. The highest accumulation of dry matter in the root of the Mukibat cassava occurred between 12 and 15 months in all three varieties tested (it was not necessary to make planting holes for the Mukibat system ). Nitrogen was the limiting plant nutrient at one location. Scion material taken from the Mukibat plants was found to be as good as that taken from the original M. glaziovii tree. Two different types of scion were tested: the so called ""black"" type was superior to the ""white"" type at one location, but not at the other.",Included,
"Ramanujam, T., Lakshmi, K. R.",1984,The Pattern of Dry Matter Production and Partitioning in Cassava,Indian Journal of Plant Physiology,27,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14818/,Fourteen genotypes of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) were studied for dry matter production and partitioning during different stages of growth. Partitioning of dry matter between tuber and shoot became constant in all the genotypes with the onset of tuber bulking. High positive correlations were noticed for accumulation of dry matter in shoot (r = 0.90) and storage root (r = 0.93) in relation to total biomass produced. The harvesting efficiency was significantly higher in non-branching and sparsely branching genotypes (58.8%) than the profusely branching genotypes (47.1%). Harvest index reached a plateau after fourth month stage. Selection indices were suggested for preliminary evaluation of genetic materials for yielding ability.,Included,
"Tsuno, Y., Taniyama, T., Suprapto, H.",1983,The photosynthesis and estimation of productivity of cassava,Japanese Journal of Crop Science,52,4,10.1626/jcs.52.484,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17944/,,Included,
"Aryee, F.N.A., Oduro, I., Ellis, W.O., Afuakwa, J.J.",2006,The physicochemical properties of flour samples from the roots of 31 varieties of cassava,Food Control,17,,10.1016/j.foodcont.2005.06.013,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1376/,"Flours were prepared from 31 cassava varieties and evaluated for their physicochemical properties and pasting characteristics. The results showed that starch content ranged from 67.92% for sample 91/0055 to 88.11% for sample I93/0665. Amylose content of cassava flour varied from 10.9% (94/0050) to 44.3% (I93/0548). The cassava flour had low swelling power values ranging from 5.87(Abasafitaa) to 13.48(I89/02184). Water binding capacity varied from 113.66% for variety 92/0427 to 201.99% for variety 90/00330. Gelatinization temperature was in the range of 66.8 °C for Gblemo Duade to 70.4 °C for I82/0326 with peak temperatures varying between 73.1 °C (92/0035) and 84.5 °C (94/0107). The cyanogenic potential (CNp) ranged from 0.58 to 20.0 mg HCN per 100 g of dry weight with 081/00356 having the highest value, while 90/00330 had the lowest. From the data obtained it can be concluded that cassava varieties should not be abandoned because of poor cooking quality and high cyanogenic potential. These varieties could be used for other purposes such as starch production, glucose, adhesives, fuel alcohol, animal feed and other industrial uses.",Included,
"Irikura, Y., Cock, J. H., Kawano, K.",1979,The physiological basis of genotype-temperature interactions in cassava,Field Crops Research,2,,10.1016/0378-4290(79)90025-X,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7875/,"Four different cassava varieties of low, medium, high and very high vigour were planted at three sites with mean temperatures of 20, 24 and 28C. Harvests were taken at 8, 12 and 16 months. After 12 months Popayn, the most vigorous variety, yielded most (29 t/ha) at 20C and least (9 t/ha) at 8C. M Colombia 22, the least vigorous variety, yielded least (9 t/ha) at 20C and most at 28C (39 t/ha). Rate of root dry matter increase was maximum at LAI (leaf area index) of three in all sites. Above this value the rate of root dry matter increase decreased. The same phenotype yields well over a wide range of temperature but the genotype is different.",Included,
"Bellotti, A.C., Arias V, B.",1993,The possible role of HCN in the biology and feeding behavior of the cassava burrowing bug (Cyrtomenus bergi Froeschner: Cydnidae: Hemiptera),"Proceedings of the First International Scientific Meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology Network, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, 25-28 August 1992",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2084/,"The burrowing bug, C. bergi (Hymenopetra: Cydnidae) was first recorded as a cassava pest in Valle, Colombia, in 1979. Nymphs and adults of this subterranean sucking insect feed on cassava roots by means of a thin, strong stylet. As it feeds, it inoculates the roots with soil-borne pathogens such as Diplodia, Fusarium, Phytophthora and Pythium spp. Brown or black lesions develop on the white, fleshy root, rendering it commercially unacceptable. Cassava root damage can reach 70 to 80 percent of total roots with more than 50 percent reduction in starch content. Additional hosts include onion, peanuts, maize, sorghum, sugar-cane, coffee, pasture grasses, potatoes and numerous weed species. Studies show that C. bergi develops faster on maize than on cassava, and prefers maize over cassava in free choice test (78 vs 22). Field trials suggest resistance to C. bergi may be related to HCN content of the roots. In laboratory tests adults and nymphs fed on a high HCN clone had larger nymphal development, reduced adult longevity, reduced egg production and increased mortality. On CMC 40 (low HCN) nymphal mortality was 56 percent, while on high HCN clone MCol 1684, mortality reached 84 percent. On CMC 40, 50 percent mortality occurred at 35 days (r2=0.96); for MCol 1684, at 28 days (r2= 0.98). Highest mortality occurred during the first two instars when nymphs primarily feed on the root peel. These results constitute one of the few documented cases where HCN content in cassava may be related to arthropod resistance.",Included,
"König, D.",1992,The potential of agroforestry methods for erosion control in Rwanda,Soil Technology,5,2,10.1016/0933-3630(92)90017-U,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9089/,"Based on four years of plot measurements in Butare (Rwanda), the potential of agroforestry practices for soil conservation was analysed. The agroforestry system investigated is based on Grevillea robusta planted at a density of 200 trees per hectare. Supplementary erosion control measures consisted of hedgerows planted on microterraces (two species of leguminous shrubs Calliandra calothyrsus and Leucaena leucocephala as well as the fodder grass Setaria splendida). On the agroforestry plots, crop management was in accordance with the principles of appropriate (""ecologic"") agriculture, including practices such as mixed cropping, the use of green manure, composting, and integration of livestock. Comparative measurements were carried out on bare fallow and on ""traditional farming"" plots with monocropped cassava. With a mean annual precipitation of 1279 mm, a rainfall erosivity factor of R = 385, and a slope of 28 percent, high annual soil losses were recorded on the bare fallow plot (557 tons per hectare per year) as well as on the cassava plot (303 tha-1 y-1). The high soil losses recorded on the Grevillea plot (111 t ha-1 y-1) demonstrate that the problem of accelerated erosion on steep slopes cannot be solved by simply planting trees and by introducing management practices that provide a a better ground cover for only part of the year. In contrast, on agroforestry plots with supplementary erosion control hedges, erosion rates lower than 12,5 t ha-1 y-1 were measured. Agroforestry systems that include the integration of leguminous perennials as contour hedges offer a promising method for soil conservation even on slopes threatened by severe erosion.",Included,
"Altieri, M. M., Doll, J. D.",1978,The potential of allelopathy as a tool for weed management in crop fields,PANS,24,4,10.1080/09670877809414143,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/920/,"The increasing emphasis now placed on weed management as opposed to weed control raises the question of the role of allelopathy in agricultural systems. Evidence of allelopathic interactions between crops and weeds is briefly reviewed and two experiments designed to demonstrate the allelopathic effects of plant residues on seed germination are described. From these experiments it can be seen that Tagetes patula, Amaranthus dubius, bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and cassava residues have widespread inhibitory effects on the germination of seeds of other species, while maize, Cenchrus brownii, Eleusine indica and Portulaca oleracea show considerable tolerance to the presence of such residues. Suggestions are made as to how the potential of allelopathy in weed management can be investigated and how the process can be exploited. A considerable quantity of research remains to be done in this area.",Included,
"Lian, T. S., Khen, C. S., Hassan, M. I.",1983,The relationship between potassium uptake and yield of cassava as influenced by branching,MARDI Research Bulletin,11,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17302/,"Efficiency of K uptake as reflected by leaf K content has positive relationships with fresh root and starch yields in unbranched cassava. In branched forms, high K uptake depresses yield. Although dry matter production is enhanced by efficient K uptake, the dominating top growth of branched forms probably influences the partitioning of these assimilates in its favour, restricting root storage and yield",Included,
"Tsay, J.S., Fukai, S., Wilson, G.L.",1987,The response of cassava (Manihot esculenta) to spatial arrangement and to soybean intercrop,Field Crops Research,16,1,10.1016/0378-4290(87)90050-5,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8052/,"Response of cassava to row spacing and plant population density (0.62 plants m−2 in 180-cm rows; 1.23 plants m−2 in 90-, 180-, 270-, and 270- plus 90-cm (i.e. paired rows); and 2.46 plants m−2 in 90- and 180-cm rows), and to soybean intercrop at two row spacings of cassava (90 and 270 cm) was studied at a high latitude (27°S) in south-east Queensland, Australia, where low temperature limits a growing season to 9 months. Detailed observations were made in sole crops on leaf canopy structure and light penetration in the three row spacings at the medium density to allow an estimation of light availability for an intercrop between cassava rows.

The low plant density or the 270-cm row plants produced the lowest total dry matter and tuber yield at harvest, while the two higher densities or the two narrower rows produced similar total and tuber dry weight. Intercropped cassava produced a similar tuber yield to the sole crop at the corresponding spatial arrangement, but total dry matter was lower in the former.

Leaf area index was similar among the 90-, 180- and 270-cm row spacings in sole crops throughout the growth period. However, leaf area was unevenly distributed horizontally for a longer time as row spacing increased. This resulted in light penetrating the inter-row space for a longer period in wider rows in sole crops, more than 50% full sunlight reaching soil level for 90, 120 and 130 days after planting in the 90-, 180- and 270-cm rows, respectively. This light environment would be available for an intercrop if cassava growth is not affected by the intercrop. The results for cassava intercropped with soybean show that in fact cassava growth was reduced by the associated soybean, and hence light available for the soybean growth would have been more than that estimated above.",Included,
"Hicks, L.N., Fukai, S., Asher, C.J.",1982,The response of cassava to phosphorus fertilizer on five soils in south-east Queensland,Proceedings of the 2nd Australian Agronomy Conference 1982,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7166/,,Included,
"Searles, P.S., Caldwell, M.M., Winter, K.",1995,The response of five tropical dicotyledon species to solar ultraviolet-B radiation,American Journal of Botany,82,4,10.1002/j.1537-2197.1995.tb15663.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16087/,"Tropical regions currently receive the highest levels of global solar ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B, 280-320 nm) even without ozone depletion. The influence of natural, present-day UV-B irradiance in the tropics was examined for five tropical species including three native rain forest tree species (Cecropia obtusifolia, Tetragastris panamensis, Calophyllum longifolium) and two economically important species (Swietenia macrophylla, Manihot esculenta). Solar UV-B radiation conditions in a small clearing on Barro Colorado Island, Panama (9 degrees N), were obtained using either a UV-B-excluding plastic film or a film that transmits most of the solar UV-B. Significant differences between UV-B-excluded and near-ambient UV-B plants were often exhibited as increased foliar UV-B absorbing compounds and, in several cases, as reduced plant height with exposure to solar UV-B. Increases in leaf mass per area and reductions in leaf blade length under solar UV-B occurred less frequently. Biomass and photosystem II function using chlorophyll a fluorescence were generally unaffected. The results of this study provide evidence that tropical vegetation, including native rain forest species, responds to the present level of natural solar UV-B radiation. This suggests that even minor ozone depletion in the tropics may have biological implications.",Included,
"Riis, Lisbeth, Bellotti, Anthony C., Vargas, Octavio",1995,The response of polyphagous pest (Cyrtomenus bergi Froeschner) to cassava cultivars with variable HCN content in root parenchyma and peel,"The Cassava Biotechnology Network: Proceedings of the Second International Scientific Meeting, Bogor, Indonesia, 22-26 August 1994",Volume II,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15132/,"The hypothesis that HCN in cassava is a defence mechanism against arthropod pests is suggestive, but quality and quantity of empirical data is unsatisfactory and scarce. The burrowing bug (Cyrtomenus bergi Froeschner: Cydnidae: Hemiptera) is recorded as a major pest on cassava in the neo-tropics since 1980. Most major cassava pests are leaf feeders whereas C.bergi feeds on cassava roots, introducing soil-borne pathogens which cause rot lesions on the parenchyma. It is a serious pest on cassava in Colombia and Panama. Whereas most major cassava pests are specialists that have co-evolved with cassava and feed readily on leaves with high HCN content, C.bergi is polyphagous feeding on many food crops as well as weeds. As a generalist that has not co-evolved with cyanogenic host plants, it can serve as a model in the study of HCN levels in cassava roots on non-specialists. Root damage caused by C.bergi was evaluated on 125 cultivars from the cassava CIAT core collection and compared to HCN level in root parenchyma and peel. Severe damage did not occur on clones with high HCN level in the parenchyma and approximately 400 ppm (fresh root parenchyma) was the upper limit to C. bergi feeding. Nevertheless many low HCN clones had low levels of damage indicating other possible mechanisms responsible for resistance to C. bergi in low HCN clones. These mechanisms should be investigated. High HCN levels in the root peel, however, did not prevent pest attack, indicating that high HCN content in the root peel will not protect against sucking pests and may have little affect on feeding pests.",Included,
"Uarrota, Virglio Gavicho, Rodolfo Moresco, Eder Carlos Schmidt, Zenilda Laurita Bouzon, Eduardo da Costa Nunes, Enilto de Oliveira Neubert, Luiz Augusto Martins Peruch, Miguel Rocha, Marcelo Maraschin",2016,"The role of ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, and polysaccharides in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) roots under postharvest physiological deterioration",Food Chemistry,197,Part A,10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.025,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18025/,"This study aimed to investigate the role of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), polysaccharides, and protein contents associated with the early events of postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD) in cassava roots. Increases in APX and GPX activity, as well as total protein contents occurred from 3 to 5 days of storage and were correlated with the delay of PPD. Cassava samples stained with Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) highlighted the presence of starch and cellulose. Degradation of starch granules during PPD was also detected. Slight metachromatic reaction with toluidine blue is indicative of increasing of acidic polysaccharides and may play an important role in PPD delay. Principal component analysis (PCA) classified samples according to their levels of enzymatic activity based on the decision tree model which showed GPX and total protein amounts to be correlated with PPD. The Oriental (ORI) cultivar was more susceptible to PPD.",Included,
"Safo-Kantanka, O, Acquistucci, Rita",1996,The role of common salt in maintaining hot-paste viscosity of cassava starch,Cassava Flour and Starch: Progress in Research and Development,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15583/,"The amylographs of starch and flour from three cassava varieties were determined in salt (NaCl) solutions of 0 percent, 2.5 percent, 5 percent, and 7.5 percent concentrations. The salt increased the pasting and peak viscosity temperatures. Peak viscosity differed with variety, and increased with salt in some cases, but was reduced to below that of the control in others. Salt also reduced the extent of retrogradation of starch, compared with the control.",Included,
"Staver, C.",1991,The role of weeds in the productivity of Amazonian bush fallow agriculture,Experimental Agriculture,27,1,10.1017/S0014479700019013,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16909/,"Three effects of herbaceous weeds on the productivity of a bush fallow system cropped with maize, cassava and plantain were identified in four experiments carried out in Central Amazonian Peru. First, early weed control is needed to minimize crop yield reductions. Weeds reduce plantain raceme weight and days to flowering, but not cassava yield, if weeding is done early. Second, fallows must be long enough to reduce weed seed banks to levels tolerable to farmers. While fallows of between two and five years eliminate herbaceous weed biomass present at the beginning of the fallow, weed seed banks decline linearly through ten years of tree cover. Third, with successive clean-weedings to reduce weed competition, tree and shrub numbers and their proportion of total non-crop biomass decline, while the amount and proportion of herbaceous weeds increase. Tree and shrub regeneration is reduced by longer cropping periods, more frequent weedings, greater crop cover, and shorter fallow periods.",Included,
"Filho, L. V. C., Rizzi, N. E.",2016,"The runoff's behavior to different land uses in watersheds at Northwestern Parana, Brazil",Floresta,46,3,10.5380/rf.v46i3.39047,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5707/,"The study attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of the forestry ecosystem on the maintenance of the hydrological processes, which participated on soil’s erosion. Aimed to support the land use planning and soil’s erosion control works. The work was done through of a simulated rainfall experiment replicated on three watersheds of the Northwest region of the State of Paraná, into four land uses. The experiment was developed by comparing the runoff’s behavior of the land uses: forest and three agricultural crops (coffee, cassava and pasture). The results showed greatest infiltration coefficient for soils under forest, with significant difference to other land uses studied. These differences showed that unit area with forest cover resulted in 9,71 times less runoff than area with pasture, 7,86 times less runoff than area with coffee, and 5,56 times less runoff than area with cassava. The results show the forest’s potentiality to improve the infiltration processes, showing responses that virtually are not possible to be superseded by the management practices adopted on the other cropping systems studied. The study, to define the range of the forest’s effect on its environment, is characterized as essential to planning of the forest cover regarding to size area, and spatial distribution.",Included,
"Fondong, V. N.",2017,"The search for resistance to cassava mosaic geminiviruses: How much we have accomplished, and what lies ahead",Frontiers in Plant Science,8,,10.3389/fpls.2017.00408,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5794/,"The cassava mosaic disease (CMD), which occurs in all cassava growing regions of Africa and the Indian subcontinent, is caused by cassava mosaic geminiviruses (CMGs). CMGs are considered to be the most damaging vector-borne plant pathogens. So far, the most successful approach used to control these viruses has been the transfer of a polygenic recessive resistance locus, designated CMD1, from wild cassava to cassava cultivars. Further progress in harnessing natural resistance to contain CMGs has come from the discovery of the dominant monogenic resistance locus, CMD2, in some West African cassava cultivars. CMD2 has been combined with CMD1 through genetic crosses. Because of the limitations of the cassava breeding approach, especially with regard to time required to produce a variety and the loss of preferred agronomic attributes, efforts have been directed toward the deployment of genetic engineering approaches. Most of these approaches have been centered on RNA silencing strategies, developed mainly in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. Early RNA silencing platforms assessed for CMG resistance have been use of viral genes for co-suppression, antisense suppression or for hairpin RNAs-mediated gene silencing. Here, progress and challenges in the deployment of these approaches in the control of CMGs are discussed. Novel functional genomics approaches with potential to overcome some of the drawbacks of the current strategies are also discussed. 2017 Fondong.",Included,
"Waring, S. A., Gibson, T. A.",1994,The soil fertility effects of leguminous ley pastures in north-east Thailand II. Effects on soil physical and chemical parameters,Field Crops Research,39,02-Mar,10.1016/0378-4290(94)90015-9,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18783/,"In Part I of this series the effect of ley treatments differing in legume species, duration of ley and fertilization on the growth of subsequent roselle and cassava crops was reported. This paper reports measurements of a range of physical and chemical parameters made either during or at the end of the ley phase and at the end of the test crops. Surface soil (0-15 cm) bulk density was little affected by treatments. The percentage of the soil mass occurring as dry aggregates &gt; 4.8 mm diameter at the end of the ley phase was related to grazing intensity but the effects were not evident at the end of the second test crop. The mean weight diameter of wet-sieved aggregates at the end of the ley phase was higher in all the legume plots than the cassava control. Steady infiltration rates varied from 34-38 cm h-1 in three-year Verano plots to 60-62 cm h-1 in one-year Siratro plots and were inversely related to the length of the grazed legume treatments. There was no evidence of treatment effects on soil water status at the end of the ley phase or on soil available water characteristics. There was little evidence of time or treatment effects on soil pH. Cation exchange capacity values were very low ranging from 0.84 cmol (p+) kg-1 in the 0-5 cm layer at the end of the ley phase for the cassava control to a high of 1.40 cmol (p+) kg-1 for the fertilized three-year Siratro plots. Soil mineral N levels during the cropping phase were very low (usually 1-2 mg kg-1) with the higher values in the plots previously under legume. There were marked treatment effects on soil total N. Gains during the ley phase ranged from 49 to 191 kg N ha-1 in the surface 15 cm of soil with some additional input at 15-30 cm. Maximum gains occurred after two years of legume treatment and were usually lower in unfertilized plots. Rate changes during cropping were relatively low (e.g. a rate of loss (k) of 0.047 yr-1 for fertilized Siratro by first-order kinetics). Generally values for soil carbon paralleled those for nitrogen content. Yield of the first test crop (roselle) was not significantly correlated with any of the measured soil physical parameters but it was, strongly, with soil carbon, total nitrogen and CEC (R2 values ranging from 0.54 to 0.78). Mineral nitrogen was also correlated but not as strongly (R2 values ranged from 0.51 to 0.67).",Included,
"Waring, S. A., Gibson, T. A., Ila'Ava, V. P.",1994,The soil fertility effects of leguminous ley pastures in north-east Thailand III. Estimates of soil nitrogen availability,Field Crops Research,39,02-Mar,10.1016/0378-4290(94)90016-7,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18782/,"Paper III of this series reports on effects of ley treatments on the results of procedures for assessing soil nitrogen availability and the relationship between the estimates obtained for various availability procedures and test crop yield. Nitrogen availability procedures investigated included the nitrogen mineralisation potential (No) and the rapid procedures waterlogged incubation (WL), extraction with hot 2 M KCl and extraction with a phosphate-borate buffer (PBB). Values for No on a composite soil sample were 27 mg N kg-1 using the standard nutrient solution and 53 mg N kg-1 using a modified nutrient solution (k values were also significantly different). Values of No using the modified nutrient solution for 0-5 cm soil after the legume treatments showed strong treatment effects with values ranging from 44 to 99 mg N kg-1 for the fertilized plots and lower values for the unfertilized plots. After two test crops values were reduced but in the fertilized legume plots were still higher than for cassava control. An attempt to use No to predict field nitrogen release was not successful. Values for WL (0-5 cm soil fertilized plots) at the end of the ley phase were low with significant treatment effects (range 7.6 to 21.8 mg N kg-1). For the KCl method values were very low (range 2.1 to 5.7 mg N kg-1) again with significant treatment effects. The PBB method gave no significant treatment effects. Yields of the first test crop (roselle) were correlated best with WL (R2 = 0.81) followed by organic C (0.73), No (0.69), total N (0.68), KCl (0.51) and PBB (0.33) suggesting WL as the preferred rapid availability index.",Included,
"Gibson, T. A., Waring, S. A.",1994,The soil fertility effects of leguminous ley pastures in north-east Thailand. I. Effects on the growth of roselle (Hibiscus sabdarrifa c.v. Altissima) and cassava (Manihot esculenta),Field Crops Research,39,02-Mar,10.1016/0378-4290(94)90014-0,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6261/,"The effect of ley treatments (mostly grazed) differing in legume species, duration of ley and non-nitrogenous fertilization on the growth of cassava and roselle is reported. Experiments were conducted in upland fields of farmers at Khon Kaen, Thailand. Soils at the experimental site range from paleustults to quartzipsamments with a loamy-sand surface and are extremely infertile. Treatments included cassava and weed-fallow controls, and monospecific legume swards of Siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro), Verano (Stylosanthes hamata cv. Verano), mimosa (Mimosa invisa var. inermis) and crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea) grown for 1, 2 or 3 years, or intercropped with cassava, or grown alone in alternate years with cassava followed by test crops of roselle and cassava. Treatments were with and without non-nitrogenous fertilizer. Yields for the first crop (roselle) in almost all fertilized legume plots were significantly higher than for the fertilized cassava control whereas in unfertilized plots there was no significant effect. Yields were highest in comparable fertilized plots following Verano or Siratro with crotalaria intermediate and mimosa the lowest. Yields were highest for fertilized two- and three-year Verano and Siratro plots and lower for fertilized one-year, alternating years or intercropped plots. Yields for the second test crop (cassava) again showed a substantial increase in most of the fertilized legume plots compared with the cassava control with results generally similar to those for the first test crop. The test crop data show Verano and Siratro as the best ley species and suggest an optimum ley period in the range of one to two years with a cropping phase of approximately equivalent duration to the ley phase. The nitrogen fertilizer value of a Siratro ley in the first year of establishment was estimated to be 132 kg N ha-1. Land preparation treatments, following a Siratro ley, of mulching, incorporation and herbicide killing of the legume had no effect on subsequent yield of roselle whereas grazed plots resulted in a lower yield.",Included,
"Fargette, D., Fauquet, C., Grenier, E., Thresh, J.M.",1990,The spread of African cassava mosaic virus into and within cassava fields,Journal of Phytopathology,130,4,10.1111/j.1439-0434.1990.tb01179.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5539/,"Only a small proportion of Bemisia tabaci collected in totally infected cassava fields at a site in Côte d'lvoire transmitted African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) to test plants. Nevertheless, the monthly increase in disease incidence in an experimental planting was directly related to numbers of adult whiteflies counted on plants 6 weeks earlier.

In plots at different spacings, the greatest incidence of ACMV expressed as a percentage of the total stand occurred at the lowest plant density. Much speread into the spacing trial and into two other experimental plantings occurred from outside sources and followed downwind gradients. By contrast, spread from ACMV‐infected sources within plantings was limited. It occurred in all directions but over distances of only a few metres. These contrasting patterns of spread are attributed to the differentbehavior of B. tabaci above and within the crop canopy.

It is concluded that contamination of cassava fields in the coastal forest area of Côte d'Ivoire is due mainly to rapid spread from outside sources which leads to internal foci that contribute to some further, although limited, spread. These findings are discussed in relation to possible control strategies based on the release of healthy cuttings, dense planting and subsequent roguing. Such measures are unlikely to be effectve in the coastal forest region of Côte d'Ivoire and adjacent countriesunless varieties are grown with greater resistance to infection than those currently used.",Included,
"Joseph, J., Elango, F.",1991,The status of cassava bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. manihotis in Trinidad,Journal of Phytopathology,133,4,10.1111/j.1439-0434.1991.tb00167.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8409/,"Disease surveys conducted in Trinidad between 1985-1987 showed that Cassava Bacterial Blight (CBB) is present in all but one county of the country with disease severity rating varying from 1-5 depending on day/night temperatures. Field and greenhouse screening identified varieties such as Point Fortin fine leaf and CMC 40 as being resistant whereas M col 22 was moderately resistant to susceptible. Using a combination of antiserum produced to whole cells of Xanthomonas campestris pv. manihotis and a broth enrichment technique, dissemination of the pathogen by flood water was confirmed. The pathogen was detected at distances of up to 300 meters from infected fields. The significance of this mode of pathogen dissemination in initiating primary infection in Trinidad is discussed.",Included,
"Mohammed, I. U., Abarshi, M. M., Muli, B., Hillocks, R. J., Maruthi, M. N.",2012,The symptom and genetic diversity of cassava brown streak viruses infecting cassava in East Africa,Advances in Virology,2012,,10.1155/2012/795697,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11223/,"The genetic and symptom diversity of six virus isolates causing cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) in the endemic (Kenya, Mozambique, and Tanzania) and the recently affected epidemic areas (Uganda) of eastern Africa was studied. Five cassava varieties; Albert, Colombian, Ebwanateraka, TMS60444 (all susceptible) and Kiroba (tolerant) were graft inoculated with each isolate. Based on a number of parameters including the severity of leaf and root symptoms, and the extent of virus transmission by grafting, the viruses were classified as either severe or relatively mild. These results were further confirmed by the mechanical inoculation of 13 herbaceous hosts in which the virulent isolates caused plant death in Nicotiana clevelandii and N. benthamiana whereas the milder isolates did not. Phylogenetic analysis of complete coat protein gene sequences of these isolates together with sequences obtained from 14 other field-collected samples from Kenya and Zanzibar, and reference sequences grouped them into two distinct clusters, representing the two species of cassava brown streak viruses. Put together, these results did not suggest the association of a hypervirulent form of the virus with the current CBSD epidemic in Uganda. Identification of the severe and milder isolates, however, has further implications for disease management and quarantine requirements.",Included,
"Salami, A. O., Odebode, A. C., Osonubi, O.",2005,The use of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) as a source of yield increase in sustainable alley cropping system,Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science,51,4,10.1080/03650340500133175,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15654/,"The use of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) as an aid for yield increase in sustainable alley cropping system was investigated in this study at different sites within the same region in Nigeria. The results show that alley cropping improved cassava yield more than fertilizer application. It was found that either Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) or inorganic fertilizer can be substituted for each other when cassava is alley-cropped with Cajanus cajan (L. Millsp). In cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) and cowpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp), Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) inoculation significantly increased the crop yield more than the uninoculated treatment. Cassava mulched with the leguminous shrub had very low yield (T3) compared to the one with AM treatment (T 2). But when inorganic fertilizer was added (T1), the yield was better than T3. However, T2 yielded more than other treatments, without application of inorganic fertilizer, Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) made the locked up nutrients in the soil available to the plants and enhanced N-fixation of the plants.",Included,
"Theodoro, S. H., Leonardos, O. H.",2006,The use of rocks to improve family agriculture in Brazil,Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias,78,4,10.1590/S0001-37652006000400008,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17595/,"During the second half of the 20th century, the introduction of new chemical agriculture technologies brought about a revolution in food production, but this has also cause deep deterioration in our relationships with the natural environment. In developing tropical countries, record yields were accompanied by rural exodus, widespread deforestation and loss of topsoil. The stonemeal research described herein is an alternative to such practices as it is an environmental friendly and socially responsible technology based on soil rejuvenation and conservation by means of the addition of natural rock powders that are rich in phosphorous, calcium, magnesium, potassium and micronutrients. The research adopted an inter-disciplinary approach and was conducted among small farmers of a rural community located in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The major goal was to demonstrate that there is a harmless cheap and simple alternative to fertilizing degraded or impoverished soils, which allow farmers to sustain high productivity and to remain on their plots of land. Results have confirmed the economic, environmental and productive feasibility and advantage of the stonemeal technique for corn, rise, manioc, sugar cane and horticultural species, when compared to the use of chemical fertilizers. The fertilization of the soil with rocks, allows the understanding of the natural processes, which maintain production levels while building a sustainable fertile soil.",Included,
"Kawano, K.",2003,Thirty Years of Cassava Breeding for Productivity—Biological and Social Factors for Success,Crop Science,43,4,10.2135/cropsci2003.1325,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8785/,"The Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT, headquartered in Colombia) established a cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) breeding program in the beginning of the 1970s with the aim of extending the Green Revolution success to less privileged sectors of the tropical populations. The initial decade was mainly dedicated to the collection of germplasm and generation of basic breeding materials. The later decades were devoted to applied breeding in collaboration with international and national programs in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. This paper focuses on the basic breeding at CIAT/Colombia (CIAT/HQ), applied breeding at CIAT/Thailand (CIAT/Thai), and distribution and selection of improved materials with many collaborators in Asia. Fresh root yield of populations was improved by >100% and root dry matter content by >20%. The national program collaborators used these populations to develop many improved cultivars in many countries. The biological factors considered as critical for this successful breeding effort were as follows inclusion of a broad base of genetic variability obtained in the center of crop origin and diversification; evaluation of breeding materials under diverse environmental conditions including high stress environments; and a clear understanding of the different operational principles at different stages of breeding advancement, as illustrated by the emphasis on harvest index in selection within populations and on biomass in population building. The understanding of crop germplasm being a common heritage and the determination of agricultural scientists to use this for the welfare of the neediest people were the social factors for the overall success.",Included,
"Nassar, N. M. A.",1979,Three Brazilian Manihot Species with Tolerance to Stress Conditions,Canadian Journal of Plant Science,59,2,10.4141/cjps79-094,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11845/,"A study of natural habitats of three wild Manihot species, M. caerulescens Pohl, M. stipuliris Pax, and M. procumbens Mueller has revealed certain genetic potentialities in the material. It has been possible to detect, among other characteristics, resistance to drought and excessive soil toxicity and adaptation to cool temperature.",Included,
"Toro M., J.C.",1979,Three years of cassava technology evaluation in Colombia,Field Crops Research,2,,10.1016/0378-4290(79)90030-3,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10313/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), a crop of increasing importance, is a basic food for more than 300 million people in the tropics. CIAT, the International Center for Tropical Agriculture, and IITA, the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, are engaged in intensive research on the crop. In 1974, a regional trial network was established in Colombia to evaluate varietal performance of selected and improved cassava varieties over a wide range of edaphic and climatic conditions.

The basic improved technology used was based on low inputs and adequate soil preparation. Cuttings were selected and treated with a mixture of Dithane M-45 and Manzate-80 and the crop was kept clean during the growing cycle. There was no irrigation or control of insects and diseases in any trial. Only at Carimagua, a site of extremely acid and infertile Oxisols, was fertilizer applied: 0.5 ton/ha of lime and 1 ton/ha of 10–20-20 fertilizer. At all sites the prevalent local variety was used as a control.

Trials were planted on farmers' fields in cassava-producing areas and experimental stations over 3 consecutive years. Nine trials were planted in the first 2 years and 10 in the third year. A total of 38 promising varieties and 10 local ones were evaluated over 3 years. The overall sprouting mean of promising and local varieties over 3 years was 94%. The three best selected varieties at each site averaged more than 34 tons/ha, or four times the national average of 8 tons/ha, in the final year's trials. Cultivar MPan-70 yielded the most with 54.3 tons/ha at the Caicedonia site, an excellent cassava-growing area with fertile soil, ideal climatic conditions and with relatively mild disease and pest attack.

The overall mean of the best local varieties for the 3 years was 23.8 tons/ha. Thus with simple inexpensive technology it was possible to double the yield of both local and improved varieties.",Included,
"Tewe, O.O.",1983,Thyroid cassava toxicity in animals,,,114-118,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17530/,"The remarkably high levels of cyanide in the Nigerian cassava varieties that are used for animal feed and human consumption appear significant enough to necessitate an elucidation of their role in livestock performance and pathophysiology. This paper describes studies conducted at the University of Ibadan and Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) which attempted to quantify the hydrocyanic acid levels of Nigerian cassava varieties and their implications with respect to thiocyanate production, iodine metabolism, and thyroid histology during the growth and reproductive phases of life. The effect of iodine and protein deficiency on these parameters has also been evaluated. Evidence from these studies indicate that cassava diets might have deleterious effects on the overall productivity of animals when consumed over long periods of time.",Included,
"Byju, G., Ravindran, C. S., Nair, R. R., Ravi, V.",2010,"Tillage and planting methods on soil properties, yield, root rot and nutrient uptake in a continuously grown cassava field in a semi arid Vertisol of India",Advances in Horticultural Science,24,3,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2788/,"An on-farm experiment was conducted in a farmer's field in India to study the effect of different tillage and planting methods on cassava root yield, soil properties, nutrient uptake and root rot incidence. There were five treatments with three replicates per treatment and the experiment was conducted for three consecutive years in a Vertisol. Before starting the field experiment, and at the end of three years of field experimentation, soil samples were collected from 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm layers and analyzed for different parameters. The soils were alkaline in reaction with a pH of 7.8 and organic carbon content of 0.62% was found in the 0-20 cm surface layer. The results showed that mechanical manipulation of the plough layer and hard plough pan below it resulted in significant increase in the movement of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen to lower soil layers. A more uniform distribution of water in different soil layers where chisel ploughing was done was also observed. Mechanical manipulation of the plough pan layer by deep ripping resulted in relatively uniform distribution of available N and K to the lower soil layers up to 60 cm. Chisel ploughing together with ridge and furrow method of planting resulted in significantly higher tuber yield and a substantial reduction in root rot infection.",Included,
"Ohiri, A.C., Ezumah, H.C.",1990,Tillage effects on cassava (Manihot esculenta) production and some soil properties,Soil and Tillage Research,17,03-Apr,10.1016/0167-1987(90)90037-E,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12780/,"Cassava is traditionally grown on tilled soils. Interest in reduced-tillage systems is increasing in the humid tropics due to erosion problems. A field study was conducted on a sandy clay loam Ultisol to compare cassava performance in three tillage systems effects on soil water and organic carbon content. Tillage treatments were: (1) ploughing, harrowing and ridging (conventional); (2) digger-made holes (minimum); (3) pushing the sharpened end of cassavs cuttigs directly into the soil (no-till). Tillage did not affect total biomass yields in the first year. In the second year, significant differences were obtained in the yield of tops but not of fresh roots. No-till and minimum tillage out-yielded the conventional system by 40% and 23%, respectively, in the yield of tops,. It was apparent that elimination of ploughing did not reduce total biomass yield. Soil moisture contents in no-till and minimum tillage were significantly higher (P = 0.05) than in the conventional-tillage system. Conv organic carbon decresed significantly (P = 0.01) over time in all tillage systems. Conventional tillage gave the highest reduction. Cassava may be grown successfully in reduced-tillage systems in Ultisols of the humid tropics.",Included,
"Paul, Carola, Griess, Verena C., Havardi-Burger, Nirit, Weber, Michael",2015,Timber-based agrisilviculture improves financial viability of hardwood plantations: a case study from Panama,Agroforestry systems,89,2,10.1007/s10457-014-9755-9,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13892/,"Tree plantations are widely considered a sustainable and economically feasible way to foster reforestation of degraded tropical lands. However, the greatest obstacle to their implementation is the 510years period before initial returns through tree harvesting are realized. This study evaluated the feasibility of generating returns in this period by intercropping hardwood plantations with annual crops. In an agroforestry trial established in eastern Panama, the costs and revenues of intercropping five native and one exotic (Tectona grandis) tree species with three different agricultural treatmentsmaize-beans, pigeon pea and cassavawere assessed. All tree-crop combinations, except those with cassava, generated positive net cash flows during the first years. Over the modeled rotation period of 25years, the agrisilvicultural systems showed up to 50% higher net present values (NPV) than pure forestry (given a 6% interest rate), while most tree-crop combinations exceeded the NPV of pure agriculture. T. grandis intercropped with pigeon pea showed the best economic performance. The NPVs of the agrisilvicultural systems were less sensitive to changes in costs or revenues than either pure forestry or pure agriculture. Accordingly, the final felling value required for intercropping treatments to meet the desired interest rate of 6% was up to 90% lower than that for pure forest plantations. This effect was strongest for native tree species, as their slower growth allowed for longer periods of intercropping. Results suggest that intercropping hardwood plantations can be an effective tool for improving financial feasibility of reforestation while providing increased food security in rural areas.",Included,
"Etonihu, A. C., Olajubu, O., Ekanem, E. O., Bako, S. S.",2011,Titrimetric evaluation of cyanogens in parts of some Nigerian cassava species,Pakistan Journal of Nutrition,10,3,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5328/,"In this study, Tropical Manihot Selection TMS 30572 fresh cassava samples from Kubwa (in Abuja) and Agbara (in Ogun State) of Nigeria were evaluated for cyanogens using titrimetric method. The variations in the cyanide concentrations from different parts of the plant were significant at p<0.05 and of the order leave> peel> tuber (flesh)> stem. The average cyanide contents, respectively for the Abuja and Agbara samples ranged from 32.851.55 ppm to 36.1711.80 ppm for stems; 50.240.18 ppm to 74.380.41 ppm for tubers; 74.380.41 ppm to 84.961.70 ppm for peels and 105.210.95 ppm to 118.0013.70 ppm for leaves. Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2011.",Included,
"Edwards, D.G., Kang, B.T.",1978,Tolerance of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) to high soil acidity,Field Crops Research,1,,10.1016/0378-4290(78)90035-7,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4968/,"The tolerance to high soil acidity of two cassava cultivars was studied in an experiment in which they were grown in pots for 13 weeks in an acid ultisol (pH 4.25 in 1:1 soil/water) at eight lime rates ranging from 0 to 5.0 t/ha. Fresh tuber yields obtained in the absence of lime were, respectively, 84% in cv. Ojukaniye and 79% in cv. Apuwuru of the maximum yields obtained at moderate rates of lime application (1.0 to 1.6 t/ha). Fresh tuber yields were drastically decreased by lime rates above 1.6 t/ha in cv. Ojukaniye, and above 2.5 t/ha in cv. Apuwuru. Leaf dry weights were little affected by treatment apart from a reduction in cv. Apuwuru at 5.0 t/ha lime. The reduction in tuber yield at high lime rates was attributed to the incidence of lime-induced zinc deficiency.

Implications of the considerable tolerance to high soil acidity of these two cassava cultivars and to the role of cassava in subsistence agriculture systems practised on highly acid soils are discussed. The observation that plants infected by cassava mosaic disease grew no worse than symptomless plants, apparently free of the disease, clearly indicates the need for further investigations on the nutrient responses of cassava under field conditions. The relative roles of cassava mosaic disease and nutrition of the host cassava plants in limiting yields could then be evaluated.",Included,
"Le Ru, B., Tertuliano, M.",1993,Tolerance of different host-plants to the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae),International Journal of Pest Management,39,4,10.1080/09670879309371826,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9592/,"The tolerance of seven varieties of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Wild.), Talinum (Talinum triangulare Jacq.) and Faux‐caoutchouc (a hybrid of M. esculenta and M. glaziovii Mull. Arg.) to the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Matt. Ferr., was measured in the laboratory, by quantifying morphological and physiological changes in the growth of plants infested with P. manihoti. A 2‐month infestation by 100 mealybugs decreased the total leaf area and the leaf area ratio F but did not modify total dry weight, relative growth rate R or net assimilation rate E of plants studied. The decrease in leaf area was extremely variable and depended on plant species and variety. The effect of infestation on dry weight of different plant organs was not homogeneous, suggesting that translocation of nutrients made during photosynthesis was modified. In cassava the decrease in leaf area, without significant change in leaf dry weight, appeared to be due to physiological changes in plants similar to those induced by water stress. The degree of tolerance was not related to the plant species (cassava varieties Ganfo, Incoza and Zanaga were as tolerant as Talinum and Faux‐caoutchouc).",Included,
"Morante, N., Snchez, T., Ceballos, H., Calle, F., Prez, J. C., Egesi, C., Cuambe, C. E., Escobar, A. F., Ortiz, D., Chvez, A. L., Fregene, M.",2010,Tolerance to postharvest physiological deterioration in cassava roots,Crop Science,50,4,10.2135/cropsci2009.11.0666,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11374/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) roots spoil 2 to 3 d after harvest because of postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD), which has remained an unsolved problem. Roots from different sources of germplasm were evaluated 5, 10, 20, and 40 d after harvest and some were found to be tolerant to PPD. Three genotypes showed zero levels of PPD even 40 d after harvest. Tolerance to PPD in roots with high carotenoid levels may be explained by their antioxidant properties. Irradiation of seeds in muta-genized populations may have silenced one of the genes involved in the expression of PPD. The tolerance to PPD found in other sources cannot be properly explained. The identification of several sources of resistance (and at least two different modes of action) suggests that now there are alternatives available for solving this problem, benefiting millions of resource-limited farmers worldwide.",Included,
"Holmes, E.B., Wilson, L.A.",1977,"Total dry matter production, tuber yield, and yield components of six local cassava cultivars in Trinidad","Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, Held at CIAT, Cali, Columbia, 1-7 August 1976",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7275/,,Included,
"Fermont, A. M., Tittonell, P. A., Baguma, Y., Ntawuruhunga, P., Giller, K. E.",2009,Towards understanding factors that govern fertilizer response in cassava: Lessons from East Africa,Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,86,1,10.1007/s10705-009-9278-3,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5638/,"Information on fertilizer response in cassava in Africa is scarce. We conducted a series of on-farm and on-station trials in two consecutive years to quantify yield responses of cassava to mineral fertilizer in Kenya and Uganda and to evaluate factors governing the responses. Average unfertilized yields ranged from 4.2 to 25.7 t ha-1 between sites and years. Mineral fertilizer use increased yields significantly, but response to fertilizer was highly variable (-0.2 to 15.3 t ha-1). Average yield response per kg applied nutrient was 37, 168 and 45 and 106, 482 and 128 kg fresh yield per kg of applied N, P and K, respectively in 2004 and 2005. Fertilizer response was governed by soil fertility, rainfall and weed management, but was not influenced by variety, pest and disease pressure and harvest age. Relative N and K yields were positively correlated to SOC and exchangeable K, while response to fertilizer decreased on more fertile soils. Still, fertilizer response varied widely on low fertility soils (e.g. on soils with <10 g kg-1 SOC, responses ranged from -8.6 to 24.4 t ha-1), indicating strong interactions between factors governing fertilizer response. Response to fertilizer was reduced if total rainfall <1,500 mm or rainfall from 0 to 3 months after planting <400 mm. Fertilizer application promoted plant growth and resulted in a better soil coverage and reduced weed competition. Yields in fertilized fields were independent of weed management, unless growing conditions were unfavourable.",Included,
"Elias, M., McKey, D., Panaud, O., Anstett, M. C., Robert, T.",2001,"Traditional management of cassava morphological and genetic diversity by the Makushi Amerindians (Guyana, South America): Perspectives for on-farm conservation of crop genetic resources",Euphytica,120,1,10.1023/A:1017501017031,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5141/,"In this paper we present original data on morphological and genetic diversity of cassava managed by the Makushi Amerindians from Guyana. Although they propagate cassava exclusively vegetatively by means of stem cuttings, many Amerindian farmers also use and multiply volunteer plants grown from seeds produced by sexual reproduction. Morphological characters were recorded for 29 varieties cultivated by the Makushi and two populations of plants originating from volunteer cassava seedlings. Genetic characterisation with AFLP markers was available for 21 of the examined varieties. The morphological and agronomic characters were highly variable among varieties. Every variety could be differentiated from any other one, except for one pair of varieties. However, high intra-varietal variability existed, which might lead to confusions between phenotypically similar varieties by the Makushi. Seedlings were on average different from the pool of the varieties studied, but 67% were found to resemble closely enough one of the varieties to be liable to be assigned to it. Confusion between very similar varieties, as well as assignment of seedlings to a variety, should generate genetic variability within varieties, which was detected with AFLP markers. As in other sites in Amazonia, there was only a weak correlation between inter-varietal distances assessed with molecular and with morphological markers, suggesting that diversification of morphological characters has taken place repeatedly and independently across the Amazonian range of the crop. Diversifying selection, exchanges of varieties between farmers, and incorporation of sexually produced volunteer plants are key mechanisms responsible for the high diversity observed. Strategies of conservation of genetic resources should take these dynamic processes into account.",Included,
"Aina, O. O., Dixon, A. G. O., Akinrinde, E. A.",2007,Trait association and path analysis for cassava genotypes in four agroecological zones of Nigeria,Journal of Biological Sciences,7,5,10.3923/jbs.2007.759.764,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/619/,"The associations among different traits and their direct and indirect influence on yield using the path analysis and correlation procedures were examined in 20 broad-based cassava genotypes to understand how inter-character relationships influences root yield. Field evaluation was carried out in 4 agroecological zones of Nigeria for two cropping seasons. Data were collected on morphological and yield parameters such as plant height, stem girth, canopy volume, shoot weight, leaf size, number of roots, root size and root yield. Results showed that root parameters such as medium-sized roots with correlation coefficient (r) of 0.95, number of roots (r = 0.91) and small-sized roots (r = 0.77) were highly significantly (p<0.001) correlated) with root yield. Path analysis revealed that number of roots had the largest direct effect on root yield with a direct path coefficient effect (P) of 0.61, accounting for 86% of the total direct + indirect effects, followed by number of medium-sized roots (p = 0.23), that accounted for 79.2% of the total direct + indirect effects. Small-sized roots had a negative direct effect on root yield (p = -1.21) but a positive indirect effect (p = 1.91) via number of roots. Number of storage roots and medium-sized roots both contributed the largest influence on storage root yield in cassava. These parameters should, therefore, be considered together while selecting for cassava genotypes with higher storage root yield potentials.",Included,
"Rao, B. Babu, Ashok, P., Ramanandam, G., Sasikala, K.",2015,Trait Association and Path Coefficient Analyses in Cassava,International Journal of Vegetable Science,21,4,10.1080/19315260.2014.881455,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14884/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) is one of the most widely grown tropical root crops. Tuber yield is a complex quantitative character controlled by several genes, and its improvement depends on the functioning and interaction of several components that vary for different genotypes. A study was conducted to investigate associations among traits and their direct and indirect influences on yield using path analysis and correlation procedures in cassava genotypes to understand how intercharacter relationships influence tuber yield. Genotypes were characterized based on response of qualitative and quantitative characters. Correlation and path coefficient analyses were carried out for characters of yield and its components. Differences were observed among genotypes. Character association indicated that tuber yield per hectare was positively and significantly associated with petiole length, number of leaves per plant, total leaf area, stem diameter, tuber diameter, plant dry matter content, starch content, and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) content. Path analysis indicated that number of leaves per plant, stem diameter, number of tubers per plant, tuber diameter, and plant dry matter content exerted a high positive, direct effect on tuber yield per plant; the remaining characters had negligible to low indirect effects through other component characters. The high direct effect of these traits appeared to be the main factor for their strong association with tuber yield per hectare.",Included,
"Maruthi, M. N., Bouvaine, S., Tufan, H. A., Mohammed, I. U., Hillocks, R. J.",2014,Transcriptional response of virus-infected cassava and identification of putative sources of resistance for cassava brown streak disease,PLoS ONE,9,5,10.1371/journal.pone.0096642,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10787/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a major food staple in sub-Saharan Africa, which is severely affected by cassava brown streak disease (CBSD). The aim of this study was to identify resistance for CBSD as well as to understand the mechanism of putative resistance for providing effective control for the disease. Three cassava varieties; Kaleso, Kiroba and Albert were inoculated with cassava brown streak viruses by grafting and also using the natural insect vector the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. Kaleso expressed mild or no disease symptoms and supported low concentrations of viruses, which is a characteristic of resistant plants. In comparison, Kiroba expressed severe leaf but milder root symptoms, while Albert was susceptible with severe symptoms both on leaves and roots. Real-time PCR was used to estimate virus concentrations in cassava varieties. Virus quantities were higher in Kiroba and Albert compared to Kaleso. The Illumina RNA-sequencing was used to further understand the genetic basis of resistance. More than 700 genes were uniquely overexpressed in Kaleso in response to virus infection compared to Albert. Surprisingly, none of them were similar to known resistant gene orthologs. Some of the overexpressed genes, however, belonged to the hormone signalling pathways and secondary metabolites, both of which are linked to plant resistance. These genes should be further characterised before confirming their role in resistance to CBSD.",Included,
"Siritunga, D., Sayre, R.",2007,Transgenic Approaches for Cyanogen Reduction in Cassava,Journal of AOAC International,90,5,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16542/,"For cassava to become a safe and acceptable crop, it is necessary to reduce the cyanogen levels in cassava foods. While this objective can be achieved by processing procedures, recent findings have shown that it is also possible to achieve it by suppression of cyanogen synthesis or by accelerating cyanogen turnover and volatilization. In 2003, cyanogen-free cultivars were generated by selective inhibition CYP79D1/D2 gene expression. The CYP79D1/D2 enzymes catalyze the first-dedicated step in cyanogen synthesis. Tissue-specific inhibition of CYP79D1/D2 expression in leaves lead to a 99% reduction in root cyanogen levels, indicating that the cyanogenic glycoside, linamarin, is synthesized in leaves and transported to roots. An alternative strategy to the reduce cyanogen content is to enhance cyanogen detoxification and cyanide volatilization during processing. This strategy has the advantage that cyanogen levels in unprocessed roots are not altered, potentially providing protection against herbivory and/or theft. To produce cultivars that promote rapid cyanide volatilization, hydroxynitrile lyase (HNL), which catalyzes the last step in cyanogenesis, was overexpressed in roots. Elevated HNL activity resulted in a 3-fold increase in the rate of cyanogen turnover. Importantly, the cyanogen content of the transformed and wild-type plants was identical, a potential benefit for farmers.",Included,
"Vanderschuren, Herv, Akbergenov, Rashid, Pooggin, Mikhail M., Hohn, Thomas, Gruissem, Wilhelm, Zhang, Peng",2007,Transgenic cassava resistance to African cassava mosaic virus is enhanced by viral DNA-A bidirectional promoter-derived siRNAs,Plant Molecular Biology,64,,10.1007/s11103-007-9175-6,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18314/,"Expression of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) homologous to virus sequences can effectively interfere with RNA virus infection in plant cells by triggering RNA silencing. Here we applied this approach against a DNA virus, African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), in its natural host cassava. Transgenic cassava plants were developed to express small interfering RNAs (siRNA) from a CaMV 35S promoter-controlled, intron-containing dsRNA cognate to the common region-containing bidirectional promoter of ACMV DNA-A. In two of three independent transgenic lines, accelerated plant recovery from ACMV-NOg infection was observed, which correlates with the presence of transgene-derived siRNAs 21-24 nt in length. Overall, cassava mosaic disease symptoms were dramatically attenuated in these two lines and less viral DNA accumulation was detected in their leaves than in those of wild-type plants. In a transient replication assay using leaf disks from the two transgenic lines, strongly reduced accumulation of viral single-stranded DNA was observed. Our study suggests that a natural RNA silencing mechanism targeting DNA viruses through production of virus-derived siRNAs is turned on earlier and more efficiently in transgenic plants expressing dsRNA cognate to the viral promoter and common region.",Included,
"Lopez, Danilo, Beltran Giraldo, Jorge Alonso, Ceballos, Hernn, Duque E., Myriam Cristina, Zhang, Peng, Gruissem, Wilhelm, Duque, Luis, Chavarriaga Aguirre, Paul, Tohme M., Joseph",2009,"Transgenic plants carrying an isopentenyl transferase (ipt) gene of agrobacterium under the control of a senesscence-induced promoter from Arabidopsis, increased follage under field conditions",,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10176/,,Included,
"Sarria, R., Torres, E., Angel, F., Chavarriaga, P., Roca, W. M.",2000,Transgenic plants of cassava (Manihot esculenta) with resistance to Basta obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation,Plant Cell Reports,19,4,10.1007/s002990050737,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15944/,"Transgenic plants of cassava (Manihot esculenta) resistant to the herbicide Basta were obtained through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The plants also expressed the uidA gene and two were positive for PCR- and/or Southern-based detection of the nptII gene. Somatic-embryo-derived cotyledons were used as source of explants. A non-disarmed Agrobacterium strain (CIAT 1182) was used to transfer the genes of interest into cassava cultivar MPer183. Greenhouse tests of resistance to Basta (Hoechst) showed three plant lines with different levels of tolerance to the herbicide. Based on Southern tests of transgenesis, the transformation efficiency was 1%. The results constitute the first report of the bar gene conferring herbicide resistance to cassava plants.",Included,
"Ogwok, E., Odipio, J., Halsey, M., Gaitan-Solis, E., Bua, A., Taylor, N. J., Fauquet, C. M., Alicai, T.",2012,Transgenic RNA interference (RNAi)-derived field resistance to cassava brown streak disease,Molecular Plant Pathology,13,9,10.1111/j.1364-3703.2012.00812.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12762/,"Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD), caused by the Ipomoviruses Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) and Ugandan Cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV), is considered to be an imminent threat to food security in tropical Africa. Cassava plants were transgenically modified to generate small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) from truncated full‐length (894‐bp) and N‐terminal (402‐bp) portions of the UCBSV coat protein (ΔCP) sequence. Seven siRNA‐producing lines from each gene construct were tested under confined field trials at Namulonge, Uganda. All nontransgenic control plants (n = 60) developed CBSD symptoms on aerial tissues by 6 months after planting, whereas plants transgenic for the full‐length ΔCP sequence showed a 3‐month delay in disease development, with 98% of clonal replicates within line 718‐001 remaining symptom free over the 11‐month trial. Reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) diagnostics indicated the presence of UCBSV within the leaves of 57% of the nontransgenic controls, but in only two of 413 plants tested (0.5%) across the 14 transgenic lines. All transgenic plants showing CBSD were PCR positive for the presence of CBSV, except for line 781‐001, in which 93% of plants were confirmed to be free of both pathogens. At harvest, 90% of storage roots from nontransgenic plants were severely affected by CBSD‐induced necrosis. However, transgenic lines 718‐005 and 718‐001 showed significant suppression of disease, with 95% of roots from the latter line remaining free from necrosis and RT‐PCR negative for the presence of both viral pathogens. Cross‐protection against CBSV by siRNAs generated from the full‐length UCBSV ΔCP confirms a previous report in tobacco. The information presented provides proof of principle for the control of CBSD by RNA interference‐mediated technology, and progress towards the potential control of this damaging disease.",Included,
"Seif, A.A.",1981,Transmission of cassava mosaic virus by Bemisia tabaci,Plant Disease,65,,10.1094/PD-65-606,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5/,"Four cassava cultivars from different sources were evaluated in the screenhouse for resistance to cassava mosaic virus. Test plants were exposed to 1-15 viruliferous whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci). The virus was transmitted by single whiteflies, but percent transmission increased with the number of insects per plant. The cultivars from South America were highly susceptible to the disease. A technique for quick screening of cassava for mosaic resistance is suggested.",Included,
"Elango, F., Lozano, J. C.",1980,Transmission of Xanthomonas manihotis in seed of cassava (Manihot esculenta),Plant Disease,64,8,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5115/,"Transmission of Xanthomonas manihotis in botanical seeds of cassava was studied by direct immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The pathogen was detected in seed embryos and in pollen but not in other tissues of cassava seeds. Healthy and infected seeds showed no signs of damage due to X. manihotis, but approximately 104 cells/ml were detected in infected embryos. Seed transmission varied from 0 to 40%.",Included,
"Silva, Jos
e Aldo Teixeira da, Medeiros, Erika Valente de, Silva, Jessica Morais da, Tenorio, Dyana de A., Moreira, Keila Aparecida, Silva, Talita Camila Evaristo da Nascimento, Souza-Motta, Cristina",2016,Trichoderma aureoviride URM 5158 and Trichoderma hamatum URM 6656 are Biocontrol Agents that act against Cassava Root rot through different Mechanisms,Journal of Phytopathology,164,11-Dec,10.1111/jph.12521,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17463/,"Trichoderma has been used to manage a large number of pathogens, but there is a gap in the mechanisms used by these biocontrol agents regarding the physiological response of cassava plants (Manihot esculenta) when it is subjected to cassava root rot. The aims of this study were to investigate the antagonist activity of ten Trichoderma isolates against Fusarium solani on potato dextrose Agar (PDA), to quantify the chitinase production, to select and test in vivo the best isolate from each experiment and to assess the physiological response of cassava to the production of oxidative enzyme complex production (ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase). All Trichoderma isolates have shown competitive capability against F. solani, and Trichoderma hamatum URM 6656 showed the highest inhibition of pathogen growth (88.91%). All isolates have shown chitinase activity, but Trichoderma aureoviride URM 5158 produced the highest amount of chitinase. T. hamatum URM 6656 and T. aureoviride URM 5158 were selected to be applied in vivo. The two Trichoderma strains reduced 64 and 60%of the disease severity in the shoot and 82 and 84%in the root. Cassava plants infected with Trichoderma have shown the highest peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase production. Our results have indicated that T. aureoviride URM 5158 is an effective biocontrol agent against cassava root rot caused by F. solani, because it presented competitive antagonist capability in vitro, the highest chitinase production, and reduced the cassava root rot severity. The application of T. aureoviride has led to the maximum enzyme activity of reactive oxygen species group in cassava plants.",Included,
"Kawano, Kazuo",1996,Twenty years of cassava varietal improvement for yield and adaptation - process of CIAT collaboration with national programs,"A Benchmark Study on Cassava Production, Processing and Marketing in Vietnam: Proceedings of a Workshop held in Hanoi, Vietnam Oct 29-31, 1992",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8782/,"The CIAT Cassava Breeding Program was established with the major objective of providing improved breeding materials based on world-wide germplasm variability for national breeding programs in the world. During the first ten years of activity, a highly significant improvement in the yielding capacity of breeding populations through upgraded harvest index was attained, as well as simultaneous improvement in resistances to major diseases ans pest and tolerance to acid soils. While efforts to further improve the breeding materials to the specific needs of national programs continued at CIAT headquarters in Colombia, the Thai-CIAT breeding program, established in 1983 as a collaboration among the Department of Agriculture, Kasetsart University and CIAT, has further upgraded the yielding capacity of breeding populations through enhanced total biomass and dry matter content, without losing the adaptation of local germplasms to the semi-arid lowland tropical climate. The resulting materials proved to be highly promising in the semi-arid lowland tropics of Indonesia and Malaysia. Initial results suggest that these materials offer good selection opportunities also in the sub- tropics of South China and North Vietnam. Through the systematic transfers of elite clones and selected hybrid seeds, both from CIAT headquarters and from the Thai-CIAT program, thousands of advanced genotypes have been transfered to Asian national programs. From this collaborative work, sixteen CIAT-related cultivars have been released by the national programs in Asia up to 1992 and several of them are now planted in tens of thousands of hectares generating economic effects in the order of millions of dollars.",Included,
"O'Brien, Gerard M., Wheatley, Christopher C.",1996,"Two rapid assays for cyanogens in cassava: their evaluation, modification, and comparison",Cassava Flour and Starch: Progress in Research and Development,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12472/,"Two rapid, semiquantitative assays for total cyanogens in cassava were evaluated. These were the rapid picrate paper test, now well-known, and a recently proposed, rapid, paper test that involves the reagent tetra base (T.B.; 4,4'-methylenebis-(N,N-dimethylanilinel)). A precise colorimetric assay was used as control. After preliminary evaluation, both assay methods underwent modification to improve accuracy of scoring. As a result, the reliability of the picrate assay was greatly improved. The T.B. assay was modified in the interests of safety. Evaluation of the latter assay over a range of temperatures from 20 to 35 degrees C showed no significant effects of temperature on performance when the new scoring system was used. The level of endogenous linamarase activity in each sample was an influential factor in rapid assay performance. In a series of comparative trials in three distinct ecosystems, the newly modified picrate assay produced correct results in 68 percent of cases compared with 66 percent by the T.B. assay. The T.B. assay, however, performed more reliably with low cyanogen samples, whereas the picrate assay was more reliable with intermediate cyanogen samples. The sampling protocol used at CIAT for the rapid assay of cyanogen contents of cassava clones was also evaluated.",Included,
"Nugroho, J.H., Soenarjo, R., Kawano, K.",1992,"Umas Jaya Project: an example of successful cooperation between the private sector, a national institution, and an international organization",,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12338/,"A successful three-way cooperation in cassava varietal development was established in 1982, in which a development-oriented private corporation (P.T. Umas Jaya Farm, located in Lampung, Sumatra, Indonesia) offered an opportunity to expand field research to a resource-limited national cassava breeding program (CRIFC), while an international organization (CIAT) contributed the basic training of research personnel and additional germplasm. An improved industrial cultivar with distinctly higher yielding capacity and higher root starch content, Adira 4, was selected from the original CRIFC breeding stocks, evaluated multi-locationally, multiplied and released. Planting material of this cultivar was shipped in millions of stakes to large plantations in Sumatra and other islands, and was donated to many small farmers' cooperatives. The adoption rate of the new cultivar was exceptionally high for cassava and the additional economic benefits rendered by Adira 4 estimated to be more than five million US dollaras as of 1990. The contribution of UJF was significant in every step of the proceeding, without which the dissemination of Adira 4 would have taken much longer. The varietal improvement project continues with the breeding materials of more recent introduction from the CIAT-Colombia and Thai/CIAT breeding programs and many promising clones are coming out of the pipeline.",Included,
"Nassar, N.M.A., Alves, J., Souza, E. de",2004,UnB 033: An Interesting Interspecific Cassava Hybrid,Revista Ceres,51,296,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11886/,"Evaluating progeny of an interspecific hybrid of cassava with M. dichotoma showed that it has an erect stature combined with rapid stem growth makes it a candidate for intercropping with other crops. Analysis of its leaf content showed twice the amount of carotin, five times of minerals, and higher protein content of 26.4%.",Included,
"Nitis, I.M., Suarna, M.",1977,Undersowing cassava with stylo grown under coconut,"Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, Held at CIAT, Cali, Columbia, 1-7 August 1976",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12207/,"Three field experiments on undersowing cassava with stylo were carried out in Bali. Stylo drilled under the cassava at diagonal crossing produced tuber dry matter (D.M.) similar to that of cassava sown without stylo. Other methods of sowing stylo (broadcast,  windrow, crisscross, and drill midway between the 2 cassava) significantly (p = 0.05) decreased the tuber D.M. yield by 32-51%. Windrow sowing the stylo under the cassava by replacing cassava with stylo so that the spacing increased from 40 x 40 cm (without stylo) to 40 x 80 cm (with stylo) and from 60 x 60 cm (without stylo) to 60 x 120 cm (with stylo) increased tuber production by 20 and 22%, respectively. At the wider cassava spacing the replacement significantly decreased tuber D.M. yield by 28%. In the other experiment, windrow sowing stylo under the cassava decreased tuber D.M. yield by 14% (p 0.05). PK or PKT fertilizers could alleviate such yield depression. The cassava + stylo combination produced about 69% more shoot D.M. than that of the cassava sown without stylo. The importance of undersowing cassava with stylo in mixed farming systems is discussed.",Included,
"Ezui, K. S., Franke, A. C., Ahiabor, B. D. K., Tetteh, F. M., Sogbedji, J., Janssen, B. H., Mando, A., Giller, K. E.",2017,Understanding cassava yield response to soil and fertilizer nutrient supply in West Africa,Plant and soil,420,01-Feb,10.1007/s11104-017-3387-6,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5380/,"Background and aims
Enhanced understanding of plant and nutrient interactions is key to improving yields. We adapted the model for QUantitative Evaluation of the Fertility of Tropical Soils (QUEFTS) to assess cassava yield response to soil and fertilizer nutrients in West Africa.

Methods
Data from on-station and farmer’s field experiments across Togo and Ghana were used.

Results
Soil nutrient supply ranged from 86 to 177, 18–24 and 70–104 kg ha−1 of N, P and K, respectively, and induced variable cassava responses to fertilizer application. Considering harvest (HI) in deriving the physiological nutrient use efficiencies for maximum dilution (PhEmax) and for maximum accumulation (PhEmin), which are key QUEFTS parameters, improved model predictions with reduction in normalized root mean square error from 32 to 13% at Davié (Southern Togo) and from 18 to 13% at Kumasi (Southern Ghana). Model overestimated yields in Nyankpala (Northern Ghana) where drought stress reduced yields. Estimated PhEmin and PhEmax at HI of 0.50 were 41 and 96 kg kg−1 N, 232 and 589 kg kg−1 P, and 34 and 160 kg kg−1 K.

Conclusions
QUEFTS can be used for site-specific estimates of cassava yield responses to fertilizers under rain-fed conditions in West Africa, provided that yield is primarily constrained by N, P and K supplies, and not by drought or other nutrients.",Included,
"Sopheap, U., Patanothai, A., Aye, T. M.",2012,Unveiling constraints to cassava production in Cambodia: An analysis from farmers' yield variations,International Journal of Plant Production,6,4,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16701/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is currently the most important upland crop of Cambodia, but information on yield variations and causal factors which is important for efficiently targeting efforts to increase production is still lacking. The objectives of this study were to determine the yield variations and causal factors for cassava production in Kampong Cham province in Cambodia. Forty five households in four production zones were selected for the study. A farm survey employing semi-structured interviews, combined with field visits, were used for the collection of information on farmers' practices in cassava cultivation, while crop cutting was done to provide estimates of cassava yields. The data were analyzed for yield variations, yield gaps and causal factors. The results showed large variations in yield among farmers' fields, ranging from 12.7 to 37.2 t ha -1. The fields were divided into five yield categories, with the mean yields of the lower four categories ranging from 76.0 to 34.2% of the maximum yields, with corresponding yield gaps ranging from 8.9 to 24.4 t ha -1. The main yield constraints identified were soil nutrient deficits, short crop duration and weed competition. The highest yielding fields had no production constraints, but the number and/or the level of constraints increased in fields with lower crop yields. However, for different fields with similar yield levels, the main production constraints sometimes differed. The results clearly indicated that there are opportunities for yield improvement and narrowing of yield gaps through the adoption of field specific improved technologies and management practices.",Included,
"Lozano, J.C., Laberry, R., Bermudez, A.",1988,Use of a microwave treatment to eradicate seed-borne pathogens found in cassava botanical seed,"VIIth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, Gosier (Guadeloupe), 1-6 July 1985",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10168/,"A high percentage of cassava seeds, collected from five different edapho-climatic zones, were found infected by several fungal and bacterial pathogens. The incidence and severity of seed infections were not correlated with the climatic conditions at harvest. These pathogens were eradicated from seeds by a microwave oven treatment (1400 W heating power, 2450 MHz) for 120 sec. The effectiveness of this treatment depends on reaching an optimum temperature of 77 C. Several factors, such as container capacity, water volume and seed number can affect the time required to reach 77 C. An arasan dust treatment after microwave exposure, reduces the rate of seed re-infection.",Included,
"Thumanu, Kanjana, Sompong, Mathukorn, Phansak, Piyaporn, Nontapot, Kanokwan, Buensanteai, Natthiya",2015,Use of infrared microspectroscopy to determine leaf biochemical composition of cassava in response to Bacillus subtilis CaSUT007,Journal of Plant Interactions,10,,10.1080/17429145.2015.1059957,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17684/,"The objective of this study was to investigate the growth stimulating properties of Bacillus subtilis CaSUT007 applied to cassava plants using fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy to monitor the production of cellular components involved in plant growth and development. Cassava stakes treated with CaSUT007 or sterile distilled water were germinated in soil. After incubation for 2 months, CaSUT007 treated plants had higher growth rate and greater biomass than the control. FTIR analysis revealed that the leaves of cassava plants treated with CaSUT007 display FTIR spectra changes in the epidermis and mesophyll tissue. These changes associated with proteins, lipids, and pectins, which are related to changes in plant cell growth and development. FTIR microspectroscopy can be used as a new tool to examine the biochemical changes within the plant tissue. This technique allows us to reveal structural chemical makeup and features of different tissue types.",Included,
"Langewald, J., Thomas, M.B., Douro-Kpindou, O.K., Lomer, C.J.",1997,"Use of Metarhizium flavoviride for control of Zonocerus variegatus: A model, linking dispersal and secondary infection from the spray residue with mortality in caged field samples",Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,82,1,10.1046/j.1570-7458.1997.00107.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9492/,"A field trial was conducted using an oil formulation of the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium flavoviride Gams & Rozyspal (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes), to control the variegated grasshopper, Zonocerus variegatus L. (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae). The influence of dispersal and secondary pick‐up from the spray residue on mortality was assessed by sampling insects from the treated plots at intervals and monitoring disease levels during subsequent incubation in the laboratory. The cumulative mortality curves showed the pathogen to be highly effective, even in samples taken 8 days after spraying. A model was developed to link the influence of mortality, incubation, secondary pick‐up of spores and insect dispersal, on the shape of these cumulative mortality curves. The model proved useful for data received from an experiment using small plot sizes, where insect dispersal is a big problem. The spray residue had an important influence on overall insect mortality. The model also indicated a difference in speed of kill between field and laboratory samples, suggesting an incubation delay in the field.",Included,
"Shittu, T. A., Sanni, L. O., Awonorin, S. O., Maziya-Dixon, B., Dixon, A.",2007,Use of multivariate techniques in studying the flour making properties of some CMD resistant cassava clones,Food Chemistry,101,4,10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.04.017,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16304/,"High quality cassava flour (HQCF) is one of the primary products of raw cassava root that has continued to find wider food application in Nigeria. In this study, some 43 newly developed cassava mosaic disease (CMD) resistant clones of cassava were screened based on some physical (flour yield, bulk density, and tri-stimulus colour characteristics (L*, a*, b*, Chroma and Hue)), chemical (moisture, protein, ash, starch, amylose, sugar contents, TTA, pH, and cyanogenic potential), functional (water and oil absorption capacities, water solubility, swelling power, least gelation capacity, diastatic activity, percent damaged starch, and alkaline water retention), and pasting properties. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that all properties measured varied significantly (P < 0.001). The flours had a wider range of starch content (65-88%), amylose content (13-23%), water absorption capacity (136-224%), diastatic activity (128354 mg maltose), peak viscosity (77-328 RVU), final viscosity (56-217 RVU), and trough (32-152). Due to the peculiarity of the experimental data generated, two protocols of applying multivariate statistical techniques were evaluated for discriminating the cassava clones. By first applying principal component analysis (PCA), followed by cluster analysis (CA) and finally, discriminant function analysis (DFA) of the experimental data, it was possible to achieve about 87% correct classification of the cassava clones. The final viscosity and diastatic activity of the flours were found to be the most important variables for classifying the cassava clones.",Included,
"Lebot, V, Malapa, R, Jung, M",2013,"Use of NIRS for the rapid prediction of total N, minerals, sugars and starch in tropical root and tuber crops",New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science,41,3,10.1080/01140671.2013.798335,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9615/,"The objective of the present study was to test the robustness of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for the prediction of total N content in underground storage organs across a diverse range of root and tuber crop varieties. Overall, 1096 accessions (acc.) from five different species (cassava = 112 acc., cocoyam =117 acc., sweet potato = 225 acc., taro = 306 acc. and yams = 266 acc.) were chemically analysed for total N and minerals, as well as starch, sugars and cellulose. For validation of the models, 178 samples composed of the same five different species were collected in farmers fields, at random. All spectra were taken over the wavelength range of 3502500 nm. Partial least-squares (PLS1) regression technique was used to develop predictive models. Their comparison with the chemical values allowed the establishment of equations of calibration. In terms of predictive performance, the equation for total N should be considered as very good with a rd of 0.93 (SEP = 0.87). Minerals presented low rd of 0.62 (SEP = 1.05). Starch and sugars presented rd of 0.77 and 0.86, respectively (SEP = 3.2 and 1.82). Cellulose could not be satisfactorily predicted with a low rc (0.57) for the calibration. The rd values of total N, starch and sugars are high enough to allow good estimates of their contents, confirming the interest of NIRS for predicting rapidly these major compounds. Potential applications are discussed.",Included,
"Lojka, B., Preininger, D., Van Damme, P., Rollo, A., Banout, J.",2012,Use of the Amazonian tree species Inga edulis for soil regeneration and weed control,Journal of Tropical Forest Science,24,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10048/,"Land for agriculture in the tropics is often cleared through slash and burn, which is a shifting cultivation system. However, shortening of fallow periods led to soil degradation, decreased yields and increased weed pressure. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of short-term tree fallow of Inga edulis on weeds and soil fertility. We compared four treatments, namely, (1) natural fallow, (2) planted fallow with I. edulis, (3) planted fallow with I. edulis + herbaceous cover crop kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides) and (4) continuous cropping of cassava (Manihot esculenta). Tree and weed biomass amount and composition were determined at 3, 6, 9, 13, 17, 20, 24, 28 and 33 months after establishment, while soil samples at 17 and 25 months. The growth rate of I. edulis was slow when compared with other studies. However, improved fallows were able to significantly decrease aboveground weed biomass. Total biomass of improved fallows increased more rapidly than that of natural fallow and cassava cropping. There were no significant soil fertility differences between treatments and all fallows increased the organic matter in topsoil over time. Available P declined in all treatments but stocks of aboveground N, P and K increased more rapidly under improved fallows. Planted fallows using trees such as I. edulis have the potential to reduce growth of weed species and improve some soil fertility parameters but, on highly degraded soil, a longer time and possibly P fertilisation may be needed to achieve these increases.",Included,
"Coelho, M. J. A., Aguiar, A. C. F., Sena, V. G. L., de Moura, E. G.",2017,Utilization and fate of phosphorus of different sources applied to cohesive soil of Amazonian periphery,Scientia Agricola,74,3,10.1590/1678-992X-2016-0013,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3846/,"In the Amazonian region, P is often a primary factor limiting sustainable agrosystems. We compared the efficiencies of local aluminous phosphate (ALP) and single superphosphate (SSP) under a cover of leguminous residues to determine the fate of P sources in an Amazonian soil with hardsetting characteristics. The experiment followed a randomized block design with four replications and the following treatments ALPU, i.e. ALP plus urea (U); ALPL, i.e., ALP plus leucaena (L); SSPU, i.e., SSP plus urea; SSPL, i.e., SSP plus leucaena; and BS, i.e., bare soil (without residues). To assess the residual values of the P sources, we used a sequence of crops consisting of maize, cowpea and cassava. Both ALP and SSP exhibited low P efficiency in BS. The greatest amounts of P and N uptake in the plots where P sources and leucaena residues were added, as in those covered with leucaena residue, resulted in higher productivity levels. These differences are important for the adoption of beneficial soil management practices and the use of P sources to enhance efficiency in tropical soils. The use of residues increased the P use efficiency of both P sources, as it enhanced the uptake of both N and soluble P. The replacement of SSP with ALP may be advantageous in the second year of planting with high-demand crops, but the P of the SSP retained in the minus soluble fractions may be available if the SSP is used in P-depleting crops combined with no-tillage underneath a mulch of residues.",Included,
"Moorthy, S.N., Jos, J.S., Nair, R.B., Sreekumari, M.T.",1990,Variability of β-carotene content in cassava germplasm,Food Chemistry,36,3,10.1016/0308-8146(90)90058-C,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11338/,"β-Carotene content of 21 clones of cassava from exotic and indigenous collections found to be possessing yellow colour in the flesh, was determined. The values varied from 0·04 to 0·79 mg per 100 g edible portion, the highest being recorded for CE-314, an exotic collection. Eight clones had values over 0·25 mg while the rest had values less than 0·25 mg. Thus, considerable variation in β-carotene content has been found in cassava germplasm.",Included,
"Nassar, N.M.A., Hair, S.K.",1985,Variation among cassava clones in relation to seed germination,The Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding,45,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11858/,"Seeds from 51 cassava clones Were screened for germination at 15 and 30 days after planting (DAP). The germination for 44 entries that represented both common and diverse Brazilian clones was low, ranging from 0 to 30% by 15 DAP and from 10 to 56% by 30 DAP. The germination for clones selected as early and good in germination ranged from 35 to 48% by 15 DAP and 60 to 80% by 30 DAP. The lack of variability among seeds of a given clone adds to the blief that there is considerable homozygosity within clones. Selected clones demonstrating early seed germination are being grown at the Universidade de Brasilia.",Included,
"Venturini, M. T., Santos, L. R., Vildoso, C. I. A., Santos, V. S., Oliveira, E. J.",2016,Variation in cassava germplasm for tolerance to post-harvest physiological deterioration,Genetics and Molecular Research,15,2,10.4238/gmr.15027818,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18403/,"Tolerant varieties can effectively control post-harvest physiological deterioration (PPD) of cassava, although knowledge on the genetic variability and inheritance of this trait is needed. The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters and identify sources of tolerance to PPD and their stability in cassava accessions. Roots from 418 cassava accessions, grown in four independent experiments, were evaluated for PPD tolerance 0, 2, 5, and 10 days post-harvest. Data were transformed into area under the PPD-progress curve (AUP-PPD) to quantify tolerance. Genetic parameters, stability (Si), adaptability (Ai), and the joint analysis of stability and adaptability (Zi) were obtained via residual maximum likelihood (REML) and best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) methods. Variance in the genotype (G) environment (E) interaction and genotypic variance were important for PPD tolerance. Individual broad-sense heritability (h2 g= 0.38 0.04) and average heritability in accessions (h2 mg= 0.52) showed high genetic control of PPD tolerance. Genotypic correlation of AUP-PPD in different experiments was of medium magnitude ( rgA = 0.42), indicating significant G E interaction. The predicted genotypic values o f G E free of interaction ( + i) showed high variation. Of the 30 accessions with high Zi, 19 were common to + i, Si, and Ai parameters. The genetic gain with selection of these 19 cassava accessions was -55.94, -466.86, -397.72, and -444.03% for + i, Si, Ai, and Zi, respectively, compared with the overall mean for each parameter. These results demonstrate the variability and potential of cassava germplasm to introduce PPD tolerance in commercial varieties.",Included,
"Ceballos, H., Sánchez, T., Chávez, A. L., Iglesias, C., Debouck, D., Mafla, G., Tohme, J.",2006,Variation in crude protein content in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) roots,Journal of Food Composition and Analysis,19,06-Jul,10.1016/j.jfca.2005.11.001,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3170/,"Cassava roots are perceived as having relatively low protein content compared with other sources of energy (such as maize and wheat). This perception is in part due to a deficient screening in protein content levels in different cassava germplasm. For the current article, information on protein content of several cassava clones, gathered for a period of about 10 years, has been consolidated. Roots from a total of 149 accessions from the germplasm collection at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) were analyzed for total crude protein content. For 140 clones the evaluations were based on two different root samples and independent quantifications. Results from eight clones were based on three samples, and only for one clone had four different estimations been made. Large differences in protein content (ranging from 0.95% to 6.42%) were observed in the sample analyzed. Results suggest that a considerable proportion of these differences are genetic in nature and therefore that there are excellent possibilities for exploiting these differences and further increasing them by traditional breeding methods.",Included,
"Yeoh, H. H., Paul, K.",1989,Variation in Leaf Protein Contents and Amino-Acid Compositions of Cassava Cultivars,Biochemical Systematics and Ecology,17,3,10.1016/0305-1978(89)90080-X,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19717/,Variations were observed in the leaf protein contents and amino acid composition of 13 cassava cultivars. Val and lle were identified as the limiting essential amino acids in all cultivars. Ward's minimum variance analyses yielded three basic patterns in the leaf protein amino-acid profiles.,Included,
"Kawuki, R. S., Ferguson, M., Labuschagne, M. T., Herselman, L., Orone, J., Ralimanana, I., Bidiaka, M., Lukombo, S., Kanyange, M. C., Gashaka, G., Mkamilo, G., Gethi, J., Obiero, H.",2011,Variation in qualitative and quantitative traits of cassava germplasm from selected national breeding programmes in sub-Saharan Africa,Field Crops Research,122,2,10.1016/j.fcr.2011.03.006,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8795/,"An improved understanding of phenotypic variation within cassava germplasm in southern, eastern and central Africa will help to formulate knowledge-based breeding strategies. Thus, the overall objective of this study was to examine the phenotypic variation in cassava germplasm available within six breeding programmes in Africa, namely Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Democratic Republic of Congo and Madagascar. In each country, single-row plots were used for assessment of 29 qualitative traits and evaluation of four quantitative traits root dry matter content (DMC), harvest index (HI), leaf retention (LR) and root cortex thickness. Qualitative traits provided limited discrimination of cassava germplasm. However, differences in DMC, HI, LR and root cortex thickness were observed among the germplasm indicating scope for genetic improvement. Highest average DMC was registered in Uganda (39.3%) and lowest in Tanzania (30.1%), with the elite genotypes having a relatively higher DMC than local genotypes. Highest average HI was observed in Uganda (0.60) and lowest in Kenya (0.32). Cassava genotypes displayed varied root peel thickness (0.34-4.89mm). This study highlights variation in agronomic traits that could be exploited to increase cassava productivity.",Included,
"Sanchez, Teresa, Ceballos, Hernan, Debouck, Daniel G., Mafla B., Graciela, Calle, Fernando, Perez Velasquez, Juan Carlos, Dufour, Dominique L., Morante, Nelson, Tohme M., Joseph",2009,Variation in starch and root quality traits in cassava [poster] [on line],,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16592/,,Included,
"Maziya-Dixon, B., E.O. Alamu, A.G.O. Dixon",2015,Variation in the evaluation of cis- and trans-<beta>-carotene in yellow-fleshed cassava (Manihot esculenta Cranz) varieties as a function of the storage root portion and sampling method,LWT - Food Science and Technology,70,,10.1016/j.lwt.2016.03.002,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10873/,"Providing correct estimates of the carotenoid content of cassava varieties is very important in any cassava-breeding program for improving vitamin A intakes in sub-Saharan Africa especially among high-risk groups. The effect of different sampling methods-sampling with cork-borer(SPM1) and sampling without cork-borer (SPM2)-on cis- and trans-β-carotene in yellow-fleshed storage roots of cassava was investigated with 40 elite cassava varieties (comprises of 2 trials), grown in 2004/2005 growing season in replicated field trials (Randomized Complete Block Design) and harvested at 12 months after planting. The cis- and trans- isomers of β-carotene of the varieties of SPM1 and SPM2 was determined using HPLC. Result showed significant genotypic differences (P < 0.001) for both cis- and trans- β-carotene contents among the varieties. The mean cis- and trans- β-carotene contents were generally highest in the proximal portions and lowest in the distal portion of cassava storage roots. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the two sampling methods and there was also positive correlation between the cis- and trans- β -carotene contents for both trials 1 and 2. This study provides information on β-carotene distribution and the appropriateness of SPM2 as an alternative and easy sampling method for carotenoid contents in yellow-fleshed cassava varieties.",Included,
"Chavez, A. L., Sanchez, T., Jaramillo, G., Bedoya, J. M., Echeverry, J., Bolanos, E. A., Ceballos, H., Iglesias, C. A.",2005,Variation of quality traits in cassava roots evaluated in landraces and improved clones,Euphytica,143,01-Feb,10.1007/s10681-005-3057-2,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3440/,"About 70 million people obtain more than 500 cal per day from cassava roots. The crop is fundamental as food security of poor rural communities, but little is known about variability of root nutritional and quality traits. Roots from 2457 genotypes comprising landraces and improved clones, were screened for their nutritional (cyanogenic potential, carotene, minerals, and sugars contents) and agronomic (dry matter content, color intensity, and postharvest physiological deterioration) traits. The objective was to assess the range of variation for the traits evaluated to define future research strategies. Results are mostly based on unreplicated measurements. Carotene contents in the roots ranged from 0.102 to 1.040 mg/100 g fresh tissue and correlated positively with color intensity (ρ = 0.860) and cyanogenic potential (ρ = 0.305). Average levels of Fe and Zn were 17.1 and 7.5 mg/kg, respectively. Many clones derived from Meso-America showed high protein levels in the roots, probably as a result of the introgression from wild relatives only found in that region. The observed values for carotene, proteins and minerals contents suggest the potential for improving the nutritive value of cassava.",Included,
"Asadu, C.L.A., Obasi, S.C., Dixon, A.G.O.",2010,"Variations in Soil Physical Properties in a Cleared Forestland Continuously Cultivated for Seven Years in Eastern Nsukka, Nigeria",Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,41,2,10.1080/00103620903426931,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1386/,"In this study, soil physical properties were evaluated in the top 40 cm of cleared forestland that had been subjected to continuous cultivation for 7 years to ascertain selected crop or crop combinations that influenced the soil physical properties the most. There was no significant effect of crop treatment on particle-size distributions over 6 years of cultivation. In year 7, clay values were significantly (p = 0.05) greater in plots grown with solely cassava (SC) and solely maize (SM) than in the plots grown with solely pigeon pea (SP). The soil depth effects over the 7 years were significant on the clay content. The mean values of bulk density, pore-size distribution, and hydraulic conductivity obtained from each plot fluctuated over the years. The bulk density values in 1998 ranged from 1.29 to 1.43 g cm3, but from 1999 to 2004, the range was from 1.12 to 1.40 g cm3. Thus, bulk density generally decreased when compared with their respective values in 1998. The greatest decrease of 22% was in 2000. More than 70% of the macroporosity values were significantly less than their respective values in 1998. The greatest decease of 72% was obtained from SM plots in 2001. All the microporosity were significantly more than the 1998 values. All the increases were >100% of the original values. These increases were reflected in the variations of total and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) values. However, in 2004, Ks values decreased in the plots grown to C + P, SP, and SM. Generally, the C + M + P mixture appeared to be the most consistent in improving micro- and total porosities and Ks among the crop treatments.",Included,
"Burns, Anna Elizabeth, Gleadow, Roslyn Margaret, Zacarias, Anabela M., Cuambe, Constantino Estevo, Miller, Rebecca Elizabeth, Cavagnaro, Timothy Richard",2012,Variations in the Chemical Composition of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Leaves and Roots As Affected by Genotypic and Environmental Variation,Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,60,19,10.1021/jf2047288,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2762/,"The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of cassava cultivars, in terms of cyanogenic potential and composition of macro- and micronutrients, sampled from different locations in rural Mozambique. Total cyanide concentrations in fresh cassava tissues were measured using portable cyanide testing kits, and elemental nutrients were later analyzed from dried plant tissue. Variation in cyanogenic potential and nutrient composition occurred both among cultivars and across locations. The majority of cultivars contained >100 ppm total cyanide, fresh weight, and are therefore considered to be dangerously poisonous unless adequately processed before consumption. Leaf cyanogenic and nutrient content varied with plant water status, estimated using carbon isotope discrimination (sigma13C). The colonization of roots of all cultivars by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was also quantified and found to be high, indicating that mycorrhizas could play a key role in plant nutrient acquisition in these low-input farming systems.",Included,
"Park, C.H., Kim, K.H., Aswidinnoor, Hajrial, Rumawas, Fred",2005,Varietal Differences of Dry Matter Accumulation and Related Characters in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Korean Journal of Crop Science,50,1,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13794/,"This study was carried out to investigate the patterns of dry matter (DM) production and accumulation, and to screen the relationships between related major growth characters and DM accumulation in four cassava varieties in Bogor (619'-647'S, 10621'-10713'E), West Java, Indonesia. Gading and Adiral developed an enough source and canopy in short at the early growth phase and then translocated assimilates to storage roots with a higher partitioning rate, even these varieties were considered as early-bulking varieties, which have superior source and sink potentials in increasing yield and DM of tubers.",Included,
"Chiwona-Karltun, L., Afoakwa, E. O., Nyirenda, D., Mwansa, C. N., Kongor, E. J., Brimer, L.",2015,"Varietal diversity and processing effects on the biochemical composition, cyanogenic glucoside potential (HCNp) and appearance of cassava flours from South-Eastern African region",International Food Research Journal,22,3,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3646/,"Changes in biochemical quality and cyanogenic safety in flours from different cassava varieties grown within the South-eastern African region as influenced by processing technique were investigated. Two local (Mweulu and Tanganyika) and four improved Cassava Mosaic Disease (CMD)-tolerant cassava varieties (Chila A, Chila B, Bangweulu and Kampolombo) were processed using different processing techniques (chipping, grating and soaking). Flours obtained from these products were studied for changes in their starch content, total, reducing and non-reducing sugars, colour and cyanogenic potential (HCNp) using standard analytical methods. The results showed that the different processing techniques had only minimal but significant (p<0.05) effects on the starch and sugar content of the different cassava varieties. Flour made from chips from all six cassava varieties had relatively high cyanogenic potentials with values ranging between 30.1 mg HCN/kg in Chila A to 64.3 mg HCN/kg in Bangweulu. Grating and soaking of the roots, however resulted in drastic reductions in the levels of the cyanogenic glucosides in all the varieties. The high HCNp levels in the chips from Chila A and Bangweulu were reduced to 16.2 and 13.5 mg HCN/kg by the grating and soaking treatments respectively. Similar reductions in HCNp levels were noted for all the other varieties. Likewise, grating and soaking also caused significant (p<0.05) increase in the L*-values of the cassava flours compared to the cassava chip flours. Soaked Kampolombo had the highest L*-value of 78.40 suggesting that the soaked Kampolombo cassava sample was whiter than the rest of the samples. These findings have implications for the preference and adoption of cassava varieties where the colour of the flour is deemed to be important for the preparation of preferred dishes.",Included,
"Tan, Swee Lian",1998,Varietal improvement and agronomy research in Malaysia,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Farmer Participatory Research in Asia: Proceedings of the Fifth Regional Workshop held in Danzhou, Hainan, China, Nov 3-8, 1996",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17324/,"Over the period 1994-1996, seven batches of seeds and two of meristem tissue cultures were evaluated and selected. As important as root yield is the trait starch content (or dry matter content) if a clone is to be accepted as a starch cultivar. At the time of reporting a number of clones have been identified as having yield levels similar to the high-yielding early cultivar MM 92, while showing dry matter contents equivalent to that of the commercial starch cultivar Black Twig. Two of these promising clones have also been evaluated positively for processing into oil fried crisps, a popular local snack. Agronomic research included various studies on nutrient inputs and the effects of flooding on cassava performance when the crop is planted on drained peat. With the early cultivar MM 92, fertilizer inputs may be halved and applied once every alternate cropping without affecting root yields. While the effect of Ca application was not clear-cut, there was some indication that Ca applied as a 9% foliar solution of Ca(NO3)2 or as 1,500 kg/ha of CaCO3 to the soil improved root dry matter content. Solid wastes from starch processing factories may be returned to the soil at the rate of 1.0-1.5 t/ha as a supplement to chemical fertilizer inputs. MM 92, in contrast to 12- month Black Twig (critical stage at 3 1/2 months), showed the greatest yield reduction when flooding occurred at 4-5 months after planting. Four days of continuous flooding resulted in yields declining as much as 45%.",Included,
"Rojanaridpiched, Chareinsuk, Phongvutipraphan, Somporn, Poolsanguan, Piyawuth, Klakhaeng, Kaival, Vichukit, Vichan, Sarobol, Ed",1998,"Varietal improvement and dissemination by Ksatsart University, the Thai Tapioca Development Institute and the Dept. of Agricultural Extension","Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Farmer Participatory Research in Asia: Proceedings of the Fifth Regional Workshop held in Danzhou, Hainan, China, Nov 3-8, 1996",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15304/,"For decades a cassava yield stagnation has been observed in Thailand. In addition, current prices of cassava roots and products are highly fluctuating, as they depend on the European Union market's price of cereals, the subsidy of which will be relaxed and will soon disappear. Since 1992 the Thai government has been implementing a policy of reducing the cultivated area, while maintaining the quality and total production of cassava, by the replacement of the traditional local variety, Rayong 1, by higher yielding new varieties. The objective of this paper is to describe the varietal improvement of cassava by Kasetsart University (KU), as well as the cooperative multiplication and dissemination of new, improved cultivars to farmers by KU, the Thai Tapioca Development Institute (TTDI) and the Department of Agricultural Extension (DOAE). Two popular cassava cultivars, Kasetsart 50 and Rayong 5, were officially released in 1992 and 1994, respectively. Subsequent breeding efforts at KU have concentrated on the cross between Rayong 5 and Kasetsart 50. The preliminary results shows that several F, clones from the cross had potential dry root yields 10-30% higher than those of the parents. These promising clones have harvest indices and root starch contents similar to those of the parents, but have a significantly higher total biological yield. Regarding varietal dissemination, in 1994 KU produced 750,000 long stems, and in 1995 1.5 million long stems of Kasetsart 50, for the DOAE to distribute to cassava fanners for further multiplication and distribution. Participating farmers received free cassava stems and 15-15-15 fertilizer at the rate of 625 kg/ha. In 1994, the multiplication area was 5,440 ha involving 2,458 farmers from 25 provinces. Additionally, in 1995, there were 3,899 participating farmers from 22 provinces, who multiplied cassava in 6,274 ha. In 1993, the TTDI was founded as a foundation, with an initial trust fund of US$24 million. Later, in 1995 TTDI cooperated with KU in distributing 1.79 million stems of Kasetsart 50 to 1,198 cassava farmers from 11 provinces, while 5.97 million stems of Kasetsart 50 and 484,000 stems of Rayong 5 were distributed in 1996 to 4,243 cassava farmers from 23 provinces. Subsequently, in 1995, farmers who planted Kasetsart 50 indicated very satisfactorily performance of this new variety. An average yield of 26.47 t/ha was obtained by 26 surveyed fanners who planted Kasetsart 50, as compared with the national average yield of 14.6 t/ha.",Included,
"Oku, Effiom, Aiyelari, Ambrose, Fagbola, Olajire, Essoka, Ayuk",2012,Vetiver seedlings multiplication in rice husk amended soil and crops performance on erosion-prone hillside under vetiver buffer strips,Kasetsart Journal (Natural Science),46,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12939/,"Vetiver buffer strips hold back soil on cultivated hillsides. A major constraint in their adoption is the low availability of seedlings for the establishment of buffer strips. Two experiments were conducted. In the first, vetiver grass strip spacing (VGSS) at 5, 15, 25 m and farmers’ practice (FP) (no soil conservation measures used) were established as treatments on erosion plots sited on a cultivated hillside with a view to identifying the VGSS that would best increase crop yields. In the second experiment, 0, 25, 33.33, 41.67 and 50 t.ha-1 of rice husk were applied as soil organic nutrient enhancer to identify the rice husk rate that would maximize vetiver seedling multiplication on degraded soil. A traditional crop mixture of maize and cassava was introduced on mounds. Maize grain yield was significantly influenced by VGSS and FP. Maize yields were 18.7, 8.7 and 11.6% higher on VGSS at 5, 15 and 25 m, respectively than on the FP plot. Maize dry matter accumulation between the VGSS and FP plots were significantly different. Fresh cassava tuber yields were significantly influenced by VGSS. Fresh cassava tuber yields were; 36.6, 12.2 and 13.2% higher on the VGSS at 5, 15, and 25 m, respectively, than on FP. The significant beneficial effect of VGSS in increasing crop yields on the cultivated hillside was evident. The farmer’s field soil used for the vetiver multiplication was degraded having a sand fraction of 886 g.kg-1 of soil and a clay fraction of 40 g.kg-1. The soil was naturally very low in calcium and effective cation exchange capacity, low in organic carbon, nitrogen, magnesium and sodium and medium in potassium. Plant nutrient analysis of the rice husk used in amending the soil showed that it was high in available phosphorus and potassium, and medium in organic carbon and nitrogen. Vetiver tillers increased with the application rate of rice husk. A rice husk rate at 33.33 t.ha-1 could be the optimum rate of application as there was no significant tiller increase beyond this rate.",Included,
"Henry, Guy, Tru, Le Cong, Gottret, Maria Veronica",1996,Vietnamese cassava constraints and opportunities: the bottom line,"A Benchmark Study on Cassava Production, Processing and Marketing in Vietnam: Proceedings of a Workshop held in Hanoi, Vietnam Oct 29-31, 1992",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7101/,,Included,
"Anderson, Benjamin, Eghan, Moses J, Asare-Bediako, Elvis, Buah-Bassuah, Paul K",2012,Violet diode laser-induced chlorophyll fluorescence: a tool for assessing mosaic disease severity in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars,Environmental Technology,33,3,10.1080/09593330.2011.575184,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1089/,"Violet diode laser-induced chlorophyll fluorescence was used in agronomical assessment (disease severity and average yield per plant). Because cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is of economic importance, improved cultivars with various levels of affinity for cassava mosaic disease were investigated. Fluorescence data correlated with cassava mosaic disease severity levels and with the average yield per plant.",Included,
"Pacumbaba, R.P.",1985,Virus-free shoots from cassava stem cuttings infected with cassava latent virus,Plant Disease,69,3,10.1094/PD-69-231,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13603/,"Cassava stem cuttings infected with cassava latent virus (CLV) gave rise to shoots that showed CLV symptoms at emergence, shoots that showed CLV symptoms 3–5 wk later, and shoots that remained symptomless after 6 wk of observation. CLV symptoms appeared 5–11 days earlier when symptomless shoots were detopped than when they were left intact. Symptomless shoots severed 2 wk after emergence from CLV-infected stem cuttings and subsequently detopped did not develop CLV symptoms. These plants, however, readily developed symptoms of CLV when colonized with CLV-laden Bemisia tabaci. Therefore, symptomless shoots were considered free of CLV and could be used as healthy planting stock.",Included,
"Okao-Okuja, G., Legg, J. P., Traore, L., Alexandra Jorge, M.",2004,Viruses associated with cassava mosaic disease in Senegal and Guinea Conakry,Journal of Phytopathology,152,2,10.1046/j.1439-0434.2003.00797.x,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12841/,"A survey in Senegal and Guinea Conakry established the presence and incidence of cassava mosaic virus disease (CMD) in both countries. CMD occurred in all the fields surveyed, although its incidence was higher in Senegal (83%) than in Guinea (64%). Populations of the whitefly vector, Bemisia tabaci, were low in both countries averaging 1.7 adults per shoot in Guinea and 3.2 in Senegal. Most infections were attributed to the use of infected cuttings, 86 and 83% in Senegal and Guinea, respectively, and there was no evidence of rapid current-season, whitefly-borne infection at any of the sampled locations. Disease severity was generally low in the two countries and averaged 2.5 in Guinea and 2.3 in Senegal. No plants with unusually severe CMD symptoms characteristic of the CMD pandemic in East and Central Africa were observed. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-based diagnostics revealed that African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) is exclusively associated with CMD in both the countries. Neither East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV), nor the recombinant Uganda variant (EACMV-UG2) was detected in any sample. These survey data indicate that CMD could be effectively controlled in both countries by phytosanitation, involving the use of CMD-free planting material and the removal of diseased plants.",Included,
"Ohene Afoakwa, Emmanuel, Simpson Budu, Agnes, Asiedu, Clement, Chiwona-Karltun, Linley, Banda Nyirenda, Drinah",2012,Viscoelastic Properties and Physico-Functional Characterization of Six High Yielding Cassava Mosaic Disease-Resistant Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) Genotypes,Nutrition & Food Sciences,2,2,10.4172/2155-9600.1000129,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12771/,"Investigations were conducted to characterize six high yielding cassava mosaic disease (CMD) resistant cassava varieties (Ampong, Broni bankye, Sika, Otuhia, Amakuma and Bankye fitaa) that have been developed by the Crop Research Institute of Ghana in collaboration with the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture for their differences and similarities in viscoelastic properties and physico-functional characteristics. The viscoelastic properties (pasting temperature, peak viscosity, final viscosity, breakdown viscosity and setback viscosity), and physico-functional characteristics (swelling power, solubility and water binding capacity) were determined using standard analytical methods. The results showed wide variations in viscoelastic properties with values ranging from 270.67-380.67 BU for peak viscosity, 37.17-260 BU for final viscosity, 199.83-282.33 BU for breakdown viscosity, 21.83-98.66 BU for setback viscosity and 2.48-10.51 min time to pasting temperature. Similarly, variations in swelling power, solubility and water binding capacity were noted with values ranging between 14.34-17.04%, 73.04-79.98% and 234.53- 276.63% respectively for all the different cassava genotypes. Statistical analysis showed significant differences (P < 0.05) amongst the studied cassava genotypes with Sika (improved variety) having exceptionally high viscoelastic characteristics. The differences noted in the viscoelastic properties and physico-functional characteristics of the six CMD resistant cassava genotypes could be used in their selection for specific food and industrial processing applications.",Included,
"Ilona, P., Bouis, H. E., Palenberg, M., Moursi, M., Oparinde, A.",2017,Vitamin A cassava in Nigeria: Crop development and delivery,"African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development",17,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7721/,"Biofortified vitamin A ""yellow"" cassava can help address the adverse health effects of vitamin A deficiency. By 2016, HarvestPlus and its partners had successfully developed and delivered vitamin A cassava varieties to more than one million farming households in Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). HarvestPlus has established the proof of concept that vitamin A cassava varieties can be developed without compromising yield levels and that these varieties are widely accepted. The delivery program has shown that farmers are willing to grow vitamin A cassava varieties and consumers are willing to buy and eat vitamin A cassava products. This paper summarizes the country, nutritional and consumer background, the crop development and release of biofortified vitamin A cassava varieties in Nigeria, progress in monitoring and evaluation of results, and synthesizes lessons learned and future challenges.",Included,
"Mangel, N., Fudge, J. B., Fitzpatrick, T. B., Gruissem, W., Vanderschuren, H.",2017,Vitamin B1 diversity and characterization of biosynthesis genes in cassava,Journal of Experimental Botany,68,13,10.1093/jxb/erx196,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10600/,"Vitamin B1, which consists of the vitamers thiamin and its phosphorylated derivatives, is an essential micronutrient for all living organisms because it is required as a metabolic cofactor in several enzymatic reactions. Genetic diversity of vitamin B1 biosynthesis and accumulation has not been investigated in major crop species other than rice and potato. We analyzed cassava germplasm for accumulation of B1 vitamers. Vitamin B1 content in leaves and roots of 41 cassava accessions showed signifcant variation between accessions. HPLC analyses of B1 vitamers revealed distinct profles in cassava leaves and storage roots, with nearly equal relative levels of thiamin pyrophosphate and thiamin monophosphate in leaves, but mostly thiamin pyrophosphate in storage roots. Unusually, the cassava genome has two genes encoding the 4-amino-2-methyl-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine phosphate synthase, THIC (MeTHIC1 and MeTHIC2), both of which carry a riboswitch in the 3'-UTR, as well as the adenylated thiazole synthase, THI1 (MeTHI1a and MeTHI1b). The THIC and THI1 genes are expressed at very low levels in storage roots compared with the accumulation of vitamin B1, indicating only limited biosynthesis de novo therein. In leaves, vitamin B1 content is negatively correlated with THIC and THI1 expression levels, suggesting post-transcriptional regulation of THIC by the riboswitch present in the 3'-UTR of the THIC mRNA and regulation of THI1 by promoter activity or alternative post-transcriptional mechanisms.",Included,
"Ezui, K. S., Franke, A. C., Leffelaar, P. A., Mando, A., van Heerwaarden, J., Sanabria, J., Sogbedji, J., Giller, K. E.",2017,Water and radiation use efficiencies explain the effect of potassium on the productivity of cassava,European Journal of Agronomy,83,,10.1016/j.eja.2016.11.005,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5379/,"We studied the effects of potassium (K) and its interactions with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and harvest time on the productivity, water use efficiency (WUE) and radiation use efficiency (RUE) of cassava under rain-fed conditions. A field experiment was conducted during two consecutive years on K-deficient soils in Djakakope and on relatively K-rich soils in Sevekpota in Southern Togo, West Africa. Fifteen fertiliser combinations involving K and N rates of 0, 50 and 100kgha1 each, and P rates of 0, 20 and 40kgha1 were tested. Monthly measurements of leaf area index from 3 to 11 months after planting and daily weather data were used to estimate light interception, RUE, potential water transpiration and WUE of cassava. Overall WUE was 3.22g dry matter kg1 water transpired and RUE was 1.16g dry matter MJ1 intercepted photosynthetic active radiation (PAR). On the K-deficient soils, application of K increased WUE and RUE by 3641% compared with 2.81g dry matter kg1 water transpired and 0.92g dry matter MJ1 intercepted PAR achieved without K, respectively. However, the effect of K on cassava growth depended on N availability. Applications of N had relatively weak effects on RUE and WUE, but induced a positive correlation between RUE/WUE and K mass fractions in the plant, and increased the cumulative amount of light intercepted by 1151%, and the cumulative amount of water transpired through increased leaf area by 1361%. No significant effect of P on WUE and RUE was observed. Increased cassava yields could be achieved under rain-fed conditions in West Africa through enhanced K management to increase RUE and WUE, along with sufficient N supply for improved light interception and water transpiration by the crop.",Included,
"Oroka, F. O.",2011,"Water hyacinth-based vermicompost on yield, yield components, and yield advantage of cassava+groundnut intercropping system",Journal of Tropical Agriculture,50,01-Feb,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13334/,"A field trial was conducted to assess the potential of water haycinth [Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) Solms-Laubach] + animal manure (cow dung/poultry manure) compost for improving the productivity of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) + groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) intercropping system. The treatments consisted of four nutrient sources (control, 200 kg NPKMg of 1212172 mixture ha-1, 40 Mg ha-1 of water hyacinth+poultry manure vermicompost, and 40 Mg ha-1 water hyacinth+cow dung vermicompost), three cropping densities (50 000, 100 000, and 200 000 plants ha-1), and three cropping patterns (sole cassava, sole groundnut, and cassava+groundnut intercropping) in factorial randomized complete block design with three replicates. Sole groundnut yield decreased significantly (p&lt;0.05) when intercropped with cassava. However, water hyacinth-based vermicompost increased cassava fresh tuber yield over mineral fertilizer. Average land equivalent ratio (LER) and area time equivalent ratio (ATER) indicated 39% to 81% land utilization efficiency. Aggressivity index showed that cassava is the dominant crop in the cassava-groundnut intercropping system.",Included,
"Yao, N.R., Goue, B.",1992,Water use efficiency of a cassava crop as affected by soil water balance,Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,61,03-Apr,10.1016/0168-1923(92)90049-A,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19672/,"Soil water balance of a cassava crop was investigated at the agronomy farm of HRSDA (formerly ORSTOM Center of Adiopodoumé) from 1984 to 1989 under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions. The cassava evapotranspiration was computed from soil water measurements. Leaf area development and plant dry matter production were also investigated. Plant water use efficiency (WUE) was then calculated.

The results show that leaf area index and dry matter production were affected by soil water status. The plant water use efficiency was about 1 g kg−1 of water under drought conditions but was as high as 8–10 g kg−1 of water under good soil water conditions with optimal leaf area index. When water was limiting, the evolution of WUE was closely related to the available soil water.",Included,
"Olanrewaju, O. O., Olufayo, A. A., Oguntunde, P. G., Ilemobade, A. A.",2009,Water use efficiency of Manihot Esculenta Crantz under drip irrigation system in South Western Nigeria,European Journal of Scientific Research,27,4,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12987/,"Field experiments was conducted at Teaching and Research Farm, Federal University of Technology, Akure between November 2006 and November 2007 to find out the water use efficiency under drip irrigation system and effect on the growth and yield of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). A popular hybrid of cassava TMS 30572 was tried as a test crop. The soil of the experimental site was moderately drained, loamy sand. The experiments were laid out in a 4 × 4 × 2 randomised complete block design (RCBD) consisting of 4 treatments, 4 replicates and 2 varieties using a spacing of (1m × 0.8m) for mechanical harvesting. The results indicated that the highest moisture content was recorded at depth of 40cm during the late stage of tuber development and the highest biomass yield was recorded under full irrigation treatment than in other treatments. The yield of cassava ranged from 21.87 to 14.13 t ha-1 in all the treatments except for the control that has 8.45 t ha-1 while the water use efficiency ranged from 19.18 to 23.63 kg ha-1mm. Irrigation through full treatment registered the highest mean tuber yield of 21.87 t ha-1 while the least tuber yield was associated with the control treatment. The height and stem diameter of cassava also responded higher under full treatment of available water. This study demonstrated that medium irrigation (60% AW) could be best option in terms of water efficiency.",Included,
"Odubanjo, O.O., Olufayo, A.A., Oguntunde, P.G.",2011,"Water use, growth, and yield of drip irrigated cassava in a humid tropical environment",Soil & Water Research,6,1,10.17221/45/2009-SWR,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12632/,"Field experiments were conducted at the Agricultural Engineering Experimental Farm of The Federal University of Technology, Akure, during 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 seasons to investigate the response of cassava under drip irrigation. The experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design with three replications. The treatments were based on four different water regimes as follows T100 receiving 100% available water (AW), T50 and T25 receiving 50% and 25% of AW, and T0 with zero irrigation (control treatment). Disease free stems of the cassava cultivar TMS 91934 were planted at a spacing of 1 m by 1 m. Our results presented for the both studied years, respectively, indicated that T100 produced the highest average total dry matter yields (49.12 and 37.62 t/ha). However, the average total dry matter production in T50, T25, and T0 showed significant differences in their values. Low total dry matter yields of 7.12 and 5.92 t/ha were associated with T0. The total water use of 1,491.75 and 1,701.13 mm was recorded for T100, while total water use of 729.00 and 651.13 mm was obtained for T0. The water use efficiency ranged between 7.38 kg/ha and 32.93 kg/ha. The percentages of total water applied from total water use for T100 were 51.11% and 61.72%, while 14.83% and 17.85% were recorded for T25.",Included,
"Akobundu, I. O.",1980,Weed control in cassava cultivation in the subhumid tropics,Tropical Pest Management,26,4,10.1080/09670878009414925,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/744/,"Field trials were carried out over a three year period in an alfisol in a subhumid tropical environment to evaluate the effectiveness of hand-weeding frequencies and several herbicides for weed control in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Uncontrolled weed growth caused 40% reduction in root yield of short, profusely branching cassava cultivar while a 68% reduction in root yield was observed in separate studies involving a tall non-branching cultivar. Two or three properly timed hoe weedings gave crop yields that were as good as keeping the plots weed free throughout the growing season. Although pre-emergence application of fluometuron at 2.0 to 3.0 kg a.i./ha or diuron at 2.0 kg a.i./ha used singly gave good weed control and crop yield, the efficacy of these herbicides was greatly improved by tank mixing each of them with alachlor or metolachlor at 3.0 and 2.0 kg a.i./ha respectively. Excellent crop yield was also observed where atrazine and metolachlor was applied pre-emergence at 2.5 kg a.i./ha. At current labour rates in Nigeria, it is cheaper to practise chemical weed control in cassava than to rely on hand-weeding even if the labour is readily available and the weeding can be carried out on time.",Included,
"Akobundu, I.O.",1981,Weed control in maize-cassava intercrop,"Tropical Root Crops: Research Strategies for the 1980s. Proceedings of the first triennial root crops symposium of the international society for tropical root crops Africa branch, 8-12 September 1980, Ibadan, Nigeria",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/745/,"Two improved cassava cultivars consisting of a profusely branching type (TMS 30395) and an upright, moderately branching type (TMS 30001) were grown at two population densities as components of mixtures involving two maize (TZB) populations. Maize yield was depressed by TMS 30395 at the higher cassava population density of 10 000 plants/ha but not at 5000 plants/ha. Cassava cultivar TMS 30001 did not affect maize yield at either of the two population densities. Two hand weedings or the use of a preemergence herbicide (Primextra) limited yield reductions caused by weeds in the maize-cassava intercrop. Root yield was generally higher for TMS 30001 than for TMS 30395. The highest root yield for each cultivar was obtained when 10 000 cassava plants/ha were intercropped with maize at 20 000 plants/ha. This combination gives the optimum plant population (30 000 plants/ha) for the mixture. The highest total food energy and the lowest weed weight were observed at this population. Cost of weeding was lowest where the herbicide, Primextra, was used. This treatment gave the highest return on investment at the optimum crop combination.",Included,
"Olorunmaiye, P.M.",2010,Weed control potential of five legume cover crops in maize/cassava intercrop in a Southern Guinea savanna ecosystem of Nigeria,Australian Journal of Crop Science,4,5,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13065/,"The use of leguminous cover plants to suppress weeds in plantation crops dates back to many decades, but the integration of the legumes into arable cropping systems has not been developed to a level acceptable to farmers. Five legume cover crops (Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb) Benths, Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw., Mucuna pruriens (L.) Dc var. utilis Wall ex Wight, Mucuna preta and Mucuna jaspeada] with a no legume cover as control were used as a sub-treatment in an integrated weed management in maize/cassava intercrop. The study was carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Ilorin in 2002 and 2004. Significantly lower weed densities were obtained under S. guianensis and M. pruriens var. utilis (7.83 and 8.08 weeds/m2, respectively) compared with densities in P. phaseoloides (9.87 weeds/m), M. jaspeada (9.37 weeds/m2) and M. preta (11.71 weeds/m2) plots at 12WAP. Mucuna preta produced the highest ground cover at 10WAP while M. pruiens (var utilis) had the highest ground cover at 16WAP in 2002. In 2004, M. jaspeada produced the highest ground cover at both 10 and 16WAP (59.6 and 91.0% respectively). Total weed density was significantly reduced under S. guianensis and M. pruriens var. utilis at 48WAP in 2004. There was no significant difference in the yield of maize in the various legume cover crops plots in both years while average yield of fresh cassava tuber was significant in M. preta plots.",Included,
"Unamma, R.P.A., Ene, L.S.O.",1984,Weed interference in cassava-maize intercrop in the rain forest of Nigeria,"Tropical Root Crops: Production and Uses in Africa. Proceedings of the second triennial symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops — Africa branch held in Doula, Cameroon, 14-19 August 1983",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18140/,"In 1981-82, we conducted studies of cassava and maize intercropped on sandy loam in the rain forest zone of Nigeria to determine when and how long the plants had to be kept weed free. The major weeds present in the control (8 weeks after planting) were mainly annual broadleaves, grasses and sedges. Uncontrolled weed growth caused a 2 year average loss of $5607/ha in yield value compared with the mixture kept weed free from planting to maturity. Average value of yield for 2 years ($9206/ha) from the cassava-maize intercrop was much higher than that for the sole crops, although yield in grain and roots was lower. The yield of the crop mixture was depressed by weed interference during the first 4-8 weeks; however weeds emerging after this period did not significantly impair the yield.",Included,
"Costa, N. V., Ritter, L., Peres, E. J. L., Silva, P. V., Vasconcelos, E. S.",2013,Weed Interference Periods in the 'Fecula Branca' Cassava,Planta Daninha,31,3,10.1590/S0100-83582013000300005,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3966/,"This study aimed to determine the periods of weed interference in the first cycle of 'Fecula Branca' cassava. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design, with four repetitions. The treatments consisted of eight periods of weed control (25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, and 175 days after planting - DAP) and eight periods of coexistence between the weed community and the crop (25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, and 175), besides control without weeds and control with weeds until harvest (322 DAP). The predominant weed species with higher relative importance were Avena sativa, Sorghum halepense, Conyza Canadensis, Euphorbia heterophylla, Raphanus raphanistrum, and Commelina benghalensis. It was concluded that, accepting losses of 1% for root and starch production, the period before interference (PBI) was 66 and 70 DAP; the total period of interference prevention (TPIP) was 88 and 91 DAP and the critical period of interference (CPI) was between 66-88 and 70-91 DAP, respectively. For losses of 5% for root and starch production, the PBI was 87 and 88 DAP, and the TPIP 80 and 81 DAP, respectively; in this case, there was no CPI. Considering the average prices of R$ 218.90 t(-1) and R$ 1,191.84 t(-1), paid in 2012 for root and starch production, respectively, and control cost of R$ 300.00 ha(-1), the root and starch production for the period prior to economic loss (WEEPPEL) could be estimated to be 20 and 24 DAP, respectively.",Included,
"Ekeleme, F., Chikoye, D., Akobundu, I.O.",2005,Weed seedbank response to planted fallow and tillage in southwest Nigeria,Agroforestry Systems,63,3,10.1007/s10457-005-5747-0,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5037/,"Planted fallows are an alternative to the unsustainable bush fallow for improved soil and weed management in the tropics. However, the interactive effects of planted fallows and tillage on the weed seedbank are not well documented in the tropical environment. The effect of fallow type and tillage on the weed seedbank in the soil was assessed in 1995 and 1996 at Ibadan, southwest Nigeria. The planted fallow species consisted of a herbaceous legume (Pueraria phaseoloides) and three woody legumes (Acacia auriculiformis, Leucaena leucocephala, and Senna siamea). Natural bush fallow and continuous cassava/maize plots were controls. Tillage treatments were minimum tillage and mounding. Continuous maize/cassava plots had the largest weed seedbank in both years. After six years of continuous fallow, the weed seedbank was 86% lower in A. auriculiformis, 79% in P. phaseoloides, 68% in S. siamea, 53% in L. leucocephala, and 35% in natural bush fallow plots than in continuously cultivated plots. Compared to minimum tillage, mounding reduced the seedbank by 47% in 1995 and 66% in 1996. Redundancy analysis showed that tillage contributed significantly to the variance in species composition. Euphorbia hyssopifolia, E. heterophylla, and Cynodon dactylon showed no preference in terms of tillage. Perennial and annual grasses (Digitaria horizontalis, Eleusine indica, Paspalum orbiculare, Cynodon dactylon) with Cyathula prostrata and Desmodium scorpiurus, an annual and perennial broadleaf, respectively, were most abundant in the seedbank of continuously cultivated plots. There were more annual broadleaf weeds in the seedbank of planted fallow plots than in the control plots. Species diversity of the seedbank was greatest in plots under minimum tillage. Mounding as a seedbed preparation method, especially within the improved fallow system, could reduce the high weed pressure experienced by smallholder farmers in southwest Nigeria.",Included,
"Quee, D. D., Kanneh, S. M., Yila, K. M., Nabay, O., Kamanda, P. J.",2016,WEED SPECIES DIVERSITY IN CASSAVA (Manihot esculenta Crantz) MONOCULTURE IN ASHANTI REGION OF GHANA,Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences,4,5,10.18006/2016.4(5).499.504,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14585/,"This study was aimed to assess weed species diversity and composition in cassava monoculture at Crop and Soil Sciences Department research field, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi. The experimental design was a randomised complete block design and replicated four times. The treatment factors were six weeding methods (Butachlor (4L/ha) + 2 hoe-weedings, Terbulor (4L/ha) + 2 hoe-weedings, three hoe weedings, three cutlass weedings, weed-free and weedy check) and two cassava varieties (Ampong and Dokuduade). Twenty-five weed species belonging to twelve different families were recorded and overall weed flora was composed of 80% broad-leaved weeds, 12% kinds of grass and 8% sedges. The results revealed that Cyperus rotundus, Spigelia anthelma and Panicum maximum were the three dominant and major weed species. Panicum maximum recorded the highest relative frequency while Spigelia anthelma and Cyperus rotundus showed higher values of relative density, relative abundance and important value index under both varieties.",Included,
"Recalde, K. M. G., Carneiro, L. F., Carneiro, D. N. M., Felisberto, G., Nascimento, J. S., Padovan, M. P.",2015,Weed suppression by green manure in an agroecological system,Revista Ceres,62,6,10.1590/0034-737X201562060006,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14988/,"Green manure promotes efficient suppression of weeds, but green manure species can exhibit distinct behaviors, depending on the environmental conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of soil mulching and weed suppression by spring/summer green manure species grown in the spring/summer season, at different growth stages and after management (cut), for 90 days during the cassava crop cycle. The study was carried out in the 2010/2011 season, in a system managed under agroecological principles. The treatments consisted of different green manure species and arrangements Crotalaria juncea, Cajanus cajan, Canavalia brasiliensis, Canavalia ensiformis, Pennisetum americanum, Crotalaria juncea and Pennisetum americanum intercropped; Mucuna aterrima, Sorghum bicolor, a mixture of all the green manures in study and a control plot under fallow. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. The evaluations of the soil cover either by the green manures or weeds were performed at 45, 90 and 105 days after the emergence of the green manures. The cassava crop was planted under reduced tillage system at 11 days after the cut of the green manures. The percentage of soil covered by weeds and the dry matter produced were evaluated at 30, 60 and 90 days after planting. The results showed that the green manures had a suppressive effect on weeds during their life cycle, as well as during the first months after its management (cut), composing the mulch.",Included,
"Ariyo, O.A., Dixon, A.G.O., Atiri, G.I.",2005,Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) infestation on cassava genotypes grown at different ecozones in Nigeria,Journal of Economic Entomology,98,2,10.1093/jee/98.2.611,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1321/,"Large-scale screening of cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz, genotypes for resistance to infestation by whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, the vector of cassava mosaic geminiviruses, is limited. A range of new cassava elite clones were therefore assessed for the whitefly infestation in the 1999/2000 and 2000/2001 cropping seasons in experimental fields of International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria. On each scoring day, between 0600 and 0800 hours when the whiteflies were relatively immobile, adult whitefly populations on the five topmost expanded leaves of cassava cultivars were counted. All through the 6-mo scoring period, there was a highly significant difference in whitefly infestation among the new cassava elite clones. Vector population buildup was observed in Ibadan (forest-savanna transition zone) and Onne (humid forest), 2 mo after planting (MAP). Mean infestation across cassava genotypes was significantly highest (16.6 whiteflies per plant) in Ibadan and lowest in Zaria (0.2). Generally, whitefly infestation was very low in all locations at 5 and 6 MAP. During this period, cassava genotypes 96/1439 and 91/02324 significantly supported higher infestations than other genotypes. Plants of 96/1089A and TMS 30572 supported the lowest whitefly infestation across cassava genotypes in all locations. The preferential whitefly visitation, the differences between locations in relation to whitefly population, cassava mosaic disease, and the fresh root yield of cassava genotypes are discussed.",Included,
"Wilson, Warren M., Dufour, D. L.",2002,Why Bitter Cassava? Productivity of Bitter and Sweet Cassava in a Tukanoan Indian Settlement in the Northwest Amazon,Economic Botany,56,1,10.1663/0013-0001(2002)056[0049:WBCPOB]2.0.CO;2,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19000/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a cyanide-containing root crop used by many indigenous groups in Amazonia. Despite the availability of low-cyanogenic potential (CNP) cassava, the Tukanoans of the Colombian Amazon region and many other indigenous groups in lowland Amazonia cultivate primarily high-CNP cassava as their staple crop. Based on the assumption that the Tukanoan preference for high-CNP cultivars is due, in part, to the ability of these cultivars to consistently produce higher yields, we tested the null hypothesis that low-CNP cassava has yields that are greater than or equal to the yields of high-CNP cultivars in Tukanoan gardens. To do so we compared the yields of low- and high-CNP cassava in 10 Tukanoan gardens and in one control garden. We reject the null hypothesis high-CNP cultivars yielded more than low-CNP cultivars in both traditional Tukanoan Indian gardens and a control garden. Although there are several possible explanations for the differences in yields, the most plausible inference is that the high-CNP plants are more likely to be disease and/or insect resistant.",Included,
"Nassar, N. M. A.",2000,"Wild cassava, Manihot spp. Biology and potentialities for genetic improvement",Genetics and Molecular Biology,23,1,10.1590/S1415-47572000000100035,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11876/,Wild species of Manihot are progenitors of cassava. They constitute valuable genetic reservoirs presenting genes that show new characters. Screening of these species showed some of them to have a notably high percentage of protein combined with a low percentage of hydrocyanic acid. Study of natural habitats revealed resistance to drought and excessive soil aluminum toxicity as well as adaptation to low temperature. Some of the hybrids obtained showed high root productivity and resistance to stem borers. Apomixis was discovered in the wild and transferred successfully to the cultivate species.,Included,
"Nassar, N.M.A.",1978,Wild Manihot species of Central Brazil for cassava breeding,,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11844/,,Included,
"Perez, J. C., Ceballos, H., Calle, F., Morante, N., Gaitán, W., Llano, G., Alvarez, E.",2005,Within-family genetic variation and epistasis in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) adapted to the acid-soils environment,Euphytica,145,01-Feb,10.1007/s10681-005-0424-y,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14019/,"Little is known about the inheritance of agronomic traits in cassava, or on the relative importance of epistasis for most crops. A group of 10 clones, adapted to the acid-soils environment was used as parents in a diallel study. Thirty genotypes were obtained from each F1 cross and cloned. Each clone was represented by six plants, which were distributed in three replications at two contrasting locations. Genetic variability concentrated in the within-family component, which was statistically significant for all the variables analyzed (fresh root yield (FRY), fresh foliage yield (FFY), harvest index, root dry matter content, and plant type score (PTS)) except for the reaction to super elongation disease (SED). Estimates of dominance variance were considerably larger than those of additive variance for fresh root and foliage yields. The reverse was observed for harvest index, dry matter content, PTS and SED score. Epistasis played an important role only for fresh root and foliage productions. These results agree with those from similar studies targeting different environments. The common assumption of absence of significant epistatic effects frequent in many quantitative genetic designs is, therefore, challenged from the results for these two variables. Alternative breeding approaches are suggested according to the results obtained from this study.",Included,
"Braun, A. R., Guerrero, J. M., Bellotti, A. C., Wilson, L. T.",1989,Within-plant distribution of Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) (Acari: Tetranychidae) on cassava: Effect of clone and predation on aggregation,Bulletin of Entomological Research,79,2,10.1017/S0007485300018216,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2590/,"A presence-absence sampling procedure is presented which relates the proportion of leaves infested with the mite Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) at a given node of cassava to the mean number of mites per leaf at that node. The procedure incorporates Taylor's variance-mean density relationship, taking into account mite aggregation behaviour. Aggregation of M. tanajoa was greater in plants where mite predators were excluded, on a resistant (CG5-79) rather than a susceptible cassava clone (MCol 22) and on leaves arising from the lower nodes rather than the higher ones. The implications of the effect of mite mortality factors on aggregation are discussed.",Included,
"Howeler, Reinhardt H., Watananonta, Watana, Vongkasem, Wilawan, Klakhaeng, Kaival",2004,Working with farmers: The challenge of achieving adoption of more sustainable cassava production practices on sloping land in Asia,Working with farmers: The challenge of achieving adoption of more sustainable cassava production practices on sloping land in Asia,,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7418/,"Farmers in Asia like to grow cassava because the crop will tolerate long dry periods and poor soils, and will produce reasonable yields with little inputs. Most farmers realize, however, that cassava production on slopes can cause severe erosion, while production without fertilizer inputs may lead to a decline in soil productivity. Research has shown that cassava yields can be maintained for many years with adequate application of fertilizers, and that there are various ways to reduce erosion. Adoption of erosion control practices, however, has been minimal as farmers generally see little short-term benefits of these practices. To enhance the adoption of soil conserving practices and improve the sustainability of cassava production, a farmer participatory research (FPR) approach was used to develop not only the best soil conservation practices, but also to test new varieties, fertilization and cropping systems that tend to produce greater short-term benefits. The FPR methodology was initially developed in 2-3 sites each in China, Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam, but has now extended to about 99 villages in Thailand, Vietnam and China. The methodology includes the conducting of RRAs in each site, farmer evaluation of a wide range of practices shown in demonstration plots, FPR trials with farmer-selected treatments on their own fields, field days with discussions to select the best among the tested practices, scaling-up to larger fields, and farmer participatory dissemination to neighbors and other communities. Based on the results of these trials, farmers have readily adopted better varieties, fertilization and intercropping practices, and many farmers have now adopted the planting of contour hedgerows to control erosion. The resulting increases in cassava yields in Asia over the past eight years have increased the annual gross income of cassava farmers by an estimated 250 million US dollars.",Included,
"Khang, D. N., Wiktorsson, H., Preston, T. R.",2005,Yield and chemical composition of cassava foliage and tuber yield as influenced by harvesting height and cutting interval,Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,18,7,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4828/,"A 3x4 factorial field experiment with a complete randomised split-plot design with four replicates was conducted from June 2002 to March 2003 at the experimental farm of the Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, to determine effects of different harvesting heights (10, 30 and 50 cm above the ground) and cutting intervals (45, 60, 90 and 285 days) on yield of foliage and tubers, and chemical composition of the foliage. Cassava of the variety KM 94 grown in plots of 5 mx10 m at a planting distance of 30 cmx50 cm was hand-harvested according to respective treatments, starting 105 days after planting. Foliage from the control treatment (285 days) and all tubers were only harvested at the final harvest 285 days after planting. Dry matter and crude protein foliage yields increased in all treatments compared to the control. Mean foliage dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) yields were 4.57, 3.53, 2.49, and 0.64 tonnes DM ha-1 and 939, 684, 495 and 123 kg CP ha -1 with 45, 60, 90 and 285 day cutting intervals, respectively. At harvesting heights of 10, 30 and 50 cm the DM yields were 4.27, 3.67 and 2.65 tonnes ha-1 and the CP yields were 810, 745 and 564 kg ha -1, respectively. The leaf DM proportion was high, ranging from 47 to 65%. The proportion of leaf and petiole increased and the stem decreased with increasing harvesting heights and decreasing cutting intervals. Crude protein content in cassava foliage ranged from 17.7 to 22.6% and was affected by harvesting height and cutting interval. The ADF and NDF contents of foliage varied between 22.6 and 30.2%, and 34.2 and 41.2% of DM, respectively. The fresh tuber yield in the control treatment was 34.5 tonnes ha-1. Cutting interval and harvesting height had significant negative effects on tuber yield. The most extreme effect was for the frequent foliage harvesting at 10 cm harvesting height, which reduced the tuber yield by 72%, while the 90 day cutting intervals and 50 cm harvesting height only reduced the yield by 7%. The mean fresh tuber yield decreased by 56, 45 and 27% in total when the foliage was harvested at 45, 60 and 90 day cutting intervals, respectively. It is concluded that the clear effects on quantity and quality of foliage and the effect on tuber yield allow alternative foliage harvesting principles depending on the need of fodder for animals, value of tubers and harvesting cost. An initial foliage harvest 105 days after planting and later harvests with 90 days intervals at 50 cm harvesting height increased the foliage DM and CP yield threefold, but showed only marginal negative effect on tuber yield.",Included,
"Mason, S. C., Leihner, D. E.",1988,Yield and land-use efficiency of a cassava/cowpea intercropping system grown at different phosphorus rates,Field Crops Research,18,4,10.1016/0378-4290(88)90016-0,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10812/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is frequently intercropped with cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp subsp. unguiculata] in the tropics. Little is known about the influence of P fertilization practices on the efficiency of land use and yields in cassava/cowpea intercropping systems. Two experiments were conducted on a Typic Dystropept soil with the objective of determining the influence of P application rate on yield and P status of cassava and cowpea grown in sole and intercropping systems, and the influence on land use efficiency. Cassava yields averaged across P rates were reduced 29% from the 28 Mg ha−1 sole crop yield when intercropped with cowpea in 1979–1980. Cowpea yields were reduced by 19–38% from a sole crop yield of 1522 kg ha−1 when intercropped in 1979, and 29–38% from a sole crop yield of 1277 kg ha−1 in 1980. The rate of P application had little influence on cassava yield, except in 1981 when intercropped cassava yields were greater than 40 Mg ha−1. In 1981, increasing the rate of P application from 0 to 44 kg ha−1 resulted in a cassava yield increase from 41 to 47 Mg ha−1. In 1979 and 1980, increasing the rate of P application from 0 to 22 kg ha−1 increased cowpea yield 44 and 92%, respectively, while increasing P rate from 66 to 132 kg ha−1 increased cowpea yield 28 and 18%, respectively. In 1981 and 1982, increasing the rate of P application from 0 to 44 kg ha−1 increased cowpea yield by 1052 kg ha−1. Phosphorus concentration of cassava and cowpea leaf blades increased with increases in rate of P application from 66 to 132 kg ha−1 in 1979 and 1980, and from 0 to 44 kg ha−1 in 1981 and 1982. Intercropping cassava with cowpea resulted in a 30% increase in land-use efficiency when no P was applied, while land-use efficiencies resulting from intercropping were increased by 41–50% with P application rates of 22–132 kg ha−1. Cassava proved to be well-adapted to low-P soils and very competitive even without P application, whereas cowpea required the addition of P for adequate growth and yield. High productivity and a good competitive balance between the two crops were reached with only 22 kg ha−1 of P, showing the great potential of cassava/cowpea intercropping on acid, infertile soils in the tropics.",Included,
"Fernandes, A. M., Gazola, B., Nunes, J. G. D., Garcia, E. L., Leonel, M.",2017,Yield and nutritional requirements of cassava in response to potassium fertilizer in the second cycle,Journal of Plant Nutrition,40,20,10.1080/01904167.2017.1382520,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5647/,"Potassium (K) is one of the most absorbed nutrients by cassava because it acts on the synthesis and starch accumulation in the storage roots. Here, we show that K application at the beginning of the second vegetative cycle of cassava submitted to shoot pruning increased the yield of roots and starch, and the nutrient demand of plants. Application of 45-89kg ha(-1) dipotassium oxide (K2O) in the second cycle increased the yield of storage roots and starch from 36-49% and K applied at this time had a greater effect on the synthesis and allocation of starch in the storage roots. K supply increased the accumulation of N and S by 2.0- to 3.0-fold and the accumulation of other nutrients by 1.4- to 1.7-fold. The removal of phosphorus (P), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) by storage roots was not affected by K application, whereas the removal of other nutrients increased by 1.3- to 4.3-fold.",Included,
"Ardjasa, W.S., Ando, H., Kimura, M.",2001,Yield and soil erosion among cassava-based cropping patterns in South Sumatra,Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,47,1,10.1080/00380768.2001.10408372,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1260/,"Soil erosion and crop production from the viewpoint of nutritional balance for family consumption in upland cropping systems were evaluated over period of 9 y. Cassava-based cropping pattern was adopted from the 1987/88 to 1989/90 cropping seasons and cassava cultivation with an intercrop was compared with other sequential cropping patterns from the 1990/91 to 1995/96 cropping season. The experiments were conducted in fields with Red-yellow Podozolic soil in Central Lampung, South Sumatra, Indonesia. The results obtained were as follows: 1) The yield of cassava planted in monoculture decreased from year to year without fertilizer application. In contrast, with fertilization, the yield was high and constant. The yield of cassava depended on the growth duration of cassava. The yield of upland rice and maize in monoculture was 2 to 4 times higher than that of intercropped upland rice and maize. 2) Cassava cultivation with intercropping of upland rice and maize as the first intercrop followed by peanut or soybean as the second intercrop or sequential cropping pattern of maize-maize performed well from the view points of yield and production of calorie and protein. 3) The amount of eroded soil during the first 4-month period in the rainy season was about 90% of the annual amount. Cassava cultivation with intercropping of upland rice and maize as the first intercrop reduced the amount of soil erosion. Soil erosion decreased appreciably from year to year. 4) Cassava intercropped with upland rice and maize followed by peanut or soybean was suitable from the view points of crop yield and maintenance of soil fertility in upland areas with Red-yellow Podzolic soil.",Included,
"Noerwijatia, Kartika, Budionob, Rohmad ",2015,Yield and Yield Components Evaluation of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Clones In Different Altitudes,Energy Procedia,65,,10.1016/j.egypro.2015.01.050,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19496/,"The research was conducted at three levels of altitude i.e 80 m asl (Kediri), 530 m asl (Malang), and 800 m asl (Ponorogo). The purpose of this research was to evaluate cassava clones under three altitudes (80 m asl, 530 m asl, and 800 m asl) and to identify cassava clones that tolerant to low temperature zones at medium altitude in the tropics. Criteria that used for selection the best clone in different altitude were stress tolerance index (STI), stress susceptibility index (SSI), stress tolerance (TOL), mean productivity (MP), and yield stability index (YSI). The result showed that stress tolerance index (STI) and mean productivity (MP) were good criteria for selecting cassava clones that tolerant to higher altitude. Tuber yield loss at 530 m asl was 32 %, while at 800 m asl was 86 %, compared to tuber yield at 80 m asl. Malang 4 (G3) and CMM 03038-7 (G8) are adaptive clones to environment at medium altitude up to 800 m asl.",Included,
"Godo, G.H.",1984,Yield components as influenced by methods of planting cassava cuttings,"Proceedings, Sixth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, hosted by CIP in Lima, Peru, 21-26 February 1983",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6374/,"A field experiment investigated, through monthly samplings, the influence of vertical and horizontal planting methods on the expression of total biological yield components of cassava. Horizontal planting effected a greater production of roots per plant but yielded as many tubers as did vertical planting. In turn, vertical planting outyielded horizontal planting with re-spect to dry matter of roots, tubers, leaves, and stems. In small farming systems where no mechanization is involved, vertical planting could be used to obtain greater yields.",Included,
"Vine, P.N., Ahmad, N.",1987,Yield development in cassava under different soil physical conditions,Field Crops Research,17,03-Apr,10.1016/0378-4290(87)90034-7,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18497/,"We compared storage root yield of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivar T 02/72 in three soils, tilled and untilled, in a field experiment in Central Trinidad. In the wet season, fresh yield at 4.5 months after planting varied as minus the logarithm of the time-averaged soil penetrometer resistance measured at principal rooting depth (r2 = 0.80; P<0.001), provided that soil air was adequate. Yield was sharply reduced by reduction in season-mean soil air content below 12 ml air per 100 ml soil in the 0–150-mm depth. In continued growth into the dry season, fresh yield increase was linearly related to the amount of plant-available water in either the 0–150 or 0–300-mm soil layer (r2=0.70; P<0.05), and was unrelated to penetrometer resistance. These yield differences were explained by variation in total crop dry matter (tdm) production (r2=0.95; P<0.001; dry yield basis), while marginal dry matter partition to storage roots was not noticeably affected by the soil conditions. The storage root number and size (individual mass) components of yield were mutually proportional at 4.5 months. Both components continued to increase after this time if soil physical conditions were favourable. Storage root number was related primarily to tdm (r2=0.86; P<0.001, at 6 months), any deviation from this relationship was complemented by compensatory variation in size.",Included,
"Fargette, D., Fauquet, C., Thouvenel, J. C.",1988,Yield Losses Induced by African Cassava Mosaic Virus in Relation to the Mode and the Date of Infection,Tropical Pest Management,34,1,10.1080/09670878809371216,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5537/,"Yield reduction of cassava infected with African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) was greater when plants were infected from the outset as cuttings than later by the whitefly vector Bemisia tabacl. Early infection by B. tabaci caused greater losses than late infection. When symptoms first appeared, more than four months after planting, there was no significant yield reduction. Yield reductions in plots where diseased plants were inter-mixed with healthy ones and subject to inter-plant competition were much greater than when they were assessed using separate healthy and infected plots. Crop losses due to ACMV in the cultivar CB were estimated at ca 40%.",Included,
"John, K.S., Venugopal, V.K., Saraswathi, P.",2007,Yield Maximization in Cassava through a Systematic Approach in Fertilizer Use,Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,38,,10.1080/00103620701220783,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8310/,"Maximum yield research (MYR) and maximum economic yield systems (MEY) are important under the present situation of increased demographic changes, which have reduced the per capita availability of both land and food. Among root and tuber crops, cassava is found in a variety of production systems and performs well under various levels of management from low-input to high-input systems. A systematic approach in fertilizer use involves the determination and elimination of soil nutrient constraints for balanced supply of all potentially deficient essential nutrients for sustainable high yield. In the systematic approach of determining optimal fertilizer for cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in a Typic Kandiustult soil of Kerala, India, studies on critical levels of nutrients, original nutritional status of the soil, its sorption capacity, and greenhouse/screenhouse nutrient survey were carried out. The critical levels of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were determined as 8.23 and 43.5 microgram g(-1), respectively. The preliminary analysis of the soil of the experimental site revealed the overall fertility status as very poor. The sorption studies conducted for P, K, copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), sulfur (S), and boron (B) indicated P, K, S, and B were limiting in this particular soil. The quantities of these nutrients needed to optimize the soil nutrient status were determined from the preliminary soil analysis, critical levels of nutrients, and sorption curves and found to be 136 microgram mL(-1) P, 0.338 meq 100 mL(-1) K, 20 microgram mL(-1) S, and 6.025 microgram mL(-1) B, respectively. From the greenhouse nutrient survey, N, P, K, and calcium (Ca) were seen as limiting nutrients for this soil; therefore the optimum treatment for cassava was fixed as N-P-K at 100300300 kg ha(-1), respectively. Field experiments were conducted for two seasons with different levels of the optimum treatment using a short duration (6-7 months) cassava variety, Sree Vijaya. The optimum treatment gave a yield of 43.41 t ha(-1), whereas the yield under the existing practice recommendations was 20-25 t ha(-1). Economic analysis showed this optimum treatment as the best in terms of highest gross return (Rs 1,31,125/-), net return (Rs 83,150/-), added return (Rs 70, 178/-), added profit (Rs 56,142/-), and benefit cost ratio (BCR) (2.73).",Included,
"Ayoola, O. T.",2010,Yield performance of crops and soil chemical changes under fertilizer treatments in a mixed cropping system,African Journal of Biotechnology,9,26,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1603/,"Yields of maize, melon, cassava and cowpea as well as changes in soil chemical contents were examined under different fertilizer treatments in a mixed cropping system. The results showed that fertilizer treatments had significant effects on the yields of maize, cassava and cowpea but no significant effect on melon yield. Total nitrogen decreased in all the plots after cropping and available phosphorus reduced from initial value of 4.72 mg/kg to between 3.37 mg/kg where no fertilizer was added and 3.83 mg/kg under inorganic fertilizer. Exchangeable potassium decreased in all the plots irrespective of fertilizer type and the changes ranged between 25% under organic fertilizer and 53% under inorganic fertilizer treatment. The level of organic carbon decreased by about 17% under organic fertilizer but by 59% where inorganic fertilizer was applied. Calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) increased by 21% and 20%, respectively with the application of organic fertilizer. Though yields of crops increased with application of inorganic fertilizer, organic fertilizer and combination of both in this experiment, changes in soil nutrients status after cropping showed that the fertilizer rates used might not be able to sustain soil fertility under the system.",Included,
"Goenaga, R., Rivera-Amador, E., Chardon, U.",2002,Yield performance of introduced cassava clones in an Ultisol in Puerto Rico,Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico,86,01-Feb,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6379/,"In 2000, cassava production in Puerto Rico was almost 750,000 kg with an annual farm value of $386,000. During the same year more than 6,800,000 kg of cassava tubers were imported. Studies with new introductions of cassava clones are necessary to increase production, reduce costs and meet local demand. Seven cassava introductions and one local cultivar were evaluated in 1997 and 1998 at Corozal for yield and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) concentration. Clones CM 3380, CM 3311, SG 804 and SM 494 produced the highest number of marketable roots. Clones CM 3311, CM 3380 and SG 804 produced the highest root marketable weight in 1997, averaging 37,905 kg/ ha. In 1998, clones CM 3311 and CM 3380 were the best yielders, averaging 28,713 kg/ha of marketable roots. In both years clone SG 804 had a significantly higher concentration of HCN, which averaged 121 mg/kg, whereas the rest of the clones had values of HCN below 63 mg/kg.",Included,
"Wahab, A.H., Lugo Lopez, M.A.",1980,Yield response of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) to one and two banded fertilizer applications on a limed Guyana peaty clay soil,Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico,64,2,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/26/,"A trial was conducted on a Guyana peaty clay to determine the effects of lime and split NPK applications on cassava yields. All plots received broadcast lime at the rate of 6.72 t/ha. Treatments were lime only (control); 400 kg/ha in a 3:1:2 ratio of N, P2O5 and K2O one month after planting; and the same amount banded as two equal doses at 1 month and 5 months after planting. There was no significant increase in fresh root weight attributable to the fertilizer treatments. However, stems and leaves increased in fresh matter by 110 and 35%, respectively when plots received one full dose of NPK at 1 month and when the same amount split in two equal split doses, was applied at 1 month and 5 months after planting. The likelihood of an improper NPK balance associated with increased vegetative growth is discussed.",Included,
"El-Sharkawy, M.A., Pilar Hernandez, A. del., Hershey, C.",1992,Yield stability of cassava during prolonged mid-season water stress,Experimental Agriculture,28,2,10.1017/S0014479700019608,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5080/,"Yield stability in cassava requires genotypes that produce well under the variable moisture conditions encountered during the growth cycle. Plant characteristics related to yield stability were studied in two cassava clones subjected to 105 days of water stress in a field drainage lysimeter. Stress conditions commenced 117 days after planting, and the plants were allowed to recover at the end of the stress period for the rest of the growth cycle. Water stress restricted the growth of leaves and stems, but root yields were increased or remained unaffected. Leaf water potential varied little with stress, but gas exchange rates were about 75% those of the control throughout the stress period in both cultivars. Under stress, the plants partially closed their stomata and extracted deep soil moisture slowly. A high yield in both wet and stressed environments was associated with high mean LAI, better leaf retention, and greater partitioning of shoot biomass into leaf formation.",Included,
"Dapaah, H. K., Asafu-Agyei, J. N., Ennin, S. A., Yamoah, C.",2003,"Yield stability of cassava, maize, soya bean and cowpea intercrops",Journal of Agricultural Science,140,1,10.1017/S0021859602002770,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4272/,"The yield stability of intercropping systems is important in developing cropping systems that produce economic yields over a wide range of environments. Field studies were conducted during the 1997/98 and 1998/99 growing seasons at three locations in the forest and forest - savannah transition zones of Ghana to determine yield, land use efficiency and yield stability of cassava (Manihot esculenta), maize (Zea mays), soya bean (Glycine max) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) intercrop systems. The cropping systems consisted of a factorial combination of two cassava varieties 'Gblemoduade' (an improved, highly branched variety) and 'Ankra' (a local variety with fewer branches) and three spatial arrangements. Cowpea rows were planted in the minor season into cassava as a successive crop to maize and soya bean after their harvest in the major season. Intercropping significantly reduced grain or tuber yield of maize, cassava 'Gblemoduade' and cassava 'Ankra' by 23-70%, 16-49% and 24-64%, respectively. Maize yield decreased with increased number of soya bean rows. 'Gblemoduade' out-yielded 'Ankra' by more than 100% under both intercrop and sole crop. The yield of soya bean increased with increased number of soya bean rows, but did not differ in response to the cassava variety. However, cowpea yield was higher when intercropped with 'Ankra' than with 'Gblemoduade'. The intercrops had higher land use ratios (LER = 1.27-2.83) and were more stable than the sole crops. Intercrops involving 'Ankra' had higher LER (2.14-2.18) than systems with 'Gblemoduade' (LER = 1.83-1.99), but their yield stabilities were similar.",Included,
"Ojulong, Henry Fred, Labuschagne, Maryke Tine, Herselman, Liezel, Fregene, Martin",2010,Yield traits as selection indices in seedling populations of cassava,Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology,10,3,10.1590/S1984-70332010000300002,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12811/,"The cassava breeding scheme currently used is long, because initial stages concentrate mainly on improving yield, with root quality selection following later. To shorten the scheme, yield and root quality should be selected simultaneously, starting at the seedling nursery. In this study, a nursery comprising of eight cassava families and 1885 seedlings developed from parents adapted to three major agro-ecologies, were evaluated for yield related traits in Colombia. Percentage dry matter content (DMC) and harvest index produced similar ranking of the parents. Tuber yield, weight, and number showed potential of increasing yield through conventional breeding. A selection index including fresh root yield, percentage DMC, root weight and roots per plant, with heavier weights being assigned to root weight and roots per plant, should be used.",Included,
"Purwanto, R.H., Ito, K., Oohata, S.",2003,"Yields of cash crops in a planted teak forest under agroforestry management in Madiun, East Java, Indonesia","Forest Research, Kyoto",75,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14541/,"Yields were determined in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), maize (Zea mays L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) which were grown in a planted teak forest under agroforestry management in a moist tropical region in the Madiun Forest District, East Java, Indonesia. The research was carried out from October 2000 to July 2001. The average yields were 16.1, 3.2, 3.4, 1.8 and 1,3 ton ha-1 in the cassava, maize, rice, groundnut and soybean, respectively. Yields of cassava, maize, groundnut and soybean in the Madiun Forest District were higher than those of average yields in ordinary fields of Indonesia and also in most of other tropical countries despite of growing on the rainfall conditions. These high yields of the crops are considered to be partly because of humid and high temperature climate conditions in East Java. However, the high yield of crops planting under agroforestry seemed more influenced by the teak plantation management in East Java including an application of intensive cultural practices such as soil management (tillage in land preparation and weeding), fertilization with chemicals or manure and leaf litter supply from the teak forests.",Included,
"Hauser, S., Ndi, J. N., Hulugalle, N. R.",2000,Yields of maize/cassava intercrops grown with hedgerows of three multipurpose trees on an acid Ultisol of Cameroon,Agroforestry Systems,49,2,10.1023/A:1006351025490,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7023/,"Maize/cassava were intercropped between hedgerows of Senna spectabilis [(DC.) Irwin and Barneby], Flemingia macrophylla [(Willd.) Merrill] and Dactyladenia barteri [(Hook f ex Oliv.) Engl.] for five consecutive years on an Ultisol in southern Cameroon. Crop yields and hedgerow biomass production in the third to fifth year of cropping are reported. S. spectabilis produced more biomass than F. macrophylla and D. barteri in all years. Cumulative maize grain and cassava tuber yields were highest in F. macrophylla alley cropping, outyielding the no-tree control consistently by 42 to 67% (average 56%). Between hedgerows of D. barteri and S. spectabilis, crops yielded 17% and 16% more than the no-tree control, respectively. However, between S. spectabilis hedgerows, yields were highly variable between years (−15% to +35% compared to the no-tree control) and thus the system is at risk of failure. F. macrophylla is recommended for continuous alley cropping of maize/cassava intercrop. The use of D. barteri may require fallow phases for biomass accumulation followed by cropping phases with rigorous pruning. Although this may lead to lower cumulative yields, the products of the fallow phase, such as stakes and firewood, may provide some compensation.",Included,
"Singh, T. P., Lutaladio, N.B.",1982,Zaire,"Root Crops in Eastern Africa: Proceedings of a workshop held in Kigali, Rwanda, 23-27 November 1980",,,,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17211/,"Cassava is the most important root crop grown in Zaire, and both the roots and leaves are consumed. Root yields from local varieties are low because of their low genetic potential and susceptibility to major pests and diseases. Research for the improvement of cassava in Zaire was initiated in 1976, and breeding efforts have resulted in the identification and development of high-yielding varieties with field resistance to major diseases under different soil conditions. A source of resistance to mealybug has been identified in both wild and cultivated cassava, and resistance to cassava green mite is available. Cassava germ-plasm screening for leaf HCN content has been started. Agronomic studies have resulted in recommendations to improve cassava production and income at the farm level. A strategy to diffuse improved cassava varieties and cultural practices for adoption by farmers in the absence of an effective national extension service has been suggested.",Included,
"Golow, A. A., Adzei, E. A.",2002,"Zinc in the Surface Soil and Cassava Crop in the Vicinity of an Alluvial Goldmine at Dunkwa-on-Offin, Ghana",Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,69,5,10.1007/s00128-002-0108-4,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6409/,,Included,
"Thakkar, Sagar K., Maziya-Dixon, Bussie, Dixon, Alfred G.O., Failla, Mark L.",2007,β-Carotene Micellarization during in Vitro Digestion and Uptake by Caco-2 Cells Is Directly Proportional to β-Carotene Content in Different Genotypes of Cassava,The Journal of Nutrition,137,,10.1093/jn/137.10.2229,http://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17543/,"Cassava, a staple food in sub-Saharan Africa, does not provide adequate amounts of pro-vitamin A (VA) carotenoids and has been targeted for biofortification (i.e. selectively breeding cultivars of increased nutrient density with agroeconomically acceptable characteristics). However, the accessibility of pro-VA carotenoids for absorption in different cultivars of cassava remains unknown. Here, we used the coupled in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell uptake model to screen the relative accessibility of β-carotene (C) in 10 cultivars of cassava with varying concentrations of C. After cooking (boiled for 30 min), the C concentration in tubers from different cultivars ranged from less than detectable to 6.9 g C/g cassava. Samples were subjected to simulated oral, gastric, and small intestinal digestion to determine stability and micellarization of C. All-trans C, 9-cis C, and 13-cis C were the most abundant carotenoids in cooked cassava and recoveries after digestion exceeded 70%. Efficiency of micellarization of total C was 30 2% for various cultivars with no significant difference in isomers and linearly proportional to concentration in cooked cassava (r = 0.87; P < 0.001). Accumulation of all-trans C by Caco-2 cells incubated with the diluted micelle fraction for 4 h was proportional (R = 0.99; P < 0.001) to the quantity present in micelles. These results suggest that all-trans C content appears to provide the key selection marker for breeding cassava to improve VA status and that the more complicated screening procedure using in vitro digestion coupled to cell uptake does not provide additional information on potential bioavailability.",Included,
"Abate, T., Van Huis, A., Ampofo, J. K. O.",2000,Pest management strategies in traditional agriculture An African perspective,Annual Review of Entomology,45,,10.1146/annurev.ento.45.1.631,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/100/,"African agriculture is largely traditional-characterized by a large number of smallholdings of no more than one ha per household. Crop production takes place under extremely variable agro-ecological conditions, with annual rainfall ranging from 250 to 750 mm in the Sahel in the northwest and in the semi-arid east and south, to 1500 to 4000 mm in the forest zones in the central west. Farmers often select well-adapted, stable crop varieties, and cropping systems are such that two or more crops are grown in the same field at the same time. These diverse traditional systems enhance natural enemy abundance and generally keep pest numbers at low levels. Pest management practice in traditional agriculture is a built-in process in the overall crop production system rather than a separate well-defined activity. Increased population pressure and the resulting demand for increased crop production in Africa have necessitated agricultural expansion with the concomitant decline in the overall biodiversity. Increases in plant material movement in turn facilitated the accidental introduction of foreign pests. At present about two dozen arthropod pests, both introduced and native, are recognized as one of the major constraints to agricultural production and productivity in Africa. Although yield losses of 0% to 100% have been observed on-station, the economic significance of the majority of pests under farmers' production conditions is not adequately understood. Economic and social constraints have kept pesticide use in Africa the lowest among all the world regions. The bulk of pesticides are applied mostly against pests of commercial crops such as cotton, vegetables, coffee, and cocoa, and to some extent for combating outbreaks of migratory pests such as the locusts. The majority of African farmers still rely on indigenous pest management approaches to manage pest problems, although many government extension programs encourage the use of pesticides. The current pest management research activities carried out by national or international agricultural research programs in Africa focus on classical biological control and host plant resistance breeding. With the exception of classical biological control of the cassava mealybug, research results have not been widely adopted. This could be due to African farmers facing heterogeneous conditions, not needing fixed prescriptions or one ideal variety but a number of options and genotypes to choose from. Indigenous pest management knowledge is site-specific and should be the basis for developing integrated pest management (IPM) techniques. Farmers often lack the biological and ecological information necessary to develop better pest management through experimentation. Formal research should be instrumental in providing the input necessary to facilitate participatory technology development such as that done by Farmer Field Schools, as approach now emerging in different parts of Africa.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Liu, Q., Liu, J., Zhang, P., He, S.",2014,Root and Tuber Crops,Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems,,,10.1016/B978-0-444-52512-3.00151-0,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10002/,"Root and tuber crops are plants yielding starchy roots, tubers, rhizomes, corms, and stems. They are used mainly for human food, animal feed, and for manufacturing starch, alcohol, and fermented beverages. Potato, sweet potato, and cassava are the most important root and tuber crops throughout the world. This article describes origin and distribution, botany and physiology, breeding and cultivation, diseases and insects, and uses and economic importance of the three crops. 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Livermore, M.",2002,The role of modern biotechnology in developing country agriculture,Nutrition Bulletin,27,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10021/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Lo, N.P.",1982,Suitability of five preemergence herbicides for cassava (Manihot esculenta Cranz),MARDI research bulletin,v. 10,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10026/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Lobo Burle, M., Torres Cordeiro, C.M., Fonseca, J.R., Palhares de Melo, M., Neves Alves, R.",2003,Characterization of germplasm according to environmetal conditions at the collecting site using GIS. Two case studies from Brazil,Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter (IPGRI/FAO),135,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10027/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Lockard, J. M., Lockard, R. G., Saqui, M. A.",1983,Cloning of Cassava in Liberia,In Vitro-Journal of the Tissue Culture Association,19,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10030/,"In vitro plant cloning techniques can facilitate the rapid introduction of improved varieties of agricultural crops. Cassava (Manihot esculenta, also called tapioca or manioc) is the major source of calories for about 300 million people living in the tropics and is the second most important crop in Liberia. The yield of local varieties of cassava in use in Liberia is estimated to be about 7 tons/ha. In contrast, high yielding and disease resistant cultivars being distributed by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture in Nigeria yield 20-30 tons/ha on farmers' fields and 50-60 tons/ha under experimental conditions in which they are grown with good agronomic practices but receive no fertilizer treatment. The work described here was done at the Central Agricultural Research Institute in Liberia in response to the need to propagate the few plantlets available of each improved cultivar for quick testing in the field and eventually for supply to the agriculture extension service.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Amoah, R. S., Sam-Amoah, L. K., Boahen, C. A., Duah, F.",2010,Estimation of the material losses and gari recovery rate during the processing of varieties and ages of cassava into gari,Asian Journal of Agricultural Research,4,2,10.3923/ajar.2010.71.79,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1004/,"Different varieties of cassava were processed into gari to determine the material losses and the rate of gari yield as they are affected by the age of maturity, varietal traits and the processing method and equipment. The varieties were harvested at the ages of 10, 12 and 14 months, respectively. The study showed that varietal differences and age at harvest of cassava roots have notable influences on the average yield of gari. Older cassava roots generally recorded higher gari yields. The material losses also varied across the unit operations. The average losses occurring independently at the various processing stages were peeling losses, 27.87%; grating losses, 3.95%; dewatering losses, 24.42%; sifting losses, 2.37% and roasting losses, 18.29%. An average overall material loss of about 77% with gari yield of 23% of the fresh tuber weight were recorded. This translates into an average garification rate of 0.23 (23%) of the test equipment and processing method. This factor provides a numerical index for comparing the efficiencies of alternative gari processing methods and equipment in terms of the rate of gari yield.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Logan, J.",1974,Plant pathology in zambia,PANS Pest Articles and News Summaries,20,2,10.1080/09670877409413629,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10040/,"The location and climate of Zambia are described, together with the types of farming practiced and the organisation of the plant pathology diagnostic and advisory services. The phytosanitary arrangements are discussed. The main diseases, in Zambia, of maize, rice and other cereal crops, groundnut, cassava, cotton and kenaf, sugarcane, tobacco and other field crops, potato, tomato, brassicas, cucurbits, phaseolus beans and other vegetables, coffee and fruit crops are reviewed and the currently recommended control practices are given.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Lojka, B., Krausova, J., Kubik, S., Polesny, Z.",2010,Assessment of Insect Biological Diversity in Various Land Use Systems in the Peruvian Amazon,Environmental Research Advances,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10046/,"The Amazonian rain forest forms one of the most precious ecosystems and provides a habitat for more than 50% of described plant and animal species. This unique ecosystem is highly disturbed by human activities, which causes biodiversity losses. Biodiversity monitoring and conservation are among the most important roles in tropical environment protection. This study is focused on the assessment of species diversity and species richness in various land use systems around the city of Pucallpa in the Peruvian Amazon. The biodiversity indicative group class Insecta was chosen. Insects were collected in six localities (a secondary forest, two types of agroforestry systems, a cassava monoculture and two deforested and degraded sites covered by weed vegetation) using 24h-pitfall traps and sweeping net. Our presumptions were that the species richness and diversity of secondary forest and agroforestry systems are higher than in monoculture cropping and degraded sites. We also supposed that in secondary forest and agroforestry systems there are fewer pest species. The insect morphological species were determined and data evaluated according to standard methods and indexes. Our hypotheses were fully confirmed by our study, excluding the biodiversity indexes. The species richness was highest in the secondary forest and agroforestry, but the values for biodiversity index were highest in the secondary forest and, surprisingly, on degraded sites. The lowest values for biodiversity index were calculated for both agroforestry systems. The values were probably distorted by the dry season and higher occurrence of antropotolerant and pest species on degraded soils. Those species can survive the dry season without high losses and also produce more generations. According to the index of similarity, the species composition of secondary forest is highly similar to the agroforestry systems. The composition of ant species is also helping to control the pest in the agroforestry systems. Based on our results, we conclude that agroforestry systems can form an insect species reservoir after forest disturbation, which is very important for overall biodiversity conservation.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Lorenzi, J.O., Normanha, E.S., Conceicao, A.J. de",1980,Cassava production and planting systems in Brazil,"Cassava cultural practices: proceedings of a workshop held in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 18-21 March 1980",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10110/,"Cassava is planted all over Brazil and involves multiple soil and climatic conditions as well as different socioeconomic aspects, especially at the rual level. Its roots fulfill diverse needs - a fact that enhances its cultivation. The agronomic practices in cassava cultivation differ according to the social and economic characteristics of the different regions, especially in respect to practices on plant population, fertilization, weed control, and stake size. Technology varies from primitive to highly sophisticated. The northeastern part of the country, which accounts for 50% of the total cassava production, has the lowest yield average (6 t/ha). The national average is 14 t/ha, the southern part of the country being the region with the highest average. Plant diseases constitute the main problem for cassava growers; in the central and southern states cassava bacterial blight is prevalent and in the north, superelongation. National cassava research is working to solve the production problems. In the short term, improved cultural practices are being developed and incorporated in technological packages for specific regions; in the long term new varieties are being created so that the phytosanitary problems can be overcome.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Lowe, S. B., Mahon, J. D., Hunt, L. A.",1976,The effect of daylength on shoot growth and formation of root tubers in young plants of cassava (Manihot esculenta Grantz),Plant Science Letters,6,1,10.1016/0304-4211(76)90179-6,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10136/,"Plants of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) ""Llanera"" were grown from stem cuttings for 16 weeks under three daylength treatments of 8 h (short days), 14 h, and 20 h using an 8 h basic period of high intensity light in all treatments, extended with weak incandescent light to give long day treatments. Results of a harvest at 8 weeks indicated that the initiation of root tubers was earlier in the 8 h daylength than the 14 h or 20 h, but there was no difference in the number of root tubers in the 16 week harvest. However, the weight of root tubers was 75 g in the 8 h daylength, compared with 30 and 35 g in the 14 h and 20 h daylengths, and this was accompanied by a reduction in stem dry weight to 18 g, compared with 47 and 41 g in the long day treatments. It is concluded that a long photoperiod promotes shoot growth and reduces root tuber development in young cassava plants, without influencing total dry weight.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Lowe, S. B., Mahon, J. D., Hunt, L. A.",1976,Effect of Daylength on Shoot Growth and Formation of Root Tubers in Young Plants of Cassava (Manihot-Esculenta Grantz),Plant Science Letters,6,1,10.1016/0304-4211(76)90179-6,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10137/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Lozano, Carlos",1973,"Bacterial Blight of Cassava in Central and South America: Etiology, epidemiology, and control",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10146/,"Bacterial blight of cassava caused by a taxon of the genus Xanthomonas is a serious disease in Central and South America and has been observed in parts of Africa. Symptoms include leaf spotting, wilting, dieback, gum exudation on young shoots, and vascular discoloration in mature stems and roots of susceptible cultivars. Dispersal by rain splashing is the most important means of dissemination within localized areas. Dissemination from one area to another occurs through movement of infected planting material or by the use of contaminated tools. Delay in the spread of the disease has been obtained by pruning infected plants. The use of resistant cultivars and the production of certified bacteria free planting material, obtained from plants propagated from shoot tip cuttings, provides a satisfactory means of control.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Lozano, J. C., Booth, R. H.",1974,Diseases of cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz),PANS Pest Articles and News Summaries,20,1,10.1080/09670877409412334,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10147/,"The paper reviews much of the literature relating to the major bacterial, viral and fungal diseases of cassava and presents this together with additional information gained by the authors. The importance of these diseases in reducing yields of this important source of carbohydrate is stressed. However, while much information is presented on symptoms and nature of the pathogens, little data is available on control measures. The authors emphasize the need for more active research, in particular into identifying and describing sources of disease resistance and into other simple means of disease control.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Lozano, J.C., Sequiera, L.",1974,Bacterial blight of cassava in Colombia: epidemiology and control,Phytopathology,64,,10.1094/Phyto-64-83,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10150/,"Dispersal by splashing raindrops is the most important means of dissemination of the cassava blight bacterium (a possible strain of Xanthomonas manihotis) within localized areas in Colombia. Dissemination from one area to another occurs through propagation of infected plant parts and by means of infested tools. In controlled inoculation experiments in the field, plant-to-plant spread occurred in the direction of prevailing winds, and disease incidence was correlated with amount of rainfall. However, no dissemination occurred when host plants were located at least 15 m away from the inoculum source. Satisfactory disease control was obtained by excising upper portions of infected plants and allowing the stumps (20-30 cm) to resprout. Effectiveness of this control method was reduced when treating highly susceptible, severely infected cultivars. Rooting excised buds was an efficient method of obtaining healthy planting stock from infected cultivars. Eight out of 1,293 cassava cultivars tested under greenhouse conditions were resistant to bacterial blight. Resistance was dependent on restriction of penetration and systemic invasion by the pathogen; two cultivars (‘M. Col. 647’ and ‘M. Col. 667’) exhibited a hypersensitive response which limited the size of leaf lesions. The use of resistant cultivars remains the most promising method of control of the disease in the tropics.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Lozano, J.C., Sequeira, L.",1974,Bacterial blight of cassava in Colombia: etiology,Phytopathology,64,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10151/,"The bacterial blight of cassava (Manihot esculenta) has increased in severity in Colombia during the past 5 yr. Symptoms on susceptible cultivars include leaf spotting, wilting, die-back, and gum exudation on young shoots, and vascular discoloration in mature stems. The bacterium (CBB) penetrates via the stomata or through wounds in epidermal tissues. It invades the vascular tissues of leaves and young shoots, resulting in extensive breakdown of parenchymatous tissues. In highly lignified tissues of old stems or roots, the bacterium remains restricted to the vascular strands. These symptoms are similar to those reportedly induced by Xanthomonas manihotis, but the isolates of CBB differ from the former in cell size, motility, production of H2S, utilization of nitrate, hydrolysis of starch, and in several serological characteristics. CBB is a gram-negative, motile, slender rod, with a single polar flagellum. It is aerobic, fast-growing, and forms no pigments on carbohydrate-containing media. It hydrolyzes starch and gelatin, and reduces litmus milk. It produces levan, catalase, arginine dihydrolase, and lipase, but not H2S, indole, unease, tyrosinase, or phenylalanine deaminase. It grows in ordinary media plus NaCI or tetrazolium chloride at a maximum concentration of 2.5 and 0.2%, respectively. It utilizes nitrate and ammonium as sources of nitrogen, and most of the simple sugars as sources of carbon, but acid is not produced; various amino acids and other organic acids are readily utilized. Isolates of CBB from distinct geographical areas induced similar symptoms on cassava, but belonged to two different serological groups, each separable into two additional groups on the basis of their ability to utilize sucrose, cellobiose, and trehalose as carbon sources. However, these groupings were not correlated with geographical origin of the isolates. CBB was separated by serological- and phage-typing methods from three species of Erwinia, two of Pseudomonas, and ten of Xanthomonas, including X. manihotis. A Bdellovibrio sp. caused lysis of CBB specifically and was used to separate CBB from other plant pathogenic bacteria.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Lozano, J.C., Wholey, D.W.",1974,production of bacteria-free planting stock of cassava,World Crops,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10152/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Lozano, J. C.",1975,Bacterial blight of cassava,PANS Pest Articles and News Summaries,21,1,10.1080/09670877509411485,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10153/,"Bacterial blight of cassava is a serious problem in Central and South America and has been observed in parts of Africa. Symptoms include leaf spotting, wilting, die-back, gum exudation on young shoots, and vascular discoloration in mature stems and roots of susceptible cultivars. Dispersal by rain splashing is the most important means of dissemination within localized areas. Dissemination from one area to another occurs through infected planting material or by the use of contaminated tools. Delay in spread of the disease has been obtained by pruning infected plants. The use of resistant varieties and the production of certified bacteria free planting material, obtained from plants propagated from shoot tip cuttings, has given satisfactory control.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Lozano, J. C.",1976,Field Problems in Cassava,Field Problems in Cassava,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10154/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Lozano, J.C.",1977,Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Plant Health and Quarantine in International Transfer of Genetics Resources,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10155/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Lozano, J.C., Terry, E.R.",1977,Cassava diseases and their control,"Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, Held at CIAT, Cali, Columbia, 1-7 August 1976",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10156/,"For the purposes of control, cassava pathogens are classified as (a) those that attack vegetative propagating material, (b) those that attack foliage and green stem portions, and (c) root rot pathogens that can induce preharvest and postharvest deterioration. Control measures for each of these categories are discussed and recommendations are made. These measures, however, should be applied as part of an integrated system for any cassava cultivation program.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Lozano, J.C., Byrne, D., Bellotti, A.",1980,Cassava/ecosystem relationships and their influence on breeding strategy,International Journal of Pest Management,26,2,10.1080/09670878009414391,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10157/,"The influence of ecosystems on cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars and the possible reasons for this are discussed, as well as the effect of distinct negative production factors, i.e., edaphic and climatic constraints, and disease and pest stresses, on regional and introduced varieties. Decentralised improvement programmes in different ecosystems based on 10 years research are suggested, and are selected according to socioagro-economic studies related to actual andlor potential production of cassava.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Lozano, J. C., Bellotti, A. C., Reyes, J. A., Howeler, R., Leihner, D., Doll, J.",1981,Field Problems in Cassava,Field Problems in Cassava,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10158/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Lozano, J. C., Pineda, B., Jayasinghe, U.",1983,Effect of Cutting Quality on Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Performance,Phytopathology,73,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10161/,"Cassava is normally propagated by planting 20cm long stem cuttings. The general performance of a native cultivar and a recently selected hybrid was investigated according to planting material source. Results showed that by using cuttings from plants regenerated after meristem culture, the root and starch yield increased by 69.5% and 70.3%, respectively, with regard to traditional planting material. When comparing the native cultivar with the selected hybrid, there were no differences in yield if clean ""cuttings"" were used. When using traditional planting material for the native cultivar the hybrid produced around 3.2 times more than the native cultivar. All these findings indicate a continuous decrease in the performance of cassava cultivars with time due to the effect of biotic stresses asserted during each growing cycle. These bring out the need for: a) careful evaluation of the genotypes during selection by using planting material of equal qualities; b) use of clean planting material for a high performance.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Lozano, J.C., Hershey, C.H., Bellotti, A., Zeigler, R.",1984,A comprehensive breeding approach to pest and disease problems of cassava,"Proceedings, Sixth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops / hosted by CIP in Lima, Peru, 21-26 February 1983",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10162/,"The relationship of edapho-climatic characteristics to cassava genotypes and their pests and diseases is discussed. The stability of genotypes on an ecosystem basis and in relation to their resistance to biotic factors as well as to growers' socioeconomic needs and priorities are also discussed. On the basis of these, an improvement program is suggested which integrates several parameters of evaluation.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Lozano, J.C., Jayasinghe, U.",1984,Pathological problems of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) disseminated by sexual or asexual propagated material,Exotic plant quarantine pests & procedures for introduction of plant materials / edited by K.G. Singh,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10164/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Lozano, J. Carlos (Jose Carlos)",1984,Selection and preparation of cassava cuttings for planting,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10165/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Lozano, J.C. (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali (Colombia))",1989,Outbreaks of cassava [Manihot esculenta] diseases and losses induced,Tropical Agriculture Research Series (Japan),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10169/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is affected by more than 40 diseases induced by viruses, bacteria, fungi and phytomonas. Even though a 100% disease loss is rare in most cassava production systems, disease outbreaks occur and pathological problems of cassava are in many cases responsible for the reduced yields. The most important pathological problems of cassava are those that affect the sanitary quality of stems (commercial source of planting material), soil-borne pathogens capable of inducing root rots and microbial root inhabitants that induce post-harvest deterioration via root injuries at harvest. Based on world average losses, root rot pathogens causing both pre- and/or post-harvest deterioration are the most important",Excluded,Duplicate
"Lozano, J. C., Schwartz, H. F.",1982,Constraints to disease resistance in various food crops grown in Latin America,Fitopatologia Brasileira,7,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10173/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Lu, C.I., Chang, S.M.",1978,"Studies on the starches in Taiwan. I. Sweetpotato, cassava, yam and arrowroot starches",Proceedings of the National Science Council,v. 2,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10177/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Amos-Tautua, B. M. W., Madukosiri, C. H.",2010,"The effect of processing on the sodium, potassium, and phosphorus content of six locally consumed varieties of Manihot esculenta grown in Bayelsa state","Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry",9,2,10.3923/pjn.2009.1521.1525,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1020/,"The minerals, sodium (Na), potassium (K) and phosphorus (P), content in the peels, raw unfermented pulp, and fermented pulp of six local varieties of Manihot esculenta (cassava) grown and consumed in Bayelsa state were determined. The six varieties where identified as old cassava cultivars traditionally named Janet, Rowaina, Yomugha, Accra, Agric, and Oguru in Bayelsa state. Flame photometer was used for the analysis of Na and K; while the colourimetric determination of P was done using vanado-molybdate method described in AOAC. The average mineral content determined (ppm) in the raw and fermented pulp from all the varieties were 6.33 and 3.33 for Na; 45.43 and 9.83 for K; 1.42 and 0.73 for P respectively. The inner peels had more Na, K, and P than the rest segments. Hence it appeared to be the mineral storehouse (probably due to pH values between 6.55 and 7.21) from where they are translocated to the pulp during growth. The outcome of processing by use of fermentation was a drastic reduction in the mineral content of fermented product. The effect of processing on the P content was deemed to be species-dependent. There was no detectable P in the fermented pulp of Accra variety.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Luan, J. B., Wang, X. W., Colvin, J., Liu, S. S.",2014,Plant-mediated whitefly-begomovirus interactions research progress and future prospects,Bulletin of Entomological Research,104,3,10.1017/S000748531400011X,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10209/,"Plant-mediated interactions between begomoviruses and whiteflies exert important influences on the population dynamics of vectors and the epidemiology of plant diseases. In this article, we synthesize the relevant literature to identify patterns to the interactions. We then review studies on the ecological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying the interactions and finally elaborate on the most interesting issues for future research. The interactions between begomoviruses and the insect vector, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, via their shared host plants can be mutualistic, neutral or negative. However, in contrast to a pattern of improved performance of vectors on virus-infected plants that has been observed with persistently transmitted RNA viruses, the number of cases exhibiting mutualistic, neutral or negative effects in the indirect interactions between begomoviruses and whiteflies appear evenly distributed. With regard to the mechanisms of plant-mediated positive effects on whiteflies, two case studies indicate that suppression of plant defence and/or alteration in plant nutrition as a result of virus infection can be important. Our review shows that we are only just beginning to understand the tripartite interactions between begomoviruses, whiteflies and plants. Future efforts in this area should try to expand the number and diversity of pathosystems for investigation to reveal the patterns of interactions, to investigate the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of the interactions using a multidisciplinary approach, and to examine the virus-plant-vector interactions in the field and in natural plant communities.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Lucas, E.O.",1989,Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata) and crop production in Nigeria,Outlook on agriculture,v. 18,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10214/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Luisoni, E., Lisa, V., Milne, R.G., Lovisolo, O., Dellavalle, G. (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Turin (Italy). Laboratorio di Fitovirologia Applicata)",1976,"Screening and quarantine of cassava from East Africa [mosaic disease, Guinea]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10226/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Lujan, L. (Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario, Bogota)",1975,Colombia [report on cassava],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10228/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Lungkapin, J., Salokhe, V.M., Kalsirisilp, R., Nakashima, H.",2009,Design and Development of a Cassava Planter,,v. 52,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10241/,"The manual planting of cassava demands a large quantity of human labor. It is a time-consuming, unpleasant, and arduous job. The labor shortage is one of the major constraints in manual cassava planting in Thailand. Therefore, a cassava planter suitable for use in local farms was developed. It was designed to plant stakes either on flat beds or in ridges and to apply fertilizer at the same time. The machine consists of the main frame, the cutting unit, the planting unit, the fertilizer unit, the ridger, and the soil levelers. A 57.4 kW tractor is used as a power source. Two feeders and one tractor driver are needed to operate the planter attached to a tractor. For field performance evaluation, three traveling speeds (1.7, 2.0 and 2.4 km/h) were used. It was observed that the average field capacity and field efficiency were 0.135 ha/h and 65.3%, respectively. Fuel consumption varied between 19.9 and 24.2 L/ha. The maximum draft requirement of the machine was 1.55 kN. It could plant the stakes at an average inclination of 67 (angle 1, altitude angle of stake in the longitudinal-vertical plane) and 88 (angle 2, altitude angle of stake in the lateral-vertical plane) depending on the forward speed. Field testing showed 89% proper standing of plants. The average missing hills were 3.9%, and average horizontal planting was 4.2% (but buried in the soil). No damaged stakes were observed. Average germination was 90%. The planting pattern and quality achieved by this planter were considered satisfactory. The machine had a break-even area of 24.8 ha/year when it was operated at 2.4 km/h speed. For a one-year payback period, the planting area required was 80.7 ha/year if the planter was operated at 2.4 km/h. The performance test and cost analysis indicated that the machine could be used economically.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Lungu, E.H.",1975,Is cassava a good staple food or not?,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10242/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Lusembo, P., Sabiiti, E. N., Mugerwa, J. S.",1994,Centrosema pubescens (centro) and Manihot esculenta (cassava) intercropping: The effect of spacing and time of planting centro on seed yield,African Journal of Range and Forage Science,11,2,10.1080/10220119.1994.9638355,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10259/,"Studies were carried out to determine the effect of time of inter‐planting centro (Centrosema pubescens) with cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), at various spacings, on the seed yield components of centro. Apart from the seed yield itself, time of planting centro did not have any significant effect on the number of flowers per inflorescence, pods per seedhead, seeds per pod and weight of 100 g seeds of centro. There was a negative correlation between seed yield and time of planting centro at all cassava interrow spacings. A similar correlation was found for cassava interrow spacing at the various times of planting the legume, due to a reduction in the population of centro. Seed yield was maximized (982 kg ha‐1) when centro was planted at the same time with cassava and at a spacing of 1 m × 1 m.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Lusembo, P., Ebong, C., Sabiiti, E.N.",1998,Integration of cassava tuber and forage legume seed production for sustained soil fertility,Tropical Agriculture,75,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10260/,"Centro (Centrosema pubescens) was intercropped with cassava (Manihot esculenta) to determine whether the latter can provide vining support to the forage legume for increased seed yields, and improve soil conditions for subsequent croppings without significantly reducing tuber yield. Legume seed yield from the cassava-centro intercrop was 552 kg ha**-1 whereas 1000 kg ha**-1 was harvested from the centro sole crop that was staked. The cassava varieties (Tereka, Bukalasa, and Bao) that provided appropriate support for the legume succumbed to African Cassava Mosaic Virus (ACMV) disease. Similar cassava root yields of ACMV-resistant cultivars intercropped with centro planted at the same time, one, five, and six months later implied that the legume did not have a significant effect on tuber yield. After harvesting, the soil from the cassava-centro intercrop had a higher soil N and organic matter (OM) content than the sole crop of cassava. Intercropping cassava and centro could provide tubers and forage legume seed and also improve soil N and OM for subsequent crops.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Lutaladio, N.B., Wahua, T.A.T., Hahn, S.K.",1984,"Variability in leaf HCN, protein, and macro-nutrient concentration in different canopy portions of cassava",Beitrage zur Tropischen Landwirtschaft und Veterinarmedizin,22,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10263/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Lutaladio, N.B. (Projet de Recherche Agronomique Appliquee et Vulgarisation, PB 11635, Kinshasa (Zaire)), Brockman, F.E. (Programme National Manioc - PRONAM, BP 11635, Kinshasa (Zaire))",1989,The need for networking in roots and tubers in Central Africa,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10264/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Lutzeyer, H., Akobundu, I.O., Koch, W.",1988,Weed interference in maize-cassava intercrop,IITA Resource and Crop Management Program. Annual Report 1986,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10266/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Lyimo, M.H., Nyagwegwe, S., Mnkeni, A.P.",1991,"Investigations on the effect of traditional food processing, preservation and storage methods on vegetable nutrients a case study in Tanzania",Plant Foods for Human Nutrition,41,1,10.1007/BF02196382,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10282/,"The effect of traditional food proceesing, preservation and storage methods on vegetable nutrients was studied using cassava, pumpkin and mwage leaves. Traditional cooking method for 90 min for cassava, 50 min for pumpkin and mwage leaves resulted in significant losses in protein, fats and vitamins. Sundrying using traditional mats caused losses of vitamin A of 36.3%, 38.0% and 50.3% for cassava pumpkin and mwage leaves respectively. Storage using earthenware pots for six weeks resulted in significant losses of vitamin C. In general, traditional methods for processing, preservation and storage of vegetables cause significant losses of nutrients, an effect that could account for poor, nutritional status in Morogoro region (Tanzania).",Excluded,Duplicate
"Lynam, J.K.",1983,"Cassava in Asia a look at the present and at the future [Production, consumption, as food, feed]",Cassava newsletter,v. 7,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10286/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Lynam, J.K.",1986,A comparative analysis of cassava production and utilization in tropical Asia,"Cassava in Asia, its Potential and Research Development Needs. Proceedings of a Regional Workshop held in Bangkok, Thailand, 5-8 June, 1984",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10287/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Lynam, J. K.",1983,Cassava in Asia: a look at the present and at the future,Cassava Newsletter (CIAT),7,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10295/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Lyon, W.F.",1973,"plant-feeding mite Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) (Acarina Tetranychidae) new to the African continent threatens Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Uganda, East Africa",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10298/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"M.A., El Sharkawy, J.H., Cock",1984,"Water use efficiency of cassava. I. Effects of air humidity and water stress on stomatal conductance and gas exchange [Manihot esculenta, photosynthesis]",,24,,10.2135/cropsci1984.0011183X002400030017x,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10304/,"Measurements of CO2 and H2O exchange of attached cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaves in water stressed and control plants of cultivars M Col 90 and M Col 88 were made at various leaf-air vapor pressure differences (VPD) (0.8 to 4.5 kPa). Apparent photosynthesis and transpiration were sharply reduced by increase in VPD above 1.8 to 2.0 kPa in both stressed and nonstressed plants. This trend coincided with changes in leaf conductance over similar ranges of VPD. The rapid closure of stomata in dry air was independent of bulk leaf water potential (ψl). Furthermore, the response was completely reversible in humid air after short exposure to dry air, suggesting a direct response to changes in air humidity. Water use efficiency decreased as VPD increased over the range of 1 to 4 kPa. The significance of the Stomatal response to humidity is discussed in relation to WUE in long dry periods.",Excluded,Duplicate
"El Sharkawy, M.A., Cock, J.H., Held K., A.A.",1984,Water use efficiency of cassava. II. Differing sensitivity of stomata to air humidity in cassava and other warm-climate species,Crop Science,24,3,10.2135/cropsci1984.0011183X002400030018x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10305/,"Measurements of CO2 and H20 exchange and the calculated leaf conductance of attached leaves in well-watered plants were conducted over a range of leaf-air vapor pressure differences (VPD) (1.0 to 4.0 kPa) to compare the response of cassava that of other warm-climate species. Species tested were cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), andropogon (Andropogon gayanus Kunth), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), siratro [Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC) urb], rice (Oryza sativa L.), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus deglupta Blume), amaranth weed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench]. Plants were grown in pots outdoors at the CIAT headquarters, Palmira, Colombia, South America. All except andropogon showed a decrease in leaf conductance with increase in VPD. The degree of stomatal sensitivity decreased as follows: cassava > siratro, amaranthus, eucalyptus, bean > sorghum, rice > andropogon. The greater sensitivity in cassava was associated with reduction in transpiration and stable leaf water potential (ψl) at large VPD. In other less sensitive species, transpiration increased and bulk leaf water potential decreased at large VPD. The response of cassava to changes in VPD resulted in higher water use efficiency (WUE = μmol CO2 uptake per mmol H2O loss) compared with other C3 species. This may contribute to the comparative advantage of cassava when grown under conditions of limited availability of water. The WUE of the C4 species (sorghum, andropogon, amaranthus) were higher than those of the C3 species. This greater WUE of C4 species was attributed mainly to the higher photosynthetic rates of the C4 species rather than to a lower transpiration rate.",Excluded,Duplicate
"El Sharkawy, M. A.",1990,Effect of humidity and wind on leaf conductance of field grown cassava,Rev. Bras. Fisiol. Vegetal,2,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10306/,Stomata of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) were previously reported to close in large leaf-air vapor pressure difference (VPD) under laboratory controlled studies. Field measurements made with young cassava plants grown in wet soil in the north-east of Colombia demonstrated that leaf conductance decreased rapidly (from 6.7 mm s-1 at 1.4 KPa in late morning to 1.8 mm s-1 at 2.5 KPa at midday) with increasing VPD. Transpiration was also found to decrease over the same range of VPD without change in bulk leaf water potential. Leaves exposed to blowing wind closed their stomata at midday (leaf conductance was 0.64 mm s-1 for upwind leaves as compared with 3.34 mm s-1 for downwind leaves). These responses were discussed in light of possible mechanisms of direct stomatal reaction to changes in atmospheric humidity and its implications for cassava productivity in the tropics.,Excluded,Duplicate
"Jorge, M.A.",2008,Regeneration guidelines: Cassava,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10309/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is the only domesticated species of a genus which contains 98 species and belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family. It was first domesticated 7000 years ago (Allem 2002) in the lowlands of South America, probably in the Amazon Basin. Introduced into Africa by the Portuguese in the 16th century and into Asia in the 18th century (Hillocks 2002; Onwueme, 2002), today it is found all over the tropics and subtropics. It is a very hardy perennial crop with the ability to grow on land where drought is frequent and in soils low in nutrients, where cereals and other crops do not grow well. Cassava is vegetatively propagated from nodal cuttings (stakes) in field production systems, while all of the wild species are seed propagated in nature. It is also a monoecious and predominantly cross-pollinating species with viable seeds in the genotypes that flower. Controlled pollination and seed production are mostly used for the development of new varieties in breeding programmes. Seed populations can also be collected from cassava field collections to be stored and preserved as future sources of genetic information. Wild types are more difficult to regenerate in field genebanks than cultivated landraces (M. esculenta); most of them are perennial and difficult to regenerate through cuttings. Cassava is mainly conserved as live plants in field genebanks, but it can also be maintained as seeds, in vitro and by cryopreservation. About 20 000 accessions are being conserved worldwide, the largest collections being held at CIAT (Colombia), EMBRAPA (Brazil), and IITA (Nigeria), and in Ghana and India (Ng and Ng 2002). This guideline provides information for the regeneration of field collections of cultivated species.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Ampong Nyarko, K., Seshu Reddy, K.V., Saxena, K.N.",1994,"Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lep., Pyralidae) oviposition on non-host: a mechanism for reduced pest incidence in intercropping",Acta Oeologica,15,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1031/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"M.K., Palomar",1980,"Screening of cassava varieties for resistance to brown leaf spot [study 6, Philippines]. Terminal report",,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10316/,"The study was conducted at the Visayas State College of Agriculture [Baybay, Leyte, Philippines] to screen cassava varieties/cultivars which are resistant to brown leaf spot caused by Cercospora henningsii. Cassava plants inoculated 8 weeks after planting significantly manifested the earliest symptom and defoliation. This indicates that this is the most susceptible stage of growth to C. henningsii. Initial symptoms of the disease were light green, round lesions about 3-5 mm in diameter which later turned greenish brown. These lesions later on coalesced and resulted in blighting and subsequent defoliation. A total of 112 cassava accessions were studied for their susceptibility to brown leaf spot disease in the field. Based on the rating scale, 29 accessions were ranked resistant with 0-5 total area of lesion (cm2) range.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Palomar, M.K., Loreto, F.L., Gloria, R.P.",1993,"Identification, bioassay and evaluation of mycorrhiza for utilization in cassava and sweetpotato production",Annals of Tropical Research,15,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10319/,"The mycorrhizal fungi observed in various places in Leyte [Philippines] were found in cassava, sweetpotato, legume, vegetable, and plantation crops. Gigaspora and Glomus were the most commonly isolated local mycorrhizal genera. Higher infection was noted in cassava (Golden Yellow) than in sweetpotato (BNAS-51). Isolates obtained from cassava cultivar (Colombia) were infective on sweetpotato, with Gigaspora sp. causing the highest infection. The most suitable age of sweetpotato and cassava for inoculation with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) was found to be 2 and 3 wks after planting, respectively. In sweetpotato, root-mycorrhizal association was observed 6 wks after inoculation while in cassava, it was 4 wks after inoculation. The use of rhizosphere soil mixed with mycorrhizal spores as inoculum resulted in higher root infection than with the use of spores (in paper) and infected roots.",Excluded,Duplicate
"M.S.C., Simwambana",1980,The potential of cassava in Zambia,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10323/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Simwambana, M. S. C.",1982,Cassava pests in Luapula (Zambia),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10324/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Simwambana, M. S. C.",1982,Cassava pests in Luapula province,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10325/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"M.S.C., Simwambana",1982,Cassava production and management (with special reference to the Zambian situation),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10326/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Dahniya, M. T.",1994,The development and transfer of appropriate food crop technology - The IAR experience,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10331/,"The paper highlights experiences in food crop production technology development and transfer at the Institute of Agricultural Research at Njala, Sierra Leone. Some of the results achieved and some of the practical lessons learned in introducing innovations to small farmers are also highlighted. Cassava, sweet potato, maize, groundnut and cowpeas which are the thrust of the institute's research activity are covered.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Thankappan, M., Chacko, C. I.",1977,HCN content of cassava leaves in health and virus infection,Journal of Root Crops,3,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10338/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"M., Rukandema, L.M., Bangwe",1990,Factors determining productivity in traditional cassava cultivation in North Western Zambia,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10349/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Verma, M. V.",2016,Plant propagation in the Micronesian region challenges and measures for sustainable production,Acta Horticulturae,1140,,10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1140.28,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10353/,"This paper reports on plant propagation of select staple and cash crops in the Micronesian region. While discussing various climatic, socio-economic and technical issues that limit agricultural production, the paper emphasizes the feasibility of plant tissue culture techniques for sustainable plant propagation in the region. The findings include development of successful in vitro plant propagation methods and field transfer techniques for regional cultivars of banana, taro, cassava, sweet potato, pineapple, and black pepper. Plant propagation systems developed for crops at the Micronesia Plant Propagation Research Center serve as a foundation for establishing sustainable agriculture practices and attaining food self-sufficiency in Micronesia.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Amson, F.W. van",1995,Vegetables and root crops,A review of agricultural crops in Suriname,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1036/,"First some general information about the location, climate, soils and population of Suriname is given. Furthermore information is also given about various vegetable and root crops and the history, pre-cultivation, planting material, cultivation, post-cultivation, handling and socioeconomy of tomato, white cabbage, chinese cabbage, cucumber, eggplant, onion and some food legumes from the vegetable crops. From the root crops manioc and minor root crops like sweet potato and tannia, are discussed",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mabanga, J.",1989,Cassava breeding for bacterial blight resistance 1976-1986,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10370/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Mabanza, J. (Centre de Recherche Agronomique de Loudima, Brazzaville(Congo))",1981,Selection of cassava for disease and pest resistance in the Congo,"Tropical root crops: Research strategies for the 1980s proceedings of the first triennial root crops symposium of the international society for tropical root crops Africa branch, 8-12 September 1980, Ibadan, Nigeria",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10371/,"A brief overview of the screening work in the cassava improvement program in the People's Republic of Congo is provided. Major emphases of the program are bacterial blight, anthracnose, and mealybug. The base for such work is a living collection of cassava, the nucleus of which has now been established. To date 100 local cultivars have also been characterized. Screening for resistance to the three ""plagues"" has been under way for 4 years, and some preliminary results are encouraging. Shortages of funds, qualified personnel, and equipment have hindered the program",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mabanza, Joseph, Rodriguez Andriyamasi, A.V., Mahouka, J., Boumba, Bernabe",1995,Evaluation of cleaned cassava varieties in Congo,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10373/,"Cleaned cassava plants were produced with in vitro meristem culture techniques and thermotherapy. Fields of cleaned material were established to supply the farmers with planting material (stakes). The material was tested against several stresses African common mosaic disease, cassava bacterial blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. manihotis) and weeds. Both at the level of the research stations and at the farmer level, the data show that, in every case the cleaned material was 50 percent to 100 percent higher yielding that the uncleaned material.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mabasa, K. G., Rey, M. E. C.",2007,Epidemiology of Cassava mosaic disease and its whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) vector in the lowveld region of South Africa,South African Journal of Science,103,01-Feb,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10374/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"MacAnawai, A. R.",2016,"Spermacoce latifolia-a predominant alien invasive plant in root crops and its management in Lomaivuna,Viti Levu, Fiji",Acta Horticulturae,1123,,10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1123.30,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10377/,"A weed survey and a soil seed bank study to identify the weed species in taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) and cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) farms were completed. For the weed survey, ten farms were randomly selected and in each farm ten quadrats were sampled using a zigzag method of sampling. Five farms were randomly selected from the ten farms surveyed, and in each of these five farms four quadrats were sampled for a soil seed bank study. An average of 12 weed species were found in the above-ground weed community in taro and cassava farms. The most predominant weed was an introduced species, Spermacoce latifolia Blume which had a density of 42%, frequency of 98% and has the largest germinable soil seed bank. Farmers should aim to reduce the size of the soil seed bank of S. latifolia to ensure its impact on crop yields and potential spread is minimised. This could be achieved by eliminating S. latifolia plants on the farm before they reach flowering stage.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Macandog, D.B.M., Predo, C.D., Rocamora, P. (SEAMEO Regional Center for Graduate Study, Research in Agriculture, College, Laguna (Philippines))",1997,Modeling the environmental and economic impact of land-use change in tropical Imperata areas,,v. 22,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10380/,"Grasslands in tropical areas have expanded rapidly and encroached indiscriminately due to deforestation and consequent proliferation of shifting cultivation. Pure grasslands in the Philippines is estimated to occupy 1.8 million ha and another 10.8 million ha or 33 percent of the country's land area are under extensive cultivation mixed with grasslands and brushlands. Imperata cylindrica is the dominant species in these grasslands which generally represent degraded, acidic, low organic matter content and dry areas susceptible to soil erosion. Conversion of these grasslands into upland crop farms planted to rice, maize, and cassava is triggered by the interacting factors of rapidly increasing population, landholding policies and declining area of arable land per farmer in the lowlands. Likewise, attractive market-driven demand for fast growing timber species like Gmelina arborea is the main driving force for the development of smallholder timber plantations. The on-site and off-site biophysical and economic consequences of land-use change from Imperata grasslands to continuous maize cropping and Gmelina plantation systems in Northern Mindanao, Philippines were determined using Soil Changes Under Agroforestry (SCUAF) model linked to a cost-benefit spreadsheet. Simulated results have shown that least reduction in yield, total soil C, total soil organic N and total soil organic P as well as least cumulative soil loss through erosion occurred in the Gmelina plantation system. Consequently, carbon sequestration in Gmelina system was found to be higher than the other systems considered in the study. The maize system, on the other hand, showed the highest reduction in total soil C, total soil organic N and total soil organic P as well as the highest cumulative soil loss. Cost-benefit analysis have shown that long term financial profitability of the Gmelina system is superior compared with the other two systems. However, it takes a longer time for the investment in Gmelina to be translated into positive revenues due to the long-term nature of its output. The imputed value of the carbon sequestered in the soil and biomass is substantially higher in the Gmelina system",Excluded,Duplicate
"Amundala Drazo, Nicaise, Kennis, Jan, Leirs, Herwig, Migimiru, Dudu Akaibe",2008,Farmer survey in the hinterland of Kisangani (Democratic Republic of Congo) on rodent crop damage and rodent control techniques used,Mammalia,72,3,10.1515/MAMM.2008.034,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1039/,"We conducted a survey on rodent crop damage among farmers in the hinterland of Kisangani (Democratic Republic of Congo). We studied the amount of crop damage, the rodent groups causing crop damage, the growth stages affected and the control techniques used. We conducted this survey in three municipalities using a standard questionnaire form translated into local languages, between November 2005 and June 2006 and during July 2007. We used the Quotas method and interviewed 70 households per municipality. Farmers indicated rodent groups implicated in crop damage on color photographs. Two types of survey techniques were used individual and focus-group surveys. The sugar cane rat, Thryonomys sp. and Lemniscomys striatus caused most damage to crops, but inside granaries, Rattus rattus was the primary pest species eating stored food supplies and causing damage to stored goods. Cassava and maize were the most cultivated crops, followed by rice. Maize and rice are the most vulnerable during the heading stage. The most usable part of cassava (tubers) was attacked less often. Farmers mostly applied traditional trapping techniques, using local snap traps to decrease rodent abundance and sometimes used a labor-intensive trap-barrier system to trap Thryonomys. Inside buildings (granaries), farmers used chemical control methods.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Abd-El-Baki, S.M., Nawar, M.S., Hassona, E.M., Bassuny, S.M., Soliman, E.S.M., El-Fieshawy, M.A.",1990,Cassava as a new animal feed in Egypt. 2. Evaluation of successive cuts of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crants) as a new forage crop for feeding ruminants,Zagazig Journal of Agricultural Research,17,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/104/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Machmud, Mohammad",1986,Bacterial wilt in Indonesia,Bacterial Wilt Disease in Asia and the South Pacific,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10402/,"Since bacterial wilt caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum was first reported from Indonesia in the 18905, it has caused serious losses of many crops. Kelman (1953) considered the importance of bacterial wilt in Indonesia ranked second in the world after the United States, based on the number of available reports and economically important hosts affected by the disease. Intensive research has been done in Indonesia and various control measures have been developed to combat the disease, but it is still a major problem. The first major period of research on bacterial wilt in Indonesia started with the first reported occurrence and continued until the early 1950s when most of the Dutch scientists left Indonesia. Most of the work on bacterial wilt was done during this period. The second period of research started in the early 1970s and continues to the present. This paper presents a brief review of the history, distribution and economic importance of bacterial wilt, its current status and research progress on the disease in Indonesia.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Madeley, J.",1993,Make way for super cassava,Ceres,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10414/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Amusa, N. A.",2006,Microbially produced phytotoxins and plant disease management,African Journal of Biotechnology,5,5,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1042/,"Pathogenic fungi and bacteria often damage their host (plants) tissues by producing toxic metabolites, which induced various symptoms such as necrosis, chlorosis, wilting, water soaking and eventually the death of plants. These toxic metabolites also known is one of the weapons used by pathogen inducing disease condition in susceptible host plants. Many pathogens are known to produce toxins both in vitro and in vivo and these toxins have been implicated in the symptom development on the host tissues. Many of these phytotoxic metabolites have also been extracted from diseased plant tissues. Based on the reactions of host crops to the toxic metabolites of respective hosts, methods of rapid screening of germplasm for resistance to plant diseases have been developed. Their application has successfully resulted in resistant lines in some tropical crops like cowpea, cassava, maize, yam, and soybean. Nowadays, these evaluation techniques are becoming an important complement to classical breeding methods. The knowledge of the inactivation of microbial toxins has led to the use of microbial enzymes to inactivate phytotoxins thereby reducing incidence and severity of disease induced by microbial toxins. Considering the increasing awareness of herbicide resistance, and the restriction of the use of chemical pesticides in agriculture against plant pathogens, novel compounds from microorganisms also provided new environmentally friendly bio-herbicides for the control of parasitic weeds that are normally difficult to control. 2006 Academic Journals.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Maduagwu, E.N.",1979,Cyanide content of gari,Toxicology Letters,v. 3,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10423/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Maduewesi, J.N.C.",1975,Observations on the Cercospora [henningsii] leaf-spot disease of cassava (Manihot esculenta),Nigerian Journal of Plant Protection,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10433/,,Excluded,Retracted
"Maduewesi, J. N. C.",,Observations on the Cercospora leaf-spot disease of cassava (Manihot esculenta),Nigerian journal of plant protection,"May 1975, 1 (1)",,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10434/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Maemouri, R.K.",2001,Traditional slash and mulch systems in the Solomon Islands,Shifting Cultivation: Towards Sustainability and Resource Conservation in Asia,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10440/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Magalhaes, S., Bakker, F. M.",2002,Plant feeding by a predatory mite inhabiting cassava,Experimental and Applied Acarology,27,01-Feb,10.1023/A1021508620436,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10447/,"Plant feeding by arthropod predators may strongly affect the dynamics of bi- and tri-trophic interactions. We tested whether a predatory mite, Typhlodromalus aripo, feeds upon its host plant, cassava. This predator species is an effective biological control agent of Monoychellus tanajoa (the cassava green mite or CGM) a herbivorous mite specific to cassava. We developed a technique to detect plant feeding, based on the use of a systemic insecticide. We found that T. aripo feeds upon plant-borne material, while other predatory mite species, Neoseiulus idaeus and Phytoseiulus persimilis, do not. Subsequently, we measured survival of juveniles and adult females of T. aripo and N. idaeus, both cassava-inhabiting predator species, on cassava leaf discs. Survival of T. aripo was higher than that of N. idaeus. Thus, T. aripo was able to withstand longer periods of prey scarcity. Because CGM populations fluctuate yearly and are heterogeneously distributed within plants, plant feeding may facilitate the persistence of populations of T. aripo in cassava fields and its control of CGM outbreaks.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Magcale-Macandog, D.B.",2005,Smallholder agroforestry options for degraded soils (SAFODS),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10455/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Magoon, M. L.",,Problems and prospects in the genetic improvement of cassava in India,"Tropical root and tuber crops tomorrow. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Tropical Root and Tuber Crops, August 23 to 30, 1970. 1970 Vol.1 pp.58-61","Aug 1970, 2d (v. 1)",,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10458/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Mahakal, K.G., Joshi, A.T., Deshmukh, P.P.",1981,Further studies on the performance of some tapioca varieties under hot and dry climate of central India [Manihot esculenta],,v. 5,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10467/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Mahakal, K. G., Joshi, A. T., Deshmukh, P. P.",1981,Further studies on the performance of some tapioca varieties under hot and dry climate of central India,P. K. V. Research Journal (Punjabrao Krishi Vidyapeeth),5,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10468/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Mahon, J.D., Lowe, S.B., Hunt, L.A.",1976,Photosynthesis and assimilate distribution in relation to yield of cassava grown in controlled environments,Canadian journal of botany,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10482/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Mahon, J. D., Lowe, S. B., Hunt, L. A., Thiagarajah, M.",1977,Environmental Effects on Photosynthesis and Transpiration in Attached Leaves of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Photosynthetica,11,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10483/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Mahto, D.N., Sinha, D.C.",1978,"Evaluation of insecticides for the control of white fly, Bemisia tabaci Genn. in relation to the incidence of mosaic of cassava",Indian Journal of Entomology,40,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10485/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Mahto, D.N., Sinha, D.C.",1978,"Mosaic disease of cassava and its relationship with the vector, Bemisia tabaci Genn",Indian Journal of Entomology,40,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10486/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Mahungu, N.M., Ndombo, D., Muyolo, G., Muimba, K.A., Pandey, S.J., Va Kanda, B.",1988,Zaire national cassava program,IITA Root and Tuber Improvement Program. Annual report 1986,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10487/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Mahungu, N.M., Chheda, H.R., Aken'Ova, M.E., Hahn, S.K.",1994,Correlated response and use of selection index in cassava,Acta Horticulturae,380,,10.17660/ActaHortic.1994.380.18,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10488/,"The correlated response to selections for various cassava traits was assessed with six populations comprising two composites and four segregating F1 families. The merit of indirect selection relative to direct selection for tuberous root yield was in the order of number of tuberous roots (0.82) followed by harvest index (0.74), tuberous root size (0.61), stem girth (0.61), total number of branches (0.55), canopy width (0.50), and plant height at harvest (0.39). Direct selection aimed at improving tuberous root yield resulted in an indirect selection for tuberous root size as effective as direct selection for tuberous root size. Selections made on index value basis, in general, resulted in predicted selection differential equal or similar to those made on direct root yield selection except in two populations where the selection differential from index was much smaller (about 55%) than that of direct root yield selection.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mahungu, N.M.",1994,Relationships between cyanogenic potential of cassava and other agronomic traits,Acta Horticulturae,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10489/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Mailly, D., Christanty, L., Kimmins, J. P.",1997,"'Without bamboo, the land dies': Nutrient cycling and biogeochemistry of a Javanese bamboo talun-kebun system",Forest Ecology and Management,91,02-Mar,10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03893-5,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10501/,"The accumulation and removal of biomass, and the inventory of five major nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) in plants, litterfall, forest floor, and in the mineral soil were quantified at various stages of a bamboo talun-kebun agroforestry system (West Java, Indonesia). Data were collected in order to explain the biogeochemistry of the system over an entire rotation cycle. This cycle consisted of 1 year of mixed species vegetable cropping (kebun) after the removal of bamboo, followed by a year of cassava cropping, and 4 years of bamboo fallow (talun) a total cycle length of 6 years. The accumulation of five major nutrients in live plant biomass during a complete talun-kebun rotation cycle was 787, 134, 692, 218, and 248 kg ha-1 for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg, respectively. The overall nutrient removals accounted for approximately 51%, 48%, 55%, 52%, and 56% of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg accumulated in the live plant biomass, respectively. Accumulation of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in the forest floor peaked at the end of the mature talun stage, i.e. when the forest floor mass accumulation reached its maximum. Fertilization was an important input during the first year of cropping it accounted for 63%, 145%, 100%, 188%, and 225% of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg output, respectively, during this period. Cassava cultivation decreased the content of exchangeable K in the mineral soil during the second year of cropping. Available P in the surface 5 cm of mineral soil increased slightly after clearing and hoeing, but decreased to 92% and 75% of its original value in the first and second year cropping stages, respectively. About 220 kg N ha-1 was lost from the system over the 6-year rotation, a difference between input and output to and from the system which reflected changes in the soil N compartment. Soil data on P, Ca, and Mg did not suggest a current problem of declining availability of these elements on the site, although the use of an NPK fertilizer does suggest concern over the availability of K. Finally, soil leaching losses were very small in comparison to losses in harvest removals.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Makambila, C.",1981,Cassava root rot due to Armillariella tabescens in the People's Republic of Congo,Tropical Root Crops: Research Strategies for the 1980s,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10514/,"Armillariella tabescens is the pathogenic agent of cassava root rot in the People's Republic of Congo. Studies carried out in many areas have shown that cassava is attacked by external ""subterranean"" rhizomorphs and internal ""subcortical"" rhizomorphs. Agricultural practices, such as the use of stakes that are already infected and the often very long period (3-4 years) during which roots are preserved in the ground contribute to the maintenance of the disease. Farmers are receiving advice concerning measures aimed at reducing losses, such as harvesting roots and marketing them after 3 years. However, these measures are encountering problems deriving from marketing and road conditions and the farmers' reluctance to abandon traditional practices.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Makanjuola, G.A., Moldenhawer, A.",1984,Mechanised cassava production investigations in Nigeria [Planting and harvesting equipment],Paper - American Society of Agricultural Engineers [Microfiche collection] (USA),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10518/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Makumbi-Kidza, N. N., Speijer, P. R., Sikora, R. A.",2000,Effects of Meloidogyne incognita on growth and storage-root formation of cassava (Manihot esculenta),Journal of Nematology,32,SUPPL. 4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10532/,"Two-node cuttings of cassava cultivar SS4 were inoculated with 1,000 infective juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita at 1, 14, 40, 70, 88, and 127 days after planting (DAP). Plant growth and root damage were assessed at 150 DAP. Meloidogyne incognita significantly reduced the number of storage-roots formed in plants inoculated at 14, 40, 70, and 88 DAP and the total weight of storage-roots in plants inoculated at 1, 14, 40, 70, and 88 DAP, compared to uninoculated plants. Individual storage-root weight and plant height were not affected by M. incognita. Storage-root formation in cassava is initiated when plants are 1 to 2 months old. The results of this experiment indicate that, at this time, young cassava plants are most prone to root-knot nematode damage in terms of storage-root formation. The production loss caused by M. incognita to young SS4 plants was due to a reduction of storage-root number rather than a reduction in individual storage-root weight.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mala, W. A., Geldenhuys, C. J., Prabhu, R.",2012,Perceptions of Climate Variability and Pest-Disease Incidence on Crops and Adaptive Forest-Agricultural Practices,"Culture, Agriculture, Food and Environment",34,1,10.1111/j.2153-9561.2012.01064.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10537/,"The article examines the influence of local perceptions of climate variability and pest-disease incidence on crops and its management and on adaptive forest-agricultural practices. The study was conducted in the humid forest of Southern Cameroon along a resource use intensification and population gradient using a semi-structured questionnaire administrated to farmers. The results showed that the level of severity of crops-pests incidence was perceived as high, with an increase over the past 15 years. A high incidence of pests-diseases was perceived on yield/income of cocoa, cassava, and groundnuts. The results indicated that each crop has its management practices of pests-diseases both at the crop and land use level. The farmers respond positively to their perception of climate variability by anticipating cropping practices, by harvesting earlier or later, and by adapting strategies of pests-diseases with crops and land use practices that affect the sustainability of forest-agriculture. 2012 by the American Anthropological Association.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Malathi, V.G., Shanta, P.",1984,Diseases of cassava,Indian Farming,33,12,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10542/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Mandac, A.M., Genesila, M.P., Flinn, J.C.",1986,Developing technology for upland farms in Northern Mindanao [Philippines],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10587/,"Upland farmers' production system, based on baseline survey data for CY 1983-84 in Northern Mindanao [Philippines] is described. The dominant cropping patterns were maize-maize, rice-fallow, maize-fallow, cassava and perennial crops such as coffee, cacao and coconut. Seventy percent of farmers grew local maize and only 4 percent of the farmers grew MV rice. Few farmers used fertilizer and insecticides at approximately recommended levels. Mean yields of maize varied between 1.0 t/ha traditional variety (TV) and 1.4 t/ha modern variety (MV). Farmers reported local rice yields of 1.5 t/ha. On-farm cropping pattern trials during CY 1985-86 showed that crop production on upland farms could be increased by 3.8 t/ha/yr by changing variety, applying more fertilizer and better pest management. On average, net gain increased from P3,315 to P5,767/ha/yr. The CP-MZ [cowpea-maize] pattern gave the highest increase in net gain of P6,142.00 or 185 percent. Production, net gain and returns to scarce factor considerations indicate that the improved technologies are better than the traditional technology. Potential socioeconomic constraints to adoption of improved technologies at the site include (a) weak market position; (b) very limited cash for investment in the production system; and (c) the disincentive imposed by share tenancy resulting in reduced operators' surplus. Input-output and credit market systems development, better farm to market roads, completion of land reform on rice and corn areas in the site are essential for the potentials of the new technologies to benefit the small farmer",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Mandac, A.M.",1989,"Management decisions on upland farms in Northern Mindanao, Philippines",Philippine Journal of Crop Science,v. 14,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10588/,"This study, focusing on 54 farm households in Claveria, Misamis Oriental [Philippines] indicates the importance of off-farm and non-farm activities in the survival strategies of small and marginal farms. Small-medium upland farmers are basically part-time farmers with over one-half of their total household income derived from off-farm and non-farm sources. The patterns of resource allocation is also investigated. Upland farming is basically subsistence in nature with almost two-thirds of cultivated area planted to staple crops maize and upland rice. Less than one-half of the maize and one-fifth of rice produced are sold. More than 80% of the crop income of small farms is derived from food crops. Women contribute about 1/4 of total labor force; female - dominated activities are planting and harvesting. Better farmer education led to substitution of hired for family labor; family labor rose with increase in area planted to upland rice, cassava and tomatoes. Economic analysis of cropping pattern experiments indicates that the second crop reduced total net returns because of the drought incidence. The farmers' traditional pattern performed better under drought conditions. The smallness of farms, lack of profitability of traditional technology, lack of new production or income opportunity and drought risk force farmers and farm laborers to turn to non-farm work because of higher income. Cropping systems research in upland must, therefore, shift the bias to developing multiple crop patterns involving high valued crops that are drought resistant if farmers are to intensify land and labor use and lessen the need for non-farm labor.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mandal, R.C., Singh, K.D., Magoon, M.L.",1971,"Relative efficacy of different sources, levels and split application of nitrogen in tapioca. [Cassava]",,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10589/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Mandal, R.C., Singh, K.D., Maini, S.B.",1973,"Effect of plant density, fertility level and shoot number on tuber yield and quality of tapioca hybrids",Indian Journal of Agronomy,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10590/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Mandal, R. C., Singh, K. D., Magoon, M. L.",,"Relative efficacy of different sources, levels and split application of nitrogen in tapioca",Indian journal of agronomy,"Dec 1971, 16 (4)",,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10591/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Anaman, K.A., Murphy, J.E.",1988,The effect of phosphorus fertilizer application and the time of harvest on production risk of cassava in southeast Queensland,Agricultural Economics Discussion Paper - University of Queensland Department of Agriculture,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1061/,"Cassava gave small positive response to increased P on each of 3 soils, with no effect on the variability of yield. Banding as against broadcasting fertilizer reduced yield on one soil, variability on another, and had no effect on the third. Delaying the harvest gave yield increases on 2 soils, but had no effect on variability.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Anan Polthanee (Khon Kaen Univ., Khon Kaen (Thailand). Dept. of Agronomy)",1999,Studies on cassava-peanut intercropping patterns in an acid soil in Northeast Thailand,Thai Journal of Agricultural Science (Thailand),v. 32,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1062/,"Field experiment was conducted at Khon Kaen University, northeast Thailand during 1996-1997. The objectives of this study were to investigate (i) yield and yield components of cassava and peanut, and (ii) land use efficiency and economic return. The experiment was laid in a randomized complete block design with three replications. This intercropping experiment consisted of six treatments i.e. 100*100 cm for sole crop of cassava; 50*20 cm for sole crop of peanut; 100*100 cm (P1) for cassava with 1 row of peanut; 100*100 cm (P2) for cassava with 2 rows of peanut; 200*50 cm (P2) for cassava with 2 rows of peanut; and 200*50 cm (P3) for cassava with 3 rows of peanut. The results showed that yield and yield components of cassava were not affected by intercropping patterns. Whilst seed yields of peanut were affected by cropping patterns due to the differences in plant population even though pods per plant, seeds per pod and seed weight were not affected. Land equivalent ratio and combined economic value were much greater for intercropping patterns than that of the sole crop of both cassava and peanut plants. This is of importance for the cassava-based farming systems in developing countries where available per capita land is low.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mankhoksoong, P., Promphakping, B.",2016,The effect on land used changed on ecosystem services in the lower Songkhram river basin,The Social Sciences,11,23,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10620/,"There has long been a recognition that ecosystem services are essential. Not only for maintaining ecosystems themselves but also for socio-economic development, however, the ecosystems are complex interweaving from small local to mega global scale. This has a result that in terms of methodology for studying the ecosystem services, it is difficult to determine the boundary of individual ecosystem. This study places a focus on land use change and its implication on ecosystem services, by considering river basin as a boundary of ecosystem. Land use change was determined by using Quantum GIS computer program interpreting satellite images. Qualitative methods combine with secondary sources of data were employed to study the implication of land use on change of ecosystem services. This study found that during 1992-2008, wetland of Songkhram river basin was changed to be used in agriculture. Land that was previously grown rice and different types of cash crops were found to change into rubber and cassava growing significantly. The change of land use has a significant effect on the loss of ecosystem services, both to ecosystem and local livelihoods. This is because wetland forests play an important in maintaining ecosystem of Songkhram River Basin. Loss of wetland forest lands result in irregularity of flood pules, loss of source for nurturing and reproducing fish, poor quality of water, soil erosion and etc.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mannan, M.A., Rashid, M.M.",1991,Varietal improvement of tuber crops other than potato [in Bangladesh],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10621/,"Researches were done for varietal improvement of sweet potato, aroids, yams, cassava and other minor tuber crops. Three varieties of sweet potato and two varieties of aroids have been developed; four species of yams were identified and 10 lines of cassava were studied.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Manrique, L.A. (Hawaii Univ., Honolulu (USA). Dept. of Agronomy, Soil Science)",1988,"Effects of rainfall and cover on soil temperatures of an isohyperthermic temperature regime, Panama",,v. 42,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10631/,,Excluded,Retracted
"Manrique, L. A.",1990,Plant Morphology of Cassava during Summer and Winter,Agronomy Journal,82,5,10.2134/agronj1990.00021962008200050007x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10632/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Manrique, L.A.",1992,Growth and yield performance of cassava grown at three elevations in Hawaii,,v. 23,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10635/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Ananda, K., Rasdiman, S.",1979,"White grubs identification on cassava at Kalasan region, Yogyakarta (Central Java, Indonesia)",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1064/,"White grubs are larvae of Lamellicernia, ordo Coleoptera (Kalshoven, 1951). This group is divided into six families namely Lucanidae, Passalidae, Scarabaeidae, Dynastidae, Rutelidae and Melolonthidae. Studies were conducted to identify grubs found at Kalasan, Yogyakarta. Grubs were collected from the area once a month from May 1976 to December 1977. The sampling area was about 5 ha which was planted with cassava. Collected grubs were identified based on the Kalshoven's table identification. As the result, there were two families, the Rutelidae, and Melolonthidae. The two families differ principally in the form of anal opening and their movement. The Rutelids has 4 genera and Melolonthids has 5 genera. The different characteristics of the genera depend on the pattern of hair in the ventral of the last abdominal segment and the number of bristles in each row.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Manu-Aduening, J.A., Lamboll, R.I., Dankyi, A.A., Gibson, R.W.",2005,Cassava diversity in Ghanaian farming systems,Euphytica,144,3,10.1007/s10681-005-8004-8,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10644/,"The diversity of cassava was studied in 10 communities spanning a range of socio-economic circumstances and located in the four main agro-ecological zones in Ghana. On average, each farmer grew about two cultivars, mostly landraces, both for home consumption and sale of the storage roots. In total, 35 differently-named landraces were mentioned, 26 in only single communities. Most communities had grown cassava for > 100 years and seem to have acquired an additional landrace about every decade. Landraces were also abandoned. The attributes mentioned of newly-acquired landraces were generally the reverse of landraces abandoned and most were related to the storage roots. All the current landraces in all the communities seem to have been obtained from other communities. None of the almost 300 interviewed farmers understood the role of pollination in setting seed and providing variation amongst seedlings, none purposely planted seeds and most farmers ignored or weeded out cassava seedlings. However, some did use planting material (stem cuttings) from self-sown seedlings, often when planting material from their crops was scarce, and some purposely grew cuttings from a few such seedlings, apparently as experiments. That many seedlings were both reported and seen in newly-planted crops suggests that some may be accidentally used as planting material, especially those seedlings that are perceptually indistinct from the planted crop, resulting in polyclonal landraces.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Manu-Aduening, J.A., Lamboll, R.I., Mensah, G. Ampong, Gibson, R.W.",2007,Farmers' perceptions and knowledge of cassava pests and diseases and their approach to germplasm selection for resistance in Ghana,,v. 151,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10646/,"Cassava farmers in 10 villages in Ghana had specific names for large or colony-forming pests but Bemisia tabaci, the relatively inconspicuous whitefly vector of cassava mosaic disease (CMD), was not mentioned and farmers used descriptors borrowed from other circumstances to identify cassava diseases, different farmers sometimes describing the same symptoms using different terms. Disease susceptibility was rarely a main reason for abandoning a landrace and few farmers were aware of the disease resistance of modern varieties although they were aware that their spreading habit enabled them to shade out weeds. While weeds were generally well controlled, CMD was common and appeared to be the main biotic constraint to cassava yields. Cassava anthracnose disease and brown leaf spot, although present, were generally not severe. In on-farm collaborative breeding trials, high yield - an indirect measure of pest and disease resistance - was the farmers' main selection criterion; those directly involving pest, disease or weed resistance were less commonly mentioned. Despite this, farmers selected for accessions with no or only mild CMD, perhaps through the effect CMD had on yield. These insights about farmers' perceptions of cassava pests and diseases provide a basis for further collaborative germplasm development in Africa.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Anandajayasekeram, P. (ed.), Rukani, M. (ed.), Babu, S. (ed.), Liebenberg, F. (ed.), Keswani, C.L. (ed.)",2007,Impact of science on African agriculture and food security,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1065/,"The need for agricultural research resources in the developing world cannot be underestimated, but the availability of such resources is often poor due to lack of funding and investment. In order for Africa and other such developing countries to achieve productivity in agriculture - vital to food security, poverty reduction and sustainable management of natural resources - investment and policy development needs to be assessed. This book, a joint effort from IFPRI, ILRI and the Kellogg Foundation, explores the importance of impact assessment studies in Africa, and assembles important evidence to pave the way for further, much needed investment in agricultural research all over the developing world. Main topics of discussion include wheat and maize research in Kenya; sorgum, millet, groundnut and sunflower research in Zimbabwe; cassava research in Uganda; agricultural extension in Tanzania; the Sorghum and Millet Research Improvement Programme (SMIP); maize research in Ethiopia; impact of the Russian wheat aphid control programme; and wine grape and technology research in South Africa.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Maonga, B.B., Maharjan, K.L.",2003,An alternative cropping system of smallholders in Malawi: Towards improved food production in Sangadzi area,,39,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10654/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Maraite, H., Meyer, J. A.",1977,Cassava wilt due to Verticillium dahliae,Plant Protection Bulletin,25,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10659/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Anane, S. Y., Twumasi-Ankrah, R.",1996,Profitability of private/community woodlots,"Paper presented at the Workshop on Forest Plantation Development in Ghana, held at the Wood Industries Training Centre, Akyawkrom near Ejisu, Ashanti, form 27 - 29 February, 1996",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1067/,"In Ghana, both rural and urban dwellers rely on wood for their energy needs for domestic and small-scale industrial processes and activities. All these wood requirements are obtained from the natural forests. As a result we are faced with a situation of over-exploitation since the harvesting rate seems to exceed the regeneration rate. It has therefore become necessary to introduce tree planting schemes such as woodlot establishment into our traditional farming systems. Farmers however, respond favourably to innovations and new technologies only if these entail additional short-term economic incentives. This paper attempts to establish the economic viability of woodlot establishment on the basis of farmers experiences in the Central Region. This case study indicated that, a farmer who establishes a three/four rotation of Sena siamea woodlot for charcoal production with initial intercrops of maize and cassava obtained net incomes of 24,300.00 cedis; 152,750.00 cedis and 541,000.00 cedis per hectre in successive years from 1991-1994. The a Benefit-Cost ratio of of 2.49 using a nominal discount rate of 36% and an inflation rate of 25%.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Anane, S. Y., Twumasi-Ankrah, R.",1998,Woodlots: a profitable venture for Ghana's smallholder farmers,Agroforestry Today,10,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1068/,"Twenty years ago it was widely predicted that many African countries would run out of fuelwood by the year 2000, leading to widespread environmental degradation and causing extreme hardship among impoverished urban and rural populations. Now, however, there is increasing evidence that as populations rise and the supply of fuelwood from natural forests dwindles, woodlots can become a profitable wood supplying venture for small-scale farmers. This article reports on a case study from central Ghana. During the late 1980s the Agroforestry Unit of the Ghana Department of Crop Services began introducing woodlots and other agroforestry systems to small-scale farmers nationwide. Several multipurpose trees, including Leucaena leucocephala, Cassia siamea, neem [Azadirachta indica], and Acacia and Eucalyptus spp., were tested for their suitability for woodlots. Cassia siamea was the best. Woodlot adoption has been encouraging, and by December 1994 accounted for 33% (2935 ha) of land area under agroforestry. In the central and western regions of Ghana, where woodlots are the preferred agroforestry option, mixed cropping is practised. Farms are divided into 3 or 4 blocks which are cropped on a rotational basis. The trees (C. siamea) are planted in a different block each year at 2X2 m spacing, and intercropped with maize and cassava in year 1. The maize is harvested in year 1 and the cassava in year 2. By the 3rd year the block is a pure tree stand and no intercropping is done. The trees are harvested for charcoal at the end of year 3 or 4, or left for 6 yr for fuelwood. Costs and returns are detailed. The cost benefit [benefit cost] ratio of the system was 2.49, indicating high profitability.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Marges, B.E., Rint, J.R.",1993,Intensive upland cropping systems in Cavite,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10680/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Maria, R.M., Yost, R.",2006,survey of soil fertility status of four agroecological zones of Mozambique,,v. v. 171,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10681/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Marie, Thro Ann, M., Msabaha, H., Kulembeka, W., Shengero, A., Kapande, L.V., Milingi Nicholas, L., Hemed, P., Digges, J., Cropley",1995,Village perspectives on cassava CBN case study in Tanzania,The Cassava Biotechnology Network Proceedings of the Second International Scientific Meeting Bogor Indonesia 22-26 August 1994,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10685/,"The Cassava Biotechnology Network (CBN) has a role in providing biotechnologists with information on the needs of developing country producers, processors, marketers, and consumers of cassava. CBN is exploring ways of learning the perspectives of cassava users in a manner repeatable at intervals or in different regions. A study in Tanzania used Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA), chosen for its fit cost- effectiveness and quickness. Major findings concerned villagers' perspectives on cassava production stresses (the region has been hard hit by delayed rains, insect pests and declining soil fertility); varietal diversity deployed to satisfy a range of requirements; reasons for use of both high and low cyanogenic cassava; and villagers' keen interest in new cassava cultivars and processing methods, including novel products for village - level commercialization. In the region studied, men are traditionally responsible for decisions about cassava production and processing, though comments by villagers suggested regular consultation between men and women. Women are responsible for most of the cassava-related labor. Decisions about small-scale daily harvest, processing and sales, are an exception; these decisions are generally made by women. Biotechnological research for villagers in this region can focus in the short term on microbial biotechnologies for faster, safer, more nutritious cassava products; and on exploring the feasibility of micropropagation for increasing initial planting material of desirable cultivars. In the medium term, transgenic experimental genotypes may permit study of cyanogenesis and its relationship to cassava productivity, plant defense and processing quality; postharvest deterioration and its effects on women's activities; and altered root protein or vitamin content. In the long term, molecular marker-assisted selection may permit faster and farther progress in cassava breeding for all villager concerns than is possible with present breeding tools, including complex research objectives such as adaptation to stress environments.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Marinas, M.E. Dlr., Lim, R.S., dela Rosa, E.A. (Western Luzon Agricultural Coll., San Marcelino, Zambales (Philippines))",1992,Performance trial and cultural management studies of sweet potato and cassava under volcanic soil,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10692/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Mariscal, A.M.",1986,Improving the productivity of cassava in the Philippines,"Cassava in Asia, Its Potential and Research Development Needs: Proceedings of a Regional Workshop held in Bangkok, Thailand, 5-8 June 1984",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10694/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Maritza Burbano, M., Arturo Carabal, M., James Montoya, L., Bellotti, A. C.",2007,"Resistance of Manihot species to Mononychellus tanajoa (Acariformes), Aleurotrachelus socialis, and Phenacoccus herreni (Hemiptera)",Revista Colombiana de Entomologia,33,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10698/,"Wild species of the genus Manihot offer a valuable and potential source of resistance genes for the control of the majority of insect pests of cassava (Manihot esculenta). Recently, this characteristic has being exploited to develop strains resistant to pests and diseases through inter-specific crosses with wild Manihot species. In order to find new sources of resistance in Manihot species, two wild Brazilian species, M. flabellifolia and M. peruviana, were evaluated and compared to commercial genotypes of M. esculenta to determine potential resistance against three of the major cassava pests in the Americas, Africa and Asia the mite Mononychellus tanajoa, the mealybug (Phenacoccus herreni) and the whitefly (Aleurotrachelus socialis). The research was carried out at CIAT, Palmira, under controlled conditions (255 C, 6010 RH, 12L/D) using screening and bioassay methodologies assisted by controlling infestation and damage levels. The results showed that the genotypes M. flabellifolia (444-002) and M. peruviana (417-003 and 417-005) exhibited highest levels of resistance against M. tanajoa and A. socialis, while the genotypes M. flabellifolia (444-002) and M. peruviana (417-003) showed middle levels of resistance against P. herreni. The importance of these sources of resistance is discussed in light of the diversity conservation and host plant resistance programs and a component of integrated pest management.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Anantharaman, M., Ramanathan, S.",1986,Extending new cassava technology - the Lab-to-Land Program in Southern India,"Cassava in Asia, its Potential Research and Development Needs: Proceedings of a Regional Workshop held in Bangkok, Thailand, 5-8 June, 1984",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1070/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Markham, R.H., Robertson, I.A.D., Kirkby, R.A.",1987,Cassava green mite in East Africa: a regional approach to research and control,Insect Science and its Application,8,04-Jun,10.1017/S1742758400023171,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10701/,"A regional programme, involving seven national programmes and three international agencies, has been launched in East Africa to promote research on the biological control of cassava green mite, Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) sensu lato. The organization and objectives of the programme are described and outline results of the first 2 years of work are reported. Trials to assess losses due to mites were carried out at 10 sites, using acaricides to protect split plots of two to five varieties in each trial; at 6 sites, significant losses of tuber yield were recorded on one or more varieties. Surveys of indigenous natural enemies indicated that the predator complex is similar throughout the region and does not provide adequate green mite control. Two Neotropical phytoseiid predators have so far been introduced for local evaluation. One of these, Neoseiulus idaeus, has been released at 12 sites in three countries; recoveries were made at several sites, but no impact on the pest population was detectable. Plans for further collaborative work are discussed.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Marques, L. J. P., Silva, M. R. M., Lopes, G. S., Corra, M. J. P., Araujo, M. S., Costa, E. A., Muniz, F. H.",2011,Phytosociology of weeds in cowpea and cassava crops under the slash-and-burn with plow,Planta Daninha,29,SPEC. ISSUE,10.1590/S0100-83582011000500004,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10715/,"This study investigated the floristic composition of weeds in a burnt area in Z Doca, Maranho, during three agricultural years. The preparation of the area at the first crop year (2006/ 2007) was by slash-and-burn for maize cultivation, followed by cowpea. In the second and third crop years, the preparation of the area consisted of plowing for maize cultivation, followed by cassava (2007/2008) and later, by cowpea in rotation with cassava (2008/2009). Weed collection in the cowpea and cassava crops was carried out 30 and 60 days after sowing (DAS) during the first and second agricultural year, respectively, and cowpea crop at 30 DAS in the third crop year with a rectangle (0.5 0.3 m) randomly placed in the area. Every launch was conducted to evaluate the aerial parts of the weeds harvested for counting, identification and drying to obtain the phytosociological indices. The slash-and-burn practice reduces the variety and number of weeds. Species with the highest IVI were Imperata brasiliensis, Sida glomerata and Corchorus argutus after slash-and-burn in the cowpea culture; and Juncus sp., Spermacoce verticillata, Aeschynomene americana and Cyperus sp. after plowing in the cassava and cowpea cultures. Secondary vegetation plants occurred after burn, but were reduced over time.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Marriott, J., Been, B. O., Perkins, C.",1979,The Aetiology of Vascular Discoloration in Cassava Roots after Harvesting: Development of Endogenous Resistance in Stored Roots,Physiologia Plantarum,45,1,10.1111/j.1399-3054.1979.tb01662.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10720/,"The susceptibility of cassava roots, Manihot esculenta Crantz, to vascular discoloration beneath two types of injury site, transverse cuts and periderm injuries, was compared for freshly harvested and stored roots. Susceptibility beneath transverse cuts changed rapidly, so that roots stored at ambient temperature for 59 days were largely resistant to vascular discoloration beneath this type of injury. Susceptibility to localized deterioration beneath periderm injuries changed more slowly, but significant decreases were observed in roots stored at ambient temperature for 1016 days. Changes in susceptibility were observed in all cultivars tested, seven in Colombia and one in Jamaica. These changes were retarded but not prevented by storage at 2C and by storage in sealed polyethylene bags. Pruning plants 1 to 3 weeks prior to harvesting, which has been shown to reduce the rate of postharvest deterioration of roots, was also found to reduce the susceptibility of roots to vascular discoloration beneath injuries made immediately after harvesting. Water loss through injuries caused a respiratory response as well as vascular discoloration. This respiratory response was as large in stored (resistant) roots as in freshly harvested (susceptible) ones. The potential of cassava roots to develop endogenous resistance to vascular discoloration either before or after harvesting is discussed in relation to the problems of storage of harvested cassava roots.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Anantharaman, M., Ramanathan, S.",1993,Technology transfer among cassava farmers,Indian Horticulture,38,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1073/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Martin, P. J., Rashid, A. A., Cribb, J., Poultney, R.",1992,Survival and Growth of Clove Seedlings in Zanzibar .2. Effects of Nursery Practices and Mulching,Tropical Agriculture,69,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10733/,"In the first year after planting on-farm trials, clove seedlings which had been grown in the nursery in polythene bags showed marginally better survival and larger increases in height than normal nursery seedlings lifted by chiselling. Seedlings which were lifted by coreing showed no consistently better survival or growth than chiselled seedlings and coreing was a more labour-intensive method. Overall, mulching seedlings in the field with coconut husk caused larger improvements in seedling survival than raising them in polythene bags or coreing them at lifting. Under Research Station conditions, seedlings raised in polythene bags and watered daily in the nursery, survived significantly better in the field and showed larger increases in height across a range of treatments than chiselled seedlings. In the same experiment, seedling survival was not improved by planting a cassava shade crop before, rather than at the same time as the cloves, nor by mulching with coconut husk; a mulch of weeds decreased seedling survival.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Martin, P. J., Poultney, R.",1992,Survival and growth of clove seedlings in Zanzibar. 1. Effects of mulching and shade crops,Tropical Agriculture,69,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10734/,"Syzygium aromaticum seedling mortality in the field was highest during the two dry seasons of the first year after planting. Survival after planting and growth in the first few years in the field were significantly improved by mulching. Mulching with coconut husks reduced weed growth, increased soil water and reduced the maximum daytime soil temperature around mulched seedlings. Seedling survival was also significantly increased by the use of banana or cassava shade crops. -from Authors",Excluded,Duplicate
"Anantharaman, M., Ramanathan, S.",1996,Socio-economic discriminants for successful cassava technology transfer programme,"Tropical Tuber Crops Problems, Prospects and Future Strategies",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1074/,"A study conducted with two groups of cassava farmers-from villages where the cassava technology transfer programme had a good impact and where there was a relatively poor impact-showed that there were significant differences in many of the socio-economic factors of farmers. The major socio-economic factors favouring good impact were cassava area, cassava proportional allocation, herd size, frequency and quantity of consumption of cassava as food and feed, marketed surplus, multi-modes of sales, cassava cultivation in lowland and cassava processing. The psychological factors of the farmers which favoured the programme were, social participation, extension participation, market perception and opinion on yield, taste and keeping quality of hybrid stems.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Martin, A.A.Jr., Badayos, R.B., Madrid, M.C., Salvacion, A.R.",2016,"Production potential of marginal lands to selected biofuel feedstocks in Cagayan Valley, Philippines",Philippine Journal of Crop Science,v. 42,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10744/,"The Republic Act 9367, otherwise known as Biofuels Act of 2006 mandates the use of biofuel as a measure to ensure availability of alternative and renewable clean energy without any detriment to the natural ecosystem, biodiversity and food reserves of the country, and production shall be done within marginal areas. This study aimed to evaluate the suitability and production potential of delineated marginal lands of Cagayan Valley [Philippines] for biofuel feedstocks. It made use of Geographic information systems (GIS) and soil characterization and land evaluation technique. With the total delineated agricultural area of 911,167 hectares in Cagayan Valley, there were about 431,044 hectares of marginal lands with high to moderate suitability to cassava, coconut, jatropha, oil palm, sweet sorghum, sugarcane, and switch grass. The productivity of these identified marginal areas were limited by shallow rooting depth, steep to very steep slopes, acidity and low inherent fertility, surface run-off and drainage conditions of the soils. To enhance productivity of these areas, investment on soil management and improvement has to be done. A second level suitability assessment showed that 84 percent of the marginal land is suitable to switch grass growing and 54 percent was suited for cultivation of other bio-energy crops such as cassava, coconut, jatropha, oil palm, sweet sorghum and sugarcane. Furthermore, about 16 percent were considered permanently not suitable to any of the biofuel crops and were therefore recommended for reforestation/afforestation for watershed purposes. Switch grass, sugar cane, cassava and oil palm proved to be more productive in terms of biomass yield, biofuel potential, and soil suitability than jatropha, coconut and sweet sorghum. National together with local planners may find the data generated from the study valuable and therefore be applied as decision-criteria in land allocation for biofuel production.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Martin, F. W.",1981,Cassava: Manihot esculenta,CRC Handbook of Biosolar Resources,2,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10746/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Martinelli, L. A., Moutinho, P.",2010,Commodities for export still threaten rainforests in Brazil,Nature,467,7313,10.1038/467271d,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10747/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Martinez, E.A. (Centro de Los Heros, Santo Domingo (Dominican R.)), Martinez, J.F.",1981,"Post harvest losses of cassava, tomato, Irish potato and rice in the Dominican Republic",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10753/,"Post harvest losses in cassava were estimated as 17.3 % with the biggest losses occurring at the producer level (8.8 %) and at the retailer and consumer level, (3.9 % for each). Total losses were valued at R D $6.2 (RD$=US$) million in 1977. Losses in fresh market tomatoes were estimated at 14.8 %. Average on-the-farm losses were 6.0 % and average retailer losses were 8.8 %. Physical damage was the major cause of tomato losses. Total losses of Irish potatoes were estimated at between 27 and 54 % depending on the storage period during the marketing process. Major losses occur at the farm level, especially when storage is required. A study of post harvest losses in rice showed average farm losses of 18 % and 8 % during the milling operation. It is estimated that post production losses in rice in 1979 cost Dominican farmers nearly RD$13 million",Excluded,Duplicate
"Martinez, H.F., Embuscado, E.S.",2006,"Mrs. Vilma B. Goson [of Ilog Baliwag, Quezon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines]MCSTD [Multi-Commodity Solar Tunnel Dryer]",Postharvest News,v. 13,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10756/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Martinotto, F., Coelho, M. F. B., Martinotto, C., E Albuquerque, M. C. F., de Azevedo, R. A. B.",2011,Growth of two medicinal tree species of cerrado intercropped with cassava,Revista Caatinga,24,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10760/,"The goal of the current report was to evaluate the initial development of Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth.) Brenan.) and Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne intercropped with cassava (Manihot esculenta Cranz.). The experimental design was a randomized block design with sub-divided plots and four repetitions. The treatments tested in the plots were the cultivation with the cassava (Manihot esculenta) and in the subparcels the fertilization with 200 g simple superphosphate. The survival percentage, height, stem diameter of tree species and biomass of cassava were evaluated. The survival rates for H. stigonocarpa and A. macrocarpa were 95% and 99%, respectively. The highest ratio of relative growth in diameter and height was observed for A. macrocarpa. The cassava productivity was not affected by the arboreous plants, therefore cassava may be intercropped with these tree species.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Maruthi, Midatharahally N., Jeremiah, Simon C., Mohammed, Ibrahim U., Legg, James P.",2017,"The role of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), and farmer practices in the spread of cassava brown streak ipomoviruses",Phytopathologische Zeitschrift,165,11-Dec,10.1111/jph.12609,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10788/,"Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) is arguably the most dangerous current threat to cassava, which is Africa's most important food security crop. CBSD is caused by two RNA viruses Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) and Ugandan cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV). The roles of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) and farmer practices in the spread of CBSD were investigated in a set of field and laboratory experiments. The virus was acquired and transmitted by B.tabaci within a short time (510min each for virus acquisition and inoculation), and was retained for up to 48hr. Highest virus transmission (60%) was achieved using 2025 suspected viruliferous whiteflies per plant that were given acquisition and inoculation periods of 24 and 48hr, respectively. Experiments mimicking the agronomic practices of cassava leaf picking or the use of contaminated tools for making cassava stem cuttings did not show the transmission of CBSV or UCBSV. Screenhouse and field experiments in Tanzania showed that the spread of CBSD next to spreader rows was high, and that the rate of spread decreased with increasing distance from the source of inoculum. The disease spread in the field up to a maximum of 17m in a cropping season. These results collectively confirm that CBSV and UCBSV are transmitted by B.tabaci semipersistently, but for only short distances in the field. This implies that spread over longer distances is due to movements of infected stem cuttings used for planting material. These findings have important implications for developing appropriate management strategies for CBSD.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Marwaha, P. S., Maini, O. S., Pareek, L. P.",1972,Tapioca: a boon to Keralites,Agriculture and Agro-Industries Journal,5,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10793/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Mashi, S. A., Alhassan, M. M.",2006,"Soil conservation under three indegenously developed cropping practices in Paiko area, Abuja FCT Nigeria","Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences",8,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10807/,"Farmers in Paiko area of central northern Nigeria employ selected cropping practices systems that involve single and multiple cropping on carefully aligned ridges that are aimed at minimising loses in soil productivity and at the same time ensuring maximum yield per cultivated area. This study was conducted to examine the soil rehabilitative effects of three different cropping systems (yam sole cropping, maize sole cropping and cassava/ groundnut intercropping) in the area. This was done by comparing soil properties under each of the three systems with those of a plot under long standing bush fallow, chosen to serve as the control. Soil samples were collected from representative plots using a systematic sampling procedure, at two standard depths of 0-15cm (herein referred to as top soil) and 20-30cm (sub soil) and were analysed for selected physical, chemical and structural soil properties. The data obtained was subjected to both descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential (t-test statistical test) statistical treatments. The results obtained revealed that (i) the three cropping practices have not significantly increased the sand contents but the single cropping practice has significantly lowered down the clay contents of the soils, (ii) they have not significantly lowered down the organic matter contents of soils of the study area except at the subsoil, (iii) they favourably maintained the level of soil nitrogen in the area, as none of the cropping types significantly alter the inherent nitrogen level of the soils, (iv) both maize and, cassava/groundnut significantly lower down topsoil phosphorous level but significantly improve the CEC as well as the exchangeable base elements levels of the soils, (vi) none of the cropping practice lead into deterioration of pH level of the soils of the area. It was thus concluded that the three cropping types largely maintain or even improve the fertility of soils of the area more than the extent to which they cause its decline in its level. Appropriate recommendations to help improve the alleviative effects of the practices on soil fertility were given. Global Science Publications.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mason, S.C., Leihner, D.E., Vorst, J.J.",1986,Cassava-cowpea and cassava-peanut intercropping. III. Nutrient concentrations and removal,Agronomy Journal,78,3,10.2134/agronj1986.00021962007800030009x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10809/,"Little is known about the influence of intercropping cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) with cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] or peanut (Arachis hypoguea L.) on nutrient concentrations of plant tissue or nutrient removal by the crops. The objectives of this study were to (i) compare the nutrient concentrations in plant parts of cassava, cowpea, and peanut in intercropping systems to those in sole cropping systems, and (ii) determine uptake of N, P, and K of cassava-cowpea and cassava-peanut intercropping systems as compared with the sole cropping systems. Cassava, cowpea, and peanut were grown as sole crops and intercrops on a Typic Dystropept soil at Santander de Quilichao, Colombia, in 1981 and 1982. Intercropping with cowpea resulted in 0.8, 0.6, and 0.3 g kg−1 lower P concentration [P], and 5.2,4.9, and 2.9 kg 1 lower [N] in cassava stems, leaves, and storage roots, than resulted from sole-cropped cassava 50 days after planting. Intercropping had no influence on [N], [P], and [K] of cassava at later harvest dates or of cowpea at any harvest date. Similar results occurred when cassava was intercropped with peanut, although peanut was a less vigorous competitor with cassava for P than was cowpea. The cassava-cowpea and cassava-peanut intercropping systems removed 3.0 to 7.5 g m 2more N, 0.30 to 0.47 g m 2more P, and 2.5 to 5.1 g m more K than sole-cropped cassava. Results suggest that these intercropping systems remove more nutrients than comparable sole crops, which leads to more rapid mining of natural soil fertility or the need for higher fertilizer application rates.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mason, S. C., Leihner, D. E., Vorst, J. J.",1986,Cassava-Cowpea and Cassava-Peanut Intercropping. I. Yield and Land-Use Efficiency,Agronomy Journal,78,1,10.2134/agronj1986.00021962007800010010x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10810/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is commonly intercropped with cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] or peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the tropics. Little is known about how intercropping these species influences efficiency of land use and yields. Cassava, cowpea, and peanut were grown as sole crops and as intercrops on a Typic Dystropept soil at Santander de Quilichao, Colombia in 1981 and 1982. The objective of this study was to determine land use efficiency, yield, and yield components for cassava, cowpea, and peanut grown in intercropping and sole cropping systems. Cassava yields were reduced 2.3 to 4.7 Mg ha−1 when intercropped with cowpea or peanut, except in 1982 when intercropped with cowpea. Cassava yield reductions due to intercropping were associated with the production of 1.5 to 3.9 fewer storage roots per plant than were produced by sole cropped cassava. When intercropped with cassava, cowpea seed yields were reduced from 3195 to 2170 kg ha−1 in 1981, and from 2227 to 1328 kg ha−1 in 1982. Averaged across years, peanut seed yield was reduced from 2099 to 1293 kg ha−1. Cowpea and peanut yield reductions due to intercropping were associated with the production of approximately 3.5 fewer pods per plant. Even though yields of component crops were reduced by intercropping, the cassava-cowpea and cassava-peanut intercropping systems resulted in 15 to 35% greater land use efficiency for the 11-month growing season than resulted from the sole cropping systems. This is of importance in developing countries where available per capita arable land is low.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mason, S. C., Leihner, D. E., Vorst, J. J., Salazar, E.",1986,Cassava-Cowpea and Cassava-Peanut Intercropping. II. Leaf-Area Index and Dry-Matter Accumulation,Agronomy Journal,78,1,10.2134/agronj1986.00021962007800010011x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10811/,"Cassva (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is comonly intercropped with cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the tropics. Little is known about the influence of intercropping on leaf area index, dry matter production, or partitioning of dry matter to the harvestable plant part. The objectives were to determine (i) the leaf area index (LAI) and (ii) the dry matter accumulation of the whole plant and harvestable plant part for cassava, cowpea, and peanut when grown in intercropping and sole cropping systems. Cassava, cowpea, and peanut were grown in sole and intercropping systems on a Typic Dystropept soil at Santander de Quilichao, Colombia in 1981 and 1982. Between 30 and 65 days after planting (DAP), the intercropping systems produced LAI's 0.6 to 1.9 greater than those produced in the cassava sole cropping system. In 1981, the intercropping systems produced LAI's that were 0.8 to 1.0 lower than those of sole cropped cassava 150 DAP. The cassava-cowpea and cassava-peanut intercropping systems produced 42 to 250 g m−2 more dry matter than did the sole cropped cassava between 50 and 105 DAP. However, dry matter production at the end of the 11-month growing season was similar for intercropping systems and sole cropped cassava. Intercropping did not influence cassava total plant or storage root dry matter accumulation at final harvest except when intercropped with peanut in 1982. In this case, a reduction in LA1 of 0.8 was associated with production of 4.4 fewer storage roots per plant. These data indicate that rapidly growing cowpea and peanut were able to use space between rows of cassava during the first 100 DAP with minimal effect on cassava growth.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mason, G.F.",1988,Weed control in cassava,Annual Seminar on Agricultural Research (Trinidad and Tobago),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10813/,"11 preliminary experiments were conducted in commercial and semi-commercial fields at Caroni Research Station to evaluate the performance of a number of herbicides in the control of weeds of cassava (Manihot esculenta). The studies consisted of 6 pre-emergence, 2 pre-post-emergence and 3 late post-emergence trials. In the pre-emergence evaluation trials conducted at Orange Grove and La Gloria, graminaceous species were generally the dominant weeds. Metolachlor, atrazine/metolachlor, perfluidone, diuron and fluometrin were all effective. Metolachlor and atrazine/metolachlor were effective on Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass). No phytotoxicity was observed. In the pre-post treatments, perfluidone, fluometuron, metolachlor and diuron along with paraquat gave satisfactory control levels. Successful late post-emergence control was effected at Orange Grove with applications of Asulum/dalapon, DPX-F 6025/metribuzin/diuron and DPX-F 6025. Asulu/dalapon was effective against broad-leaf and grass weeds",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Massala, R.",1984,Distribution and severity of cassava mosaic in the Congo,Tropical Root Crops: Production and Uses in Africa,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10816/,"Phytosanitary surveys in the People's Republic of Congo have shown that cassava mosaic disease (CMD) occurs throughout the country although the prevalence and effects of the disease differ with the ecological zone. Under the auspices of PRONAM (Programme national manioc), my colleagues and I are studying the prevalence and rate of natural infection of local and introduced varieties as well as other epidemiological factors. Identification and characterization of the causal agent of CMD are also planned.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Masyhuri, M.",2015,Optimization of cassava distribution and marginal area usage for supporting food endurance,International Journal of Applied Engineering Research,10,19,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10820/,"This paper intended to analyze the optimal distribution of cassava in East Java Province, to carry out real action research on the optimal condition; and to implement the second action research for revising the first one and the constraint solution bargaining that was appear. The methodology used transportation theory approximation on three stages that consisted of North West Corner Methods, Minimization Cost Method, Vogels Approximation Method (VAM), and Modified Distribution Method (MODI). Results showed that optimization could be reached due to the some choices. In addition, the success of first stage action research has reached 70% and there was appear the based constraint such as the limitation of cassava raw material and it was carried out cassava farming by using the area of dry field raised path, yard, and irrigated rice area; and the second stage of action research was as revised model for female farmers who would be trained and guided in the process of cassava food making. There were suggested that the usage of yard and dry field raised path to be more increasing; and the creative economic actors of food can be applied as the snack product diversification based on cassava. Research India Publications.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mathews, C.",2010,An overview of indigenous crop development by the Mpumalanga department of agriculture and land administration (DALA),South African Journal of Plant and Soil,27,4,10.1080/02571862.2010.10640005,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10836/,"Indigenous as well as indigenized crops form part of the daily diet of the smallholder and developing farmers in the Mpumalanga province. Developmental efforts by national research institutes on these crops under smallholder environments have been negligible in the past due to the subsistence nature of these crops. The Mpu-malanga provincial department of agriculture, therefore, initiated programmes to improve productivity of these crops with the objectives of enhancing household food security and sustainability. This paper provides an overview on the potential, production constraints and the efforts taken by DALA to improve productivity of a few popular crops. Identification of improved varieties was given priority so as to minimize financial burden in terms of input costs to farmers in adopting improved technologies. Although several improved varieties have been identified by DALA in the past, these are not widely used by farmers due to the absence of institutionalized arrangement to produce and distribute seeds. Crop failure, coupled with nutritional inadequacies of the maize-based diet, lead to about 50% of the smallholder farming households living in conditions of severe poverty and malnutrition. Almost all of these households collect and utilize a number of wild plants or leafy vegetables to enhance food security. There is a great need to identify diversity of indigenous crops in terms of species, economic importance and consumption patterns as such studies have not been carried out in Mpumalanga so far. Furthermore, efforts need to be made to develop improved production packages for economically important species and to provide appropriate support facilities in terms of inputs, marketing and value adding.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Matias, R., Roel, A. R., Andrade Filho, N. N., Schleder, E. E. J. D., Yasunaka, D. S., Cardoso, C. A. L.",2013,Control of silverleaf whitefly in cassava grown in the greenhouse treated with Anacardium humile (Anacardiaceae) extract,Bioscience Journal,29,6,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10838/,"Bemisia tuberculata (Bondar, 1923) is the most important pest of cassava crops. This work describes the effect of different concentrations of CHCl3 extract from the leaves of Anacardium humile in relation to Bemisia tuberculata, under laboratory conditions, in cassava plants and chemical composition of this extract. Fractionation of the CHCl3 extract yielded the triterpene acids oleanolic, ursolic and betulinic. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectral data (NMR-1D and 2D) and subsequent comparisons with the literature. Anacardic acid was identified in CHCl3 extract by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). CHCl3 extract caused mortality of whitefly nymphs of B. tuberculata from 66.30 to 74.90%, in doses tested. The insecticidal activity of CHCl3 extract of A. humile on the nymphs of the whitefly suggests that pentacyclic triterpenes and anacardic acid have potential insecticidal activity.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Ande, O. T.",2011,Soil suitability evaluation and management for cassava production in the derived savanna area of southwestern Nigeria,International Journal of Soil Science,6,2,10.3923/rjss.2011.142.149,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1084/,"The experiment was carried out at Ilaju village in the derived savanna area of South Western Nigeria to evaluate the suitability of the soil for long term cassava production in order to extrapolate to similar soils in the region. Critical nutrient requirement for cassava were collected from past research works. Soil survey was done which on the area to collect soil samples which were analysed and compared with the critical nutrient levels. Three soil series were identified which are Apomu, Gbemi and Matako series. These were classified as Dystric arenosols, Plinthic Ferrasols and Dystric Fluvisols, respectively. The suitability evaluation shows that Dystric arenosols is moderately suitable due to its low nutrient with CEC of 3.92 cmol kg1. The Plinthic Ferrasols is marginally suitable because of its high gravel content and shallow depth (39 cm). Dystric Fluvisols is not suitable due to its seasonal high water table and low CEC (3.48 cmol kg1). Soil management recommendation includes use of organic fertilizer, mulching and leguminous cover cops to enhance soil quality. 2011 Academic Journals Inc.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mattei, R.",1985,Development of a pilot project in Fiji,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10846/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Mattinson, Jill Margaret",1996,"Cultivar, N fertilizer and plant population in cassava/maize intercrops in the coast of Manabi, Ecuador, 1992",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10850/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Maya, Maria Mercedes, Barrera, E., Verdier, Valerie, Bonierbale, Merideth W.",1997,Output 1.3. Techniques for assessing genetic diversity developed. 1.3.5. Evaluation of cassava diversity with heterologous probes (comparative genome mapping),PROJECT SB-2 Enhancing the Understanding and Use of Agrobiodiversity Through Biotechnological Methods: Annual Report 1996,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10864/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Maziya-Dixon, B. B., Dixon, A. G. O.",2015,Carotenoids content of yellow-fleshed cassava genotypes grown in four agroecological zones in Nigeria and their retinol activity equivalents (RAE),"Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment",13,2,10.1234/4.2015.3932,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10874/,"Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a serious and widespread public health problem in developing countries. Therefore, it is essential to identify and improve provitamin A content of staple food crops that may be promoted for health improvements. Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is an important food crop in the tropics. Twenty-two yellow-fleshed and three white-fleshed cassava genotypes were grown in a randomized complete block design with two replications at five locations representing the major cassava-growing agro-ecological zones in Nigeria. The objective was to determine the quantity and quality of carotenoids in cassava storage roots. The varieties were harvested at 12 months after planting and analyzed for moisture content using a standard oven method and carotenoid content using HPLC. Results obtained indicate trans -carotene was the major component of total carotenoids in cassava (53.5%), followed by -carotene and 9-cis -carotene (both at 19.3%). Other components were 15-cis -carotene (14.9%), zeaxanthin (3.1%), -cryptoxanthin (2.7%), 13-cis -carotene (2.4%), and lutein (0.4%). The results revealed that 90% of the carotenoids in cassava is -carotene. The mean Retinol Activity Equivalent for the genotypes across locations was 0.40, and the genotype TMS 01/1371 had Retinol Activity Equivalent of 0.63. The results from this study provide information that may be used in breeding programs to further enhance the carotenoid content of cassava storage roots.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mba, C. C.",1978,Influence of different mulch treatments on growth rate and activity of the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinberg),Zeitschrift fr Pflanzenernhrung und Bodenkunde,141,4,10.1002/jpln.19781410408,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10876/,"Growth characteristics of the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae and the impac of its activity on soil properties were studied in soil culture. The highest growth rate, fecundity and total weight increase were recorded in cassava mulch, compared with cocoyam mulch, grass and plantain pseudo trunk mulch treatments. With animal manure treatments, growth rate was highest in poultry manure compared with cow and goat manures although total weight increases were highest in poultry and goat manures and lowest in cow manure. The worm activity expressed as percentage reduction of soil bulk density was greatest in cassava mulch followed by grass mulch, cocoyam mulch and plantain pseudo trunk mulch in that order. Various animal manures did not differ in this aspect. Total soil N and soil organic matter increased significantly in cassava and grass mulch treatmens while in plantain pseudo trunk mulch these factors decreased. Soil pH increased in cocoyam and plantain mulch treatments and decreased in cassava and grass mulch treatments. Copyright 1978 WILEYVCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mbagwu, J.S.C. (Department of Soil Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka (Nigeria))",1991,"Influence of different mulch materials on soil temperature, soil water content and yield of three cassava cultivars",,v. 54,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10884/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Mbagwu, J. S. C.",1991,"Influence of Different Mulch Materials on Soil-Temperature, Soil-Water Content and Yield of 3 Cassava Cultivars",Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,54,4,10.1002/jsfa.2740540408,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10885/,"In a study with three cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars (Local, TMS4(2)1425 and TMS30572) grown under straw, black polythene and white polythene mulches the fresh water tuber yield and yield components were greater than for those grown on bare (control) plots, although the magnitude of increase was cultivar dependent. The order of response was white polythene > straw > black polythene > bare (control). The yield differences were caused by the effects of the mulches on the temperature and water content of the soil surface. Maximum daily soil temperature was lowest on the straw plots (32.5-degrees-C), and equal on the bare and white polythene treatments (38.6-degrees-C vs 39.8-degrees-C) and highest on the black polythene plots (45.0-degrees-C). In 1986 the soil moisture reserve was depleted by 84%, 46%, 29% and 24% on the bare, straw, black polythene and white polythene plots within a 60-day period following the last rain, suggesting that it was soil temperature rather than soil moisture which accounted for the large yield differences under black and white polythene.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mbah, E. U.",2017,Cassava production and its economic potentials in sub-Sahara Africa: A review,"Handbook on Cassava: Production, Potential Uses and Recent Advances",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10888/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), which originated from tropical America and today a dietary staple to most people living in Sub-Sahara Africa is a perennial woody shrub with an edible root, which is rich in carbohydrates, calcium (50 mg 100-g), phosphorus (40 mg 100-g), vitamins B and C, as well as some essential minerals, while its tender leaves serve as a veritable source of lysine rich protein. The roots though poor in protein and other minerals, their nutrient compositions differ depending on the variety and age of the harvested crop, as well as soil conditions, climate, and other environmental factors under which the crop is grown. The stem of cassava is used as planting material and can serve as a standard substrate in mushroom production as well as fuel wood when dried. Cassava is characterized as one of the most drought tolerant crop that is capable of growing on marginal soils. The crop is rarely cultivated as a mono-crop because of its physiological growth habit and duration, which makes it to stand out as an excellent component crop in most intercropping systems. Hence, it is usually intercropped with most vegetables, yam, sweet potato, melon, maize, sorghum, millet, rice, groundnut, sesame, soybean, cowpea and other legumes, as well as plantation crops (such as oil palm, kola, rubber, cocoa, cashew and coffee) among other field crops grown in the tropical regions of the world. Roots of cassava may be due for harvesting between six months and three years (36 months) after planting. Apart from food, cassava root tubers are very versatile, hence its derivatives and qualitative starch are effectively used in a number of products such as foods, confectionery, sweeteners, paper, glues, textiles, plywood, biodegradable products, monosodium glutamate, and pharmaceuticals. Cassava chips and pellets are used in animal feed and alcohol production as well as ethanol and bio-diesels. Crop improvements associated with cassava is tailored on developing genotypes that can effectively correlate the end product with its utilization at the industrial level. The impact of research on cassava development ranging from biotec-breeding, genetics and selection to production, value-chain addition and utilization is immerse, hence, high quality improved cassava varieties which are disease-and pestresistant, low in cyanide content, drought-resistant, early bulking, high starch content, high dry matter content, and high yielding are being cultivated by most farmers in the tropical regions today where cassava thrives. Annual world production of cassava (184 million tonnes) with Nigeria being the leading producer has continued to increase due to the development of improved varieties with high yield, excellent culinary qualities and resistance to pests and diseases among other invaluable properties. In this review therefore, scientific findings by a number of scholars on cassava are discussed with the aim of making the information a veritable tool for researchers in this field.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mbanaso, E.N.A., Ene, L.S.O.",1988,"Aspects of biotechnology for the improvement of cassava (Manihot esculenta) and yams (Dioscorea spp.) at the National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike","Biotechnology and the improvement of cassava, yams and plantain in Africa",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10891/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Mbanaso, E.N.A., Nwachukwu, E.C., Ene, L.S.O.",1993,"Progress on cassava improvement through biotechnology at the National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike","Proceedings of the first International Scientific Meeting Cassava Biotechnology Network (Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, 25-28 August 1992)",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10892/,"A plant tissue culture laboratory was set up at the National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike in 1990 through the support of the International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna. The primary objectives are to improve root and tuber crops through mutation breeding and in vitro culture techniques. Rapid micropropagation is routinely carried out for cassava, to multiply irradiated plantlets through the various vegetative cycles (M1V0-M1V3) leading subsequently to the selection of desirable mutants. Plantlets of two cassava cultivars (TMS 30572 and U/41044 raised) in vitro were irradiated using 20 and 25 Gy after a radiation sensitivity test. Up to five thousand M1V3 plantlets at the first instance, will be hardened, transplanted to the field and screened for early maturing types, reduced cyanide levels, resistance to pests (green spider mites and mealy bug) as well as the African Mosaic Virus. Some observable characters in the M1V2 population in vitro include very vigorous growth and stunting with pronounced tuberlet formation. Up to 58.96 percent loss was sustained in the Institute's cassava germplasm collections between 1980-1990 due to pests, diseases and adverse weather conditions. Consequently, duplication of collections in vitro for safer preservation is in progress",Excluded,Duplicate
"McCallum, Emily J., Anjanappa, Ravi B., Gruissem, Wilhelm",2017,Tackling agriculturally relevant diseases in the staple crop cassava (Manihot esculenta),Current Opinion in Plant Biology,38,,10.1016/j.pbi.2017.04.008,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10915/,"Cassava is an important staple food crop for millions of people in tropical regions across Africa, South America and Asia. Viral, bacterial and fungal diseases impact cassava yield in all three regions. The viruses causing cassava mosaic disease and cassava brown streak disease have been particularly devastating to cassava production in Africa. Improved farming practices and disease monitoring can reduce the impact of cassava diseases in the field. The availability of disease resistant cassava varieties developed through breeding or genetic engineering is key to tackling disease incidence and severity.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Andima, D., Ongecha, J., Onyango, S., Otiego, N.",1994,"An ex-ante evaluation of improved cassava varieties on gender relations in Migori district, Kenya",SSRN Electronic Journal,,,10.2139/ssrn.1326786,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1092/,"The purpose of this case study is to document the development and testing of a gender-sensitive tool for impact evaluation of agricultural technology appropriate to conditions in Kenya. This tool, a modified Gender Analysis Matrix (GAM), was tested by KARI researchers from Kisii Regional Research Center and during an ex-ante evaluation of introduced pest-resistant cassava varieties in Migori district. Eight aspects of cassava production--labour, time, tools, land, cash, funds, food and social standing were included in the matrix. Men and women of different age categories examined these for possible changes in access to and control over the resources. Results indicated that as a result of the new technology, labour burdens would increase for young men and women of all categories while control over their labor will decrease. Conversely, it is anticipated that adult men will provide less labour, have greater access and exert more control over the resource in nearly all resource categories. Adult women stand to gain more access to most of the resources investigated, but it was unclear whether there would be an increase in control over these resources, especially land and cash. These and other results obtained directly from farmers and analyzed using the GAM during the exercise gave researchers a clear understanding of differential impacts of this new technology on men and women farmers. The case discusses the utility of this gender-sensitive approach in ex ante impact of this and other technology. It also offers conclusions and recommendations for the use of the tool.",Excluded,Duplicate
"McDonald, F.D., Bancroft, R.D., Walmsley, D. (ed.), Muller, G. (ed.)",1992,"Plant tissue culture manual for yam, cassava, sweet potato, dasheen (taro) and tannia (cocoyam)",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10923/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"McDowell, I., Oduro, K.A.",1983,Investigation Of The β-Carotene Content Of Yellow Varieties Of Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz),Journal of Plant Foods,5,3,10.1080/0142968X.1983.11904288,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10924/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"McGaughey, C. A.",1951,Hydrocyanic acid poisoning in nutrias caused by cassava (Manihot utilissima Pohl),The British veterinary journal,107,6,10.1016/S0007-1935(17)52166-1,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10927/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"McIntosh, J. L., Harahap, Z., Siwi, B. H.",1984,Asian upland rice cropping systems,An overview of upland rice research,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10932/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"McKey, D., Beckerman, S.",1993,"Chemical Ecology, Plant Evolution and Traditional Manioc Cultivation Systems",Man and the Biosphere Series,13,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10933/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"McKey, Doyle, Cavagnaro, Timothy R., Cliff, Julie, Gleadow, Roslyn",2010,"Chemical ecology in coupled human and natural systems: people, manioc, multitrophic interactions and global change",Chemoecology,20,,10.1007/s00049-010-0047-1,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10935/,"Chemical ecology provides unique perspectives for managing plant/human interactions to achieve food security. Allelochemicals function as chemical defences of crop plants, enhancing yields. While ingested allelochemicals can confer health benefits to humans, at higher concentrations they are often toxic. The delicate balance between their positive and negative effects in crop plants is influenced by many factors. Some of thesehow environment affects optimal levels of defence, how metabolic interactions with nutrients affect toxicity of ingested allelochemicalsare the province of chemical ecology. These biological factors, however, interact with social factors, and neither can be studied independently. Chemical ecologists must work together with social scientists to understand the overall system. Here, we illustrate such an integrative approach, analysing the interactions between people and the major tropical crop manioc, which contains cyanogenic glucosides. Polymorphism for cyanogen levels in manioc facilitates analysis of how costs and benefits of crop defences vary among social systems. We first show how people/manioc interactions diversified in this crop's Amazonian homeland, then turn to the remarkable cultural adaptations of African farmers since manioc's introduction 400 years ago. Finally, we evaluate new coevolutionary challenges in parts of Africa where people are still unfamiliar with a potentially dangerous crop. Current environmental and social catastrophes have restricted farmers' options, resulting in acute problems in health of humans and ecosystems. We show that high cyanogen levels confer important agronomic advantages, but also impose costs and constraints that can only be understood when biology is coupled with analysis of social, cultural and economic factors. Detoxifying manioc technologically requires know-how, time, water and other resources. Detoxifying residual dietary cyanogens metabolically depends on being able to grow, or to buy, the nutrients required for detoxification, primarily sulphur-rich proteins. Solutions that appear adaptive today may not be in the future, as changing climate, rising atmospheric CO levels and decreased access to fertilizers affect productivity of crops and the nutrient and allelochemical composition of the foods they are used to produce.",Excluded,Duplicate
"McMahon, J.M., Sayre, R.T.",1993,Differential biosynthesis and transport of linamarin in high and low cyanide cultivars of cassava (Manihot esculenta),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10942/,"Cassava varieties can be subdivided into low and high cyanide groups, based upon the linamarin content in the roots. It is generally assumed that differential rates of linamarin synthesis in leaves account for the varietal differences in root linamarin content, however steady-state concentration in leaves of low and high-cyanide cultivars are identical. In order to account for the differential accumulation of linamarin in roots, 14C-valine, the precursor to linamarin, was fed to leaf blades of low (HMC-1) and high (CM 966-6) cyanide cultivars of cassava at progressive days after seed germination. In both varieties, linamarin biosynthesis peaked when the plants were about 45 days old, and then declined. However, during the period when linamarin biosynthesis was most rapid, the high-cyanide variety produced four times as much linamarin as the low-cyanide variety. After 83 days, both cultivars maintained similarly low levels of 14C-linamarin in their leaves. Levels of labelled linamarin in petioles, i.e. transported linamarin, showed similar trends as those seen in leaves. These data suggest that increased levels of cyanogenic glycosides in high-cyanide roots is due to both higher biosynthesis in leaves and transport to the roots in young cassava plants.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"McMahon, J. M., Sayre, R. T.",1998,The biology and culture of cassava roots,Radical Biology: Advances and Perspectives on the Function of Plant Roots,18,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10948/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"McMurtry, J. A., Croft, B. A.",1997,Life-styles of phytoseiid mites and their role in biological control,Annual Review of Entomology,42,,10.1146/annurev.ento.42.1.291,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10951/,"This review categorizes the diversity of life-styles in the Phytoseiidae, based primarily on food habits and related biological and morphological traits. The life-styles proposed are as follows Type I, specialized predators of Tetranychus species represented by the Phytoseiulus species; Type II, selective predators of tetranychid mites (most frequently associated with species that produce dense webbing) represented by Galendromus, some Neoseiulus, and a few Typhlodromus species; Type III, generalist predators represented by some Neoseiulus species and most Typhlodromus and Amblyseius species, as well as species in all other genera about which information is available; Type IV, specialized pollen feeders/generalist predators represented by Euseius species. Consideration is given to the relative importance of each of these types in biological control and pest management programs.",Excluded,Duplicate
"McQuaid, C. F., Sseruwagi, P., Pariyo, A., van den Bosch, F.",2016,Cassava brown streak disease and the sustainability of a clean seed system,Plant Pathology,65,2,10.1111/ppa.12453,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10956/,"One method of reducing disease in crops is the dissemination of disease-free planting material from a multiplication site to growers. This study assesses the validity and sustainability of this method for cassava brown streak disease, a threat to cassava crops across East Africa. Using mathematical modelling, the effects of different environmental and control conditions on pathogen spread were determined in a single-field multiplication site. High disease pressure, through large vector populations and disease in the surrounding area, combined with poor roguing practice, resulted in unsuccessful disease suppression. However, fields may produce sufficiently clean material for replanting if these factors can be overcome. Assessing the sustainability of a low-pressure system over multiple harvests, well-managed fields were found to maintain low disease levels, although producing sufficient cuttings may prove challenging. Replanting fields from the previous harvest does not lead to degeneration of planting material, only cutting numbers, and the importation of new clean material is not necessarily required. It is recommended that multiplication sites are only established in areas of low disease pressure and vector population density, and the importance of training in field management is emphasized. Cultivars displaying strong foliar symptoms are to be encouraged, as these allow for effective roguing, resulting in negative selection against the disease and reducing its spread. Finally, efforts to increase plant multiplication rates, the number of cuttings that can be obtained from each plant, have a significant impact on the sustainability of sites, as this represents the primary limiting factor to success.",Excluded,Duplicate
"McQuaid, C. F., van den Bosch, F., Szyniszewska, A., Alicai, T., Pariyo, A., Chikoti, P. C., Gilligan, C. A.",2017,Spatial dynamics and control of a crop pathogen with mixed-mode transmission,PLoS Computational Biology,13,7,10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005654,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10957/,"Trade or sharing that moves infectious planting material between farms can, for vertically-transmitted plant diseases, act as a significant force for dispersal of pathogens, particularly where the extent of material movement may be greater than that of infected vectors or inoculum. The network over which trade occurs will then effect dispersal, and is important to consider when attempting to control the disease. We consider the difference that planting material exchange can make to successful control of cassava brown streak disease, an important viral disease affecting one of Africa's staple crops. We use a mathematical model of smallholders fields to determine the effect of informal trade on both the spread of the pathogen and its control using clean-seed systems, determining aspects that could limit the damage caused by the disease. In particular, we identify the potentially detrimental effects of markets, and the benefits of a community-based approach to disease control. 2017 McQuaid et al.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"McSorley, R., Ohair, S. K., Parrado, J. L.",1983,"Nematodes of Cassava, Manihot-Esculenta Crantz",Nematropica,13,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10961/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"McSorley, R., Parrado, J.L.",1985,Relative performance ot two cassava cultivars in a field infested with Meloidogyne incognita,,v. 44,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/10962/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"McSorley, R., Parrado, J. L.",1985,Relative Performance of 2 Cassava Cultivars in a Field Infested with Meloidogyne-Incognita,Soil and Crop Science Society of Florida Proceedings,44,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10963/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Medina, V., Pinner, M. S., Bedford, I. D., Achon, M. A., Gemeno, C., Markham, P. G.",2006,Immunolocalization of Tomato yellow leaf curl sardinia virus in natural host plants and its vector Bemisia tabaci,Journal of Plant Pathology,88,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10980/,"To increase our understanding of the mechanisms of insect-transmission of begomoviruses we studied the distribution of coat protein (CP) and DNA of Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV) in its insect vector (Bemisia tabaci), and in tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum). The study was extended to other begomoviruses and a potential overwintering host plant for TYLCSV, black nightshade (Solanum nigrum). Immunogold labelling (IGL) showed that a polyclonal antiserum against the coat protein of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) (ACMV-CP-As) cross-absorbed with healthy plant and insect tissue, cross-reacted specifically with both homologous (ACMV, non-transmissible isolate), and heterologous [(TYLCSV and Asystasia golden mosaic virus, (AGMV)] viruses. ACMV-CP-As revealed that TYLCSV is located in mature and immature sieve elements, the nuclei of the companion cells, and the cytoplasm of the phloem parenchyma cells of L. esculentum and S. nigrum, with a similar pattern of distribution in both species. In situ DNA-hybridization (ISH) using a specific TYLCSV-DNA-probe showed that the TYLCSV-DNA occurred mainly in the vascular tissues of stems and roots of S. nigrum. In some leaves the infection spread to the palisade parenchyma, confirming that the DNA of the virus is not phloem-restricted in this host. IGL of viruliferous B. tabaci detected both TYLCSV and AGMV in cells of the filter chamber, whereas the non-transmissible isolate of ACMV was detected only in the lumen of the insect gut. No labelling was obtained in non-viruliferous individuals of B. tabaci. The antiserum labelled, for the first time, the primary glands of the salivary gland system of TYLCSV-viruliferous B. tabaci, suggesting that the circulative pathway of TYLCSV can be completed as intact virions.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Meelu, O.P., Morris, R.A.",1986,Green manuring research in the Philippines - a review,Philippine Journal of Crop Science,11,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10985/,"Because of the continuing energy crisis and rising fertilizer input costs, there is renewed interest in organic manuring for agricultural production. This paper reviews studies on biomass production, N accumulation, and effects of legume green manures on crop yield and soil fertility in the Philippines. Biomass production and N yield generally increased, but N content decreased with the age of the legume. Sesbania showed promise as a quick-growing legume with high biomass production and N accumulation per unit area per unit time. The results revealed that legume green manuring generally increased crop yield considerably. An equivalent of 50-100 kg N/ha in rice and 30-60 kg N/ha in maize as inorganic fertilizer was obtained with green manuring. N from ipil-ipil leaves gave rice, corn, sorghum, and cassava yields comparable to chemical fertilizer N. Fast decomposition and N release from legume green manure and buildup of soil fertility have been reported. The need for more research in different soil and climatic situation is emphasized. Problems and prospects of green manuring are discussed.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Meenakshi, J.V., Johnson, Nancy L., Manyong, Vctor M., De Groote, Hugo, Javelosa, Josyline, Naher, Firdousi, Gonzlez, Carolina, Garca C., James Arbey, Meng, Erika",2006,How cost-effective is biofortification in combating micronutrient malnutrition? An ex ante assessment,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10986/,"Biofortification is increasingly seen as an additional tool to combat micronutrient malnutrition. This paper estimates the costs and potential benefits of biofortification of globally important staple food crops with provitamin A, iron, and zinc for twelve countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Using a modification of the Disability-Adjusted Life Years framework we conclude that overall, the intervention can make a significant impact on the burden of micronutrient deficiencies in the developing world in a highly cost-effective manner. Results differ by crop, micronutrient, and country; and major reasons underlying these differences are identified to inform policy.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Megevand, B., Yaninek, J.S., Friese, D.D.",1987,Classical biological control of the cassava green mite,Insect Science and Its Application,8,04/05/2006,10.1017/S1742758400023092,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10988/,"A programme to control the cassava green mite (CGM), Mononychellus tanajoa, using classical biological control was initiated in 1983 as part of the Africa-wide Biological Control Programme (ABCP). Basic studies on the field ecology and biotic potential of CGM, and surveys of CGM and associated indigenous natural enemies found on cassava throughout Africa are being used to develop ecologically sound release and follow-up strategies. Applied work includes colony maintenance of exotic phytoseiids, development of methodologies for mass producing, transporting and releasing natural enemies, plus experimental releases and post-release surveys. Important parts of the work are being done in collaboration with several institutes and agencies, including foreign exploration and preliminary screening of exotic natural enemies, international quarantine services, regional release and follow-up surveys, taxonomy of CGM and phytoseiids, simulation modelling of CGM in the cassava ecosystem, artificial diets for transporting CGM natural enemies, survey of entomopathogens of CGM and predatory behaviour studies of exotic phytoseiids.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Megevand, B. (International Inst. of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou (Benin). Biological Control Programme), Klay, A., Gnanavossou, D., Paraiso, G.",1993,Maintenance and mass rearing of phytoseiid predators of the cassava green mite,,v. 17,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/10989/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Andrade, A. P., de Andrade, A. P., da Silva, D. S., Santos, E. M., da Silva, I. D., do Rego, E. R., Bruno, R. D. A.",2014,Chemical-nutritional composition of manicoba (Manihot sp.) and its relationship with soil chemical characteristics,Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia-Brazilian Journal of Animal Science,43,4,10.1590/S1516-35982014000400001,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1102/,"The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition of leaves of manicoba (Manihot sp.) according to their development stage and their relationship with the soil characteristics. For this purpose, plants in their natural growth areas in the semiarid region of Paraiba State, Brazil, were sampled. Leaves of manicoba collected in five different locations at four different development stages were harvested and characterized expanding leaf, completely expanded leaf, leaf at the beginning of senescence and a pool (mixture of all leaves). The evaluated traits were dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent insoluble protein, acid detergent insoluble protein, ash, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur and sodium. The experimental design adopted was completely randomized, in a 4 x 5 factorial arrangement four leaf development stages and five locations, respectively; each plot had 10 replications. There was interaction effect between leaf development stage and locations on dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent insoluble protein and acid detergent insoluble protein. The results for neutral detergent fiber of leaves at the beginning of senescence were higher than other treatments and similar to the pool, while the acid detergent fiber content of the leaves in early senescence was higher than those of other treatments, averaging 34.8%. Crude protein content had its highest percentage in expanding leaves, averaging 23.0%. Nitrogen, potassium and sodium data showed interaction between the leaf types and locations of harvest, while phosphorus and sulfur did not show interaction. The chemical and mineral composition of manicoba leaves range according to their development phase and according to their soil and climatic conditions in places of natural occurrence, with a tendency towards reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus as they approach senescence.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mendoza, E.M.T., Carpena, A.L., Rodriguez, F.M.",1985,"Biochemical studies on factors affecting the quality of root crops, their products and by-products",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11028/,"Proximate analysis of the storage roots of two sweet potato varieties, Tinipay and Kinabakab, at 75, 82, 90, 97, 105, 112 and 120 days after planting showed that the moisture content averaged 70% and this slightly decreased (2-3%) with age, with Tinipay showing a higher decrease. On dry weight basis, a slight increase was observed in fats and proteins and a decrease in ash and fiber contents. Search which averaged 68% slightly changed with age. For cassava cultivars Lakan and Datu, moisture was highest at 10 months with 66-69%. On dry weight basis, starch slightly changed in Datu from 6 to 13 months (66-68%) while in Lakan at 6-10 months (68-69%) and was lowest at 12 months (62%). Different varieties of cassava vary in their total HCN potential (total cyanide) and free cyanide levels in their root and leaves ranging from 4 to 7.4% and up to 21%, respectively. Detoxification treatment like blanching lowered total cyanide content while cassava leaves soaking up to 1 hr did not reduce total cyanide content",Excluded,Duplicate
"Andrade, A. P., De Andrade, A. P., Da Silva, D. S., Santos, E. M., da Silva, I. F., Do Rgo, E. R., Bruno, R. L. A.",2014,Chemical-nutritional composition of manioba (Manihot sp.) and its relationship with soil chemical characteristics,Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia,43,4,10.1590/S1516-35982014000400001,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1103/,"The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition of leaves of manioba (Manihot sp.) according to their development stage and their relationship with the soil characteristics. For this purpose, plants in their natural growth areas in the semiarid region of Paraba State, Brazil, were sampled. Leaves of manioba collected in five different locations at four different development stages were harvested and characterized expanding leaf, completely expanded leaf, leaf at the beginning of senescence and a pool (mixture of all leaves). The evaluated traits were dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent insoluble protein, acid detergent insoluble protein, ash, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur and sodium. The experimental design adopted was completely randomized, in a 4 5 factorial arrangement four leaf development stages and five locations, respectively; each plot had 10 replications. There was interaction effect between leaf development stage and locations on dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent insoluble protein and acid detergent insoluble protein. The results for neutral detergent fiber of leaves at the beginning of senescence were higher than other treatments and similar to the pool, while the acid detergent fiber content of the leaves in early senescence was higher than those of other treatments, averaging 34.8%. Crude protein content had its highest percentage in expanding leaves, averaging 23.0%. Nitrogen, potassium and sodium data showed interaction between the leaf types and locations of harvest, while phosphorus and sulfur did not show interaction. The chemical and mineral composition of manioba leaves range according to their development phase and according to their soil and climatic conditions in places of natural occurrence, with a tendency towards reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus as they approach senescence.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mendoza, T., Gélvez, J., Párraga, C.",2000,"Effect of hydrotermic treatment over some growth parameters, yield and control of bacterial blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv manihotis) in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11030/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Meonkanya, Sirinya, Bunchan, Suvat, Anan Polthanee",1996,Integrated vetiver grass in cassava based-cropping systems,Warasan Wichai Mo Kho,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11051/,"Field experiment was conducted in the experimental farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University during the rainy seasons of 1993-1994 and 1994-1995. The main objective of the study is to investigate the effect of intercropping cassava with vetiver grass on the cassava tuber yield in the row located adjacent to a vetiver grass row. Cassava yield was decreased by 14 and 9 percent in the year 1993-1994 and 1994-1995 with the treatment of two rows vetiver grass intercropped between the cassava row at plant spacing 2*1 meter as compared to the treatment with no intercropping. In 1994-1995, cassava yield was obtained from the row where located beyond the vetiver grass higher than that of the treatment with no intercropping. Vetiver grass total dry matter was highest 784 gm/hill/year (3 cutting) when they intercropping 1 row between cassava row with the spacing of 1*1 meter in the year of 1994-1995. Vetiver grass horizontal root growth extended to a 50 cm distance, however, beyond this area the small amount of root length density was observed. This study indicated that intercropping of cassava to reduce surface run-off should be designed as cassava and vetiver grass row are located at least 1 meter apart. Two rows of vetiver grass is recommended for more productive soil erosion control.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Meyer, H.J., Staden, J. van.",1986,Inorganic nutrient requirements in in vitro cultured Manihot esculenta explants,,v. 52,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11069/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Meyer, H. J., Vanstaden, J.",1986,Inorganic Nutrient-Requirements of Invitro Cultured Manihot-Esculenta Explants,South African Journal of Botany,52,5,10.1016/S0254-6299(16)31511-3,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11070/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Mezette, T. F., Blumer, C. G., Veasey, E. A.",2013,Morphological and molecular diversity among cassava genotypes,Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira,48,5,10.1590/S0100-204X2013000500007,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11076/,"The objective of this work was to characterize morphologically and molecularly the genetic diversity of cassava accessions, collected from different regions in Brazil. A descriptive analysis was made for 12 morphological traits in 419 accessions. Data was transformed into binary data for cluster analysis and analysis of molecular variance. A higher proportion of white or cream (71%) root cortex color was found, while flesh colors were predominantly white (49%) and cream (42%). Four accession groups were classified by the cluster analysis, but they were not grouped according to their origin, which indicates that diversity is not structured in space. The variation was greater within regions (95.6%). Sixty genotypes were also evaluated using 14 polymorphic microsatellite markers. Molecular results corroborated the morphological ones, showing the same random distribution of genotypes, with no grouping according to origin. Diversity indices were high for each region, and a greater diversity was found within regions, with a mean number of alleles per locus of 3.530; observed and expected heterozygosity of 0.499 and 0.642, respectively; and Shannon index of 1.03. The absence of spatial structure among cassava genotypes according to their origins shows the anthropic influence in the distribution and movement of germplasm, both within and among regions.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mezzalira, I., Costa, C. J., Vieira, E. A., de Freitas, J. F., Silva, M. S., Denke, M. L., da Silva, K. N.",2013,Pre-germination treatments and storage of cassava seeds and their correlation with emergence of seedlings,Journal of Seed Science,35,1,10.1590/S2317-15372013000100016,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11077/,"Despite propagation of the cassava crop be done by cuttings for commercial purposes, the majority of accesses keeps active the sexual propagation system; what is essential to genetic breeding programs. Cassava seeds, however, have low and uneven germination rates. Considering such event, the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the storage, and different pre-germination treatments, on cassava seedling emergence. For this, an experiment was carried out with seeds obtained by open pollination between plants of four sweet cassava cultivars, with 10 pre-germination treatments; in addition to a control treatment. The viability of seeds subjected to different treatments was assessed by tetrazolium test; and the assessment of seedling emergence was performed by daily counts of the number of emerged seedlings. Data obtained were expressed in emergence percentage; emergence speed index; and mean time of seedling emergence. It was concluded that storage, at 4 C, during one year, increases seed emergence percentage and favors cassava seedling emergence speed; and that the dry heat (60C), during seven and 14 days, also favors their emergence speed.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Miano, D. W., Kuria, P. K.",2017,Status of Begomovirus research and management in Kenya,Begomoviruses Occurrence and Management in Asia and Africa,,,10.1007/978-981-10-5984-1_17,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11082/,"Viruses belonging to the genus Begomovirus (family Geminiviridae) infect different crops in different parts of the world, resulting in great economic losses. In Kenya, begomoviruses have been reported to infect important cultivated crops such as cassava, sweet potatoes, and tomatoes and noncultivated plant Deinbollia borbonica, a perennial weed. Apart from begomoviruses infecting cassava, those infecting other crops have not been fully characterized, and their distribution within the country has not been established. This paper describes the current status of begomoviruses in Kenya, management strategies employed, and research gaps that need to be addressed. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017. All rights reserved.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Miche, J.C.",1984,"FAO mission on the harvesting, processing and use of cassava in Thailand and in Africa","Workshop on Processing Technologies for Cassava and other Tropical Roots and Tubers in Africa (1983, Abidjan, Ivory Coast). Proceedings",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11083/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Midmore, D. J.",1993,Agronomic Modification of Resource Use and Intercrop Productivity,Field Crops Research,34,03-Apr,10.1016/0378-4290(93)90122-4,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11090/,"Suitable land areas for food production remain fixed or are diminishing, yet farmers and agronomists are faced with the task of increasing production. Raising productivity, through a more effective use of natural (e.g. light) and added (e.g. fertilizer) resources, is possible through intercropping, provided component crop demands for resources are well understood. Management of intercrops to maximize their complementarity and synergism, and to minimize competition between them follows simple natural principles, and its practice is limited only by the imagination of farmers and agronomists. Successful crop mixtures extend the sharing of available resources, over time and space, exploiting variation between component crops in such characteristics as rates of canopy development, final canopy width and height, photosynthetic adaptation of canopies to irradiance conditions and rooting depth. Occasionally, commensalism is effected. Loosely defined as one organism gaining benefits from another without damaging or benefitting it, it is exemplified when one crop modifies the microenvironment to suit another. Prime examples are the benefits of shading during crop, particularly transplanted crop, establishment under hot or dry conditions, the supply of nitrogen and solubilization of phosphorus by legumes for companion crops, and the suppression of weeds through direct competition or allelopathic effects. The onset of competition between intercrops can be delayed by judicious choice of relative planting dates. The differential influence of weather (in particular temperature) on component crop growth and development can be modified through reasoned planting dates, and relative proportions of crop component yields can be targeted. In general, to ensure its high yield the main crop should be planted first. Choice of plant population density and crop geometry, including row orientation, permits a planned sharing of natural resources and manipulation of competitiveness to suit targeted yields. Increases in rectangularity in the crop geometry of the main crop tends to enhance transmission of light to shorter crops for longer periods before canopy closure. Crops harvested for their vegetative yield appear less sensitive to supra-optimum Population densities within mixtures than do seed crops. The period over which intercrops compete for resources can be shortened by the supply of external inputs, in as much as they permit greater exploitation of the finite supply of light. Supplementary irrigation has been shown to raise total productivity in various intercrop systems, but little research effort has been turned towards mineral nutrients. Addition of N fertilizer to legume intercrops reduces the relative over-yielding, i.e. compared to mixtures without N fertilizer, but not without overall improvement in total yield. Benefits of residual N on succeeding crops following legume intercrops are also not unsubstantial, and deserve attention when evaluating the merits of intercropping. In order to sustain enhanced productivity from intercrops, it will become increasingly more important to substitute natural resources where feasible for purchased inputs. Since the major focus of intercrop research has been on small-scale resource-poor systems, a serious gap in our knowledge on high input intercrop systems will hinder their rapid spread.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mikami, Y., Gregory, K. F., Levadoux, W. L.",1982,Factors affecting yield and safety of protein production from cassava by Cephalosporium eichhorniae,Applied and Environmental Microbiology,43,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11096/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Miles, J.W., Pandey, S.",2004,Long-term selection in plants in the developing world,,v. 24  pt. 2,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11102/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Milla, R.",2012,Ecological Strategies for Crop Plants and Their Wild Relatives,Agrobiodiversity Conservation: Securing the Diversity of Crop Wild Relatives and Landraces,,,10.1079/9781845938512.0321,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11103/,"In this paper, the crop yields, plant breeding and ecological theory, domestication syndrome, character syndromes of wild plants and plant ecological strategies, domestication and evolution of resource-acquiring strategies are discussed.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Miller, D. R., Rossman, A. Y.",1995,"Systematics, Biodiversity, and Agriculture - Systematic Analyses of Small but Important Organisms Provide Crucial Information for Improvement of Agriculture",Bioscience,45,10,10.2307/1312673,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11105/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Mills, N.",2014,Plant Health Management Biological Control of Insect Pests,Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems,,,10.1016/B978-0-444-52512-3.00176-5,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11110/,"Biological control occurs when the abundance of an insect pest is suppressed by the action of a living natural enemy. Natural biological control occurs in the absence of human intervention, whereas importation, conservation, and augmentative biological control are the three approaches taken to enhance the activity of natural enemies in agricultural crops. The concepts behind each of these aspects of biological control are discussed and examples are provided to illustrate their use in the management of insect pests. 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Miltner, Benjamin C., Coomes, Oliver T.",2015,Indigenous innovation incorporates biochar into swidden-fallow agroforestry systems in Amazonian Peru,Agroforestry systems,89,3,10.1007/s10457-014-9775-5,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11112/,"A pressing challenge facing poor farmers is how to maintain yields in swidden-fallow systems when confronting growing land scarcity and declining soil fertility. The objective of this research is to document the innovative use of biochar and biochar-rich kiln soils on charcoal kiln sites by Amazonian peasant farmers for annual and perennial crop production as part of their swidden-fallow agroforestry cycle. The study was undertaken in a riverside community near Iquitos, Peru, where the availability of primary forest land has decreased significantly over the past 30years. Charcoal production is a long-standing, near ubiquitous local activity, drawing on wood primarily from secondary forest fallows. Data were collected in 2011 through household interviews (n=36) and an extensive survey of upland kiln sites (n=500). Results indicate this innovation, dubbed kiln site agriculture (KSA), evolved endogenously within the study community as an adaptation to growing land scarcity. Current landholdings were found to negatively correlate with both the number of crops households (n=32) cultivated per kiln site (r=0.3483, p=0.0254) and the proportion of those sites cultivated with manioc, the local staple crop (r=0.5441, p=0.0006), suggesting that land-poor households rely on KSA harvests to supplement subsistence. This study provides evidence charcoal production need not be a rapacious forest use and can, through KSA and biochar, offer an affordable opportunity to peasant farmers who practice swidden-fallow agroforestry where new land in primary forest is scarce and the productivity of their weathered soils is falling.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mingochi, D.S., Luchen, S.W.S.",1997,"Traditional vegetables in Zambia: genetic resources, cultivation and uses","Traditional African Vegetables: Proceedings of the IPGRI International Workshop on Genetic Resources of Traditional Vegetables in Africa: Conservation and Use 29-31 August 1995, ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi, Kenya",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11124/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock Development, Dar es Salaam (Tanzania)",1987,Proposal for a national cassava development strategy,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11127/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock Development, Dar Es Salaam (Tanzania). Food Strategy Unit",1989,"The large grain borer, its implication to national food security and agricultural development",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11129/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock Development, Dar Es Salaam (Tanzania). Food Strategy Unit.",1989,"The large grain borer, its implication to national food security and agricultural development. (Paper prepared) for the Workshop on Large Grain Borer (LGB) Control, Containment and Training and Armyworm Control, Morogoro, 31st October - 2 November 1989",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11130/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ministry of Agriculture, Lands, Food Production Centeno (Trinidad, Tobago). Central Experiment Station",1980,"Annual Report, 1980 [of the Ministry of Agriculture, Lands and Food Production of Trinidad and Tobago]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11132/,"Research is reported under three major headings Agronomy, crop protection and soils and chemistry. Under Agronomy, agronomical aspects of cereals and other grain crops, root crops (cassava, cush cush), forage crops, fruits (guava, passion fruit, bilimbi, papaya, pomerac), cocoa and coffee are briefly reported. Crop protection section include plant pathology (control of cocoa black pod disease, greasy spot and melanose in a citrus orchard, gumming of trees of golden apple, collar rot of sorrel, anthracnose of melongene, early blight of celery, southern blight of bean, epidemiology of cowpea mosaic virus, phytopathological surveys), entomology (perennials, annuals and pest management) and soils and chemistry (soil and land capability and soil agronomy). Details of research personnel, services (farm management, plant quarantine, agrometeorology, library) and miscellaneous activities (committees, conferences, seminars, workshops) collaboration with other agencies, advisory and training, visitors and publications are also reported.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Natural Resources, Unguja, Zanzibar (Tanzania). Plant Protection Division",1994,Integrated pest management,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11135/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Ministry of Overseas Development, London (UK), University of Ibadan, Ibadan (Nigeria)",1977,Control of Zonocerus variegatus (L.) in Nigeria,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11136/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Ministry of Overseas Development, London (UK), University of Ibadan, Ibadan (Nigeria)",1977,"Control of Zonocerus variegatus (L.) in Nigeria: Final report and recommendations, ODM Research Scheme R2727",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11137/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Ministry of Scientific Research, Brazzaville (Congo)",1989,Cassava national research program in Congo,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11138/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Angel, F. (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali (Colombia). Biotechnology Research Unit), Barney, V.E., Tohme, J., Roca, W.M.",1996,Stability of cassava plants at the DNA level after retrieval from 10 years of in vitro storage,,v. 90,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1114/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Miranda, C., Viernez, B., Miguel, C., De Guzman, E., Caranguian, L.M. (Department of Agriculture, Tuguegarao, Cagayan (Philippines). Cagayan Valley Lowland, Marine Research, Outreach Station)",1999,Multiple cropping under coconut an approach to the maximization of land use and profit in the coastal areas,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11146/,"Potential intercrops were evaluated under old coconut trees in Abulog, a coastal municipality in Cagayan [Philippines]. Among the crops evaluated were cassava, ginger, arrowroot, squash, eggplant, peanut, soybean, and calamansi during the period 1993-1997. These crops were selected based on their suitability to the local environmental conditions, and their acceptability to the folks in the area. The crops were grown following the recommended cultural practices. Results of the study revealed that short season annual crops, namely squash, ginger and eggplant, exhibited tolerance to partial shading. These crops gave profitable yields. Squash had an average MBCR [marginal benefit cost ratio] of 1.67; ginger, 1.28; and eggplant, 1.44. Calamansi, a perennial crop, started to give profitable yields after three years. It had an average MBCR of 1.45 for a 5-year period",Excluded,Duplicate
"Angelov, M.N. (Georgia Univ., Athens, GA (USA). Dept. of Biochemistry), Sun, J., Byrd, G.T., Brown, R.H., Black, C.C.",1993,"Novel characteristics of cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz, a reputed C(3)-C(4) intermediate photosynthesis species",,v. 38,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1117/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Mlingi, N.L.V., Bainbridge, Z.",1994,Reduction of cyanogen levels during sun-drying of cassava in Tanzania,Acta horticulturae,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11179/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Moench, M. (Pacific Inst., Berkeley, CA (USA))",1991,"Soil erosion under a successional agroforestry sequence a case study from Idukki District, Kerala, India",,v. 15,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11205/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Mogaji, P. B., Adejuyigbe, S. B.",2013,Improved design and fabrication of a cassava chipping machine C3 - Advanced Materials Research,,824,,10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.824.230,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11207/,"The short shelf-life and bulkiness of cassava roots pose a great problem in transporting these roots from the farm to the market or factory sites. To overcome this difficulty in the marketing and utilization of cassava and to avoid heavy post-harvest losses, the roots need to be processed into some form of dried product with longer shelf life. The simplest and most common mode of processing cassava is the conversion of the roots into dry chips. Cassava processing into chips by traditional methods which involve the use of knife is labour- intensive but the application of improved processing technology has reduced processing time and labour and encouraged further production. An improved cassava chipping machine, with chip thickness between 3-6mm was designed to enhance the processing of cassava into chips to catalyze its drying period and preserve its nutritional value. The chipping machine consists of a hopper, a cutter plate and a power transmission system powered by a 1 hp electric motor. Computer Aided Design software was used in the design and appropriate material selection was considered for its fabrication. The cassava chipping machine was also simulated for stress analysis and behaviour of the machine was studied when loaded virtually. Chipping efficiency is 94.75%, machine capacity is 0.04kg/sec, chipping rate is 0.034kg/sec which is a function of the force applied. (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Moh, C.C.",1976,Correlation between hydrocyanic acid levels in leaf and root of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Turrialba,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11212/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Mohamed Tamin, M. S. bin, Debergh, P.",,Regeneration of cassava plants from axillary meristems a short communication,Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit,1979. v. 44 (3/4),,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11216/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Mohamed, S.A.",1996,Influence of some environmental treatments on the growth and yield of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11217/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Mohan Kumar, C.R., Mandal, R.C., Nair, G.M., Hrishi, N.",1977,Effect of farm yard manure and NPK on cassava,Proceedings of the Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11227/,"Exploitation of hybrid vigour in cassava showed the genetic potential for nutrient utilization and improvement of the total biological yield. Significant tuber yield increases were obtained by the application of farm yard manure in combination with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash. Farm yard manure with nitrogen, or a combination of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash were the next best treatments. The lowest tuber yields were recorded in the phosphorus or potash treated plots. Bitterness of the tuber was increased by the application of farm yard manure and nitrogen, whereas potash reduced it.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mohandas, C., Palaniswami, M. S.",1996,"Resistance in tuber crops to Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White, 1919)","Tropical Tuber Crops Problems, Prospects and Future Strategies",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11236/,"High degree of resistance to root-knot nematode is found in tuber crops in India. In cassava, high-yielding and popular cultivars such as H 2304, H 1687, S 856 and M4 support only very low nematode population and are hence resistant. In sweet potato, Sree Vardhini, Sree Nandini and Il 268 are highly resistant and Kanjhangad local harbours only very low population. In lesser yam, Sree Lath is resistant to the nematode whereas De 53 is highly susceptible. In tare C9, a popular cultivar, is immune to the nematode whereas Sree Pallavi is highly susceptible and Sree Rashmi is moderately resistant. Resistance could not be found in elephant foot yam and Chinese potato.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mohankumar, C. R., Nair, P. G.",1990,Production Potential and Economics of Tuber Crop Based Cropping System for Low Lands,Indian Journal of Agronomy,35,01-Feb,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11237/,"In order to identify a profitable cropping system involving tuber crops in a double crop rice field in Kerala, a series of tuber crop based cropping systems involving rice were tried. The economic analysis of the crop sequences showed that Amorphophallus + Cowpea as green manure followed by vegetable cowpea would be the most profitable crop sequences tried. The next best in the series was vegetable cowpea followed by cassava.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mohankumar, C. R., Nair, P. G., Saraswathy, P.",1996,NPK requirement of short duration variety of cassava in a rice-based cropping system,"Tropical Tuber Crops Problems, Prospects and Future Strategies",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11238/,"The present study was carried out to standardize the NPK requirement of 'Sree Prakash', a short-duration variety of cassava, in a rice-based cropping system. The study was carried out for three years. There was significant difference in yield on the application of N and K. Application of graded dose of P did not produce any significant response on yield. From the study it is possible to recommend a fertilizer dose of 100kg nitrogen, 25 kg P2O5 and 100 kg K2O ha(-1) to cassava in a rice-based cropping system.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mohanraj, V., Narayanasamy, P. (Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ., Coimbatore (India). Dept. of Plant Pathology)",1981,Hastening symptom expression for early defection of cassava mosaic virus infection,,v. 34,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11240/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Mohanraj, V., Narayanasamy, P.",1984,Detection of cassava mosiac virus infection in plant materials by application of serological tests,Madras agricultural journal,v. 71,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11241/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Moharana, T., Mohanty, S., Lenka, P.C.",1980,Effect of type of cuttings and methods of planting on rooting in cassava,Madras Agricultural Journal,67,10,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11242/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Mojica, M.J.J.",2008,Taking chances on cassava: what it takes to produce bioethanol,BAR Research and Development Digest (Philippines),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11250/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Molinari, F. P.",2014,"Cassava Production, nutritional properties and health effects","Cassava Production, Nutritional Properties and Health Effects",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11256/,"Cassava is the most important of the root crops in the tropics and ranks fourth after rice, sugarcane and maize as a source of calorie for human needs. Since its introduction into Africa in the 16th century, cassava has spread throughout sub-Saharan Africa to become one of the dominant starchy staples in the diet of the people. Cassava is a major staple for about half of the Nigerian population and nearly 50 million tonnes of fresh cassava is produced annually in the country. This quantity is enough to meet the calorie requirement of 50 million people at about 200 calories per day. Cassava is important not just as a subsistence or food security crop, but also as a main source of cash income for producing households. Its production and processing provide employment and income for the rural poor, especially women and children. This book discusses the environmental impact cassava may have; the functional and nutritional characterization of cassava flour; cassava bread; other food products developed from using cassava roots and its derivatives; and cassava varieties and their breeding status.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mombo, S., Dumat, C., Shahid, M., Schreck, E.",2017,A socio-scientific analysis of the environmental and health benefits as well as potential risks of cassava production and consumption,Environmental science and pollution research international,24,6,10.1007/s11356-016-8190-z,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11259/,"Due to its high adaptability, cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is one of the worlds most cultivated and consumed plants after maize and rice. However, there are relatively few scientific studies on this important crop. The objective of this review was therefore to summarize and discuss the available information on cassava cropping in order to promote sustainable practices in terms of production and consumption. Cassava cultivation has been expanding recently at the global scale and is widely consumed in most regions of South America, Africa, and Asia. However, it is also characterized by the presence in its roots of potentially toxic hydrocyanic acid. Furthermore, cassava can also absorb pollutants as it is currently cultivated near roads or factories and generally without consideration for potential sources of soil, water, or atmospheric pollution. Careful washing, peeling, and adequate preparation before eating are therefore crucial steps for reducing human exposure to both environmental pollutants and natural hydrocyanic acid. At present, there is not enough precise data available on this staple food crop. To improve our knowledge on the nutritive benefits versus health risks associated with cassava consumption, further research is necessary to compare cassava cultivars and precisely study the influence of preparation methods.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Monsalud, F.C.",1986,Agro-ecological suitability classification of selected crops in Laguna [Philippines],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11276/,"hSuitability of each crop to a given soil and growing period zone was determined using the predicted yield. The predicted yield, the product of the potential yield of crop and the soil productivity rating, was classified into one of the four classes (very suitable, suitable, marginally suitable and not suitable) defined in terms of a percentage range of the maximum potential yield attainable within the study area. Annual crops such as peanut, mungo, cowpea, soybean, upland rice, sweet potato, cassava, corn and sorghum were suited in soils which were generally well-drained, with clay loam surface texture and with relatively high base saturation like Lipa clay loam, San Manuel clay loam, Macolod clay loam, Quingua clay loam, Macolod clay loam-steep phase, and paste clay. These soils were found not suited for sugarcane, coconut, banana and cacao. Soils which were marginally suitable for annual crops and not suitable for crops with longer maturity period have one or more limitations. Those soils classified as unsuitable for all crops possess higher degree of limitations than the marginally suitable gr",Excluded,Duplicate
"Monsalud, F.C., Medina, S., Rivera, H.F.R.",2014,Performance evaluation of alternative staple crops as climate change adaptation options in marginal Hillylands of Quezon Province [Philippines],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11277/,"Climate change is the major threat to the stability of agricultural production particularly in marginal hilly areas. Marginal hillylands, being generally eroded, nutrient deficient, and of low water storage capacity, are highly vulnerable to abnormal weather-related risks. Thus, utilization of these areas for food production requires a science-based system of selecting crops that are highly suitable to the biophysical and socio-economic conditions in marginal hilly areas. The study was conducted at Brgy. [Village] Masalukot-4, Candelaria, Quezon from August 2013 to June 2014. The main objective of the study was to come up with science-based recommendations on the selection of alternative staple crops suitable to marginal hilly areas. Performance of the two crops, cassava and sweet potato, was evaluated in terms of their ability to conserve soil nutrient and water, soil organic matter accumulation, microbial population and activity, and yield. Initial evaluation showed the comparable effects of cassava and sweet potato on soil pH, NPK content, organic matter level, moisture content, microbial population and activity, and crop yield.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Montagnac, J. A., Davis, C. R., Tanumihardjo, S. A.",2009,Nutritional value of cassava for use as a staple food and recent advances for improvement,Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety,8,3,10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00077.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11279/,"Cassava is a drought-tolerant, staple food crop grown in tropical and subtropical areas where many people are afflicted with undernutrition, making it a potentially valuable food source for developing countries. Cassava roots are a good source of energy while the leaves provide protein, vitamins, and minerals. However, cassava roots and leaves are deficient in sulfur-containing amino acids (methionine and cysteine) and some nutrients are not optimally distributed within the plant. Cassava also contains antinutrients that can have either positive or adverse effects on health depending upon the amount ingested. Although some of these compounds act as antioxidants and anticarcinogens, they can interfere with nutrient absorption and utilization and may have toxic side effects. Efforts to add nutritional value to cassava (biofortification) by increasing the contents of protein, minerals, starch, and -carotene are underway. The transfer of a 284 bp synthetic gene coding for a storage protein rich in essential amino acids and the crossbreeding of wild-type cassava varieties with Manihot dichotoma or Manihot oligantha have shown promising results regarding cassava protein content. Enhancing ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase activity in cassava roots or adding amylase to cassava gruels increases cassava energy density. Moreover, carotenoid-rich yellow and orange cassava may be a foodstuff for delivering provitamin A to vitamin A-depleted populations. Researchers are currently investigating the effects of cassava processing techniques on carotenoid stability and isomerization, as well as the vitamin A value of different varieties of cassava. Biofortified cassava could alleviate some aspects of food insecurity in developing countries if widely adopted. 2009 Institute of Food Technologists.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Montagnini, F., Jordan, C.F.",1983,role of insects in the productivity decline of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) on a slash and burn site in the Amazon territory of Venezuela,,v. 9,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11281/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Montaldo, A.",1973,Vascular streaking of cassava root tubers,Tropical Science,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11283/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Montaldo, A. (Universidad Central, Maracay (Venezuela). Faculty of Agronomy), Montilla, J.J. (Universidad Central, Maracay (Venezuela). Faculty of Veterinary Medicine)",1977,Production of cassava foliage [Venezuela],,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11284/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Montaldo, A., Montilla, J. J.",,Production of cassava foliage,Proceedings of the Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops,"1976 (Pub. 1977), 4th",,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11286/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Anikwe, M. A. N., Okonkwo, C. I., Aniekwe, N. L.",1999,"The effect of changing land use on selected soil properties in the Abakaliki agroecological zone, south-eastern Nigeria",Environmental Education and Information,18,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1130/,"An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of changing land use on selected soil properties in the Abakaliki agroecological zone, Nigeria. The results indicated that forest zone soils had a higher concentration of dissolved organic carbon and reduced decomposition of organic matter, when compared with soils under upland rice, sole maize and cassava/yam cropping regimes. The nitrogen content of the soil was higher in the forest zone soil, when compared to the soil in other land utilization types. Bulk density and penetration resistance measurements were lower in the sole maize, upland rice and cassava/yam plots than in the forest zone. The results indicate that deforestation and continuous cropping reduce the productive capacity of soil by their negative effects on the physicochemical properties of the soil. Afforestation programmes should be instituted to ameliorate degraded lands.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Montgomery, Stephanie, Guppy, Chris, Martin, Robert, Wright, Graeme, Flavel, Richard, Phan, Sophanara, Im, Sophoeun, Tighe, Matthew",2017,Productivity and profitability of upland crop rotations in Northwest Cambodia,Field crops research,203,,10.1016/j.fcr.2016.12.010,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11307/,"The upland cropping region of Northwest Cambodia exhibits limited crop diversity, with maize and cassava dominating rain-fed production systems. Farmers in the Districts of Sala Krau in Pailin Province, and Samlout in Battambang Province, report soil fertility decline in upland cropping systems with associated reduced yields and profitability compared with five years ago. Research was conducted at one site in each of these Districts over a two year period. The purpose of the study was to investigate crop rotations in this system with a focus on better use of soil water throughout the year to increase crop yields and profitability. This included an experiment to investigate increasing cropping intensity from the usual two crops per year to three and evaluate which crop sequences would be feasible. Out of a total 15 crop sequences evaluated, only four were successful in producing viable grain yields. These were the same sequences at both sites and included maize-maize-fallow, maize-maize-sunflower, maize-soybean-fallow and maize-soybean-sunflower. At Pailin, the sequence with the highest overall mean yield (4.3t/ha) and profit was maize-maize-sunflower which returned a gross margin of $USD3700/ha over two years. The sequences with a fallow instead of a third crop produced the lowest financial returns at Pailin. However, in Samlout the maize-fallow was the most profitable sequence with an overall mean yield of 3.0t/ha, returning $1680/ha over two years. The least profitable sequences at Samlout were the two soybean sequences. This study was successful in growing five crops in two years at Pailin, but could not reach the goal of six due to cultivar maturity length. At Samlout four crops over two years were produced, as the pre-monsoon crop was not planted in either year due to lack of sowing rainfall. Seasonal climatic factors had the greatest effect at both field sites on gross margins, which emphasized the importance of matching sowing date to rainfall to make better use of stored soil moisture to optimise yield and profitability. At Pailin, mean seasonal surface soil moisture, hundred seed weight and harvest index also impacted gross margin returns. This research validated the stability of maize in the farming system while sunflower should be further investigated in cropping sequences.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Moody, K.",1979,Weed control in root crops in the tropics,Philippine Journal of Weed Science,6,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11313/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Moody, K.",1985,"Weed control in cassava, a review",Journal of Plant Protection in the Tropics,2,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11314/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Moore, P.D.",1998,Getting to the roots of tubers,Nature,395,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11325/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Moorthy, S.N., Maini, S.B.",1981,Varietal differences on the properties of cassava starch,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11328/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Moorthy, S. N., Ramanujam, T.",1986,Variation in Properties of Starch in Cassava Varieties in Relation to Age of the Crop,Starch,38,2,10.1002/star.19860380206,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11336/,Cassava starch extracted from six varieties at different period of growth was examined for various physiochemical properties. The granule size increased in all the six varieties up to 6th month from time of tuber initiation and thereafter remained almost constant. The amylose content and reducing values did not vary much at different stages of growth. The swelling volume and swelling power of starch showed large variations particularly after 10th month. Such changes of four varieties were not noticed in other varieties. Associative binding forces of starch molecules largely determine the stability characteristics of starch under varied environmental conditions.,Excluded,Duplicate
"Moorthy, S. N., Maini, S. B.",,Varietal differences on the properties of cassava starch,"Post harvest technology of cassava a seminar / organised by Association of Food Scientists and Technologists (India), Trivandrum Chapter ... [et al.] ; editoral committee, K. Rajaraman ... [et al",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11348/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Ankomah, J.A.",1986,The farming systems in Ghana - a case study of the Agona district,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1136/,"The effect of some socio-economic factors on farming systems in the Agona district of Ghana is reported. The inheritance system and the labour utilized, and not the family size, affect significantly the farm size which is on average 9 acres. Maize-cassava farms have the highest investment and lowest for cocoa. The maize-cassava-plantain cropping pattern is the most profitable. Maize-cassava-plantain, maize-cassava, oil palm, sugar cane and cocoa farms operate efficiently. Returns to resources is highest for land and lowest for labour in all cropping patterns. On mixed crop farms, bush fallowing alternate with crop production on the same piece of land. There is lack of extension advice",Excluded,Duplicate
"Morales, F. J.",2001,Conventional breeding for resistance to Bemisia tabaci-transmitted geminiviruses,Crop Protection,20,9,10.1016/S0261-2194(01)00114-4,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11366/,"The whitefly Bemisia tabaci Genn. is a pervasive pest and vector of plant viruses. The existence of B. tabaci biotypes and numerous whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses (begomoviruses) affecting food and industrial crops has become a major constraint to agricultural development in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The predominant whitefly and begomovirus method of control has been the application of insecticides. The excessive use of agrochemicals over the past decades, has contributed to an exponential increase in B. tabaci populations and incidence of begomoviruses transmitted by this whitefly vector. Under these conditions, biological and integrated whitefly/geminivirus control practices have not met expectations. Incorporating begomovirus resistance in a relatively small number of crops improved by conventional plant breeding methods has been a sustainable and efficient disease control strategy. This review discusses some of the conventional intra- and interspecific hybridization strategies followed to incorporate genetic resistance to begomoviruses in three major crops: cassava, common bean and tomato.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Morales, F. J.",2006,Tropical Whitefly IPM Project,Advances in Virus Research,69,,10.1016/S0065-3527(06)69006-4,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11367/,"The Tropical Whitefly IPM Project (TWFP) is an initiative of the Systemwide IPM Programme of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), financed by the Department for International Development (DFID) of the United Kingdom, the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA), the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and Agency for International Development (USAID), the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), and the New Zealand Agency for International Development (NZAID), to manage whitefly pests and whitefly-transmitted viruses in the Tropics. Participating CGIAR and other international centers include the Centre for International Tropical Agriculture (CIAT); the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA); The International Potato Centre (CIP); the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Centre (AVRDC); and the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), in close collaboration with the National Resources Institute (NRI-UK); national agricultural research institutions; agricultural universities; and advanced agricultural research laboratories in Africa, Asia, Europe, the Pacific Region, and the Americas. The TWFP was launched in 1996 as five separate but closely linked subprojects targeting (1) Bemisia tabaci as a vector of viruses affecting cassava and sweet potato in sub-Saharan Africa (IITA, NRI, CIP, CIAT); (2) B. tabaci as a vector of viruses in mixed cropping systems of Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean (CIAT); (3) B. tabaci as a vector of viruses in mixed cropping systems of eastern and southern Africa (ICIPE, AVRDC); (4) B. tabaci as a vector of viruses in mixed cropping systems of Southeast Asia (AVRDC); (5) Trialeurodes vaporariorum as a pest in mixed cropping systems of the Andean highlands (CIAT); and (6) whiteflies as pests of cassava in South America (CIAT). Diagnostic surveys conducted in Phase I (1997-2000) clearly showed that the two main whitefly pests in the Tropics are B. tabaci and, in the highlands, T. vaporariorum. Other whitefly species investigated by the TWFP included B. afer and Aleurotrachelus socialis. B. tabaci is the main vector of plant viruses inducing African cassava mosaic disease, sweet potato virus disease, bean golden mosaic disease, and many other diseases of horticultural crops, mainly tomato, hot and sweet peppers, squash, melon, and several other cucurbits. Genetic resistance was identified as the most important component of an IPM programme, followed by phytosanitary, cultural and legal measures. The two most important factors contributing to whitefly/virus epidemics were shown to be pesticide abuse and the use of virus-infected planting materials. Biological control is only effective in cropping systems with minimal or rational use of insecticides, and should be considered only as a complementary IPM strategy. Farmer education and technical assistance are considered the most critical steps toward the implementation of sustainable and economically viable IPM strategies in tropical countries affected by whitefly pests and whitefly-transmitted viruses.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Morales, R.C.",2014,"OE-NADA [Organization Enterprise-Needs Assessment and Design Assessment] Report BDCD-DARPO [Beneficiaries Development Coordination Division-Department of Agrarian Reform Provincial Office]/Hacienda Anita Farmworkers' Association [Dian-ay, Escalante City, Negros Occidental, Philippines]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11369/,"In the course of gathering the data and actual integration with the ARBs [Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries] using various methods and tools it was found out that Hacienda Anita Farmworkers' Association is a Collective Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries Organization with a total area of 33 hectares for its 36 ARB members wherein 28 are males and 8 females. The ARBO is registered under DOLE [Department of Labor and Employment, Philippines] with complete structure guided with a vision and mission. 1. Organizational Capacity. The ARBO is highly unified as manifested in their collective management system. With active community linkage, they had accessed new knowledge in production and other areas of concerns for their organization. Though they have identified weakness and possible organizational threats, their various strengths and outside opportunities are readily available for use. 2. Access to Credit and Market. The ARBO has been granted production loan by DAR [Department of Agrarian Reform] - DA [Department of Agriculture] - LBP [Land Bank of the Philippines] APCP [Agrarian Production Credit Program] fund if properly and accordingly utilized will sustain production. Effective and efficient performance of the officers' responsibility which strengthen their organizational structure can be enhanced in availing of the technical and logistic services of possible linkages like SRA [Sugar Regulatory Administration], LGU [Local Government Unit], DOLE, CDA [Cooperative Development Authority] and NGOs [nongovernment organizations]. Aside from just availing services, the mentioned community networks can become their partners such that they will be updated of programs that could support their future organizational plans and affairs. The ARBO has been granted production loan by DAR-DA-LBP APCP and its main client is their collective sugarcane farm. The collectively-managed sugarcane farm moreover, with the potential target clients outside the organization are sure market of the CSF [Common Service Facilities] enterprise. On one hand, the production of cane and eventually sugar products has an established market. 3. Enterprise Capacity. The ARBO is found to have exposure and observation in plantation-scale sugarcane production and management. For the CSF, the level of information is noted only on their having expertise in tractor operation and mechanization and they are basically new to the enterprise. Nevertheless, the ARBO members and officers are sincere to adopt the enterprise as supported by their 100% interest and commitment to patronize the service. Having approved production loan from the LBP on one hand, they will be trained to manage cash and plan for profitability. The collectively-managed sugarcane farm is a sure client of the CSF enterprise and with available finances for farm inputs, profit could be expected. With this, the ARBO can avoid financial risk and ensured to pay obligations. Added to that, the implementation of production loan is based on PSPs and Management contract. The take-off agri-enterprise of the ARBO is the collective sugarcane farm and sugar production is a low-risk industry wherein marketing system is already in place. 4. Crops and Production Suitability. The soil is classified under Luisiana series. The color is reddish. It is sticky and slippery when wet and stiff/very hard with changing texture when too dry such that ploughing soon after heavy rains will result to adverse soil structural condition. The major soil constraint to crop production being Luisiana clay is low in organic matter content and poor internal drainage. Availability of Phosphorus is a problem due to low pH. Such that program for soil amelioration and improvement should be implemented. Generally, the project area is well suited to sugarcane farming with recorded yield result of 85 tons/ha and less prone to soil erosion except for some areas with slope higher than 8%. It is marginally suitable to cassava, sweet potato, cashew and lowland rice and is suitable to legumes like soybean/peanuts and other fruit trees, coconut and grains like corn and sorghum. 5. Suitability of Intervention. The production venture of the ARBO in a collective system is a perfect start-up endeavour to prove the unity and cooperation of all inside the organization. Availing of the production loan in a timely move that respond to their need for financial sustenance. The option to sugarcane production is a wise decision taking into account their previous experience as sugarcane farmworkers; suitability of the crop to the area condition and the established market for the product. Given the ready and potential market, existence of the ARCCESS [Agrarian Reform Community Connectivity and Economic Support Services] program, the production requirement of the crop, the capacity of the ARBO to manage, CSF agri-enterprise is seen best suited for the ARBO to engage in.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Moreno, R.A.",1979,Crop protection implications of cassava intercropping,"Intercropping with cassava: Proceedings of an international workshop held at Trivandrum, India, 27 Nov-1 Dec 1978",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11382/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Moreno, R.A.",1979,Crop protection implications of cassava intercropping,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11383/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Moreno, R.A. (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali (Colombia)), Best, R., Janssen, W.",1988,"Integrated cassava production, processing and marketing projects [pilot projects]",VlI'h Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11385/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Moreno, R.A.",1991,Development of better technology for cassava production systems within the context of integrated projects,Integrated Cassava Projects,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11386/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Moreno, R.A.",1992,Recent developments in cassava agronomy,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11387/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Morgan, W. B.",1962,"Manioc in Africa - Jones,Wo",Journal of African History,3,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11398/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Annan-Afful, E. (Shimane Univ., Matsue (Japan). Faculty of Life, Environmental Science), Iwashima, N., Otoo, E., Owusu-Sekyere, E., Asubonteng, K.O., Kamidohzono, A., Masunaga, T., Wakatsuki, T.",2004,"Land use dynamics and nutrient characteristics of soils and plants along topo-sequences in inland valley watersheds of Ashanti region, Ghana",,v. 50,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1141/,"Surveys on land use dynamics were conducted over a 3-year period along various toposequences in benchmark inland valley watersheds of the Ashanti region, Ghana. Six typical land use systems were selected for more detailed studies, i.e., primary forest (PF), cacao farm (CP), fallow (Fallow), mixed cropping (MC), and lowland rice-based systems including both traditional rice (TR) and sawah1 (paddy)-based rice farming (Sawah). Topsoil samples (0-20 cm) and samples of leaves and bark of various plants were collected from these land use systems for nutrient characterization using laboratory analyses. The remaining primary and secondary forests cover only a patchy area, accounting for less than 20%, in forest reserves and surrounding areas. Cacao farms were developed both in the upland areas, middle slopes, and lowland areas, which occupied about 20% of the watershed. Lowland rice farming is estimated to account for about 10% of the watershed. Oil palm cultivation is also common in the lowland areas. The remaining land use systems were mostly fallow and mixed cropping of maize, cocoyam, cassava, and plantain. Plant leaves of various species in the lowland traditional rice area showed higher concentrations of phosphorus and potassium but lower calcium and strontium concentrations than those of the leaves in the upland surveyed plots, especially, the forest area. Nitrogen, sulfur, magnesium, and the other mineral elements, however, did not show any clear differences among the six land use systems. Bark samples tended to exhibit lower concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, magnesium, sodium, silicon, aluminum, iron, manganese, and copper but higher concentrations of calcium and strontium. Cacao leaves showed silicon-accumulator characteristics and the magnesium concentration was high too. Cacao bark contained potassium and zinc in appreciable amounts in compared to the leaves. Topsoil samples of the primary forest and cacao farms in the upland areas showed higher levels of TC, TN, exchangeable Ca and Mg, and eCEC while the levels of available P showed a rather reverse trend compared to the lowland traditional and sawah rice plots. Topsoil samples of the fallow and mixed cropping plots at upland and fringe sites showed intermediate levels. The pH at the mixed cropping site was the lowest. These general fertility trends along upland and lowland topo-sequences were different from those of monsoon Asia and Japan. With the implementation of the sawah rice-based farming system, the inland valleys could contribute to the enhancement of sustainable food production in the country.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Morris, R. A., Garrity, D. P.",1993,Resource Capture and Utilization in Intercropping - Non-Nitrogen Nutrients,Field Crops Research,34,03-Apr,10.1016/0378-4290(93)90120-C,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11414/,"The capture and utilization of P and K, two non-mobile soil resources, were examined by decomposing crop production/unit area into uptake/unit area (capture) and production/unit uptake (utilization efficiency). Resource capture and utilization efficiencies by intercrops were compared to those of sole crops by contrasting intercrop means against the weighted means of sole crops. Weightings were based on the proportion of each species in the intercrop. On average, intercrops took up 43% more P (-4 to 83%) and 35% more K (-10 to 87%) than the sole crops. Where nutrients were not limiting, P and K uptake increased as dry-matter yield increased, evidence that uptake was a function of crop growth rather than conversely. Even where soil P was deficient, uptake by a dominated crop was decided more by factors that determined the outcome of competition than by P availability. The combined root systems, likely to be larger and functional for a longer duration under intercrops than under either sole crop, were postulated to explain the greater capture of non-mobile nutrients like P and K. An enlarged root system provides an expanded root surface area to which non-mobile nutrients can diffuse. For mobile nutrients which move to root surfaces largely by mass flow, shading of the dominated canopy may explain the positive association observed between intercrop dry-matter accumulation and Ca capture. Shading reduces carbon assimilation and transpiration of the understory canopy and, therefore, would reduce mass flow of Ca as well. Competition for P and K by intercropped species, even when nutrient supplies were abundant, was affected by degree of growth concurrency, canopy domination and planting geometry. When a dominating species was harvested much earlier than the dominated species, the uptake rate of the longer-duration crop usually recovered from competition after the first crop was harvested. Exceptions occurred when development of the dominated crop was so badly impaired during concurrent growth that vegetative enlargement was inhibited after harvest of the early species. Uptake rates by pigeon pea and cassava, which are exceptionally long-maturing species that have relatively low daily P and K uptake requirements, appeared capable of fully recovering even on soils in which nutrient availabilities were marginal for other species.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Morse, S., McNamara, N.",1994,Evolutionary on-farm research: a case study from Nigeria,"Discussion Paper - School of Development Studies, University of East Anglia",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11416/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Morse, S., McNamara, N., Acholo, M.",2002,Agricultural sustainability: Comparing external and internal perspectives,Journal of Sustainable Agriculture,20,4,10.1300/J064v20n04_04,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11417/,"This paper describes the results of a six year study based in a village (Eroke) in Igalaland, Nigeria, designed to compare an external vision of agricultural sustainability with internal perspectives. Cropping intensities were high, and change was apparent over the study period, with, for example, a decline in production of maize and an increase in production of cassava and some legumes. From an external perspective many of the indicators pointed towards unsustainability in agriculture, with the main driving force being individual household circumstance, and particularly the availability of labour. Households were dynamic, with constant immigration and emigration of males and females, but all members of the family saw emigration of young males as positive as it adds to 'household sustainability.' Agricultural sustainability was seen as negotiable, and often played off against wider concerns of family sustainability. If stakeholder participation is seen as a fundamental human right rather than just a methodological fix, then the internal perspective of what sustainability means and what it should be applied to needs to be considered and perhaps melded with external visions.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Moses, E.",2010,Development of Appropriate Strategies to Control Cassava Diseases in Ghana,The Role of Plant Pathology in Food Safety and Food Security,3,,10.1007/978-1-4020-8932-9_2,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11423/,"Yield of cassava in some of the major production districts of Ghana, where it is the most important staple food crop, is significantly impaired by diseases, including African Cassava Mosaic Disease (ACMD) and root rot caused by Polyporus sulphureus. P. sulphureus, a parasitic fungus, is capable of causing complete crop failure in susceptible cultivars. Varieties were tested for resistance to the major diseases of cassava, particularly ACMD and P. sulphureus root rot in disease hot spot areas in the Kpando District of the Volta Region, using farmer participatory approaches. Nine varieties showed resistance to ACMD and Polyporus root rot while the local farmers’ variety succumbed to a severe attack. Two of the eight varieties gave root yields of 22.0 and 23.0 t/ha compared with 11.0 t/ha obtained from the farmers’ local cultivar. Two hundred farmers and agricultural extension agents from four major cassava producing districts were trained in disease identification and control through workshops and field days. Also two farmer field schools were established in the Sabadu and Aveme farming communities of Kpando District, where local farmers were trained in disease identification and control. A disease identification and control guide was developed, produced and disseminated in the form of booklets and DVDs to increase awareness and promote disease control. With improved disease control practices and cultivation of the disease-resistant varieties identified, farmers can increase and even double yields of edible roots and improve their incomes and food security.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Moyo, B.S., Pelletier, D. (Mzuzu A.D.D., Mzuzu (Malawi))",1989,Impact of cassava mealybug outbreak on the nutritional status of the people living in the affected areas experience on the Mzuzu Agricultural Development Division,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11447/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Moyo, C.",2004,Cassava and sweet potato yield assessment in Malawi,African Crop Science Journal,12,3,10.4314/acsj.v12i3.27891,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11448/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas Lam) are important food and cash crops in Malawi. However, key information regarding varieties grown, sources of planting materials, post-harvest handling, utilisation and tuber yields is lacking. A study was, therefore, conducted to source this information. Farmers grow mostly local varieties of cassava with own gardens as the main source of planting materials. Several varieties of sweetpotato are grown with Kenya (SPN/O, bred in Tanzania) as the most popular. Sprouts from previous season\'s gardens are the main source of planting materials. Cassava and sweetpotato are grown for food and cash. However, in some area cassava stems are used for fuel wood. Most farmers do not store fresh cassava roots but process them into makaka, kanyakaska and kadonoska, or sell them fresh. Processing for sweetpotato is limited to boiling and roasting. Most farmers store sweetpotato, but this is constrained by the sweetpotato weevil damage and rotting. Root yield ranged from 13.1 to 31.4 t ha-1 for cassava, and 10.2 to 14.0 t ha-1 for sweetpotato. Except for Nkhata Bay, the yields of both crops were much lower than from research stations. Unavailability of acceptable improved varieties, high incidence of pests and diseases, and poor cultural practices are the main causes of low yields in the targeted areas.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mpagalile, J., Ishengoma, R., Gillah, P.",2009,"Tanzania: Sunflower, Cassava, and Dairy",Agribusiness and Innovation Systems in Africa,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11450/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Msabah, M.A.M.",1994,Status of cassava genetic resources programmes: Priotities in East and Southern Africa for cassava genetic network,"International Network for Cassava Genetic Resources: Report of the First Meeting of the International Network for Cassava Genetic Resources organized by CIAT, IITA and IBPGR and held at CIAT, Cali, Colombia, 18-23 August, 1992",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11455/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Msabaha, M.A.M., Rwenyagira, B.W.",1992,"Cassava production, consumption and research in the United Republic of Tanzania",Product Development for Root and Tuber Crops,Volume III - Africa,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11456/,"Cassava is an important food crop in Tanzania. The crop is grown all over the country. Most of the recent growth in production has come from increased area planted as average yields remain low due to a variety of constraints. Cassava processing is done mostly by women and is for human consumption. A small percentage of processed cassava goes to animal feed and starch. Research has focused on disease resistant varieties, integrated pest management, and postharvest technologies.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Msangi, J. P.",2014,Food security among small-scale agricultural producers in Southern Africa,Food Security Among Small-Scale Agricultural Producers in Southern Africa,,,10.1007/978-3-319-09495-3,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11458/,"The book focuses on food security highlighting the role of indigenous knowledge and scientific research in addressing the plight of poor small-scale agricultural producers. Rapidly growing global population and global policies and management governing sustainability, hunger, food security and poverty alleviation are discussed. Additionally, impacts of probable climate change, research on land productivity and performance of dependable food crops i.e. cassava and pearl millet are discussed. Analyzed in great detail are roles of small stock, urban/peri-urban agriculture and advantages of climate-smart agriculture and participatory research in enhancing food security of the small-scale agricultural producers in Southern Africa.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Msikita, W., James, B., Ahounou, M., Baimey, H., Facho, B.G., Fagbemissi, R.",1998,Discovery of new diseases of cassava in West Africa,Tropical Agriculture,75,01-Feb,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11465/,"Two new diseases of cassava were discovered in Benin, Ghana, and Nigeria. Curvularia leaf and stem blight [Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn] was discovered in all three countries. In the field, incidence of Curvularia-infected plants ranged between 0 and 80 percent, and severity between 2 and 25 lesions per plant. The effect of the fungus on growth was investigated using six cultivars, all naturally infected. For all cultivars, when buds were completely colonized, sprouting was completely inhibited. Partially colonized buds sprouted, but growth was reduced by 20-50 percent (depending on genotype), compared with healthy stems. On artificially inoculated leaves, C. lunata induced lesions of up to 1.5 cm and 40 percent leaf abscission, compared with healthy leaves. Nattrassia mangiferae (Syd. & P. Syd.) B. Sutton & Dyko root and stem rot was discovered in Benin and Nigeria, with field incidence ranging between 0 and 54 percent. For all four cultivars, N. mangiferae significantly reduced the number of shoots, shoot growth, and number of roots. Two of the cultivars died three weeks after planting.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Mtunguja, M. K., Thitisaksakul, M., Muzanila, Y. C., Wansuksri, R., Piyachomkwan, K., Laswai, H. S., Chen, G. H., Shoemaker, C. F., Sinha, N., Beckles, D. M.",2016,"Assessing variation in physicochemical, structural, and functional properties of root starches from novel Tanzanian cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) landraces",Starch-Starke,68,05-Jun,10.1002/star.201500179,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11472/,"Cassava is an ideal ""climate change"" crop valued for its efficient production of root starch. Here, the physicochemical properties and functionality of starches isolated from six cassava landraces were explored to determine how they varied from each other and from those previously described, and how they may be potentially used as value-added foods and biomaterials. Among genotypes, the parameters assayed showed a narrower range of values compared to published data, perhaps indicating a local preference for a certain cassava-type. Dry matter (30-39%), amylose (11-19%), starch (74-80%), and reducing sugar contents (1-3%) differed most among samples (p <= 0.05). Only one of the six genotypes differed in starch crystallinity (41.4%; while the data ranged from 36.0 to 37.9%), and mean starch granule particle size, (12.5 mu m instead of 13.09-13.80 mu m), while amylopectin glucan chain distribution and granule morphology were the same. In contrast, the starch functionality features measured swelling power, solubility, syneresis, and digestibility differed among genotypes (p <= 0.05). This was supported by partial least square discriminant analysis, which highlighted the divergence among the cassavas based on starch functionality. Using these data, suggestions for the targeted uses of these starches in diverse industries were proposed.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Ano, A. O., Odoemelam, S. A., Ekwueme, P. O.",2007,Lead and cadmium levels in soils and cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) along Enugu - Port Harcourt expressway in Nigeria,"Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry",6,5,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1148/,"A study was undertaken to determine the levels of Pb and Cd on soils and Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) along a major expressway (Enugu - Port Harcourt expressway) and remote villages in Southeastern Nigeria, to assess the degree of contamination of such soils and cassava. Soils (0 - 20cm) and Cassava (leaves, peels and pulp) were sampled from cassava farms 10 meters from the Expressway and also from farms in remote villages not accessible by vehicle. The mean concentration of Pb in the soils of the expressway was significantly higher than that of the remote villages. There was no significant difference between the mean Cd levels of the soils of the two environments. No significant relationship was also observed between the levels of either Pb or Cd and soil factors. Cassava leaves from the expressway had higher mean level of Pb than those from the remote villages. Mean level of Cd in cassava leaves from the expressway was not significantly different from those of the remote villages. Mean levels of Pb and Cd in the cassava peels and pulp from both the expressway and the remote villages were statistically similar and low. It was concluded that the high levels of Pb in the expressway soils could cause contamination of surface and underground water bodies. Moreover consumers of cassava leaves harvested from farms close to the expressway are exposed to health hazards which may result from ingestion of high Pb levels. Animals fed on cassava peels and humans feeding on cassava pulp products such as garri, fufu and flour from farms close to the expressway are not exposed to such risk.",Excluded,Duplicate
Anon.,1977,"Production of bitter cassava for processing [Manihot esculenta, Guyana]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1149/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Muimba-Kankolongo, A., Phuti, K.",1987,"Relationship of cassava mosaic severity in planting material to mosaic development, growth and yield of cassava in Zaire",Experimental Agriculture,v. 23,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11498/,,Excluded,Duplicate
Anon.,1980,Highlights of the 1979 research programme [on cassava],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1150/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Muimba-Kankolongo, A., Mahungu, N., Theu, M., Chalwe, A., Raya, D., Muondo, P., Pequenino, F., Thompson, G.",2005,Prevalence and management strategies of cassava mosaic disease induced by whitefly-borne geminiviruses in Southern Africa,Phytopathology,95,6,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11501/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Mujeeb-Kazi, A., Sitch, L.A.",1989,"Review of advances in plant biotechnology, 1985-1988",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11506/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Mulenga, R. M., Chikoti, P. C., Legg, J. P., Alabi, O. J.",2017,Field status and dynamics of cassava mosaic disease in Zambia,Phytopathology,107,12,10.1094/PHYTO-107-12-S5.1,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11517/,"The status of cassava mosaic disease in Zambia was determined during a country-wide survey conducted in 2014 in farmers’ fields in six major cassava-growing provinces (Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, Eastern, Western and Northwestern). A symptoms-based assessment of CMD was performed on 30 plants of a predominant variety counted along two diagonals to determine disease incidence and severity. Incidence was calculated as a percentage of symptomatic plants out of 30 counted plants while severity was rated using the standard 1 to 5 scale. Assessment of infection type (cutting- or whitefly-borne) was made and values for whitefly-borne infections were transformed into multiple infection units. The results indicated that mean CMD incidence was lowest in Northern (44%) and highest in Lusaka province (81%); averaged 57% across all six provinces. Mean CMD severity varied significantly (χ2= 249.8, df = 10, P < 0.001) among provinces ranging from 2.8 in Eastern to 3.0 in Northwestern province. Mean CMD incidence was higher for cassava landraces (~25 to 86%) than improved varieties (~32 to 60 %). Disease severity also varied between landraces (2.2 to 3.0) and improved varieties (2.7 to 2.8). Cutting-borne infections accounted for ~92% of CMD-affected plants relative to 8% for whitefly-borne infections. DNA fingerprinting of field survey samples revealed the occurrence of African cassava mosaic virus, East African cassava mosaic virus and East African cassava mosaic Malawi virus as single or mixed infections of different proportions. The results underscore the importance of clean plant materials for sustainable management of CMD in Zambia.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mulindangabo, J.",1982,Agronomic research on cassava cultivation in Rwanda,"Root Crops in Eastern Africa: Proceedings of a workshop held in Kigali, Rwanda, 23-27 November 1980",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11518/,"Cassava was introduced into Rwanda in the 1930s and quickly became a staple food for the people. Research on the crop in the country has been under way since the 1940s but received new impetus in 1975. It is now a focus of the Institut des sciences agronomiques du Rwanda (ISAR), which is cooperating with the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in an attempt to reduce the production constraints. ISAR has adopted a 6-year selection procedure, based on IITA standards, for its long-term research program and, on the short-term, is involved in assessing the local varieties in its collection so that it can provide assistance to rural farmers.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mulindangabo, J.",1984,Cassava screening in Rwanda,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11519/,"In Rwanda work to improve cassava was begun in earnest in 1979 following serious damage from disease and pests, especially cassava mosaic, bacterial blight, and the cassava green mite. The purpose of this paper is to describe progress in research by the Institut des sciences agronomiques du Rwanda (ISAR) in conjunction with the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture to obtain and screen breeding material for resistance to disease and the green mite. The future prospects of cassava research in Rwanda are also discussed.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Mulindangabo, J.",1989,First results of cassava and sweet potato trials under normal growing conditions in Rwanda,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11520/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Muller, G.J.",1986,Agronomic limitations to increasing cowpea and cassava production in Guyana,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11522/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) and Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) are important crops in the diversification thrust of Guyana's agricultural sector. Imports of grain legumes into Guyana is restricted or limited. Domestic production has to increase six fold to meet demand. Factors identified as limiting cowpea production are varietal selection, inherently low native fertility and low nutrient retention capacities of the savannah soils and crop failure due to dependence on rainfall for crop irrigation. Reduced tillage system and grass mulching in the short rainy season (November/December) and short narrow beds permitting 2 crops in the long rainy season (May/September) are recommended for the production of cowpeas. Cassava has gained importance due to the restrictions on imported wheat flour. Demand for cassava in Guyana is 30M lb/year. The low yielding local varieties, commonly grown and the lack of appropriate agronomic and post harvest practices are the major limitations to cassava production.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mulualem, T., Bekeko, Z.",2015,Assessment of conventional breeding on cassava and its physiological adaptive mechanisms: Implication for moisture stress,Asian Journal of Agricultural Research,9,2,10.3923/ajar.2015.38.54,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11531/,"The study is intended for highlighting the physiological mechanisms associated with breeding of cassava towards moisture stress tolerance. It describes important points including The special effects of moisture stress, mechanisms of adaptation of crops to moisture stress, moisture stress and improvement on cassava, reproductive biology of cassava, current breeding goal, methods of screening and breeding of cassava for moisture stress environment, current achievement on conventional breeding on cassava and physiological response of cassava in moisture stress environment. The information summarized in this study may serve as important guideline in cassava improvement towards moisture stress tolerance.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Munthali, D.C.",1992,Effect of cassava variety on the biology of Bemisia afer (Priesner & Hosny) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae),Insect Science and Its Application,13,3,10.1017/S174275840001376X,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11550/,"The biology of Bemisia afer (Prisner & Hosny) reared in clip cages on leaves of 15 varieties of cassava, Manihotesculenta (Crantz)(Euphorbiaceae) was studied under field conditions during the cold months of June–August and during the warm months of September–October. Both variety and time of the year significantly affected the developmental period, the rate of population increase and the mortality.

The longest mean developmental period (59.5 days) occurred on the MH108 leaves during the cold months (at 20°C and 62.9% r.h.), while the shortest (27.1 days) was on the Kithekere variety during the warm months (at 25°C and 53% r.h.).

The pest population increased most rapidly on MH84 (at 5.4 eggs per female per day) and slowest on the Nigerian 3057/1 (at 0.9 eggs per female per day). The mortality of the pest indicated that Chitembwere had the greatest killing power (K = 2.555) and Nigerian 3057/1 had the least (K = 0.0760).

The combined use of the developmental periods, rate of population Increase and mortality indicated that Gomani was the most resistant while Kithekere was the least resistant variety to B. afer. Other varieties with high resistance properties included MH108, Chitembwere and Mbundumali. Of the three biological characteristics used, the developmental period was the most powerful while the rate of population increase was the least.

Pubescence of a cassava variety was only weakly associated with resistance to B. afer (r = 0.48) suggesting that other factors are more responsible for resistance to this pest than hairiness.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mupakati, T., Tanyanyiwa, V. I.",2017,"Cassava production as a climate change adaptation strategy in Chilonga Ward, Chiredzi District, Zimbabwe",Jàmbá - Journal of Disaster Risk Studies,9,1,10.4102/jamba.v9i1.348,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11568/,"This study sought to pilot a range of long-term adaptation measures in the agriculture sector because of climate change shocks. Past droughts in Zimbabwe have had devastating environmental and socio-economic impacts in rural areas where livelihoods mainly depend on agriculture. Over the past few years, many parts of Zimbabwe have been experiencing extreme events. The study sought to address the following objectives to describe smallholder farmers' knowledge of climate change variability and change in Chilonga Ward and to explore the potential of cassava production as a climate change adaptation strategy in Chiredzi. An assessment of the impact of cassava production on rural livelihoods as a climate change adaptation strategy was also done. Focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, desk research and observation were the tools used to collect data. The results show that cassava has an extensive root system that can penetrate poor soils which may not support crops like maize. Zimbabwe has to increase cassava production as its tubers can be value added to produce a range of products that include livestock feed and porridge.",Excluded,Duplicate
,1987,Crotalaria - more effective than pesticides,Caribbean Farming,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1157/,Intercropping with crotalaria has been found to reduce Cyrtomenus bergi damage in cassava roots to less than 4 % but cassava yield is reduced by approximately 22 % due to plant competition,Excluded,Duplicate
"Murthy, H. B., Rao, G. R., Swaminathan, M.",1957,Studies on the starch-synthesizing enzymes in tapioca (Manihot utilissima) roots,Enzymologia,18,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11578/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Murugan, C., Balasubramani, R.",2011,Information seeking behavior of Tapioca (Cassava) growers in Salem district,Library Philosophy and Practice,2011,APRIL,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11583/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Mutai, G. K., Wagacha, J. M., Nyaboga, E. N.",2017,Potential of somatic embryogenesis in elimination of east africa cassava mosaic virus from infected cassava cultivars in Kenya,Annual Research and Review in Biology,15,2,10.9734/ARRB/2017/31482,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11593/,"Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) is an economically important disease limiting production of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in sub-Saharan Africa. Use of virus-free planting material is among the strategies for management of CMD. However, obtaining clean planting material for farmer-preferred varieties is often difficult. This study evaluated the efficacy of somatic embryogenesis to produce disease-free cassava planting materials from CMD-infected cultivars TME 14, Ex-Mariakani, Sagalato, Kibandameno and TMS 60444. Axillary buds of East Africa cassava mosaic virus (EACMV)-infected cassava nodal cuttings were cultured on MS salts with vitamins supplemented with 12 mg/l picloram for generation of primary somatic embryos (SE) which were subcultured onto the same fresh medium for generation of secondary SE. Primary and secondary SE were cultured separately onto MS supplemented with 1 mg/l naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) for induction of cotyledons and subsequent regeneration of plants on MS supplemented with 0.4 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to discern the presence of EACMV in regenerated plants. Plants regenerated from primary and secondary somatic embryos were 87.6% and 93.5% virus free, respectively, with the PCR technique of viral particle detection. The virus-free plants acclimatized in the glasshouse showed absence of viral symptoms morphologically. These findings demonstrated the effectiveness of somatic embryogenesis in elimination of EACMV from infected cassava plants to produce clean planting materials. 2017 Mutai et al.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Muthiah, A. R.",2004,"Opportunities for the cultivation of extra short duration mungbean in Tamil Nadu, India",Improving Income and Nutrition by Incorporating Mungbean in Cereal Fallows in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of South Asia Proceedings of the Final Workshop and Planning Meeting,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11596/,"The opportunities for the cultivation of extra-short duration mungbean in Tamil Nadu, India is discussed in this paper. An extra-short duration mungbean variety Pusa Bold (Pusa Vishal) which matures in 55 days and recorded a yield increase over the traditionally cultivated mungbean varieties ADT 2 (43.3%) and ADT 3 (26.5 %) in rice fallows. After the harvest of rice, this variety utilizes the residual moisture and nutrition available in the rice fields, and it escapes terminal drought because of its early-maturity trait. As a pure crop in different agro-climatic zones, Pusa Bold recorded a yield range of 820 to 950 kg ha(-1). This yield is almost double, considering the average yield of mungbean in the state. Besides rice-fallow situation, the possibilities for cultivating extra-short duration mungbean in intercropping in crops like sugarcane, cassava, and banana and coconut gardens of the state has been discussed. Moisture and nutrient stresses affecting the extrashort duration mungbean, especially during its growth period of 25 to 45 days in contrast to the traditional varieties of 150-170 days, is indicated. The recent breeding efforts taken to cross Pusa Bold with the traditional variety of Vellore local (and some promising selections made in F3) to incorporate tolerance to moisture stress is also presented. The nutritional superiority of Pusa Bold over the local variety for its iron content and the results of feeding trials conducted is likewise discussed. Pusa Bold variety is found to be susceptible to powdery mildew in cooler seasons and efforts are underway to incorporate powdery mildew resistance in this variety.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Muthukrishnan, C.R., Thamburaj, S.",1979,"Cassava intercropping patterns and management practices at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11597/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Abdullahi, Ismail, G. A. I. AtiriauthorDepartment of Crop Protection, Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan Ibadan, Nigeria, G. O. DixonauthorInternational Institute of Tropical Agriculture Ibadan, Nigeria, et al.authorInternational Institute of Tropical Agriculture Ibadan, Nigeria",2015,"Effects of cassava genotype, climate and the Bemisia tabaci vector population on the development of African cassava mosaic geminivirus (ACMV)",,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/116/,,Excluded,Duplicate
Anon.,1987,Technical co-operation for cassava development,Caribbean Farming,24-25,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1160/,"The work of the Cassava-Peanut Project of the Jamaican Government in association with IICA is outlined. Local and introduced cultivars have been evaluated for high yield under sub-optimal conditions. Other objectives are to produce planting material of the superior cultivars, obtain data on the economics of cassava production and encourage use of diced cassava chips in livestock feeds",Excluded,Duplicate
"Muthuswamy, P., Krishnamoorthy, K.K., Raju, G.S.N.",1973,Investigations on the hydrocyanic acid content of tapioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) tubers,Madras Agricultural Journal,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11600/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Muthuswamy, P., Krishnamoorthy, K.K., Muthukrishnan, C.R., Thamburaj, S., Shanmugam, A.",1974,study on the micronutrient content in tubers of some cassava cultivars (Manihot esculenta Crantz),South Indian Horticulture,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11602/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Muthuswamy, P., Thamburaj, S., Shanmugam, A., Krishnamoorthy, K.K., Muthukrishnan, C.R.",1975,Composition and nutritive value of certain cultivars of cassava tubers (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Madras Agricultural Journal,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11603/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Muthuswamy, P., Govindaswamy, M.",1980,Tapioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Leaf Protein,Cheiron,9,6,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11605/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Mutsaers, H.J.W., Walker, P.",1990,Farmers' maize yields in S.W. Nigeria and the effect of variety and fertilizer an analysis of variability in on-farm trials,Field Crops Research,23,,10.1016/0378-4290(90)90059-K,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11613/,"Farmer-managed trials in developing countries often show great variability in yield and treatment effects. The use of statistical techniques is demonstrated to explain this variability in a maize + cassava intercropping trial in southwestern Nigeria. Concomitant variables, measured in the trial fields, are used as covariates in the ANOVA and as regressors in the analysis of mean site yield. It was found that a new maize variety (TZSR-W) performed better than the local irrespective of farmers' yield level. Fertilizer effect increased as farmers' overall yield level (reflected in their mean site yield) increased. At current fertilizer and maize prices, fertilizer was profitable for all except the poorest-yielding fields. Variation in yield level was partly explained by degree of shade and stand losses during the season. Part of the stand losses was due to termites. The majority of female farmers in the sample had lower yields than males because of a combination of factors such as shade, late planting, poor weeding and longer occupation of the land.",Excluded,Duplicate
Anon.,1990,More income in multiple cropping,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1163/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Mwanga, R.O.M., Otim-Nape, G.W. (Namulonge Agricultural, Animal Production Research Institute, Kampala (Uganda))",1996,"Collection, conservation and utilization of root and tuber crops",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11630/,"The importance of the most commonly cutivated root and tuber crops in Uganda is highlighted. Factors threatening loss of existing genetic diversity of those crops are mentioned and need for conservation is pointed out. The paper discusses current progress and the status of germplasm collection, evaluation, conservation and utilization of the crops in the country",Excluded,Duplicate
"Mwanza, F.",1991,"The Lopezi defence: in pest control, as in chess, sophisticated manoeuvres are de rigueur",Ceres,23,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11632/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Mwanza, F.",1993,South American wasp comes to the rescue of cassava growers in Africa,,v. 43,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11633/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Lutaladio, N.B., Brockman, F.E., Landu, K.B., Wahua, T.A.T., Hahn, S.K.",1988,Cassava-groundnut intercropping in Zaire,Cassava-based cropping systems research I,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11652/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Kalabare, N.D.N., Momoh, D.A.",1989,"Intercropping of cassava, maize and plantain in an acidic ultisol in southern Nigeria: effect of cassava",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11653/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"N'Danikou, S., Tchokponhoue, D. A., Houdegbe, C. A., Achigan-Dako, E. G.",2014,African Plant Biodiversity in Pest Management,"Novel Plant Bioresources Applications in Food, Medicine and Cosmetics",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11656/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"N.G., Nair, K.K., Kartha, O.L., Gamborg",1979,Effect of growth regulators on plant regeneration from shoot apical meristems of cassava (Manihot esculenta CRANTZ) and on the culture of internodes in vitro (Mosaic disease),Zeitschrift für Pflanzenphysiologie,v. 95,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11657/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"N.G., Nair",1981,Relationship between cassava mosaic disease spread and whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gen) population under different insecticide treatments,Journal of Root Crops,v. 7,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11658/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Nair, N.G.",1984,Tissue culture for the multiplication of disease free planting material,Indian Farming,33,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11659/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"N.R.F., Sauti",1982,"Malawi (production of cassava and sweet potato, constraints)",,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11672/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta) and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) are the two commonly grown root crops in Malawi. There is also cultivation of yams and cocoyams; however, their hectarage is unknown. Information on the country's root crops is scanty, and the current research program only covers cassava and sweet potato.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Hrishi, N.",1974,Problems and prospects in cassava production in India,"Cassava Processing and Storage: Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Workshop, Pattaya, Thailand, 17-19 April 1974",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11677/,The problems concerning cassava cultivation in India and possibilities for stepping up production in future are dealt with in this paper. The necessity of developing the processing technology is emphasized.,Excluded,Duplicate
Anon.,2000,"Pilot-testing of potential soil amelioration schemes in degraded grassland areas of E. Pelaez Ranch, Inc. [Philippines]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1168/,"Twenty vegetative manure substrate combinations were composted using the DOST-CFA technology. The final recovery rate as well as nutrient composition was assessed. The composts which showed the highest recovery volume and the highest ranking composts based on combined nutrient content (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium or NPK) are presented. Combined organic fertilizers, namely corncob + anchoan dilau + cow manure; and corncob + cassava + chicken dung significantly enhanced the growth of napier and the yield of stylo. The promising nutrient-rich composts were field tested in contrast with biofertilizers such as Azospirillum, Rhizobium and mycorrhiza and macronutrients (NPK) and/or micronutrients at various levels. Biofertilizers were found to be effective in cassava and corn. Results showed dramatic increases on the height growth of cassava during the first month after the treatment. The highest growth was observed in plants inoculated with Mycovam + Azospirillum (200%) increase at the same level as these applied with 90 kgs NPK. Percent growth rate, however, decreased over time. Mycovam + Azospirillum consistently had the highest increase - 20% at ten months. It was followed by plants treated with 60 kg NPK. For corn, the best treatment affecting height growth was Mycovam + Azospirillum resulting in a significant 36% yield. Economic analysis by partial budget analysis indicated that using mycorrhiza alone in bagras is the most economical among the biofertilizers (B/C ratio of 5.3). In narra and mangium, the highest B/C ratios were both obtained with the 5 g/plank NPK treatment. In ipil-ipil, the soil amelioration treatment had no effect on the B/C ratio which was less than 1.0. The joint application of biofertilizers and organic fertilizer has shown significant improvement in growth and yield performance of the species used in the experiment",Excluded,Duplicate
"Ngongi, Amos G. N.",1977,"Influence of some mineral nutrients on growth, composition and yield of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11681/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Russel, N.",1984,Biotechnology in action the case of cassava,Ceres,17,6,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11687/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Yandriani, N.",1995,Introducing technologies for women in West Sumatra,IRRI Discussion Paper Series (Philippines),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11688/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Nachtergaele, F.O., Bruggeman, H.Y.",1986,"Methodology for regional analysis of physical potential for crop production. Annex 3 Climate and soil suitability evaluation for eight crops on 23 soil series in Khon Kaen Province, Thailand",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11700/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Naconsie, M., Zhang, P.",2016,Transgenic technologies in cassava for nutritional improvement and viral disease resistance: A key strategy for food security in Africa,Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering,3,4,10.15302/J-FASE-2016119,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11702/,"As a major staple food source in Africa and other tropical developing countries, cassava (Manihot esculenta) provides basic sustenance for many subsistence farmers. However, cassava roots mainly accumulate starch with limited contribution of other nutrients such as proteins and vitamins. Also, two viral diseases, cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and cassava brown streak disease (CBSD), cause great losses in cassava production in sub- Saharan Africa and the Indian sub-continent. Genetic engineering provides promising approaches to improve nutritional value and increase resistance to viral diseases in cassava. This report presents several successful case studies on engineering protein content by overexpression of nutritious storage proteins and improving cassava resistance to viral diseases by RNA interference. Perspectives on the sustainable acquisition of new knowledge and development of biotechnology to solve these bottlenecks are discussed.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Nadel, H., Alphen, J.J.M. van.",1987,"role of host- and host-plant odours in the attraction of a parasitoid, Epidinocarsis lopezi, to the habitat of its host, the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti",,v. 45,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11704/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Nair, P. G., Verghese, T.",1970,Effect of liming on the yield and quality of cassava in laterite soil,Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala,8,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11717/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Nair, T. V. R., Sinha, S. K.",1968,Photoperiodic Effects on Tuber Development in Manihot Esculenta Crantz,Indian Journal of Experimental Biology,6,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11718/,,Excluded,Duplicate
Anon.,2007,"Cassava seen to become town's [Tiwi, Albay, Philippines] next major crop",,v. 11,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1172/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Nair, P.G., Kumar, B.M., Rajendran, N.",1980,Effect of different sources of potassium on the yield and quality of cassava,Journal of Root Crops,6,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11721/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Nair, G.M., Mohan Kumar, C.R., Nair, P.G.",1980,Response of cassava to sodium chloride (common salt) [Tuber yield],,v. 6,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11722/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Nair, P.G., Kumar, B.M., Thomas, P.K., Rajendran, N.",1981,"Root cation exchange capacity as an index of yielding ability in cassava and sweetpotato [Manihot esculenta, Ipomoea batatas]",Journal of Root Crops,v. 7,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11723/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Nair, S.G., Jos, J.S., Rajendran, P.G., Sreekumari, M.T.",1994,Genetic resources of cassava in India,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11726/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Nair, S. G., Jos, J. S., Lakshmi, K. R.",1996,Carotene enhancement in cassava through gene pool development,"Tropical Tuber Crops: Problems, Prospects and Future Strategies",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11727/,"Genetic stocks of indigenous and exotic cassava were screened for carotene content in the tubers. The 21 clones examined had 65-670 IU carotene per 100 g tuber. Among these four clones were selected on the basis of fertility, seed set and carotene content, and an attempt made to elevate the carotene levels through gene pool development. These four clones were grown in a polycross block In the first cycle, 43 plants showed 540 to 1,500 IU carotene/100 g. In the second cycle, plants were raised from three clones from the first cycle and one exotic clone from the germplasm. By raising a polycross progeny of 358 plants in the second cycle, the level of carotene was raised to 2,200 IU/100 g tuber. In the first cycle, light yellow and deep yellow flesh was noticed. In the second cycle light orange flesh was also noticed. In the third cycle, four high carotene clones selected from the first and second, cycles, one released variety Sree Vishakam and one exotic cultivar were included. Of the 557 plants, 43 plants showed yellow and 29 plants showed orange flesh colour, while 11.86 per cent of the population had white flesh. Plants with yellow flesh had I,016 to 2,983 carotene with a mean of 1,726.7 IU per 100 g. Tubers with orange flesh recorded 1,024 to 3,217 IU carotene with a mean of 1,836 IU per 100 g. Clonal population was raised with 62 clones having high carotene content at the seedling stage. The tubers had 1,016 to 3116 IU per 100 g, the levels hitherto never achieved in cassava. The carotene enhancement in the flesh influenced the secondary characters like colour of stem and periderm (bark).",Excluded,Duplicate
"Nair, G. M., Mohan Kumar, C. R., Nair, P. G.",,Response of cassava to sodium chloride (common salt),Journal of root crops,1980. v. 6 (1),,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11737/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Nair, P. G., Kumar, B. M., Thomas, P. K., Rajendran, N.",1981,Root cation exchange capacity as an index of yielding ability in cassava and sweetpotato,Journal of Root Crops,7,01-Feb,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11738/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Nakabonge, G., Samukoya, C., Baguma, Y.",2017,"Local varieties of cassava conservation, cultivation and use in Uganda","Environment, Development and Sustainability",,,10.1007/s10668-017-9997-6,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11740/,"The study explored the theory that on-farm conservation of cassava germplasm is influenced by farmers traditional and cultural preferences of particular varieties. Traditional knowledge practices that are used for on-farm conservation of cassava germplasm as well as cassava attributes for selection were assessed. The findings obtained from the study indicated that farmers use traditional knowledge to select and preserve cassava germplasm for future use. It was also clear that farmers have their preferences such as culinary attributes, storability in the ground, early maturity and cooking quality to mention but a few that influence the decisions taken to retain or abandon cultivation of varieties. Therefore, by planting varieties in multiples plots, replanting immediately after harvesting, sharing with others in the community and planting disease-free materials, farmers ensure that they preserve varieties of interest for decades. The information generated during this study could inform development policies tailored toward ensuring sustainable on-farm conservation of cassava genetic resources. 2017 The Author(s)",Excluded,Duplicate
"Nakviroj, Chumpol, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok (Thailand). Soil Science Division, Paisancharoen, Kobkiet, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok (Thailand). Soil Science Division, Matsumoto, Naruo, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok (Thailand). Soil Science Division",2002,Management of organic matter under cassava cultivation in Northeast Thailand,17th world congress of soil science held in bangkok thailand august 2002,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11762/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Nambiar, I.P.S., Potty, N.N., Ashokan, P.K. (Kerala Agricultural Univ., Trichur (India))",1979,Made for each other - cassava and pulse [India],,v. 17,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11768/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
Anon.,2015,DA beefs up control of cassava witches' broom disease,Aggie Trends,30,5,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1177/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Nambisan, B.",1995,Cyanogenic glucosides in cassava and their toxicity,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11774/,"All cassava plants are cyanogenic in nature, but a wide variation exists in root cyanide levels. Apart from varietal variations, the content is influenced by the age of plant, and cultural and environmental conditions. The level of cyanoglucosides varies widely in different tissues. Accumulation of linamarin in edible roots is influenced by the rate of synthesis in leaf/root, transport from leaves to roots and its turn over in the plant. Control of linamarin levels in roots is most essential in view of its toxic effects. Possible methods include breeding for low-cyanide cultivars, manipulation of cultural conditions and an understanding of the mechanism of accumulation of linamarin in roots so as to devise methods for its control. The simplest way of minimizing toxicity is by processing the roots properly before consumption. A number or processing techniques were adopted in India. Studies indicate that residual levels of cyanoglucosides and their degradation products (acetone cyanohydrin and cyanide) in processed cassava depend on the original levels of cyanoglucosides in fresh roots and on the nature and duration of the processing method. Up to 80 percent cyanoglucoside is removed by boiling and sundrying, while only 20 percent is eliminated by frying, baking, and steaming. Reduction in total cyanogenes is effected by enzymatic decomposition of cyanoglucosides and/or leaching of cyanogenes in water in which roots are boiled, with liberation of volatile HCN. The process of crushing and pounding fresh roots followed by sundrying eliminated as much as 95 percent cyanogens. The extent of toxicity which might result from cassava consumption is determined by relative amounts of free cyanide, acetonecyanohydrin and linamarin in processed cassava. The necessity for developing internationally acceptable standards for permissible levels of cyanogens in cassava food products is emphasized",Excluded,Duplicate
"Nambisan, Bala",2011,Strategies for elimination of cyanogens from cassava for reducing toxicity and improving food safety,,v. 49,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11779/,"Toxicity of cassava arises due to the presence of the cyanoglucosides linamarin and lotaustralin which are hydrolysed by endogenous enzyme linamarase to acetonecyanohydrin (ACN) and cyanide (CN) which are toxic. Major research efforts to eliminate/reduce cyanoglucosides have focused on (i) development of acyanogenic cassava varieties by breeding; (ii) controlling its metabolism; and (iii) processing to remove cyanogens. The cyanoglucoside (CNG) content in cassava is genetically controlled and cultivars may be classified as low (<50g/g), medium (50100g/g) and high CN (>100g CN eq./g) varieties. Molecular techniques for reducing tuber CNG have focused on development of transgenic plants with reduced expression of cyt P 450 in leaves, or increased expression of hydroxynitrilelyase in tuber. For immediate solution, CNG content can be reduced using several processing methods. Traditional methods used for processing include boiling, drying, parboiling and drying, baking, steaming, frying and preparation of flour. These processes result in CN losses ranging from 25% to 98%. The cyanogen level in the final product is influenced both by the tuber CNG and the method of processing. In order to achieve safe levels of 10g/g in cassava products, new methods of processing, especially for cassava containing more than 250g CN eq./g, remains a challenging problem.",Excluded,Duplicate
Anon,1979,Food crops,Agricultural Statistics (Thailand),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1178/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Narasimhan, V., Arjunan, G.",1975,Reaction of different varieties of cassava to cassava mosaic virus,Indian journal of mycology and plant pathology,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11794/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Narasimhan, V., Arjunan, G.",1977,Fungicidal control of brown leaf spot [caused by Cercospora henningsii] of tapioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz.),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11795/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Narasimhan, V., Arjunan, G.",1977,Mosaic disease of cassava loss in yield and tuber splitting,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11796/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Narasimhan, V., Arjunan, G.",1977,Fungicidal control of brown leaf spot of tapioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Pesticides,11,5,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11797/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Narayanan, S., Saifudeen, N.",1996,"Effect of VAM inoculation, soil sterilization and phosphorus application on the growth and nutrient removal by cassava","Tropical Tuber Crops Problems, Prospects and Future Strategies",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11798/,"Effect of VA Mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus fasciculatum) on the growth and uptake of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn by Cassava in sterilized and non-sterilized soil with different doses of rock phosphate application was studied. The total uptake of nutrients from the soil was higher in plants inoculated with VAM fungi and graded doses of phosphorus application. The plants grown in nonsterile soil conditions recorded a higher value for total dry matter production, biometric characters and uptake of nutrients when inoculated with VAM fungi. As a result of inoculation the removal of phosphorus was significantly higher in shoots (29.62%) and roots (22.54%). The dry matter production of shoots increased (up to 2.4%) in contrast to root production (21.01%) suggesting that, in addition to the increased uptake of nutrients mediated by VAM some other factors are also contributing to the increased growth. This keeps good in many of the parameters observed in inoculated plants grown in sterile soils where the crop removal of nutrients has not increased substantially with respect to the similar plants grown in nonsterile soil conditions, in spite of the higher infection percentage in the former treatments.",Excluded,Duplicate
,1989,Annual cropping system,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1180/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Nareenat, Roonnaphai",2006,"Pathways out of poverty through cassava, maize and soybean in Thailand",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11804/,"This phase II covers the case study survey and interviews with farmers growing cassava, soybean and maize in the major producing areas, namely cassava farmers in Nakhonratchasima, soybean farmers in Sukhotai and maize farmers in Nakhonsawan, with the major objectives of studying the returns of diverse farming involving three CGPRT and other crops. Opportunities and constraints for the farm families are analysed together with the related industries and marketing systems in the survey areas. Furthermore, analysis of related institutional support and policy suggestions to promote and expand sustainable diverse farming are also conducted.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Nartey, F.",1973,Biosynthesis of cyanogenic glucosides in cassava (Manihot spp.),"Chronic cassava toxicity: Proceedings of an interdisciplinary workshop, London, England, 29-30 January 1973",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11819/,"Cyanogenic materials could not be detected in seeds of sweet cassava (Manihot spp.) cultivars, whereas low levels of these materials were found in seeds of bitter cultivars. However, both types of seeds synthesised high levels of cyanogens during germination and growth. Linamarin, 2(/l-o-glucopyranosyloxy)isobutyronitrile, accounted for 93%, while lotaustralin, 2(p-o-glucopyranosyloxy) 2-methylbutyronitrile, accounted for 7% of the total cyanogenic glucosides in cassava. Seedlings efficiently incorporated L-valine-14C (U) and L-isoleucine-14C (U) into the aglycone moieties of linamarin and lotaustralin, respectively. Appreciable radioactivity from these amino acids were also incorporated into asparagine. Linamarase, the p-glucosidase which catalyses the hydrolysis of linamarin and lotaustralin, was identified and isolated in crude form from seedlings and leaves of sweet and bitter cultivars. Thus both cultivars contained the enzymes which catalyse the biosynthesis and degradation of the glucosides. The free amino acid profiles of seeds and seedlings indicated that during germination, the action of proteolytic enzymes on seed storage proteins resulted in the rapid accumulation of valine and isoleucine, from which the glucosides were rapidly synthesised. During the growth of seedlings, the concentration of cyanogenic glucosides increased and then fluctuated, without the release of hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Studies with H14CN showed that hydrogen cyanide released intracellularly from the glucosides was rapidly incorporated in asparagine, and subsequently into metabolic pools involved with respiration and protein and carbohydrate synthesis. Cassava plants assimilated H14CN as efficiently as 14C02 in the light. The pathway of H14CN assimilation was found to proceed by the reaction of cyanide with serine and cysteine, which resulted in the formation of asparagine. Seedling homogenates showed the presence of equally high activities of P-cyanoalanine synthase and rhodanese, the enzymes which catalyse cyanide detoxification. Both enzyme activities were found to be localised in cassava mitochondria, which showed very low sensitivity toward cyanide during respiration. Electronmicroscopic studies on cassava seed tissues showed the presence of large amounts of fat and protein bodies in all cells. Organelles were little differentiated. At the onset of active cyanogen synthesis, the cytoplasmic organelles were well developed, especially in the roots.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Ansah-Yeboah, G.",1980,Survey of some selected crops for nematode infection,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1182/,"The rhizosphere of twelve crops banana, citrus, cocoa, cocoyam, eggplant, oil palm, pepper, plantain, tomato, pawpaw, soyabean and cassava were surveyed to determine the extent of plant parasitic nematode infection. Banana was the most susceptible and acts as a reservoir host to the detriment of other crops intercropped with it. Pawpaw also shows a high nematode population. The most abundant nematode encountered was Helicotylenchus spp. on all the crops whilst Aphelenchoides and Hoplolaimus were the least observed on healthy crops. Higher populations were observed with unhealthy plants. Meloidogyne spp. were the only nematodes dissected from roots of the plants",Excluded,Duplicate
"Nascimento, B.",2012,"Applied research on millipede Bandeirenica caboverdus (Diplopoda, Odontopygidae) and the end of quarantine restrictions",Acta Horticulturae,934,,10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.934.54,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11829/,"The damages caused by the millipede, Bandeirenica caboverdus constitute a major agricultural problem in Cape Verde and were the fundamental reason for the internal quarantine measures undertaken by the government in order to protect the uninfected islands. The main purpose of the present research is to find the most effective method of treatment to be implemented in the Postharvest Centre in Porto Novo, Santo Anto Island. The moderate heat and the hot water treatment were tested but not recommended because of the negative impact on the treated products or due to the elevated treatment costs. The results show that the immersion of potato, sweet potato, cassava, yam and carrot in ambient water for 20 minutes is effective and removes 100% of millipedes. After this treatment, the tested products can be commercialized free of millipedes on the other islands of the archipelago. The addition of sodium hypochlorite reduces the time of immersion to 15 minutes.",Excluded,Duplicate
Anssi Niskanen,1997,Optimum economic rotation for Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantations in Thailand,Warasan Wanasat,16,01-Feb,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1183/,"Optimum economic rotation age for eucalypt (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn.) plantations established by forest industries and small woodlot owners using intercropping with cassava (Manihot esculenta Cantz), was assessed. With a chosen of 10 percent discount rate, the economic soil expectation value was maximised with a 10 year rotation age. For the evaluation of an environmental-economic optimum rotation age, on-site benefits in erosion control, costs of water and nutrient consumption, and benefits in carbon sequestration were tentatively valued. The maximum environmental-economic soil expectation value was reached with a 11 year rotation period. The optimum economic rotation age for Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. in Thailand was approximately two times longer than presently applied in pulpwood production.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Naseem, S., Winter, S.",2016,Quantification of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV-UG) in single and mixed infected Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) using quantitative PCR,Journal of Virological Methods,227,,10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.10.001,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11832/,"The quantity of genomic DNA-A and DNA-B of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and East African cassava mosaic virus Uganda (Uganda variant, EACMV-UG) was analysed using quantitative PCR to assess virus concentrations in plants from susceptible and tolerant cultivars. The concentrations of genome components in absolute and relative quantification experiments in single and mixed viral infections were determined.Virus concentration was much higher in symptomatic leaf tissues compared to non-symptomatic leaves and corresponded with the severity of disease symptoms. In general, higher titres were recorded for EACMV-UG Ca055 compared to ACMV DRC6. The quantitative assessment also showed that the distribution of both viruses in the moderately resistant cassava cv. TMS 30572 was not different from the highly susceptible cv. TME 117.Natural mixed infections with both viruses gave severe disease symptoms. Relative quantification of virus genomes in mixed infections showed higher concentrations of EACMV-UG DNA-A compared to ACMV DNA-A, but a marked reduction of EACMV-UG DNA-B. The higher concentrations of EACMV-UG DNA-B compared to EACMV DNA-A accumulation in single infections were consistent. Since DNA-B is implicated in virus cell-to-cell spread and systemic movement, the abundance of the EACMV-UG DNA-B may be an important factor driving cassava mosaic disease epidemic. 2015 Elsevier B.V.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Nassar, N.M.A., Costa, C.P., Taveira, J.J.",1978,"Protein and fibre content in four wild species of cassava (mandioca) native to Goias, Brazil",Ciencia e Cultura,v. 30,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11843/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Nassar, N. M. A.",1979,Interspecific Crosses between Cassava and 4 Wild Manihot Species from Central Brazil,Egyptian Journal of Genetics and Cytology,8,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11846/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Nassar, N. M. A., Nassar, H. N., Carvalho, C. G., Vieira, C.",1996,"Induction of a productive aneuploid in cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz",Brazilian Journal of Genetics,19,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11868/,"Progenies of two interspecific hybrids of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) with wild Manihot species were studied meiotically as well as mitotically. An aneuploid (2n + 2) was isolated among progeny of the interspecific hybrid of cassava with M. pseudoglaziovii, and two 2n + 2 aneuploids were isolated from progeny of the interspecific hybrid of cassava with M. neusana. One of these aneuploids derived from progeny of the interspecific hybrid cassava x M. pseudoglaziovii had a very large starchy root, while the other two aneuploids had fibrous roots. It is presumed that root formation in cassava is controlled by additive polygenes that are distributed on more than one chromosome.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Nassar, N. M. A.",1999,"Cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz, Genetic Resources Their Collection, Evaluation, and Manipulation",Advances in Agronomy,69,,10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60950-5,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11874/,"Wild species of Manibot are progenitors of cassava. They constitute valuable genetic reservoirs with genes of new characters. Screening these species showed some of them to have a notably high percentage of protein combined with a low percentage of hydrocyanic acid. Study of natural habitats revealed toxicity and adaptation to cool temperature. Hybridizations between different wild Manibot species and cassava have been carried out and hybrids were obtained, some of which showed high root productivity and resistance to stem borers. Polyploid types were produced by manipulation of 2n gametes. Apomixis was discovered in the wild and transferred successfully to the cultivate.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Nassar, N. M. A.",2004,Cassava Some considerations on its ecology and improvement,Journal of Food Agriculture & Environment,2,03-Apr,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11885/,Cassava is the principal food for poor people in the tropics. India leads the world by productivity of 26 t/ha. Cassava reproduces by cuttings which accumulates pathogens. Apomixis represents an alternation to avoid this contamination. Apomixis was discovered in the wild cassava and transferred successfully to the cultivate one. Wild cassava relatives offered sources for its improvement for tolerance to bacteria blight and mosaic. More than 2 million hectares in Nigeria are now planted by cultivars stem from cassava hybrids with Manihot glaziovii. The species is potential too for breeding cultivars tolerant to mealy bug and offers the safest way to control this pest if the artificial ecosystem of biological control has broken down. Cassava diversity in unmanaged ecosystems is affected highly by both environment and human pressures.,Excluded,Duplicate
"Nassar, N. M. A.",2006,Letter to the Editor,Genetics and Molecular Research,5,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11890/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Nassar, N.M.A.",2006,"Cassava in South America, Brazil's contribution and the lesson to be learned from India",Genetics and Molecular Research,5,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11893/,"South America is responsible for about half of the cassava world production. In the 1970’s productivity of the crop on the continent was about 15 ton/ha, and dropped continuously until reaching 12 ton/ha in 2004. India’s productivity of cassava increased from 10 ton/ha in the 1970’s to 28 ton/ha in 2004. Brazil contributed significantly to improving cassava crops through the Instituto Agronômico de Campinas in the 1960’s and 1970’s. The Universidade de Brasília released high-protein content hybrids, apomictic clones and explored the potential of indigenous landraces.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Nassar, Nagib M. A.",2007,"Wild and indigenous cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz diversity An untapped genetic resource",Genet Resour Crop Evol,v. v. 54,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11901/,"Cassava is the most important food for poor people in the tropics. Its roots are used either fresh or in numerous processed forms. It is a shrub with tuberous adventitious roots arising from stem cutting. Wild relatives of cassava are perennial and vary in growth pattern from nearly acaulescent subshrubs to small trees. They have been used as a source of useful characters such as high protein content, apomixis, resistance to mealy bug and mosaic disease and tolerance to drought. Cultivars stem from interspecific hybrids of cassava with M. glaziovii Muell.-Arg. are cultivated now in about 4 millions hectars in Nigeria. Indigenous clones are potential source of B-carotene and lycopene.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Nassar, N. M. A.",2008,"Wild cassava confers useful characters upon the cultivation, transgenics cannot!","Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment",6,03-Apr,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11903/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Nassar, N. M. A., Ortiz, R.",2009,Cassava Genetic Resources: Manipulation for Crop Improvement,Plant Breeding Reviews,31,,10.1002/9780470593783.ch5,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11908/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Nassar, N. M. A.",2010,Dry matter content in cassava and interspecific hybridization,Genetics and Molecular Research,9,2,10.4238/vol9-2gmr772,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11912/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Nassar, N., Ortiz, R.",2010,Breeding cassava to feed the poor,Scientific American,302,5,10.1038/scientificamerican0510-78,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11915/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Nassar, N., Ortiz, R.",2010,"Breeding Cassava to Feed the Poor (vol 302, pg 78, 2010)",Scientific American,303,3,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11916/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Nathan, H. R., Raja, K. C. M., Abraham, T. E., Mathew, A. G.",,Storage of cassava,"Post harvest technology of cassava a seminar / organised by Association of Food Scientists and Technologists (India), Trivandrum Chapter ... [et al.] ; editoral committee, K. Rajaraman ... [et al",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11928/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"National Institute for Agronomic Research, Maputo (Mozambique)",1998,"Report on the 1994/95 trial results Tete, Zambeze, Sofala and Nampula provinces",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11929/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Naughton-Treves, L.",1998,"Predicting patterns of crop damage by wildlife around Kibale National Park, Uganda",Conservation Biology,12,1,10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96346.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11932/,"Crop loss to wildlife, impedes local support for conservation efforts at Kibale National Park, Uganda. Systematic monitoring of crop loss to wildlife (mammals larger than 3 kg) and livestock was conducted in six villages around Kibale over a 2-year period. Five wildlife species accounted for 85% of crop damage events baboons, bushpigs, redtail monkeys, chimpanzees, and elephants. Marked variation in frequency and extent of damage is reported within villages, between villages, and between wildlife species. Fields lying within 500 m of the forest boundary, lost 4-7% of crops per season on average, but the distribution of damage was highly skewed such that maize and cassava fields were on occasion completely destroyed. Multivariate analysis was used to test predictors of damage, including human population density, guarding, hunting, sight distance, and distance from the forest. Tests were performed at two levels of analysis, field and village. Distance from the forest edge explained the greatest amount of variation in crop damage, although hunting also influenced the extent of crop damage. Elephants inflicted catastrophic damage to farms but their forays were rare and highly localized. Livestock caused considerable damage to crops but farmers seldom complained because they, had institutionalized modes of restitution. Although most of the crop damage by wildlife is restricted to a narrow, band of farmers living near the forest edge, risk perception among these farmers has been amplified by legal prohibitions on killing wild animals. Elevating local tolerance for wildlife will require diverse approaches, including channeling economic benefits to Kibale's neighbors and providing compensation in limited cases.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Nawata, E. (Kyoto Univ. (Japan)), Nagata, Y., Kono, Y., Iwama, K., Yamamoto, T., Watanabe, K., Tomita, S., Sributta, A., Noichana, C., Sakuratani, T.",2004,Mapping of cassava productivity using GIS in northeast Thailand,,v. 48,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/11941/,"Potential and attainable yields of cassava in Northeast Thailand for the past 20 years were mapped using a crop model, resources databases and GIS tools. Potential yields of cassava reflected the potential productivity with air temperature and solar radiation as limiting factors, and the map of average potential yields indicated that the potential productivity of cassava was relatively high in this area with a high stability and small regional variations. On the other hand, attainable yields, which included the additional limiting factor, i.e. water conditions, and indicated the potential of cassava productivity under rain-fed conditions, were lower than potential yields in most areas of Northeast Thailand. Waterlogging and water stress were the main factors responsible for the reduction of attainable yields in the lowlands and mid-highlands, respectively. In the contrast to the potential yields, attainable yields showed large regional variations and higher attainable yields were observed in the mid-highlands than in the lowlands. In the lowlands, yearly variations of attainable yields were very large, whereas small in the mid-highlands. This suggested that relatively high and stable yields could be achieved in mid-highlands in Northeast Thailand if appropriate cultivation management were to be applied. Comparison of the maps of actual and attainable yields in 1997 indicated that in most of the cassava-producing areas actual yields were much lower than attainable yields, suggesting that there is enough room for the improvement of cassava productivity by the intensification of cultivation methods.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Nayar, G.G., Jos, J.S., Vijaya Bai, K. (Central Tuber Crops Research Inst., Trivandrum (India))",1984,Improved varieties of cassava and sweet potato,Indian Farming,v. 33,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11945/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Nayar, T. V. R., Potty, V. P.",1996,Biomass productivity and nutrient uptake in green manure cowpea-cassava sequential cropping system,"Tropical Tuber Crops: Problems, Prospects and Future Strategies",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11947/,Biomass productivity and nutrient uptake pattern of green manure cowpea-cassava sequential cropping system were evaluated in field experiments. The crops sequence of green manure cowpea var. C-152 followed by cassava var. 'Sree Visakham' yielded higher biomass. Nutrient uptake was also higher for me above crop sequence. Variations in cassava root dry matter production due to the cassava varieties or the crop sequences were not significant. Green manuring br situ with cowpea could substitute farm yard manure (FYM) application to cassava and fertilizer N and P were saved by 50 per cent without hampering the root yields of cassava.,Excluded,Duplicate
"Ndaeyo, N. U., Umoh, G. S., Ekpe, E. O.",2001,Farming systems in southeastern Nigeria: Implications for sustainable agricultural production,Journal of Sustainable Agriculture,17,4,10.1300/J064v17n04_07,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11956/,"This study examines the farming systems in southeastern Nigeria. Using a structured questionnaire, 300 farmers were selected through multistage random sampling techniques. The data collected were subjected to descriptive analysis of simple proportions and percentages. Findings from the study revealed that 72% of the respondents engaged in both crop and livestock production. Intercropping was the dominant cropping system with cassava, yam, and maize as the principal arable crops, while cocoa, kolanut, oil palm, rubber, cashew, banana/plantain and citrus were the main permanent crops. The dominant fallow period was found to be three to four years and most farm sizes were less than 2 hectares. The study also showed that 88% of the respondents knew of fertilizer, 61% knew of other agrochemicals, while 56% and 16% utilized them, respectively. Findings generally point to inefficiencies in some of the existing farming practices. Addressing the constraints identified in this study may improve the farming systems in the study area and thus increase agricultural production on a sustainable basis.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Ndaeyo, N. U., Aiyelari, E. A.",2009,"Bush clearing, tillage methods and the performance of a maize/cassava intercrop on an Ultisol in Southwestern Nigeria",Tropical Agriculture,86,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11958/,"A three season (1995/96-1997/98) study was conducted on an Ultisol at Epemakinde, a primary forest area of southwestern Nigeria to assess the effects of bush clearing and tillage methods on the growth and yield of a maize/cassava intercrop. A randomized complete block design with plot arrangement and three replicates was used with the bush clearing (bulldozed and windrowed (BW), bulldozed not windrowed (BNW) and Clear-fell, slashed and burnt (CSB)] and tillage methods (conventional (CT), minimum (MT), traditional (TT) and zero (ZT) as the main and sub-treatments, respectively. Results indicated that maize and cassava heights and number of leaves were generally better in CSB than in BW and BNW plots. Cassava storage root yield was better in the BNW plots whereas maize grain yield in the CSB plots was 5-6%, 8-11% and 15-20% better than in BW and BNW plots after the first, second and third cropping cycles, respectively. Among the tillage methods, no definite pattern was shown for crop heights and number of leaves but TT and MT treatments were significantly (P<0.05) better than CT and ZT, except for number of maize leaves. The best crop yields were obtained in MT plots for maize and in TT plots for cassava. The interaction effects of bush clearing and tillage methods were significant for the crop yield with the CSB + ZT or TT combination supporting better crop yields. However since the CSB is slow, inefficient and laborious, it would hardly meet the food demands of the ever-increasing population. Therefore, the adoption of BNW + MT combination would be more appropriate in primary forests of the humid tropics.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Ndayi, K. (Programme national manioc (PRONAM), Kinshasa (Zaire))",1984,"Factors limiting cassava production among peasants in Lukangu, Zaire","Tropical root crops: production and uses in Africa, proceedings of the second triennial symposium of the international society for tropical root crops, Africa branch held in Douala, Cameroon, 14-19 August 1983",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11962/,"A survey of cassava production was conducted in Lukangu, Zaire, in 1982. The study covered the type of land selected for cultivation; planting times; diseases, insects, and pests attacking cassava; the possibility of solving food shortages in the region by intercropping; and lastly, the possibility of enabling the peasants to plant cassava in fertile valleys as a result of introducing improved resistant PRONAM varieties.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Nderitu, J.H., Kidata, G.N.",1990,"Survey, biology and control of agromyzid beanflies in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Kenya",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11964/,"The common beans are the most widely grown pulses in Kenya. They are intercropped with such crops as maize, sorghum, cassava, in high and low potential areas. They are consumed as green leaves, green pods and dry beans and form an economic source of protein to the bulk of Kenya population. However, despite their importance as a major source of protein, their yields are variable for a number of reasons. One of the major limitations to obtaining high yields include insect pests. Among the pests of the beans, certain agromyzid beanflies have been reported to cause heavy losses to beans in Kenya. The control measures for the beanflies include mainly seed treatment with aldrin or dieldrin. However, these insecticides are being withdrawn because of their persistence in the environment. Therefore, the objectives of the research project are as follows 1) to map the distribution of beanflies in bean growing areas in Kenya in four cropping seasons. 2) to identify the losses of common beans due to beanflies in farmers fields in four seasons. 3) To relate the biology of beanflies to the growth stages of the common beans grown in the field for two seasons. 4) to determine the effectiveness of the insecticides and natural enemies in the control of beanflies on common beans grown in the field for four seasons. 5) to investigate the incidence of beanflies and its natural enemies in different cropping patterns of common beans grown in the field for four seasons. 6) To evaluate soil, seed, foliar and spray treatments for control of beanflies. The project will evolve an integrated control strategy of beanflies for the poor resource farmer. The results will be obtained by undertaking a survey in farmers fields, field and laboratory experiments at the research centres. The cost for all the research activities will be U$12,588. The project is expected to take two years",Excluded,Duplicate
"Anuebunwa, F. O.",1992,A Bio-Economic Evaluation of Intercropping Arrangements in a Yam-Cassava Based Cropping System in the Rain-Forest Belt of Nigeria,Biological Agriculture & Horticulture,8,3,10.1080/01448765.1992.9754599,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1198/,"A farm-level trial was conducted at Mgbidi and Umuowa in the Orlu Agricultural zone of Imo State, Nigeria. The productivity of and income from single, alternative and double row intercropping arrangements for yam (Dioscorea rotundata)/maize (Zea mays)/Egusi (Citrulus vulgaris)/cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) intercrop were compared against the farmers' intercropping arrangements in a randomized complete block design with five replications. Analysis of variance was used to assess crop yields, productivity assessed by energy values, gross margins, return on capital, benefit/cost and return to labour. The alternate row arrangement was able to transform the farmers' farm resources into a highest profit margin of 80.35% over the farmers' intercropping arrangement. It has the highest farmer acceptability potential and is therefore recommended for adoption by resource-poor farmers reliant on a yam-cassava based cropping system.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Anuebunwa, F.O.",1994,On-farm evaluation of yam staking material alternatives in a yam-cassava based cropping system in the forest-savanna mosaic belt of Nigeria,Biological agriculture & horticulture : an international journal,10,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1199/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Nedunchezhiyan, M., Naskar, S.K., Regional Centre, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Orissa (India))",2004,Production potential of cassava (Manihot esculenta) varieties under rainfed conditions in ultisols of Orissa,Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,v. 74,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11996/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Nedunchezhiyan, M., Ravi, V., George, J., Veena, S. S.",2017,Effect of weed control methods on the yield and starch content of storage root of cassava (Manihot esculenta) and soil health,Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,87,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/11999/,"A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different weed control methods on the yield and starch content of storage root of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) grown under irrigated conditions. The results revealed that weed control ground cover (WCGC)/weed control mat mulching and four manual weeding at 1, 2, 3 and 4 MAP significantly reduced the dry weed biomass. The mean fresh storage root yield of cassava obtained from the plots where WCGC was used statistically at par with the storage root yield of cassava from the plots where four manual weedings were done. Compared to four manual weedings, pre-emergence application of oxyfluorfen along with two manual weedings at 2, 3 MAP and two manual weedings at 1, 2 MAP along with post-emergence application of glyphosate at 3 MAP resulted in insignificant reduction (9.6 and 10.1%, respectively) in the storage root yield. Compared to other methods of weed control, WCGC resulted in maximum dry matter partitioning efficiency and soil microbial population. Application of glyphosate had no adverse effect on the starch content of storage root but resulted in higher soil organic carbon.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"McGraw, A. C., Schenck, N. C.",1980,"Growth stimulation of citrus, ornamental, and vegetable crops by select mycorrhizal fungi",Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Florida State Horticultural Society,93,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Abe, T., Watanabe, H.",1983,Soil macrofauna in a subtropical rain forest and its adjacent cassava plantation in Okinawa - with special reference to the activity of termites,Physiology & Ecology Japan,20,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/120/,"In the forest the density and biomass of soil macrofauna were 182-848/m2 and 4.8-24.2 g.w.w./m2. The most important soil animals in terms of biomass were Oligochaeta, followed by Araneae, Isopoda and Coleoptera. Most of these animals inabited Ao and 0-5 cm layers on the forest floor. When the forest was cleared and burnt most soil animals died in the areas where fire was intense, but in the area where the fire was not so intense some soil animals dwelling in the deeper layers in the soil, such as termites, safely survived. In the burnt area where cassava was planted, the density and biomass of soil macrofauna were 32-517/m2 and 0.06-5.4 g.w.w./m2. Bulldozing damaged soil macrofauna much more seriously than burning. Eight species of termites were found in the forest. In the neighbouring field, Odontotermes formosanus and Coptotermes formosanus attacked living cassava cutting.-from Authors",Excluded,Duplicate
"Nehru, C.R., Thankamani, S., Jayarathnam, K., Joseph, P.M.L.",1989,Nectar and pollen plants for extending the flow period in rubber-growing areas of India,Bee World,70,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12005/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Nenon, J.P. (Universite de Rennes 1, Rennes (France). Lab. d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquee), Fabres, G.",1991,Methodological study of the parasitic efficacy of Epidinocarsis lopezi introduced in Africa to control a cassava pest Phenacoccus manihoti by a French Congolese team from 1982-1988,,12,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12014/,"Following the introdution in Congo of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti in 1973, a French Congolese team was set up to tackle the problem. The main results of the team's studies that aimed at the effectiveness of Epidinocarsis lopezi a parasitoid introduced in Africa from South America by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) based in Nigeria, are reported here. The studies were simultaneously developed in the laboratory and in the field, in the areas of biology, physiology, behaviour and ecology of the Encyrtidae. These studies allowed the drawing up of a balance of its qualities and limits observed, its effectiveness in natural conditions and provide the opportunity to share some ideas on the use in Africa of the South American auxiliary. The different areas of the studies are successively examined",Excluded,Duplicate
"Nestel, Barry L., MacIntyre, Reginald",1973,"Chronic Cassava Toxicity: Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Workshop, London, England, 29-30 January 1973","Chronic Cassava Toxicity: Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Workshop, London, England, 29-30 January 1973",,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12017/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Nestel, B.L.",1977,Cassava: some recent research findings,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12019/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Neto, I. Q. T., Seabra, P. N., De Landa, F. G., Frota, G. B., Ventura, E., Casella, R. C., Bezerra, S., Sousa, H. A. C.",2007,Biopile-treated petroleum-contaminated soil reused for land regeneration,C3 - Battelle Press - 9th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium 2007,1,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12020/,"The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of reusing bioremediated Brazilian crude oil-contaminated soils for forestry regeneration. Pilot-scale treatability tests were carried out using five different batches of treated soils with a range of crude oil concentration from 1.8 to 6% by weight before biopile treatment. The treated soil was used as substratum to restore oil production facilities sites using the agroforestry system. It combines agriculture and forestry to create integrated and sustainable land-use systems. Agroforestry practices reestablish natural resources while protecting soil from erosion and water from contamination and also improving wildlife habitat. Bioremediated soil quality was evaluated using Microtox, seedling emergence and growth of higher plants ecotoxicity tests. Some treated soils revealed a clear sodic effect that was corrected using gypsum. The tests were performed at Petrobras' Soil Treatment Center in Sergipe federal state oil production facilities, northeast region of Brazil. Alley cropping was used to place trees (e.g., yellow mombin and orchid tree) and/or shrubs (e.g., pigeon pie, and manioc). Agroforest practice presented very significant results with the decrease of soil TPH content and EC. The treated soil used as substratum has restored some oil production facilities sites using the agroforestry system, preventing soil erosion and water contamination, and improving wildlife habitat. The project has been providing new source of income to local farmers. Soil chemical and physical parameters were analyzed to ensure no risk to the environment and human health. It was established that no food plant would be used by the farmers before all data had been evaluated.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Neuenschwander (International Inst. of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria))",1986,Spread of cassava mealybug (CM) and first releases of exotic natural enemies,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12026/,"This report states that although cassava does not yet have the importance as it has in other countries it is fast increasing in acreage. Given the very local but severe damage registered at the end of the dry season every effort should be made to establish and further spread the exotic beneficials, of which Epidonocarcarsis lopezi has shown its efficiency under Nigerian conditions",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Neuenschwander, P., Madojemu, E.",1986,"Mortality of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. (Hom., Pseudococcidae), associated with an attack by Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym., Encyrtidae)",,v. 59,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12028/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Neuenschwander, P., Hammond, W.N.O., Herren, H.R.",1987,"Biological control of the cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) by the exotic parasitoid, Epidinocarsis lopezi",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12031/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Neuenschwander, P., Sullivan, D.",1987,"Interactions between the endopagous parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi and its host, Phenacoccus manihoti",Insect Science and Its Application,8,04/05/2006,10.1017/S1742758400023067,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12032/,"Epidinocarsis lopezi proved to be an efficient biological control agent of the cassava mealybug (CM), Phenacoccus manihoti, despite apparently low parasitization rates. Laboratory experiments indicated that its killing power at higher temperatures was two to three times higher than the per cent mummy formation suggested. Following an attack by an E. lopezi female some CM hosts were killed through host feeding and some through successful development of the parasitoid larva, processes which both benefit the parasitoid. If the host was found unsuitable, no egg was laid, and the CM survived the attack. Other CM died from the wasp attack without forming a mummy. This mortality is attributed to mutilation and unsuccessful larval development of E. lopezi. Most ovipositions induced a defence reaction by the host that lead to melanization. This process involved mainly wound tissue, sometimes partial encapsulation of the tail end of the parasitoid larva, and infrequently complete and fatal encapsulation of the parasitoid larva.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Neuenschwander, P., Herren, H.R.",1988,"Biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, by the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi in Africa",Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B,318,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12033/,"Since its accidental introduction into Africa, the cassava mealybug (CM) has spread to about 25 countries. The specific parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi, introduced from South America, its area of origin, into Nigeria in 1981, has since been released in more than 50 sites. By the end of 1986 it was established in 16 countries and more than 750000 km2. In southwestern Nigeria, CM populations declined after two initial releases, and have since remained low. During the same period, populations of indigenous predators of CM, mainly coccinellids, have declined, as have indigenous hyper-parasitoids on E. lopezi, because of scarcer hosts. Results from laboratory bionomic studies were incorporated into a simulation model. The model, field studies on population dynamics, and experiments excluding E. lopezi by physical or chemical means demonstrate its efficiency, despite its low reproductive potential.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Neuenschwander, P., Hammond, W. N. O.",1988,"Natural enemy activity following the introduction of Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hymenoptera Encyrtidae) against the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera Pseudococcidae), in southwestern Nigeria",Environmental Entomology,17,5,10.1093/ee/17.5.894,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12034/,"The effectiveness of the exotic South American hymenopterous parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi in controlling cassava mealybug (CM) Phenacoccus manihoti was assessed. CM infestation levels (frequency of plants showing CM damage symptoms) declined as a result of the parasitoid's activity from 88% at the end of the first dry season (March 1983) to 23% in the same period the following year. E. lopezi numbers per field also declined during the same period, but parasitoid densities per infested cassava tip in both years remained the same. A sharp fall in numbers of indigenous polyphagous coccinellids on cassava, particularly of Hyperaspis spp. and to a lesser extent of Exochomus sp., was also associated with decline in CM infestation levels. Infested tip densities of the cecidomyiid Dicrodiplosis manihoti, which is specific on CM, were not affected. Ten species of native hyperparasitoids were common from E. lopezi; most common were Prochiloneurus spp. and Chartocerus spp. In the last two surveys (Dec 1983, Dec 1984) CM densities were low throughout SW Nigeria. It is concluded that E. lopezi is responsible for declines in CM densities and damage symptoms, for reduction of coccinellid abundance via competition for a common food source, and that hyperparasitism does not prevent E. lopezi from being an efficient parasitoid. -from Authors",Excluded,Duplicate
"Neuenschwander, P.",1990,Biological control of the cassava mealybug by Epidinocarsis lopezi in Africa: a review of impact,IITA Research,1,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12037/,"Biological control of the cassava mealybug in sub-Saharan Africa is a highly successful research effort. This work has spanned more than a decade and benefited from cooperation among scientists from Africa, Europe, North America, and South America. Several exotic species of natural enemies have been released at selected locations in Africa. This article focuses on the most successful and widespread parasitoid so far, Epidlnocarsis lopezl, now established over 2.7 million square kilo-meters in 24 countries of Africa.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Neuenschwander, P.",1996,Evaluating the efficacy of biological control of three exotic homopteran pests in Tropical Africa,Entomophaga,41,03-Apr,10.1007/BF02765793,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12041/,"Techniques for evaluating biological control of cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero), mango mealybug (Rastrococcus invadens Williams), and spiralling whitefly (Aleurodicus dispersus Russell) are described. In each case, two exotic hymenopterous parasitoids were introduced. Alone or together, they brought the pests under control, while indigenous and exotic coccinellids played a minor role. Control was achieved in large areas where the exotic parasitoid(s) had been present for more than 2–4 years. The impact was documented by (1) exclusion experiments; (2) long-term population dynamics studies; (3) laboratory and field experiments contributing to simulation models; and, most importantly, (4) quantitative results from large-scale surveys evaluated by multivariate analyses. In many countries, the main introduced parasitoid proved to be the most important factor contributing to the decline of the pest populations, recovery of plant growth and yields. Non-target species were only affected through the reduction in their food sources. The impact was scale-neutral, benefitting subsistence farmers and commercial farmers alike. The population reduction remained stable (in the order of ten times over outbreak levels). In economic terms, excluding ecological and health benefits, both the P. manihoti and R. invadens projects returned benefits to African farmers that amounted to a multiple of the research and implementation costs paid for by development agencies. Sound evaluation of the efficiency of biological control is considered to have been one of the pillars for the ultimate success of these projects.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Neuenschwander, P.",1996,Evaluating the efficacy of biological control of three exotic homopteran pests in tropical Africa,Entomophaga,41,03-Apr,10.1007/BF02765793,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12042/,"Techniques for evaluating biological control of cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero), mango mealybug (Rastrococcus invadens Williams), and spiralling whitefly (Aleurodicus dispersus Russell) are described. In each case, two exotic hymenopterous parasitoids were introduced. Alone or together, they brought the pests under control, while indigenous and exotic coccinellids played a minor role. Control was achieved in large areas where the exotic parasitoid(s) had been present for more than 2-4 years. The impact was documented by (1) exclusion experiments; (2) long-term population dynamics studies; (3) laboratory and field experiments contributing to simulation models; and, most importantly, (4) quantitative results from large-scale surveys evaluated by multivariate analyses. In many countries, the main introduced parasitoid proved to be the most important factor contributing to the decline of the pest populations, recovery of plant growth and yields. Non-target species were only affected through the reduction in their food sources. The impact was scale-neutral, benefitting subsistence farmers and commercial farmers alike. The population reduction remained stable (in the order of ten times over outbreak levels). In economic terms, excluding ecological and health benefits, both the P. manihoti and R. invadens projects returned benefits to African farmers that amounted to a multiple of the research and implementation costs paid for by development agencies. Sound evaluation of the efficiency of biological control is considered to have been one of the pillars for the ultimate success of these projects.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Neuenschwander, P.",2001,Biological Control of the Cassava Mealybug in Africa: A Review,Biological Control,21,3,10.1006/bcon.2001.0937,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12043/,"Among several natural enemies introduced to combat the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), the neotropical parasitoid Apoanagyrus (Epidinocarsis) lopezi (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was the most successful. It established in 26 African countries, causing a satisfactory reduction in the population density of P. manihoti in most farmers' fields. Four conclusions concerning the possible application of the research results to other biological control projects are discussed. (1) Foreign exploration was intensive and should be maintained at this level in other projects, if necessary at the cost of other activities. (2) In the controversy about the amount of research results needed before first releases are made, an understanding of the proper role of quarantine is essential. Whereas quarantine (preferably outside the continent) guarantees nonnoxiousness of natural enemies, only research in the experimental release sites can determine whether a given natural enemy will be efficient. It was confirmed that the released exotic insects did not affect the diversity of the indigenous fauna. Modalities used in this project for the execution of releases, i.e., always on request by and in collaboration with national programs, are recommended for adoption in future projects. (3) Laboratory and field studies established the scientific basis for quantifying the impact of the pest insect and its control by A. lopezi. This was expressed as reduction in pest population levels and yield loss and gain in revenue. Behavior of adult females in searching and choosing hosts was identified as a better predictor of efficiency of a species in the field than life table studies under controlled temperatures. (4) It is concluded that biological control is the basis for integrated pest management. Other interventions, such as cultural methods or the use of resistant varieties, need to be in harmony with biological control because the impact of natural enemies cannot usually be manipulated by the farmer. To achieve sustainability, the aim is to optimize tritrophic interactions among the plant, the phytophagous pest organisms, and their natural enemies, rather than to maximize the effect of a single intervention.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Neuenschwander, P.",2010,Importance of biological control for tropical Africa,Journal fur Kulturpflanzen,62,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12045/,"Though studies in biological control belong to the best documented research in ecology the actual decision to release a beneficial organism is often influenced by diffuse fears of anything foreign. Yet, agriculture is largely based on exotics; others remain inconspicuous and integrate themselves without problems into the existing ecosystems; and only few actually cause damage. It is against this latter group that the introduction of adapted predators from the region of origin, so-called classical biological control, offers most promise. Here we present four projects from tropical Africa, which were documented throughout all stages from the introduction of predators and parasitoids to the calculations of economic benefits cassava mealybug, mango mealybug, cassava green mite, and waterhyacinth. Apart from specific conclusions, the high returns of these projects and the various impacts on non-target organisms are discussed.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Neumann, R. (Department of Agricultural Engineering, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, University of Leipzig (Germany))",1994,Some characteristics of cassava TMS 30572 cultivated in the Volta region of Ghana,Agriculture and Equipment International (United Kingdom),v. 46,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12046/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ng, S.Y.C.",1988,Tissue culture of cassava and yams at IITA,"Biotechnology and the improvement of cassava, yams and plantain in Africa",,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12061/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ngeleza, Guyslain K., Owusua, Rebecca, Jimah, Kipo, Kolavalli, Shashidhara",2011,Cropping practices and labor requirements in field operations for major crops in Ghana,IFPRI Discussion Papers,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12079/,"This study examines the labor requirements associated with different cropping systems in Ghana in order to guide the prioritization of investments in mechanization in the country. First, major cropping systems are identified in the country by adopting the cropping pattern approach of Ruthenberg (1983), who defined farming systems according to the leading crop activities. Second, labor requirements and costs of production of crops in the various systems are examined at various levels of substitution of either herbicides or animal and mechanical traction for labor. We found that the total labor requirements varied among cropping systems. The requirements were particularly high in the two cocoa cropping systems in the forest zones. The requirements were particularly high for land preparation and crop maintenance. Looking across crops, land preparation and crop maintenance took the largest share of labor for cassava, yam, and maize. Rice, on the other hand, required large shares of labor for land preparation and harvesting. When all the systems are considered together, however, crop maintenance required more labor than land preparation.
In response to apparent unavailability and cost of labor, farmers are increasingly demanding mechanical traction for land preparation in Ghana. The benefits of mechanizing land preparation depend on both the system and the type of crop cultivated. Mechanization of land preparation for cassava in the vegetable belt, for instance, is more labor saving and cost effective than mechanization of land preparation for cassava in cereals belt. Within systems, there is also variation across crops. Where mechanization is not feasible for land preparation or not yet adopted for other field operations such as weeding, an alternative and common substitution for labor in crop production is herbicides. Herbicides are used to clear land for planting as well as to control weeds in standing crops. We found that where herbicide was used, its application reduced labor requirements for land preparation significantly. Selective herbicides were used to control weeds in all the crops examined and in all the belts except the vegetable belt. They also reduced labor use for weeding drastically.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Anyaegbunam, H. N., Okoye, B. C., Asumugha, G. N., Ogbonna, M. C., Madu, T. U., Nwakor, N., Ejechi, M. E.",2010,"Labour productivity among small- holder cassava farmers in South East agro ecological zone, Nigeria",African Journal of Agricultural Research,5,21,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1208/,"The study employed a Cobb-Douglas regression technique to measure labour productivity in the southeast agro ecological zone. A multistage random sampling technique was used to select 240 respondents from the zone in 2008. The study found gender and age to be negative and significantly related to labour productivity at 1.0% level of probability. The coefficients for fertilizer and hired labour were positive and also significant at 1.0% level of probability. The coefficient for land ownership was positive and household size negative, both significant at 10.0% level of probability. The results calls for polices aimed at making more lands available especially to women who are stronger, as well as production inputs like fertilizer. 2010 Academic Journals.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ngeve, J.M.",1994,Yield stability parameters for comparing cassava varieties,Acta Horticulturae,380,,10.17660/ActaHortic.1994.380.21,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12080/,"Nine experimental cassava clones and three local cultivars were grown for 2 years in 3 locations in Cameroon to study their performance and adaptation. Root yields among improved clones ranged from 19.0 to 22.5 t/ha. Clone 1005 produced the highest root yield (22.5 t/ha), followed by clones ZZZ84 (20.5 t) and 1171 (19.0 t/ha). The local check, LN3, yielded the least (14.0 t/ha). The four stability methods used- Eberhart and Russell (1966), Perkins and Jinks (1968), Shukla (1972), and Francis and Kannenberg (1978)-differed in some cases in identifying stable cultivars. The Shukla method and the Francis and Kannenberg genotype grouping technique were most effective. Eberhart and Russell's b and Perkins-Jinks' B parameters were highly correlated (rs = 0.98**) as well as Eberhart and Russell's sd2 with Shukla's s2 parameters (rs = 1.00**). Clone 1005 was rated as most stable by all stability methods, followed by clone 1385. Cultivars LN2 and LN3 were rated least stable. The study shows that stability methods may be useful both in selecting cultivars for release to farmers and in identifying genotypes that could be useful as parents in future cassava breeding programs in Cameroon.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Ngeve, J. M., Nukenine, E. N., Dixon, A. G. O.",,Reaction of cassava genotypes to the cassava mosaic disease in three distinct agroecologies in Nigeria,Phytopathologische Zeitschrift,Feb 2003. v. 151 (2),,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12084/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Ngoan, Le Duc, Nguyen Kim Duong (Agricultural Univ., Hue (Viet Nam))",1993,Cassava and sugarcane crops for food and animal feed,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12095/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Abe, T. (Nagoya Univ. (Japan)), Suwandhi, S.S., Ardjasa, W.S., Ando, H., Watanabe, A.",2002,Incorporation of nitrogen from urea fertilizer into soil organic matter in rice paddy and cassava upland fields in Indonesia,,v. 48,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/121/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Nguyen, Hoanh Hoang",1987,Soil and water conservation and productivity in an intensive agroforestry system,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12124/,"Perennial crops (ipil-ipil (Leucaena) and papaya) and annual crops (pineapple, cassava, sweet potato, and peanuts) were intercropped in an experimental area with a clay loam soil and an average slope of 15 percent. The annual crops were planted on furrow contours for soil and water conservation. The soil analysis indicated that the nutrient content and bulk density of the soil were improved by the intercropping practice. Runoff and soil erosion were effectively controlled. Increased productivity levels of the crops were also observed. Papaya produced the highest net income while pineapple showed the lowest.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Nguyen, van Thang",1996,Cassava in Vietnam: an overview,"A Benchmark Study on Cassava Production, Processing and Marketing in Vietnam: Proceedings of a Workshop held in Hanoi, Vietnam Oct 29-31, 1992",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12125/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ngwira, L.D.M., Mkandawire, A.B.C., Edje, O.T., Tinsley, R. (University of Malawi, Lilongwe (Malawi). Chitedze Agricultural Research Station)",1990,Malawi experiences in intercropping research,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12153/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Apau, A.O.",1986,Farming systems in Ghana - a case study of the New-Abirem Local Council area,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1217/,"The various cropping patterns, resource availability and use efficiency, for crop production in the New-Abirem Local Council area (Ghana) are examined using the Cobb-Douglas function. Even though farmers were enjoying some economies of scale, resources were not being efficiently combined in the cultivation of oil palm, cocoa/kola nut, cassava/yam, and cocoyam/plantain mixed crops. Farming is mainly traditional with no use of machinery, and little fertilizer. Tree crops are extensively cultivated and food crops basically for subsistence. Average farm size is about 10 acres which correlates significantly with family size. Low capital, fair sales, and non-existent extension advice characterise the farming practices",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Nigeria, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture",1998,Cassava a root crop for our time,,v. 18,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12176/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Nin-Pratt, Alejandro; Johnson, Michael; Magalhaes, Eduardo C.; Diao, Xinshen; You,Liangzhi; Chamberlin, Jordan",2015,Priorities for realizing the potential to increase agricultural productivity and growth in Western and Central Africa,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12186/,IFPRI1; GRP32,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ninan, C.A., Abraham, S., Sandhyavathi Bai, L., Chandrasekharan Nair, P.N., Kuriachen, P. (University of Kerala, Trivandrum (India). Dept. of Botany)",1977,"Lipid metabolism in mosaic-infected cassava [M4, H.165 varieties]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12187/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ninan, K. N.",1986,"Cereal Substitutes in a Developing Economy: A Study of Tapioca, Kerala State","Cereal Substitutes in a Developing Economy: A Study of Tapioca, Kerala State",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12188/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Nishigaki, T.",2017,Control of water erosion loss of soils using appropriate surface management in Tanzania and Cameroon,"Soils, Ecosystem Processes, and Agricultural Development",,,10.1007/978-4-431-56484-3_17,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12198/,"Water erosion is one of the main concerns driving land degradation in sloping croplands in tropical countries. The objective of this study was to evaluate water erosion characteristics and the factors affecting surface runoff and soil loss and to evaluate the effect of surface mulching as a conservation management against water erosion in Tanzania and Cameroon. We installed runoff plots (width 0.8 m × slope length 2.4/2.0 m) at four sites (designated NY, TA, SO, and MA) in Tanzania and one site with three treatments in Cameroon: bare plot (CM), cassava plot (CMC), and cassava with mulch plot (CMC+M). Water budgets for rainfall, surface runoff, and soil moisture for every rainfall event and soil losses were measured over a rainy season. High rainfall amount in NY and TA characterized their high surface runoff and soil loss. High stability of soil aggregates in CM resulted in low runoff coefficient. Although sandy soils in MA had high infiltration rate and low runoff coefficient, their high susceptibility to transport by surface runoff increased its sediment concentration. Total soil loss in CMC+M decreased by 49 % compared with that in CM and CMC, despite there not being a large difference in runoff water among treatments, indicating the mulch suppressed the particle detachment by raindrops. Based on the water erosion characteristics in the five sites, surface mulching is considered to be a widely applicable management to suppress the soil loss against water erosion in tropics, where rainfall intensity is generally high.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Abe, R., Ohtani, K.",2013,"An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants and traditional therapies on Batan Island, the Philippines",Journal of Ethnopharmacology,145,2,10.1016/j.jep.2012.11.029,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/122/,"Ethnopharmacological relevance We studied the local knowledge and uses of medicinal plants among the Ivatan people of Batan Island by documenting their traditional practices. Aim of the study To identify the types of medicinal plants used in self-care by the indigenous people of Batan Island, the Philippines and to investigate the extent to which the plants are used. Conservation of medicinal plants and natural resources is becoming increasingly important; thus, this research aims to collect information from local people concerning the use of medicinal plants on Batan Island. Materials and methods A total of 116 informants were interviewed, allowing for calculated informant consensus factors (ICF), use value (UV), and fidelity levels (FL) for each medicinal plant species used to cure various ailments. This helped to establish a consensus on which species are effective for particular ailments, as well as the species' relative importance, and enabled us to understand the extent of the potential utilization of each species. Results We describe the therapeutic effects of 112 plant species used medicinally against 13 categories of ailments. The highest ICF value (1.00) was cited for diseases of the ear and respiratory system and for use during pregnancy, childbirth and the postnatal period. The maximum FL of 100% was found for Carica papaya, Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, Musa sapientum, and Pedilanthus tithymaloides, used for the treatment of constipation, cuts and wounds, diarrhea, and dislocations and fractures, respectively. The highest UV was for Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (0.67). All plants with high UV were used for exogenous diseases, certain infectious and parasitic diseases, injuries, poisonings and other consequences of external factors, and diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. In addition to its use for endogenous disease and lifestyle-related diseases and illnesses, Moringa oleifera is also used for diseases of the circulatory system, with a UV of 0.57 and Cocos nucifera is used for diseases of the genitourinary system, with a UV of 0.56. Conclusions This study demonstrates that many plant species play an important role in local healing practices and that knowledge of traditional medicine is still utilized and plays a significant role on Batan Island. The documentation of this rich traditional ethno-medicinal knowledge has furnished us with novel information that not only will provide recognition of this undocumented knowledge but also could provide new avenues for pharmacological investigations to improve healthcare for a range of ailments. 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Niskanen, A.",1998,Financial and economic profitability of reforestation in Thailand,Forest Ecology and Management,104,01-Mar,10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00263-6,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12204/,"It is commonly acknowledged that the economic profitability of reforestation differs considerably from financial profitability if market prices include price effects of distortions due to market or policy failures. Although these failures are common, especially in developing countries, few studies exists where the economic and financial profitability of reforestation are assessed separately. In this study, the financial and economic profitability of industrial, community- and agroforestry-based reforestation were assessed in Northeast Thailand. The profitability was evaluated for single species plantations using Eucalyptus camaldulensis Denhn. and Tectona grandis L., and simple-formed agroforestry-based reforestation where cassava Manihot esculenta Crantz. was intercropped for three years together with the tree species. With the assumptions made in this study, it was more profitable to invest in reforestation from the point-of-view of the society, than from the point-of-view of a private investor. The economic land expectation value (LEV) in reforestation, for example, was 12-52% higher than the financial LEV. Planting teak was more profitable than planting eucalypt. Cropping of cassava between tree rows decreased the financial and economic profitability of reforestation. The decrease in the LEV in intercropping was mainly due to a poor-although rather common in Northeast Thailand-selection of agricultural species for cultivation. As expected, the LEVs were highly sensitive to the changes in the growth and yield and stumpage prices, which may vary in real circumstances.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Nitis, I.M., Suarna, M.",1977,Undersowing cassava with stylo [Stylosanthes guyanensis] grown under coconut,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12208/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Nitis, M., Putra, S., Sukanten, W., Lana, K., Suarna, M.",1992,Yield and quality of cash crop residue grown under three strata forage system,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12210/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Nitis, I.M. (Udayana University, Bali (Indonesia). Department of Nutrition, Tropical Forage Science)",1995,Research methodology for semiarid crop-animal systems in Indonesia,"Crop-Animal Interaction. In C. Devendra and C. Sevilla (Eds.). IRRI Discussion Paper Series No. 6. IRRI, Manila, Philippines",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12211/,"Crop-animal integration in the semiarid areas of Indonesia is sustainable because it meets the technical, biological, economic, and sociocultural needs of smallholder farmers. However, indiscriminate continuous annual cropping, overgrazing, unjustified lopping of the shrub and fodder trees, limited water supply, and intense heat stress during the dry season have resulted in increased land degradability and has consequently reduced land productivity. Because livestock feed is the major limiting factor, crop-animal research was based on forage crops involving the three-strata forage system (TSFS) established in 1984. In the TSFS, forage crops (grasses and ground legumes, shrub legumes, and fodder trees designated respectively as first, second, and third stratum), are built into one unit with the food crop (maize, soybean, and cassava) in three topographical (flat, sloping, and undulated) land conditions. The livestock (cattle, goat, and chicken) are integrated accordingly after the first year. Fifty-three research studies were conducted including 21 on forages, 5 on food crops, 16 on livestock, 4 soil experiments, and 7 socioeconomic surveys. The design, duration, and analysis of the in-laboratory, on-station, on-field, and on-farm research were based on and adjusted to the TSFS umbrella design. Research over 9 yr (1984-93) showed that TSFS increased food crop production, increased the quantity and quality of the forages, increased the stocking rate and carrying capacity of the land, reduced soil erosion, increased soil fertility, increased firewood supply, increased farm income, and maintained the ecological balance of the environment",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Nizar, R., Nurwati, N., Amalia, A.",2017,"Allocative Efficiency Analysys Production Function of Cassava Farming (Manihot, Sp.) in Tenayan Raya Sub-District of Pekanbaru City",IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science,97,,10.1088/1755-1315/97/1/012012,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12219/,"Cassava (Manihot sp) has long been known and cultivated by Indonesian farmers. The economic and social potential of cassava aside from foodstuffs can also be used as raw materials for industrial use and animal feed. In Riau Province, Cassva has the potential to be developed considering Cassva is a plant that can easily grow on low altitude to high altitude lands. Cassava does not need a complex maintenance. Conventionally, this plant can be planted and left alone by itself. Cassava roots can be developed to be a processed products that society needs as main foodstuffs ingredients. This research is done in three months and the purpose is to know the influence of input use (pesticide, seeds, fertilizers and labor) on cassava farming to cassava farming by the model of cobb-douglas. Other than that is also the effect on economical efficiency. The method used in this research is a quantitative research by using Cobb-Douglas Function Model. This research was done in the Tenayan Raya sub-district with 55 farmer samples. This research shows Cobb-Douglas Production Function can be used as the predictor for Cassava production function in Tenayan Raya Sub-district of Pekanbaru City. Altogether the production factor used by farmers influence production. Partially only usage of organic fertilizer that does not affect production, while other production factor such as, seeds, pesticides, an-organic fertilizer (urea) and labor affect production by quite a bit. Usage of production factor seeds, urea and pesticides is not yet efficient while usage of organic fertilizer is not efficient and usage of labor on cassava agriculture by respondent farmers is relatively efficient.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Apilar, E.G.",1988,Dry matter production and distribution and its relation to early harvestability in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1222/,"To understand the growth pattern of cassava in relation to harvestability, and to identify agronomic traits that are determinants of early harvestability which can be used as bases for selection, a study was conducted at the Philippine Root Crop Research and Training Center, ViSCA [Visayas State College of Agriculture, Baybay, Leyte, Philippines], from April 1, 1986 to July 9, 1987. Eight varieties varying in certain traits were used to determine the cause of differences in yield potential and early harvestability. A split-plot design was used with variety, as main plot and time of harvesting as subplot. Two plantings were done. High early yield was obtained with varieties that gave high yield also at normal harvest (10 MAP [months after planting]). These varieties had earlier storage root initiation than the late harvestable varieties. Root initiation was associated with the initial weight of the plant at the onset of root initiation. Early harvestable varieties had more rapid leaf area development and had high vegetative vigor than the late harvestable varieties. Number of marketable roots per plant, root fresh weight (RFW), root bulking rate (RBR) and leaf area duration (LAD) were associated with early harvestability. Early harvestable varieties maintained lower value for leaf area ratio (LAR) than the late harvestable varieties. The rate of dry matter accumulation decreased with the age of the plant. The reduction was more pronounced in G50-3 due to its rapid rate of accumulation during the early growth period, a characteristic of an early-maturing variety. Increased production in areas with long dry periods through continuous cropping incorporating cassava, alleviation of the food shortages in developing countries and increased material for feed and industrial purposes would be some prospects on the use of early harvestable varieties.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Nizar, R., Nurwati, N., Amalia",2017,"Allocative Efficiency Analysys Production Function Of Cassava Farming (Manihot, Sp.) In Tenayan Raya Sub-District Of Pekanbaru City",IOP Conference Series-Earth and Environmental Science,97,,10.1088/1755-1315/97/1/012012,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12220/,"Cassava (Manihot sp) has long been known and cultivated by Indonesian farmers. The economic and social potential of cassava aside from foodstuffs can also be used as raw materials for industrial use and animal feed. In Riau Province, Cassva has the potential to be developed considering Cassva is a plant that can easily grow on low altitude to high altitude lands. Cassava does not need a complex maintenance. Conventionally, this plant can be planted and left alone by itself. Cassava roots can be developed to be a processed products that society needs as main foodstuffs ingredients. This research is done in three months and the purpose is to know the influence of input use (pesticide, seeds, fertilizers and labor) on cassava farming to cassava farming by the model of cobb-douglas. Other than that is also the effect on economical efficiency. The method used in this research is a quantitative research by using Cobb-Douglas Function Model. This research was done in the Tenayan Raya sub-district with 55 farmer samples. This research shows Cobb-Douglas Production Function can be used as the predictor for Cassava production function in Tenayan Raya Sub-district of Pekanbaru City. Altogether the production factor used by farmers influence production. Partially only usage of organic fertilizer that does not affect production, while other production factor such as, seeds, pesticides, an-organic fertilizer (urea) and labor affect production by quite a bit. Usage of production factor seeds, urea and pesticides is not yet efficient while usage of organic fertilizer is not efficient and usage of labor on cassava agriculture by respondent farmers is relatively efficient",Excluded,Duplicate
"Njie, D.N., Rumsey, T.R.",1994,Open air drying an analytical and experimental study,American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Meeting (USA),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12221/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Njihia, C.M.(Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Nairobi (Kenya). National Agricultural Research Laboratories)",2000,"Performance of mixed cropping in the yala swamp, Kenya",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12226/,"Development options of the 17500 ha Yala Swamp, when reclaimed by drainage, fall into two broad categories, namely large estate develQpment or smallholder mixed farming. Mixed cropping is a common farming system in smallholder farming which is expected to happen at Yala Swamp in a semi-humid, warm climate. An experiment involving inter-cropping maize with legumes and tuber/root crops (food beans, cowpeas, cassava, sweet potatoes) was conducted at a reclaimed part of the Yala Swamp to assess the feasibility of small holder mixed cropping systems. The water balance of a cropped field on the dominant soil in the swamp, the Swamp clay, was computed using long term meteorological data and soil data determined for the experimental site. This shows moisture deficit of 435 mm/year with deficits occurring in all months except in April, May and November. Although the rainfall is bimodal only the long rains, in March to May, are reliable for growing a crop. There is a prolonged drought from December to March and then from June to October. Under average rainfall, maize yields were reduced by 34-37% when the maize was inter-cropped with either food beans, cassava and cassava/ cowpeas. These other crops were also reduced in the intercrops. Yield of sweet potatoes was low. During the year with below average rainfall the yield pattern was similar; the yields were even reduced further. Cassava and sweet potatoes failed to form tubers/roots. Cassava with a maturity period of over 8 months could not survive the drought periods between July and October and December to March identified in the water balance computation. Sweet potatoes, a perennial crop, survived during the long rains of average rainfall but failed during the long rains of below average rainfalL The sweet potatoes, it appears, requires more water than maize and legumes. The prolonged drought periods are a limitation to sweet potatoes production. Despite the reduced yields under intercropping systems, monentary value of the produce was highest for the intercrops maize/beans/cowpeas for the below average rainfall season, and maize/ cowpeas/ cassava intercrop in average rainfall year. From the limited two season trials and long term water balance study it is evident that intercropping of drought escaping/ resistant crops (cereals and legumes) in the area is feasible. In addition to higher monetary returns for the intercrops, it is argued that mixed cropping makes sense in meeting the subsistence needs of the farmers, maintenance of soil fertility and protecting soil from surface erosion.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Njoku, B.B., Arene, O.B.",1980,"influence of potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium fertilization on anthracnose disease and tuber yield of cassava","Potassium Workshop : Ibadan/Nigeria, October 1980 / jointly organized by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture and the International Potash Institute",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12231/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Njoku, D.N., Vernon, G., Egesi, C.N., Asante, I., Offei, S.K., Okogbenin, E., Kulakow, P., Eke-Okoro, O.N., Ceballos, H.",2011,Breeding for Enhanced β-Carotene Content in Cassava: Constraints and Accomplishments,Journal of Crop Improvement,25,,10.1080/15427528.2011.594978,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12235/,"This review presents an overview of the importance, constraints, and prospects on different aspects of cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) breeding for enhanced micronutrient level, including carotenoids (precursors for provitamin-A) and especially beta-carotene. Early cassava-breeding efforts concentrated on crop yield, dry matter, and disease resistance, which are farmer-preferred traits. However, unacceptably high levels of preventable human diseases caused by malnutrition prompted breeders and nutritionists to screen wild relatives and unimproved germplasms (landraces) to increase micronutrient density in staple crops. The ultimate objective is to reduce diseases caused by micronutrient deficiencies. Nigeria, with 140 million people and the largest producer and consumer of cassava in the world, is characterized by rampant malnutrition and high incidence of nutrient deficiency-related diseases. The tuberous root of cassava is low in micronutrients. It is also well known that vitamin A deficiency is primarily caused by dietary inadequacy that results in progressive eye damage and eventually leads to blindness, especially in children. In addition, affected children suffer from a weakened immune system. Present interventions to eliminate this deficiency rely on supplementation and food fortification programs, do not reach all those affected and do not get to the root of the problem, which is an inadequate diet. The development of high micronutrient-content cassava varieties (especially, higher beta-carotene and other carotenoids) will contribute to a more sustainable solution of the problem of vitamin A deficiency. A current thrust of research (HarvestPlus initiative) is to determine the genetic potential for increasing the concentrations of bioavailable Fe, Zn, and provitamin A carotenoids in the edible portions of several staple food crops including cassava, rice, wheat, maize, and beans. Currently, the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), and National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike, are working in collaboration to develop an elite cassava gene pool and to develop varieties that will be released to farmers soon in hope of addressing part of micronutrient malnutrition.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Njoroge, J. M., Kimemia, J. K.",1995,Economic-Benefits of Intercropping Young Arabica and Robusta Coffee with Food Crops in Kenya,Outlook on Agriculture,24,1,10.1177/003072709502400107,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12239/,"As coffee prices fall, intercropping the young trees with vegetables has been suggested as a way of providing farmers with extra income as well as improving their diet. To test whether this is an economic proposition, Arabica and Robusta coffee was intercropped with various food crops at several sites in the main coffee-growing zones of Kenya. Intercropping with potatoes, tomatoes, dry beans, cabbages, carrots and soyabeans was found to be economically viable, depending on the site. Intercropping coffee with maize, sweet potatoes, groundnuts, cowpeas, garden peas and cassava was not economic, however.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Njunie, M.N, Agger, M.G.W",2000,Evaluation of herbaceous legumes for soil fertility improvement in maize/cassava cropping systems in coastal lowland Kenya,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12241/,"Poor soils and erratic rainfall limit crop yields in coastal Kenya. Legume cover crops and intercrops have potential to improve land productivity by increasing soil fertility through nitrogen (N) fixation and decomposition of foliage green manure. This study evaluates the effects of harvest frequency and stage of development of annual and perennial forage legumes on biomass and nutrient accumulation of legume residue, rate of nutrient release from legume residue, availability of residue derived nutrients to maize and/or cassava and soil 'Water availability during the cropping season. Agronomic experiments were planted at KARl Mtwapa. The site was in coastal lowland agro-ecological zone 3 (CL3). The soils are orthic Acrisol to Luvisols, sandy loam to sandy clay loam. The experimental design was split-plot, where the main plots were planting in pure stand of legume, maize and cassava and their combinations. The subplots were legume harvesting management clitoria cut at two months and then after 6 or 10 weeks, and dolichos cut at 2 or 4 months after planting (MAP). The control plots were with or without inorganic fertilizer. Data is reported on the yield of maize, cassava and legumes during the first year of experimentation, and measurement of soil inorganic nitrogen (inorganic N) at two dates. The legumes exhibited different growth rates, underlining the importance of developing appropriate management systems for various legume species. During the long rain (LR) season when clitoria was establishing, intercropping maize with clitoria led to 27% more maize grain yield than maize without organic or inorganic fertilizer input. The reverse was true during the short rain (SR) season, when the presence of already well-established clitoria reduced maize grain production by 78%, such that the cumulative maize grain produced from the two seasons was 30% lower than the no input control. The high green manure production, as a result of dolichos fast growth during the LR season led to high plant nutrient supply, 106 and 253 kg ha'! for 2 and 4 MAP, respectively. The shading effect by dolichos on maize and cassava reduced the LR season maize grain yield by 27 and 49% when cut at 2 and 4 MAP, respectively. Cassava fresh tubers yield was also reduced by 50% when dolichos harvest was delayed to 4 MAP. However, during the SR season when moisture was limiting, the nutrients were available to the maize crop, such that the cumulative maize grain yield from the two seasons was 37% higher than theJlo input maize pure stand control. Compared to no. input control, fresh cassava tuber yield at 10 MAP was not affected by the presence of clitoria or dolichos harvested at 2 MAP. There were measurable changes in soil inorganic N concentration. The soil inorganic N was mainly in the form ammonium (~-N) and was abundant in the topsoil (0-20 cm) compared to the subsoil (20-40 cm) depth. These preliminary results indicate that the legumes, and the foliage harvesting management strategy influenced the maize grain and cassava production and the soil inorganic N content.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Njunie, M.N., Wagger, M.G., Luna-Orea, P.",2004,Residue decomposition and nutrient release dynamics from two tropical forage legumes in a Kenyan environment,,v. 96,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12242/,"Soil fertility decline is one of the factors limiting food production on the east coast of Africa. Increased awareness by smallholder farmers of the role of legumes as sources of food and fodder and for soil fertility improvement has stimulated research on the influence of herbaceous legumes in various cropping systems. Decomposition and nutrient release from foliage of legume species clitoria (Clitoria ternatea L.) and dolichos (Lablab purpureus L.) planted in monoculture and as an intercrop with tropical food crops cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and maize (Zea mays L.) were evaluated under field conditions in fine-loamy, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic, arenic Paleustalfs. The nylon mesh bag technique was used to obtain data to calculate the residue decomposition and nutrient release rates of the clitoria foliage cut every 6 or 10 wk and dolichos foliage cut at 2 or 4 mo. Asymptotic models provided the best fit for both dry matter decomposition and nutrient release. Legume residue decomposition rates (k) were unaffected by cropping system, with values of 0.2 and 0.5 wk(-1) for clitoria and dolichos, respectively. Across cutting management strategies, the general order of nutrient release for clitoria at 6 or 10 wk was K > P > Mg > N; while that of dolichos was K > Mg > P > N and K > P > Mg > N for cuts at 2 and 4 mo, respectively. Overall, the residue N, P, and Mg release curves became asymptotic shortly after 60% of the nutrients had been released. Clitoria and dolichos showed their potential to become sources of nutrients for associated crops while protecting the soil surface.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Nkakini, S. O., Ayotamuno, M. J., Ogaji, S. O. T., Probert, S. D.",2006,"Farm mechanization leading to more effective energy-utilizations for cassava and yam cultivations in Rivers State, Nigeria",Applied Energy,83,12,10.1016/j.apenergy.2006.03.001,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12244/,"Surveys have been conducted, under the auspices of the Ministry of Agriculture and Agricultural Development Projects (ADPs), in the 23 local-government areas of the Rivers State, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire, personal visits to farms and interactions with information repositories were used. The quantities of energy consumed by tractors used in activities associated with the growing of cassava and yam crops in those areas were compared with traditional operations, using just manual labour. Within the period of 1986-2004, the total energy utilizations in the production of these crops, in the 23 local government areas, were 2738.87 and 33.5 MJ for tractor-power and traditional-manual operations, respectively. The tractorization intensity (TI) dropped from 0.352 hp/ha in 1986 to 0.345 hp/ha in 2004. This result was below the presently advocated 0.5 hp/ha for agricultural operations in order to increase crop production. This study identified the causes of this shortfall and recommended, at least for the short-term future, that farm industrialization of all sectors should be subsidized. 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Nkakini, S. O., Ceder, O.",2009,"Investigation into Farm Mechanization Practices for Cassava and Yam in Rivers State, Nigeria",Ama-Agricultural Mechanization in Asia Africa and Latin America,39,4,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12246/,"The present state of farm mechanization practices for energy utilization in yam and cassava cultivation was assessed in Rivers State and is presented in this paper. Field surveys were conducted in several farms, Ministry of Agriculture and Agricultural Development Project (ADP) in the 23 local government areas of the state. To ascertain data, a structured questionnaire, personal visits to farm and discussions with record holders were used. The state's current situation for energy utilization in tractorization operations for these two crops were highlighted and compared with their traditional operations. Within the period of 1986-2004 energy utilizations in the productivity of these crops were 2,738.87 MJ and 33.5 MJ for machine power and traditional operations respectively. Tractorization Intensity (IT) which described the use of the tractor as the pivot of agricultural mechanization in the state dropped from 0.352 hp/ha in 1986 to 0.345 hp/ha in 2004. This result was below the recommended 0.5 hp/ha (T.I) for efficient agriculture. This study identified the causes of these shortcomings and recommended that the right attitude towards use of farm machinery and the industrialization of all sectors should be encouraged.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Nkonya, Ephraim; Pender, John L.; Kato, Edward",2015,Options for enhancing agricultural productivity in Nigeria,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12250/,IFPRI1; GRP32; NSSP,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Noble, A.D., Ruaysoongnern, S., Sukchan, S., Berthelsen, S., Webb, M.J.",2004,Chemical degradation and acidity risk due to land use change in northeast Thailand,Thai Journal of Agricultural Science,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12258/,"Conversion of climax Dipterocarp forest for agricultural purposes has resulted in a decline in productivity of light textured soils in Northeast Thailand. To quantify the degree of chemical degradation that these soils have undergone, a survey was undertaken of six paired sites where adjacent Dipterocarp forest soils were compared to continuously cropped systems that had been under production from 37-100 years. Surface charge fingerprints along with soil chemical and physical attributes were determined on selective depth intervals. Significant declines in exchangeable cations and soil organic carbon were observed under the cropped systems resulting in dramatic declines in the surface charge charcteristics. The amount of soil organic carbon lost in the 0-10 cm depth interval under the cropped system ranged from 3.8 to 10.1 t/ha. A saturation index (Su) that encompasses an assessment of the degree of degradation taking into account the previous land use and that due to anthropogenic disturbance was used to quantify charge diminution. Su values ranged from 53-90 percent clearly indicating the degree of degradation these systems have undergone. Mean net acid addition rates (NAAR) were calculated for cassava and rice production systems. Values averaged 1.05-1.50 kmol H+ ha/y for the cassava and rice systems, respectively. A highly significant pedotransfer function was established to estimate pH buffering capacity (pHBC) using soil organic carbon and clay content. Using this pedotransfer function and the NAAR rates of each of the cropping systems, acidity risk maps were produced for Northeast Thailand for each of the crop production systems. These maps can be used to asess the potential for accelerated soil acidification and allow informed decisions to be made in order to address or reduce the risk of soil degradation associated with acid generation.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Nodals, A.R.",1980,Mechanical planting and other cassava cultural practices in Cuba,"Cassava cultural practices: proceedings of a workshop held in Salvador, Bahía, Brazil, 18-21 March 1980",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12267/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Noerwijati, K., Nasrullah, Taryono, Prajitno, D.",2014,Fresh tuber yield stability analysis of fifteen cassava genotypes across five environments in east java (indonesia) using GGE biplot C3 - Energy Procedia,,47,,10.1016/j.egypro.2014.01.209,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12269/,"The research aimed is to determine the yield stability of 15 cassava genotypes using GGE biplot. The study was conducted at five locations starting in November 2010 to August 2011.The results showed that environment, genotype, and genotype-byenvironment interactions significantly affect the yield. Environment gives the most effect (64.69%), followed by genotype-byenvironment interaction effect (6.53%), and genotype effect (4.94%). CMM 03038-7 has the highest yield among other clones, and higher than the controls clones (UJ5, Malang 6, and Adira 4), but not significantly different from Malang 4. GGE biplot identified that CMM 03038-7 is the most stable clones with high yield.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Noerwijati, K., Budiono, R.",2015,Yield and Yield Components Evaluation of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Clones in Different Altitudes C3 - Energy Procedia,,65,,10.1016/j.egypro.2015.01.050,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12271/,"The research was conducted at three levels of altitude i.e 80 m asl (Kediri), 530 m asl (Malang), and 800 m asl (Ponorogo). The purpose of this research was to evaluate cassava clones under three altitudes (80 m asl, 530 m asl, and 800 m asl) and to identify cassava clones that tolerant to low temperature zones at medium altitude in the tropics. Criteria that used for selection the best clone in different altitude were stress tolerance index (STI), stress susceptibility index (SSI), stress tolerance (TOL), mean productivity (MP), and yield stability index (YSI). The result showed that stress tolerance index (STI) and mean productivity (MP) were good criteria for selecting cassava clones that tolerant to higher altitude. Tuber yield loss at 530 m asl was 32%, while at 800 m asl was 86%, compared to tuber yield at 80 m asl. Malang 4 (G3) and CMM 03038-7 (G8) are adaptive clones to environment at medium altitude up to 800 m asl. 2015 The Authors.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Noerwijati, K., Budiono, R.",2015,Yield and Yield Components Evaluation of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Clones In Different Altitudes,Energy Procedia,65,,10.1016/j.egypro.2015.01.050,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12272/,"The research was conducted at three levels of altitude i.e 80 m asl (Kediri), 530 m asl (Malang), and 800 m asl (Ponorogo). The purpose of this research was to evaluate cassava clones under three altitudes (80 m asl, 530 m asl, and 800 m asl) and to identify cassava clones that tolerant to low temperature zones at medium altitude in the tropics. Criteria that used for selection the best clone in different altitude were stress tolerance index (STI), stress susceptibility index (SSI), stress tolerance (TOL), mean productivity (MP), and yield stability index (YSI). The result showed that stress tolerance index (STI) and mean productivity (MP) were good criteria for selecting cassava clones that tolerant to higher altitude. Tuber yield loss at 530 m asl was 32 %, while at 800 m asl was 86 %, compared to tuber yield at 80 m asl. Malang 4 (G3) and CMM 03038-7 (G8) are adaptive clones to environment at medium altitude up to 800 m asl.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Noon, R. A., Booth, R. H.",1977,Nature of Post-Harvest Deterioration of Cassava Roots,Transactions of the British Mycological Society,69,OCT,10.1016/S0007-1536(77)80049-1,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12285/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Noordwijk, M. van., Widianto., Heinen, M., Hairiah, K.",1991,"Old tree channels in acid soils in the humid tropics important for crop root penetration, water infiltration and nitrogen management",,v. 45,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12288/,"Under high rainfall conditions on acid soils with shallow crop root systems the rate of N leaching is high. A simple model predicts nitrogen uptake efficiency as a function of the amount of rainfall in excess of evapotranspiration, rooting depth and degree to which N leaching is retarded in comparison with water transport. Field observations on acid soils in S.E. Nigeria and S. Sumatera (Indonesia) showed that this model should be amended to include the role of old tree root channels. Crop roots can follow these channels, which are coated with partly decayed organic matter, into the acid subsoil. Measurements of water infiltration with a Guelph permeameter and a methylene blue dye showed that such channels form the major infiltration sites during rainstorms. Implications for nitrogen use efficiency and cropping pattern are discussed.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Noordwijk, M. van (Instituut voor Bodemvruchtbaarheid, Haren (Gr.) (Netherlands)), Widianto, Heinen, M., Hairiah, K.",1991,"Old tree root channels in acid soils in the humid tropics important for crop root penetration, water infiltration and nitrogen management",,v. 134,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12289/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Nopsa, J. F. H., Xing, Y., Andrade-Piedra, J., Beed, F., Bloome, G., Yepes, M. C., Forbes, G., Kreuze, J., Kroschel, J., Legg, J., Parker, M., Schulte-Geldermann, E., Garrett, K. A.",2014,"Global crop connectivity as a risk factor for pathogen and pest invasion: the case of banana, cassava, potato, and sweetpotato",Phytopathology,104,Supplement 3,10.1094/PHYTO-104-11-S3.1,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12295/,"The geographic connectedness of croplands is an important risk factor for the invasion of crop-specific pathogens. Understanding the structure of these networks supports sampling and mitigation strategies. We evaluated global networks of the vegetatively-propagated crops banana/plantain, cassava, potato, and sweetpotato, because of their major role as a source of energy in the tropics, and their importance to smallholder farmers in developing countries. Diseases transmitted through vegetative propagation are notoriously damaging. We analyzed the structure of the crop networks, where the existence of a link between geographic location pairs was determined using a gravity model, as a function of the distance between the pair of locations and the product of the harvested crop area in the two locations. Networks within continents were evaluated using metrics such as average path length (APL: mean shortest path length between pairs of linked nodes), transitivity (T: probability that the adjacent nodes of a node are connected), and the distribution of node degree (sum of link weights at a node). E.g., the highest connectivity for cassava in these networks was in Asia (APL = 1.87, T = 0.41) and the highest connectivity for sweetpotato was in Africa (APL = 1.40, T = 0.72). Identifying the highly-linked hub locations and bridge locations supports prioritizing surveillance for new invasive pests and diseases, and tracing intra-region movement of diseases.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Nores, G.A.",1984,Collaborative activities of CIAT with national and regional institutions in the Caribbean: proposed strategy,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12299/,"CIAT has global responsibilities for common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and cassava (Manihot esculenta), and regional responsibilities in Latin America and the Caribbean for rice and tropical pasture species for acid-infertile soils. This paper aims at presenting and discussing CIAT collaborative research activities on these four commodities in the Caribbean region, and at analysing current limitations and the proposed strategy, with the main objective of benefiting from the comments of all workshop participants.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Norgaard, R. B.",1988,The biological control of cassava mealybug in Africa,American Journal of Agricultural Economics,70,2,10.2307/1242077,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12300/,"Cassava, brought from South America 300 years ago free of its pests, became a major subsistence crop in Africa. A mealybug was mistakenly introduced in the early 1970s. By the 1980s the mealybug was a major pest. The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture found a parasitic wasp in South America and reared and released it in Africa. Conservatively estimated, the benefit-cost ratio for this program is 149 to 1. This success indicates that biological control can play an important role in pest management.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Norgaard, R. B.",1988,Economics of the cassava mealybug [Phaenacoccus Manihoti; Hom.: Pseudococcidae] biological control program in Africa,Entomophaga,33,1,10.1007/BF02372307,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12301/,Critical analyses of current pest control practices and the role of classical biological control are needed. The costs and benefits of the introduction and release of natural enemies of the cassava mealybug are assessed. A conservative estimate shows that the benefit to cost ratio of this project is extremely high (149∶1).,Excluded,Duplicate
"Norgaard, R.B.",1988,Economics of the cassava mealybug [Phaenacoccus manihoti; Hom.: Pseudococcidae] biological control program in Africa,Entomophaga,33,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12302/,Critical analyses of current pest control practices and the role of classical biological control are needed. The costs and benefits of the introduction and release of natural enemies of the cassava mealybug are assessed. A conservative estimate shows that the benefit to cost ratio of this project is extremely high (149 : 1).,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Norgrove, L., Hauser, S., Weise, S. F.",1998,Effects of crop density and species upon surface casting by earthworms and implications for nutrient cycling in a tropical intercropping system,Pedobiologia,42,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12303/,"The effect of crop density upon surface cast production by earthworms was assessed in an intercrop of groundnut, maize, cassava and plantain in the humid forest zone of Southern Cameroon. Furthermore, cast production was compared under adjacent crops of the different species. The experiment was established at two sites of different fallow types a four year old fallow dominated by Chromolaena odorata; and a secondary forest undisturbed for at least 25 years. Surface casts were collected from frames twice per week for 30 weeks. Dry weights were recorded for each sampling date. In total, 4.01 and 2.89 Mg ha-1 of surface casts were produced in the high crop density treatments at the chromolaena and secondary forest sites, respectively, significantly more than 2.18 and 0.34 Mg ha-1 in the low crop density treatments. 15.51 kg Ca2+, 3.44 kg Mg2+, 0.9 kg K+, 9.36 kg total N and 117.6 kg organic C ha-1 were deposited in surface casts in the high crop density treatment. In comparison, lower cast production in the low crop density treatment resulted in deficits of 6.41, 2.06, 0.39, 4.48 and 58.4 kg ha-1 of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, total N and organic C, respectively. There were no significant differences between the quantities of casts produced under the four crop species at either site. The more intensive, high crop density treatment not only resulted in higher crop biomass production but also created the conditions for higher earthworm activity.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Norman, M. J. T., Pearson, C. J., Searle, P. G. E.",1984,The Ecology of Tropical Food Crops,The Ecology of Tropical Food Crops,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12304/,"Concerns the ecology or environmental relations of the major tropical food crops, their response to climate and soil factors and their place in systems of tropical cropping. In less developed tropical countries, the farmer is at the mercy of environmental factors and is usually attempting to grow a wide range of crops in a small area for subsistence or sale. Hence the necessity to integrate cropping into complex systems to make full use of limited resources. An understanding of the ecology of tropical food crops is therefore of importance to those concerned with research and teaching in agriculture of tropical developing countries. The species dealt with include such standard crops as rice, maize, groundnut, cassava, and banana and the book also includes general chapters on tropical cropping systems, climates and soils. The book is in four parts. The first is a general account farming systems, climate, and soil. This is followed by parts devoted to cereals, legumes, and non-cereal food energy crops. Each of these begins with a brief general chapter on the crop group as a whole and is followed by chapters concerned with the four most important crops within the group. These chapters include a brief account of the taxonomy, origin, evolution, and dispersal of the crop, followed by sections on crop development pattern, crop/climate relations, crop/soil relations, and place in cropping systems.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Norman, M.J.T., Pearson, C.J., Searle, P.G.E.",1995,The Ecology of Tropical Food Crops,The Ecology of Tropical Food Crops,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12305/,"In tropical developing countries farmers tend to grow a wide range of crops in a small area for subsistence or sale. To make full use of often limited resources, a good understanding of how environmental conditions affect the characteristics and performance of these crops is essential. This book considers the response of tropical food crops to environmental factors such as climate, soil and farming system. Three types of crop are considered: cereals, legumes and non-cereal energy crops, with individual chapters on the four most important crops in each group. This material is set in context by introductory chapters on tropical farming systems, tropical climates and tropical soils. This new, updated edition retains the successful formula of the first edition while placing additional emphasis on tropical environmental conservation. It will serve the needs of advanced students of tropical agriculture, as well as professionals engaged in research and extension work in tropical crop production.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Normanha, E. S.",1970,General aspects of cassava root production in Brazil,Int Symp Trop Root and Tuber Crops 1970 Proc,1,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12306/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Notaro, K. A., Medeiros, E. V., Silva, C. A. D., Barros, J. A.",2013,"Prospecting of phytopathogens associated to cassava root rot in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil",Bioscience Journal,29,6,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12312/,"Cassava is the sixth largest crop production and expression of the planet, being behind only soybeans, wheat, rice, corn and potatoes, is very important in human and animal feed and industry. The Brazil is the second largest producer in the world and this culture is the second highest expression of national economic.The Northeast region is one of the main cassava producers in Brazil, being the production use little or no technology, which has contributed to the increased intensity of diseases. The cassava root rot has been reported as a major cause of yield loss. Therefore, the objective of this study was to perform the first survey of fungi associated with cassava root rot in Pernambuco. Were collected plant materials with symptoms and / or signs of disease in four cities that are among the top producers in the Pernambuco state Jupi, Jucati, So Joo and Caets. We selected five properties in each municipality and the samples were collected in five areas with a history of disease in each property. The frequency of fungus isolation was performed by plating method, and isolation until pure culture for identification. The most prevalent were tested for pathogenicity in cassava cultivar branquinha. We found a high diversity of fungus associated with cassava root rot in Pernambuco. Fusarium solani was prevalence fungus associated with cassava root rot from all areas of Jupi, Jucati and So Joo and Scytalidium lignicola from areas of Caets. The most prevalent isolates Fusarium solani (CFF109) and Scytalidium lignicola (CFF408) showed a high severity in cassava cultivar Branquinha.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Noyes, J. S.",1984,"A New Genus and Species of Encyrtid (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) Parasitic on the Cassava Mealybug, Phenacoccus-Manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae)",Bulletin of Entomological Research,74,3,10.1017/S0007485300015790,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12321/,"Parapyrus manihoti gen. et sp. n., an encyrtid parasite of Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero in South America, is described from the adults of both sexes. The parasite is of potential use as a controlling agent of this mealybug in West and Central Africa where it is established as a pest of cassava.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Nunes Irmo, Jos, Figueiredo, Mauro, Oliveira, Benedito, Rech, Jos, Ferreira, Joel, Pereira, Luiz",2008,Chemical composition of cassava stem and foliage hay in different harvesting ages,,9,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12350/,,Excluded,Language Barrier
"Nwagu, T. N., Nomeh, N., Amadi, O. C.",2015,Production of a thermostable alkaline protease from alkalophilic kocuria varians grown on various agricultural wastes,Acta Alimentaria,44,3,10.1556/AAlim.2014.0008,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12378/,"The ability of Kocuria varians to grow and produce protease when utilizing various local wastes was studied. Impact of cultivation pH on growth and enzyme production was also evaluated. Cassava waste combined with bambara nut waste (11) gave the best protease yield. Maximum enzyme production was attained when production medium was adjusted to pH 9. Highest protease concentration in the culture fl uid was recorded at 20 h during the exponential phase of growth. The enzyme was optimally active and stable at 80 C. Optimum pH for protease activity was at 11 with optimal stability at the alkaline range (pH 7-11) after incubation for 1 h. The enzyme was inhibited by EDTA, Hg2+, and Zn2+, but not by Pb2+, and was slightly stimulated by Cu2+. The properties of this protease make it a promising candidate for further studies and possible applications in processes involving extreme conditions of pH and temperature. 2015 Akadmiai Kiad, Budapest.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Nwajei, G. E.",2009,"Trace elements in soils and vegetations in the vicinity of Shell Petroleum Development Company operating area in Ughelli, delta state of Nigeria",American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture,3,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12381/,"Six soil samples and six vegetation species (Elusa indica, Duranta repens, carica papaya, Musa paradisiacal, Vernonia amagdalina and Manihot esculentus) were collected in 2008 from the vicinity of Shell Petroleum Development Company operating area in Ughelli urban. The samples were analytically digested in acid mixtures (HNO3 and HClO4) and were analysed for chromium, cadmium, lead, arsenic and nickel using atomic absorption spectrophotometry of model PYE UNICAM SP 2900. The results obtained revealed that the aforementioned trace elements levels in soils were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of vegetations. Results indicated high variation range of metal concentrations. These metal levels exceeded those found in similar studies in Nigeria and Egypt. Chromium and nickel concentrations in this study were elevated when compared with those of lead, cadmium and arsenic for both soils and vegetations. Although the range of lead (2-10mg/kg dry weight) in plants growing in uncontaminated areas were found to be higher than the levels obtained in vegetations in this study. This study is used extensively for monitoring the bioavailability of trace element contamination in consumable vegetation by human and livestocks.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Nwajiuba, Chinedum Uzoma.",1995,Socioeconomic impact of cassava postharvest technologies on smallholders in southeastern Nigeria,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12382/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Nwanze, K. F., Leuschner, K., Ezumah, H. C.",1979,"The Cassava Mealybug, Phenacoccus sp. in the Republic of Zaire",PANS,25,2,10.1080/09670877909411685,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12390/,"The occurrence of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus sp. in Zaire is reported. Data on its biology, particularly oviposition, female fecundity and nymphal development are presented. Most of the insects settle on the leaf midrib and secondary veins and the growing points of cassava. The first instar nymph (crawler) is vary important in the spread and survival of the species, the latter being within dormant leaf buds during the wet season. Dispersal is by movement of infested planting material (passive) and airborne populations of crawlers (active). Treatment of cuttings with an appropriate insecticide before planting, manipulation of planting time and soil moisture conservation may aid in reducing damage to the crop. The occurrence of Spalgis lemolea Druce, a predator of the pest is also reported.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Nweke, F.I., Ezumah, H.C., Spencer, D.S.C.",1993,Farm-level performance of improved Cassava varieties in the humid forest zone of Nigeria,,v. 3,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12401/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Nweke, Felix I.",1994,Cassava varietal needs of farmers and the potential for production growth in Africa,"COSCA working paper, No. 10",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12406/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Nweke, F.I., Spencer, D.S.C.",1995,Future prospects for cassava root yield in sub-Saharan Africa,Outlook on Agriculture,24,1,10.1177/003072709502400108,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12409/,"Primary data collected over a wide area in Africa show that average cassava root yield is not declining as the population increases because the land is being cultivated more intensively in response to demographic pressures. Although fallow periods are becoming shorter, organic manuring, improved market infrastructures and the use of purchased inputs such as labour compensate for this. The yields of improved cassava varieties in Nigeria show that technology can be relied upon to raise production in future, provided that the conditions necessary for the widespread adoption of Improved varieties prevail in most African countries.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Nweke, Felix",2004,NEW CHALLENGES IN THE CASSAVA TRANSFORMATION IN NIGERIA AND GHANA,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12410/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Nweke, Felix",2005,Case Study Summary Cassava Transformation in Nigeria,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12411/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Nweke, Felix I.",2009,Controlling cassava mosaic virus and cassava mealybug in Sub-Saharan Africa,Controlling cassava mosaic virus and cassava mealybug in Sub-Saharan Africa,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12412/,"Cassava was imported from Latin America some 300 years ago, and colonial governments in Africa used it as a famine-reserve crop. Over time cassava spread to over 40 countries in Sub-Sahara Africa, and Nigeria is now the largest cassava producer in the world. At Africa's independence in the 1960s, cassava mosaic disease was a major problem. In the 1970s, the cassava mealybug appeared and threatened to decimate the African cassava industry. Cassava mosaic and mealybug control programs were introduced in the 1970s to combat these two problems. The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) drew on research on mosaic disease control in Tanzania and developed high-yielding mosaic disease resistant Tropical Manioc Selection (TMS) varieties in only six years of research, from 1971 to 1977. The TMS varieties increased cassava yields by 40 percent without fertilizer. To tackle the mealybug problem, an Africa-wide biological control center was established at the IITA in Nigeria. The IITA brought together an international group of scientists and donors who crisscrossed Central and South America and eventually found a wasp that fed off the mealybug. The wasp was imported from South America into Africa and introduced into cassava fields in over 100 locations throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. The wasp has been effective in bringing the mealybug under control and reduces yield loss by 2.5 tons per hectare. The successful control of both the cassava mosaic disease and the cassava mealybug problems has raised cassava yields and turned cassava into a cash crop that is now spreading throughout Africa. Both cassava success stories are an example of the payoff from problem-solving research that may take many decades.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Nweke, F. I.",,Farm labour problems of the small landholder cropping systems in southeastern Nigeria,Zeitschrift fur auslandische Landwirtschaft = Quarterly journal of international agriculture,Apr/June 1980. v. 19 (2),,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12413/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Nwilene, F. E., Onasanya, A., Togola, A., Oyetunji, O., Semon, M., Tamo, M., Bright, E. O., Ofodile, S.",2011,Effect of intercropping maize and cassava with upland NERICA rice varieties on stemborer attack in Southwest Nigeria,Journal of Entomology,8,5,10.3923/je.2011.417.428,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12417/,"Rice and maize intercrop is a common feature of traditional upland rice cultivation in Nigeria. Stemborer larvae cause significant yield loss in rice. The study aimed at identifying stemborer resistant status of upland NERICA rice varieties and evaluating the effectiveness of maize as a trap crop to protect upland NERICA rice varieties against stemborers. The resistance status of 7 NERICA rice and 2 other rice varieties to stemborer was evaluated in 2006 and 2007 under natural infestation maize and cassava intercropping systems in the humid forest zone of Nigeria. In 2006 study, NERICA1, NERICA2 and NERICA5 together with the resistant check LAC23 were classified as stemborer resistant (SBR) and NERICA3, NERICA4, NERICA6 and NERICA7 together with susceptible check OS6 were classified as stemborer susceptible (SBS). The SBR varieties (NERICA1 and NERICA2) from the 2006 study intercropped with maize and cassava in 2007 revealed the effectiveness of maize as a trap crop and cassava as a refuge for generalist predators against stemborer damage on upland rice. Maize appeared an effective trap crop for rice stemborers because there was a marked and significant reduction in the stemborer attack on rice in the NERICA rice/maize intercrops (GrB cluster) as compared to the NERICA rice monocrops (GrA cluster) and NERICA rice/cassava intercrops (GrA cluster). Maliarpha separatellaRagonot was the predominant stemborer species on rice followed by Sesamia calamistis Hampson. It was concluded that NERICA1 and NERICA2 could be recommended to farmers in stemborer prone areas and that maize was a suitable trap crop for managing rice stemborers.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Nwokedi, P.M., Anyabolu, G.K.N.",1986,performance of the NRCRI/FAO cassava planter,Beitrage zur tropischen Landwirtschaft und Veterinarmedizin,v. 24,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12419/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Arajo Filho, J. T., Paes, R. D. A., Amorim, P. L. D., Comassetto, F. F., Da Silva, S. C.",2013,Morphological and productive characteristics of cassava grown under irrigation and nitrogen levels,Revista Brasileira de Saude e Producao Animal,14,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1242/,"The objective of this research to evaluate the behavior of cassava cultivated under irrigation and nitrogen levels. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in factorial arrangement (7 4), seven water slides (394.28, 333.16, 279.20, 213.00, 209.00, 169.16 and 116.60mm) and four levels of nitrogen (absence, 50, 100 and 150kg/ha) with two replications. Evaluations were performed at 60 and 120 days of regrowth. At 60 and 120 days there was no interaction between water slides and nitrogen for all morphological characteristics. The nitrogen and water slides separately exerted positive linear effect on the variables plant height, number of leaves, number of bifurcations, stem diameter and canopy area at 60 days. Just for the characteristic number of leaves and nitrogen use efficiency were detected significant interactions between factors at 120 days. Nitrogen rates exerted positive linear effect on the morphological characteristics of plant height,number of bifurcations, stem diameter, canopy area, fresh matter yield, dry matter yield and water use efficiency at 120 days. Similar effect was observed for the factor water slides, however no significant difference was observed for the characteristic canopy area. The morphological characteristics and production of cassava are increased with the use of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Nwosu, L.A., Onofeghara, F.A.",1994,"A comparison of cyanide accumulation, leaf retention and linamarase activity of cassava varieties during water stress",Acta Horticulturae,380,,10.17660/ActaHortic.1994.380.28,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12439/,"Studies of cyanide accumulation, leaf retention, and linamarase activity of a local cassava variety and an improved, more vigorous variety TMS 50395 were undertaken. Results indicated that water stress increased total cyanide in both varieties. The proportion of glucosidic cyanide and the free cyanide increase differently according to the variety. Proportion of bound cyanide was greater than that of free cyanide in the local variety, but not so for TMS 50395. Following relief from stress, all the cyanide components reached limiting values as a result of leaf drop rather than water absorption. The significant inhibition of linamarase enzyme activity under water stress and subsequently during rehydration indicates a water-stress induction mechanism. These findings suggest that cyanide accumulation under water stress is caused by inhibition in linamarase enzyme activity during dehydration.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Nwude, N. (Ahmadu Bello Univ., Zaria (Nigeria). Faculty of Vet. Med.)",1981,Some stock poisoning plants of Nigeria,Journal of Animal Production Research,v. 1,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12440/,"Seven species of plants toxic to livestock in Nigeria are presented. They include Lasiosiphon kraussianus, Erythrophleum africanum, E. guineense, Dichapetalum barteri, Crotalaria retusa, Gloriosa species and Manihot esculenta. The toxic effects, toxic principles, treatment of poisoning and preventive measures are discussed",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Nwufo, M. I., Ihejirika, G. O.",2008,Influence of inter-cropping and removal of diseased leaves on incidence and severity of leaf spot disease of Telfairia occidentalis Hook f. caused by Phoma sorghina,Life Science Journal,5,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12441/,"Telfairia occidentalis Hook f. was inter-cropped with cassava, maize and yam in the field to determine the effects of removal of diseased leaves and inter-cropping on the incidence and severity of leaf spot disease causes by Phoma sorghina. Removal of diseased leaves every two weeks significantly reduced the incidence and severity of leaf spot disease of fluted pumpkin. Yield was also affected by the interval of leaf removal. Inter-cropping of fluted pumpkin with cassava, maize and yam reduced the incidence and severity of leaf spot disease. The least marketable yield was obtained in the fluted pumpkin, cassava, yam and maize inter-crop. The two cultural practices, removal of diseased leaves and inter-cropping can be utilized by the rural farmers in Nigeria to reduce the incidence and severity of leaf spot disease of fluted pumpkin.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Nyamekye, K.S.",1988,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta) varietal screening for cooking quality - relationship between starch content, dry-matter content and mealiness",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12445/,"Twelve introduced cassava varieties from IITA (Ibadan, Nigeria), and three local checks were evaluated for their cooking quality in terms of their suitability for making Ghana fufa and ampesi (two local dishes). Only varieties TMS 30001 DB, Isunikankiyan W, TMS 6068 DB, TMS 60142 W and TMS 30001 W, and the three local varieties ATRA, Akosua Tutum and Ankra are suitable for both dishes. Mouthfeel or mealiness and the suitability of the tubers for the dishes were related to the percentage starch and dry matter contents of the tubers. Only varieties with high starch and dry matter contents of 20% and 30% or more were mealy and suitable for the dishes, except lower value TMS 30474 DB and TMS 60142W. ATRA was rated superior with 26.39% and 38.29% starch and dry matter respectively, Akosua Tutum 25.24% and 35.99%, and Ankra 21.25% and 35.44% starch and dry matter respectively. TMS 30001 DB showed the same degree of mealiness as ATRA and Ankra with 24.24% starch and 31.37% dry matter",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Nye, M.M.",1991,"The mis-measure of manioc (Manihot esculenta, Euphorbiaceae)",Economic Botany,45,1,10.1007/BF02860049,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12453/,"The distinction between ""bitter"" and ""sweet"" (toxic and non-toxic) varieties of the cyanide-containing food crop manioc (Manihot esculenta, Euphorbiaceae) has a long tradition in the tropical forest areas of South and Central America where it was first cultivated. Yet this distinction has no taxonomic basis. The levels of cyanogenic glucosides found in manioc varieties not only vary widely, but do not correspond with any other known morphological or ecological feature. Nonetheless, these two ""varieties"" are commonly reported to have distinct geographical and cultural distributions and are associated with a particular traditional food complex. This paper reviews the literature regarding the nature, distribution, and traditional uses of maneuvers and concludes that (1) the geographical and cultural distribution of bitter and sweet varieties of manioc may not be as distinct as has been thought; (2) traditional categories of bitter and sweet manioc may stem more from culturally derived belief systems than from current known levels of toxicity; and (3) the choice of complex and labor intensive processing methods usually associated with bitter manioc may not be required for detoxification but rather for the derived food products, particularly manioc flour.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Nyhus, P. J., Tilson, R., Sumianto",2000,"Crop-raiding elephants and conservation implications at Way Kambas National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia",Oryx,34,4,10.1046/j.1365-3008.2000.00132.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12454/,"Crop raiding by wild elephants is one of the most significant sources of park-people conflict in Sumatra, Indonesia. The distribution, impact and conservation implications of elephant crop-raiding in 13 villages that border Way Kambas National Park in southern Sumatra were studied for 18 months. The data are based on rapid village and field assessments, data logs maintained by village observers and a quantitative household survey. Elephants raided crops year-round at a mean rate of 0.53 elephants per day for the entire study area. The frequency of crop raiding was related to vegetation type along the park border, the size and presence of rivers, and the distance to the park's Elephant Training Center (ETC), which houses about 150 captive elephants. Wild elephants damaged at least 450, 000 sq m of corn, rice, cassava, beans and other annual crops, and close to 900 coconut, banana and other perennial trees in the area surveyed. Elephants killed or injured 24 people over a 12-year period in villages near the park. Villagers try to reduce elephant damage by guarding fields, digging trenches between the park and their fields, and modifying their cropping patterns. Elephant-human conflict decreases the probability of support from local people for conservation efforts. We suggest methods to improve the effectiveness of existing elephant trenches, the need to consider electric fences, external support to affected villages, and compensation to villagers for any damage caused.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Nyiira, Z.M., Mutinga, M.J.",1977,"Tetranychidae pests of cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz, in Uganda and their natural enemies",East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal,43,1,10.1080/00128325.1977.11662871,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12456/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Nyiira, Z. M.",,Population dynamics of the green cassava mite and its predator Oligota,Proceedings of the Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops,"1976 (Pub. 1977), 4th",,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12457/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Nyiira, Z. M.",1982,Cassava green mite: its distribution and possible control,"Root Crops in Eastern Africa: Proceedings of a workshop held in Kigali, Rwanda, 23-27 November 1980",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12458/,"The cassava green mite (Mononychellus tanajoa), not known in Africa prior to 1971, is now distributed in East, Central, and West Africa. Investigations to date have covered its identification, biology, ecology, and control. Recently, it has been claimed that M. tanajoa is a synonym for Eotetranychus caribbeanae, which attacks cassava in the Caribbean and Latin America and is known to exist in various African countries. Findings so far indicate that the green mite reproduces rapidly; that physical factors affect population and reproduction of the mite; that the pest is airborne and its dispersal across borders is not possible to control; that biological control should be part of an integrated approach; that some cassava cultivars are tolerant or resistant to mite damage; that quick-maturing varieties are subjected to fewer attacks; that plants subjected to stress, e.g., from lack of nutrients or water or from stiff weed competition, during the first 2-3 months of development suffer particularly heavy damage from mite infestation; and that the pest apparently has a 5-year, long-term population cycle as opposed to an intraannual population trend. Another finding is that an Entomophthora fungus attacks and kills green mites, but its application in biological control programs is limited because it kills predatory mites and is only effective during the rainy season when the mite population is already greatly reduced.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"O.A., Akinyemiju, A.S., Adegoroye",1988,Physiological considerations for tuber yield improvement in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12464/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"O.A., Opara Nadi, R., Lal, N.R., Hulugalle",1994,Hydrological properties of a conventionally ploughed tropical ultisol as influenced by methods of mulch application,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12465/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Zamora, O.B., Carpena, A.L., Baldos, D.P.",1977,Cultural management of root and tuber crops,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12466/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Arene, O. B.",1977,Influence of shade and intercropping on the incidence of cassava bacterial blight,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12390/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"O'Brien, Gerard M., Van Oirschot, Q., Orozco, O., Chaves, Alba Lucia",1997,"Output 2.2. Knowledge generated on mechanisms of genetic variability of plant response to biotic/abiotic stress. 2.2.5. The effects of pre-harvest prunning of cassava upon post-harvest physiological deterioration (PPD) potential, scopoletin and dry matter contents",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12473/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"O.D., Ramirez, J.J., Green, de, Caloni I.B.",1983,Evaluation and acceptability of cassava cultivars,,67,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12477/,"On the basis of yield and organoleptic evaluation, out of 10 cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars, IAC-12-829, IAC-Mantequeira, Jamaica 18 and Trinidad 14-56 are the most promising in this preliminary evaluation. The 10 cassava cultivars were evaluated in the hilly humid East Central region of Puerto Rico. The highest yielders were lAC 12-829, IAC-Mantequeira, Jamaica 18, and SRT-598-Sta. Catarina with 41.98, 39.24, 35.17 and 31 .13 tons/ha, respectively. Hydrocyanic acid content among cultivars was well below the toxicity level (50-100 mg/kg). The mean values ranged from 0.0 up to 22.3 mg HCN/kg of fresh peeled root. Regarding overall acceptability by the tasting panel all except Sta. Catarina cultivar were acceptable.",Excluded,Duplicate
"O'Donnell, A.G., Syers, J.K., Vichiensanth, P., Vityakou, P., Adey, M.A., Nannipieri, P., Sriboon, W., Suwanarit, A. (Dep. Agricultural, Environmental Science, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU (United Kingdom))",1994,Improving the agricultural productivity of the soils of Northeast Thailand through soil organic matter management,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12478/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"O'Hair, S.K.",1982,"Root crop evaluation, selection and improvement in Florida for energy applications [Arrowroot, Brassica, cassava, chicory, cocoyam, fodder beet, fodder carrot, Jerusalem artichoke, jicama, sweetpotato and taro]","Symposium on Energy from Biomass and Wastes (1982, Lake Buena Vista, Florida). Paper presented.",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12481/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"O'Hair, S.K.",1989,Cassava root starch content and distribution varies with tissue age,HortScience,24,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12482/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"O'Hair, S.K.",1990,Tropical root and tuber crops,Horticultural Reviews,12,,10.1002/9781118060858.ch3,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12483/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"O.L., Gamborg, K.K., Kartha",1976,In vitro techniques in the control of cassava mosaic disease,East African Agricultural And Forestry Journal,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12485/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"OGBURIA, M. N., K OKELEauthorDEPARTMENT OF CROP/SOIL SCIENCE AND FORESTRY, RIVERS STATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PORT HARCOURT, NIGERIA",2015,HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION IN CASSAVA (MANIHOT ESCULENTA CRANTZ) AFTER NATURAL AND ARTIFICIALPOLLINATION IN A HUMID AGROECOLOGICAL ZONE,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12501/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Oliveira, C.M., Fontes, J.R.A.",2008,Weeds as hosts for new crop pests: the case of Protortonia navesi (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) on cassava in Brazil,Weed Research,48,3,10.1111/j.1365-3180.2008.00633.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12502/,"Weeds may serve as reservoirs for new and invasive insect pests. The cassava root scale (Protortonia navesi) is a recent pest in the Brazilian 'Cerrado' that causes qualitative and quantitative damage by sucking plant sap. Recently, field surveys revealed that many common weeds in this region act as host for P. navesi in cassava fields. In a discrete survey, 15 weed species were identified that were hosting P. navesi. Among these, 13 species occurred during the cropping season and five were observed 4 months after cassava harvest. Eight months after harvest, only cassava volunteer plants were found to be hosting P. navesi. This survey provided a real example of the problem created when weeds host new crop pests. The management of weeds (including crop volunteers) needs to be considered as part of generalised pest management and pest invasion prevention schemes. Effective weed management can be a means of limiting the survival of new pests and the re-infestation of susceptible crop species in subsequent years. Simple studies like this point to a practical need to create greater collaborations between pest management researchers working within discrete pest categories.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Oates, J.F.",1995,The dangers of conservation by rural development - a case-study from the forests of Nigeria,Oryx,29,2,10.1017/S0030605300020986,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12505/,"The Okomu Forest Reserve in south-west Nigeria contains a 114-sq-km wildlife sanctuary that is an important refuge for several threatened species, including the white-throated guenon Cercopithecus erythrogaster. A conservation project that started in Okomu in 1987 focused initially on protection, but the emphasis recently shifted to a programme of agricultural development assistance to migrant farmers in the reserve. This approach, which appears to follow the philosophy espoused in IUCN/UNEP/WWF's Caring for the Earth, may hasten rather than prevent the destruction of this remnant tropical forest and its wildlife.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Obanijesu, E. O., Olajide, J. O.",2009,Trace metal pollution study on cassava flour's roadside drying technique in Nigeria,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12520/,"Cassava flour, generally consumed in Africa as food, is a major source of carbohydrate. Its common drying technique in Nigeria is sun drying for cost optimization whereby the flour (in powder form) is spread by the roadside for moisture content reduction process. This research was carried out at five major traffic highways in Nigeria to study the level of trace element pollution introduced through this drying method, identifying the sources of the pollutants mainly as automobile exhaust emission (major) and street dust (minor). At each site, ten samples (from the four corners and the center) were collected, mixed, digested and analyzed using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS) technique to determine the concentration of ten elements (Fe, Cd, As, Pb, Ni, Co, Cu, Cr, Mn and Zn). Analysis of certified standard reference material IAEA-V-10 Hay (Powder) was carried out to ensure accuracy and precision of the technique. Except for zinc, all samples have comparatively high concentrations. Specifically, Fe, As, Pb, Cu and Cd have concentrations as high as 7.2, 5.70, 17.16, 4.57 and 0.39 g/70 kg respectively as against the maximum human uptake limits of 0.01, 0.014, 0.08, 0.11 and 0.03 g/70 kg respectively. The results show that even though, cassava flour is a rich source of the essential and beneficial minerals required for healthy living, it's drying technique exposes it to the excessive intake of some of these trace metals which could be hazardous to human health. Alternative drying techniques are recommended.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Obanijesu, E. O., Olajide, J. O.",2009,Trace metal pollution study on cassava flour's roadside drying technique in Nigeria,"Appropriate Technologies for Environmental Protection in the Developing World Selected Papers from ERTEP 2007, July 17-19 2007, Ghana, Africa",,,10.1007/978-1-4020-9139-1_32,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12521/,"Cassava flour, generally consumed in Africa as food, is a major source of carbohydrate. Its common drying technique in Nigeria is sun drying for cost optimization whereby the flour (in powder form) is spread by the roadside for moisture content reduction process. This research was carried out at five major traffic highways in Nigeria to study the level of trace element pollution introduced through this drying method, identifying the sources of the pollutants mainly as automobile exhaust emission (major) and street dust (minor). At each site, ten samples (from the four corners and the center) were collected, mixed, digested and analyzed using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS) technique to determine the concentration of ten elements (Fe, Cd, As, Pb, Ni, Co, Cu, Cr, Mn and Zn). Analysis of certified standard reference material IAEA-V-10 Hay (Powder) was carried out to ensure accuracy and precision of the technique. Except for zinc, all samples have comparatively high concentrations. Specifically, Fe, As, Pb, Cu and Cd have concentrations as high as 7.2, 5.70, 17.16, 4.57 and 0.39 g/70 kg respectively as against the maximum human uptake limits of 0.01, 0.014, 0.08, 0.11 and 0.03 g/70 kg respectively. The results show that even though, cassava flour is a rich source of the essential and beneficial minerals required for healthy living, it's drying technique exposes it to the excessive intake of some of these trace metals which could be hazardous to human health. Alternative drying techniques are recommended.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Obayelu, A. E., Afolami, C. A., Agbonlahor, M. U.",2013,Relative Profitability of Cassava-based Mixed Cropping Systems among Various Production Scale Operators in Ogun and Oyo States Southwest Nigeria,African Development Review,25,4,10.1111/1467-8268.12046,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12527/,"Cassava is a very important crop in Nigeria by reason of its comparative production advantage over other staples. This study estimated the relative profitability of cassava producers and determined the effects of farm inputs on the level of profit of various scales of cassava producers in Ogun and Oyo States, Nigeria. Cross-sectional data were collected from 265 cassava-based farmers using a multistage sampling technique and were analysed using normalized profit function and budgetary analysis. Results showed that cassava/cowpea enterprise had the highest net margins of 127,249.63/ha and 122,325.73/ha in Ogun and Oyo States respectively. While the use of herbicides had a positive and significant effect on the profitability of small-scale cassava farmers in both states, cassava-cuttings had a positive and significant effect on medium-scale cassava farming in both states. Similarly, labour and farm size had a positive and significant effect on large-scale cassava farming in both states. The study recommends that small and medium-scale farmers should increase the application of herbicide, large-scale cassava operators in Oyo State should increase the use of labour, while those in Ogun State should also increase the cultivated acreage of land. 2014 African Development Bank.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Obayelu, O.A., Akintunde, O.O., Obayelu, A.E.",2015,"Determinants of on-farm cassava biodiversity in Ogun State, Nigeria","International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management",11,4,10.1080/21513732.2015.1071282,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12529/,"Global food security depends on agro-biodiversity. However, an enormous quantum of genetic diversity of agricultural crops has been lost over the last century, and this implies vulnerability, increased economic risks, reduced food security, loss of resources for future adaptation as well as reduced and unsustainable agricultural growth opportunities. This study examined the determinants of on-farm cassava biodiversity in Ogun State, Nigeria. We profiled cassava biodiversity indices of farmers in the state according to Margalef, Shannon and Simpson diversity indices, and identified factors influencing cassava biodiversity. Data collected from 160 cassava farming households using a multistage sampling procedure were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Poisson regression and Tobit regression models. Farmers experience had a positive relationship with their on-farm cassava biodiversity (p <0.1). The arable land size controlled by the farmer was positively related to Margalef (p <0.01), Shannon (p <0.05) and Simpson (p <0.01) indices. However, the land squared variable was negatively related to Margalef (p <0.01), Shannon (p <0.05) and Simpson (p <0.01) indices. It was recommended that appropriate agricultural land reforms should be incorporated into the agricultural transformation agenda as a key to fostering on-farm cassava biodiversity.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Oben, D.H., Menz, K.M.",1981,"Prospects for low cyanide cassava in Nigeria [Manihot esculenta, varieties]",,v. 6,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12531/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Oben, T. T., Atiri, G. I., Hughes, J. A.",2007,"Effect of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), genus Begomovirus infection on the nutritional components of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)",Phytopathology,97,7,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12533/,"African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) genus Begomovirus the causal agent of African cassavas mosaic disease (ACMD) is the most important virus infecting cassava in Africa. Studies were carried out to determine its effect on the protein, sugar, starch, crude fibre and cyanide contents on roots of resistant, moderately resistant and susceptible cassava cultivars using the Kjeldahl, colorimetric, trichloroacetic and the automated enzyme assay methods. There was a general increase of 9.9%, 6.7% and 78.3% in the protein, sugar and cyanide contents respectively of infected cassava roots for the resistant cultivar when compared to the uninfected; 21.4%, 1.2% and 22.2% for the moderately resistant and 16.56%, 9.5%, 37.1% for the susceptible cultivars. This increase was significant (P < 0.05; t-test) for the cyanide content of all the cultivars. A respective decrease of 2.4%, 0.1% and 14.2% was noted for that of starch. Crude fibre content of infected roots varied among the cultivars and so no clear-cut pattern was established. A significant positive correlation (R = 0.63; P < 0.01) was noted for index of symptom severity (ISS) with the starch content of infected cassava roots but with the other nutritional components, correlation was not uniform.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Obiagwu, C.J. (University of Arkansas, Pine Bluff, AR.)",1997,Screening process for ideal food legume cover crops in the tropical ecosystem. II. Application of the selection method for grain legume crops of the Benue River Basins of Nigeria (BRBN),,v. 10,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12539/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Obiefuna, J. C.",1988,Productivity of nitrogen fertilized plantain in intercropping systems,Fertilizer Research,18,3,10.1007/BF01049574,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12544/,"The investigation evaluated the productivity of plantain intercropped with cassava, cocoyam and yam, fertilized annually with 0, 320 and 480 kg N ha-1 respectively. Yields from nitrogen fertilized intercrops were higher than those of unfertilized treatments. In plantain + cassava intercrop receiving 480 kg N ha-1 plantain growth was suppressed. Plantain intercropped with yam and fertilized with 320 kg N ha-1 matured early and produced better bunches than other treatments. Plantain + yam or cocoyam intercropping systems fertilized with 320 kg N ha-1 were recommended because of improved plantain establishment and increased combined crop yields. 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Obigbesan, G. O.",1977,"Investigations on Nigerian root and tuber crops: effect of potassium on starch yields, HCN content and nutrient uptake of cassava cultivars (Manihot esculenta)",Journal of Agricultural Science,89,AUG,10.1017/S0021859600027167,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12549/,"Field experiments were made in the rainforest zone of Western Nigeria over three cropping seasons on the effects of potassium fertilizer of one local cassava cultivar 53101 and two improved cultivars 60506 and 60447 which were F1 hybrids of the former. The results showed that K-fertilizer increased the starch yields only slightly. Cultivar 60506 produced significantly higher starch yields (P < 0.01) than the local strain, 53101, while cultivar 60447 gave lower starch recovery than the local cultivar.

A definite influence of K application on the cyanide (HCN) content of the tuber roots could not be established. The peeled tubers of the improved cultivars contained much less cyanide than those of the local 53101 strain (P < 0.01). Potassium had the highest (0.72–1.28% dry weight basis) while phosphorus had the lowest concentration (0.06–0.12%) in the peeled tuber. Owing to its higher yielding capability the unfertilized 60506 removed larger amounts of potash (average 110.9 kg K2O/ha) from the soil than unfertilized 53101 (average 82.2 kg K2O/ha).",Excluded,Duplicate
"Obigbesan, G.O., Matuluko, E.O.",1977,Effect of potassium and bacterial blight on the yield and chemical composition of cassava cultivars [Xanthomonas manihotis],"Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, Held at CIAT, Cali, Columbia, 1-7 August 1976",,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12552/,"Studies on cassava cultivars having different levels of susceptibility to bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas manihotis revealed that the infection exerted differential influence on the mineral nutrient and starch contents of the cultivars. The disease caused a reduction in the macronutrient content, led to a higher accumulation of micronutrients in the diseased leaves, and adversely affected the tuber quality by lowering the percentage starch content. Despite the relatively greater tolerance of the 60506 cultivar, bacterial blight significantly reduced its tuber and starch yields.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Obigbesan, G.O.",1977,"Investigations on Nigerian root and tuber crops effect of potassium on starch yields, HCN [cyanogenic glucoside] content and nutrient uptake of cassava cultivars (Manihot esculenta)",,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12553/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Obigbesan, G.O., Fafunso, M. (Ibadan Univ. (Nigeria))",1980,"Some chemical components of Nigerian cassava cultivars and of the processed product [Manihot esculenta, proteins, amides and aminoacids, toxic and harmful substances]",,v. 81,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12554/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Obiri, S., Dodoo, D. K., Okai-Sam, F., Essumang, D. K., Adjorlolo-Gasokpoh, A.",2006,Cancer and Non-Cancer Health Risk from Eating Cassava Grown in Some Mining Communities in Ghana,Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,118,01-Mar,10.1007/s10661-006-0799-9,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12568/,"Food crops such as cassava, cocoyam and other tuber crops grown in mining communities uptake toxic or hazardous chemicals such as arsenic, and cadmium, from the soil. Cassava is a stable food for Ghanaians. This study evaluated human health risk from eating cassava grown in some mining communities in Ghana such as Bogoso, Prestea, Tarkwa and Tamso, which are important mining towns in the Western Region of Ghana. The study evaluated cancer and non-cancer health effects from eating cassava grown in the study areas in accordance with US Environmental Protection Agency's Risk Assessment guidelines. The results of the study revealed the following cancer health risk for Tamso, 0.098 (RME - Reasonable Maximum Exposure) and 0.082 (CTE - Central Tendency Exposure). This means that approximately 10 and 8 out of 100 resident adults are likely to suffer from cancer related cases by RME and CTE parameters respectively. For Prestea, we have 0.010 and 0.12, which also means that approximately 1 out of 100 and 10 resident adults out of 100 are also likely to suffer from cancer related diseases by RME and CTE parameters. The results of the study obtained were found to be above the acceptable cancer risk range of 1x 10- to 1x 10-, i.e., 1 case of cancer out of 1 million or 100,000 people respectively.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ochoa, Juan C., Verdier, Valerie, Beltran, Jess A., Chavarriaga Aguirre, Paul, Lopez, Camilo Ernesto",2008,Functional validation of two resistance gene candidates RXam1 and RXam2 to cassava bacterial blight employing RNAi [poster],,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12591/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ocitti, P, Baguma, Y.K., Mateeka, B.",1990,"Effect of spacing and shoot number per plant on growth, yield and quality of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12596/,"The effects of spacing and number of shoot/plant on growth, yield and quality of cassava were studied at Serere Research Station between Sept. 1983 and 1984 and at Namulonge Research Station between May 1989 and May 1990. The number of shoots had no significant effect on yield at 3 to 9 months after planting (MAP). Triple shoot system (TSS) gave the highest mean fresh tuber yield 28.70 tonnes/ha while single shoot system (SSS) gave the least mean fresh tuber yield of 26.58 tonnes/ha. High average fresh tuber yield of 28.95 tonnes/ha was observed at a spacing of 1 m by 1 m. Yield and quality decreased with increasing plant population in SSS, TSS and quadruple shoot system (QSS). Thus a spacing of 1 m by 1 m with a TSS was recommended for erect high branching cassava varieties to attain maximum fresh yield and high quality tubers.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Odera, M. M., Kimani, S. K., Esilaba, A. O., Kaiyare, J. M., Mwangi, E., Gachanja, E.",2007,Factors determining integrated soil fertility management in central Kenya highlands Participatory Learning and Action (PLAR) model analysis,Advances in Integrated Soil Fertility Management in Sub-Saharan Africa Challenges and Opportunities,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12606/,"This paper presents the results of a participatory learning and action research (PLAR) model analysis of factors determining integrated soil fertility management among subsistence smallholders in central highlands of Kenya. The data was collected during three days PLAR model guided focus group discussions in Mukanduini village of Central division of Kirinyaga district in Kenya. The objectives of the study were (i) to guide farmers through participatory identification and ranking of key socio-economic and bio-physical factors that influence integrated soil fertility management (ISFM), and (ii) to guide farmers through participatory identification and ranking of probable solutions to identified problems. The PLAR model analysis of the study was able to categorize the farmers in the village into three groups on the basis of existing ISFM on their farm holdings, and on wealth status. The key community-level factors constraining ISFM were rainfall/moisture, low crop yields, poor markets, and low livestock yields. The farm-level factors constraining ISFM were identified to be lack of proper soil and water conservation methods, lack of adequate soil nutrient amelioration, improper soil residue management, and poor tillage systems. Suggested solutions included increased use of inorganic fertilizers, optimal quantities of organic inputs, proper management and use of crop residues, incorporation of agroforestry species in cropping system, practicing crop rotation, installation of soil and water conservation measures, deep tillage, and planting crops like cassava and sweet potato, which give reasonable crop yields in poor soils.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Odigboh, E.U.",1978,"A two-row automatic cassava cuttings planter: development, design and prototype construction [duplicate]",,,,10.1016/0021-8634(78)90042-2,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12612/,"The manual planting of cassava cuttings is an ardous back-breaking operation and constitutes one of the major factors limiting the development of large-scale cassava industries in Nigeria. The two-row cassava planter described in this paper is fully automatic. The planter prototype is trailed, tractor-drawn at speeds up to 10 km per hour. It is designed to plant the cassava cuttings at an inclination of up to 80° to the horizontal, depending on planter speed, and spaced 890 mm on small ridges which are 900 mm apart.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Odigboh, E.U., Ahmed, S.F.",1982,An automatic cassava planter,"Journal of Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America",13,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12614/,"A new cassava planter was designed, constructed and tested. The new planter is a single-row prototype meant to serve as a building block for multi-row versions. It plants cassava stakes vertically on 25-30 cm high ridges with a within row spacing of practically 100 cm at an optimum planting speed of 7km/h.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Odigboh, E.U., Ahmed, S.F.",1982,A cassava harvester: design analysis and prototype development,"Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America",13,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12615/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Odigboh, E. U., Moreira, C. A.",2002,Development of a complete cassava harvester II - Design and development of the uprooter/lifter system,"AMA, Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America",33,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12618/,"This paper is Part II of a special report on applied research work being done under the Third World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Associate Membership Scheme. It deals with the design, development and preliminary testing of the uprooter/lifter system for cassava comprising the harvesting aid, extensions to the harvesting and a conveyor rake to lift the cassava roots up to the platform formed by the extensions. Limited tests performed so far showed that the prototype can effectively perform the intended function.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Odigboh, E. U., Ahmed, S. F.",1982,An automatic cassava planter,"Journal of Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America",13,4,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12619/,"A new cassava planter was designed, constructed and tested. The new planter is a single-row prototype meant to serve as a building block for multi-row versions. It plants cassava stakes vertically on 25-30 cm high ridges with a within row spacing of practically 100 cm at an optimum planting speed of 7km/h.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Ardjasa, W. S., Ando, H., Kimura, M.",2001,Yield and soil erosion among cassava-based cropping patterns in south Sumatra,Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,47,1,10.1080/00380768.2001.10408372,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1262/,"Soil erosion and crop production from the viewpoint of nutritional balance for family consumption in upland cropping systems were evaluated over period of 9 y. Cassava-based cropping pattern was adopted from the 1987/88 to 1989/90 cropping seasons and cassava cultivation with an intercrop was compared with other sequential cropping patterns from the 1990/91 to 1995/96 cropping season. The experiments were conducted in fields with Red-yellow Podozolic soil in Central Lampung, South Sumatra, Indonesia. The results obtained were as follows: 1) The yield of cassava planted in monoculture decreased from year to year without fertilizer application. In contrast, with fertilization, the yield was high and constant. The yield of cassava depended on the growth duration of cassava. The yield of upland rice and maize in monoculture was 2 to 4 times higher than that of intercropped upland rice and maize. 2) Cassava cultivation with intercropping of upland rice and maize as the first intercrop followed by peanut or soybean as the second intercrop or sequential cropping pattern of maize-maize performed well from the view points of yield and production of calorie and protein. 3) The amount of eroded soil during the first 4-month period in the rainy season was about 90% of the annual amount. Cassava cultivation with intercropping of upland rice and maize as the first intercrop reduced the amount of soil erosion. Soil erosion decreased appreciably from year to year. 4) Cassava intercropped with upland rice and maize followed by peanut or soybean was suitable from the view points of crop yield and maintenance of soil fertility in upland areas with Red-yellow Podzolic soil.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Odindo, M.O.",1992,Future prospects for application of insect pathogens as a component of integrated pest management in tropical root crops,Biocontrol Science and Technology,2,3,10.1080/09583159209355232,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12620/,"Insect pests and phytophagous mites cause a considerable loss to tropical root crops in the field. Major pests include the sweet potato weevil Cylas puncticollis, cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti, cassava green spider mite Mononychellus tanajoa, yam beetle Heteroligus meles, and taro hornworm Hippotion celerio. Field and laboratory evaluation experiments indicate that entomopathogenic microorganisms may be adequately used in the management of insect and mite pests in root crops. The highest promise probably lies with fungal pathogens (Beauvaria bassiana, Hirsutella thompsonii, Metarhizium anisopliae, Nomuraea rileyi, Entomophthora thaxteriana, and E. parvispora), but bacterial (Bacillus thuringiensis), microsporidian (Nosema locustae) nematode (Steinernema feltiae) and even viral (Baculoviruses) pathogens may be exploited in an integrated pest management programme of tropical root crop pests.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Odongo, B. (Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry, Fisheries, Kampala (Uganda). Namulonge Research Station)",1991,"Predation of cassava mite, Mononychellus tanajoa (Acari Tetranychidae) by indigenous and introduced phytoseiid mites (Acari phytoseiidae)",Entomologist Newsletter (Uganda),v. 1,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12627/,"The possibility of controlling or eliminating the green cassava mite (CGSM), Mononychellus tanajoa by introducing natural predators (mites) imported from South America was investigated. Four species of imported predators were introduced. Subsequent counts showed that the cassava mite population in the field where predators were released were slightly but not significantly reduced. A natural indigenous phytoseiid predator mite, Euseius fustus was found but its population was too low to effect control. Investigations to increase the population of both the indigenous and the imported predators are continuing.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Oduor, G. I., de Moraes, G. J., Yaninek, J. S., van der Geest, L. P. S.",1995,"Effect of temperature, humidity and photoperiod on mortality of Mononychellus tanajoa (Acari: Tetranychidae) infected by Neozygites cf. floridana (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales)",Experimental & Applied Acarology,19,10,10.1007/BF00048812,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12638/,"The effect of temperature, humidity and photoperiod on the development of Neozygites cf. floridana (Weiser and Muma) in the cassava green mite, Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) was studied in the laboratory. Dead infected mites began to appear 2.5 days after inoculation. At 33 and 28 degrees C peak mortalities were higher and occurred earlier (after 2.5 days), than at 23 and 18 degrees C. Mean LT(50) (time for half the infected mites to die) decreased with increasing temperature as follows 3.9, 3.0, 2.9 and 2.5 days at 18, 23, 28 and 33 degrees C, respectively. When placed under conditions of high relative humidity for a period of 24 h, the percentage of dead infected mites from which the fungus sporulated was highest at 28 degrees C (51.4%) and lowest at 33 degrees C (6.5%). The development of the fungus inside the mite was not significantly affected by ambient humidity or photoperiod. No significant interactions between tested factors were found.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Oduro, K.A. (University of Ghana, Legon, Accra. Dept. of Crop Science)",1981,Some characteristics of yellow-pigmented cassava,"Tropical root crops: Research strategies for the 1980s proceedings of the first triennial root crops symposium of the international society for tropical root crops Africa branch, 8-12 September 1980, Ibadan, Nigeria",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12643/,"Cultivated cassava with yellow-pigmented root flesh is called by different names by the Akans of Ghana. It has long been among selected cassava varieties in Ghana. The flesh is yellow when fresh and boiled. Bankye Borode (BB) is used in preparation of fufu and imparts the desired yellowish colour that is otherwise provided by the more expensive plantain. Yellow gari prepared from this type of cassava is so popular that some gari-makers imitate it by either adding palm oil to gari from white cassava or by scorching white cassava. Cassava clone BB-1 (UST 12-8) that was apparently mosaic-free was obtained from one of the IITA selections, 1976 TMS 30572, planted in Kumasi (forest zone) in August 1977. It was pigmented, and the quality of fufu prepared from it was good. However, when the same clone was planted for the first time in Legon, Accra (coastal savanna zone), in March 1979 the fufu quality was poor, indicating an effect of environment on the cassava. Accumulation of the pigment in the roots was observed to increase with time. It is likely that the pigmented cassava has higher vitamin A and calcium contents than does the white one. Mosaic-free and clean stakes were produced from some individual stakes of the clone BB-1. Besides BB-1, five more pigmented local clones have been collected from different parts of Ghana for studies that will include the effect of environment on the quality of cassava, the nutritional value of pigmented cassava, and the nature and mode of accumulation of the pigments",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Odurukwe, S. O., Arene, O. B.",1980,"Effect of N, P, K Fertilizers on Cassava Bacterial Blight and Root Yield of Cassava",Tropical Pest Management,26,4,10.1080/09670878009414920,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12647/,"Cassava bacterial blight, first observed in Nigeria ih 1971, caused an estimated loss of 25 million naira in cassava production in East Central State of Nigeria in 1976. Results in the present study showed that yield was reduced from 10.61 million t/ha at severity class 1.77 to 6.22 million t/ha at severity 2.01. Increasing K content of the leaves by K-fertilization from 0 kg K2O/ha to 180 kg K2O/ha in a soil with 0.25% N, 20.08 ppm P, 2.85 m.e. Ca/100 g, 1.17 m.e. Mg/100 g and 0.20 m.e. K/100 g tended to reduce the severity and enhance the yield. The main effects of N- and P-fertilization at rates up to 60 and 30 kg/ha respectively were not significant with respect to root yield. Highest root yields were obtained with the fertilizer level of 30 kg N/ha, 15 kg P2Os/ha and 180 kg K2O/ha.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Odurukwe, S.O., Oji, U.I.",1981,"The effects of previous cropping on yields of yam, cassava, and maize",Tropical Root Crops: Research Strategies for the 1980s,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12648/,"In a 4-year continuous cropping trial, 21 treatment sequences of cassava, yam, and maize as sole crops were evaluated for the effects on the yield of each of the crops and the total caloric yield. The plots received annual supplements of N, P, K, and compost. Yield differences among the sequences were significant with respect to the crops. Best yields of yam, after 4 years, were obtained from plots where yam followed 3 years of maize or cassava, whereas worst yields were obtained from plots where yam followed the ""basic"" rotation (recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture), which is yam followed by maize and, then, cassava. Highest yields of cassava in the fourth year were recorded when cassava followed maize followed by (fb) yam, fb maize. As in yams, worst yields were recorded for cassava following the basic rotation. Nematode populations in the yam plots and incidence of nematode attack were not influenced by the sequence. Total caloric yields during the 4 years were highest when root crops dominated the sequence. Annual relative mean yields of yam, cassava, and maize showed a steady decline with continuous cropping. It is concluded that the basic rotation of yam fb maize fb cassava is inferior to other sequences in maintaining soil fertility and sustaining high yields. Yields cannot be sustained and fertility maintained under the heavy rainfall typical of the area, even through the use of organic manures and fertilizers",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Odurukwe, S.O., Ikeorgu, J.E.G.",1994,Effects of fertilizer and time of introduction of cassava in yam/maize/cassava intercrop on component yields,Acta horticulturae,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12650/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Oduwaye, O. A., Ojo, D. K.",2014,Morphological variability and association of yield/related traits in cassava (Manihot esculenta),Tropical Agriculture,91,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12653/,"Genotypic, phenotypic and environmental correlation coefficients were calculated for fourteen characters in twenty-three cassava accessions planted in Ibadan (730'N, 354'E) and Mokwa (930'N, 554'E), Nigeria in 2004. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of plant characters to storage tuber yield. The field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Genotypic correlation coefficients of six characters that exhibited significant association with tuber yield were partitioned into direct and indirect effects. Stem diameter, leaf chlorophyll concentration, tuber diameter, fresh weight of tubers per plant, number of tubers per plant and dry matter of fresh tuber were found to be positively and significantly correlated with dry tuber yield per plant. Leaf chlorophyll concentration, fresh weight of tubers per plant and dry matter of fresh tuber had positive direct effects on dry tuber yield per plant It was concluded that knowledge of the relationship of characters that had significant association with tuber yield will aid the selection of genotypes that have high tuber yield. The results suggest that fresh weight of tubers per plant is the most reliable index of dry tuber yield per plant in the regions studied. 2014 Trop. Agric. (Trinidad).",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Oelsligle, D. D., McCollum, R. E.",1976,Accumulation of dry matter and nutrients by cassava,Agronomic Economic Research on Tropical Soils: Annual Report North Carolina State University,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12654/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ofoh, M.C., Lucas, E.O.",1989,The performance of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) and some food crops under intercrop system and the effects on the soil factors,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12661/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ofori, C.S.",1973,The effect of ploughing and fertilizer application on yield of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science,6,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12664/,"Investigations on the effect of ploughing on cassava yield on a sendentary granite-derived soil in the forest area showed significant yield increases when the soil was ploughed compared with the traditional hoe and cutlass cultivation. Deep ploughing beyond 30 em had no advantage over the medium ploughing of 23 em. Nitrogen application significantly increased tuber yield but potassium effect was not significant. At the level of application in this experiment, phosphorus reduced both tuber number and tuber yield.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ofori, C.S., Soil Research Institute, Kwadaso, Kumasi, (Ghana)",1973,Effects of various nitrogen sources on the yield of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12665/,"An experiment using three N sources, urea, sulphate of ammonia and sulphur-coated-urea (SeU), was conducted on a sandy-loam soil with a 'six-month' cassava variety as test crop. Nitrogen application significantly increased tuber yield on this soil, but rates beyond 70 kg Njha gave no further significant increase. Sources of N gave no significant yield differences when the nutrient was applied as urea, sulphate of ammonia and SCU.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ofori, F. (ed.), Hahn, S.K. (ed.)",1994,Symposium on tropical root crops in a developing economy,Acta horticulturae,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12666/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Ogazi, J. N., Omueti, J. A. I.",2000,Waste utilization through organo-mineral fertilizer production in south Western Nigeria,"Animal, Agricultural and Food Processing Wastes",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12679/,"Various wastes are generated in enormous amounts in most communities in Nigeria. The management of such wastes pose a serious problem to community hygiene. Poultry manure, cow dung, sawdust, sorted city refuse, shear nut cake and palm kernel cake were collected composted and enriched with local minerals to produce an Organo-mineral fertilizer (OMF), as an alternative nutrient source for Nigerian farmers and an effective waste management strategy. OMF's effect on maize (Zea mays L.) and cassava (Manihot esculanta Crantz) yields in maize-cassava intercrop and an estimation of the time of maturity of compost from various wastes were investigated. Seven types of OMF fertilizers were used and compared to zero fertilizer application and mineral fertilizer. City refuse collected contained 75 % non-degradable and 25 % degradable materials. Composting degradable materials of high and law carbon-nitrogen ratios together reduced the composting cycle from 84 days to 55 days. All treatments of OMF applied at a rare of 2.5 t ha(-1) equivalent to 90 kg N ha(-1), 60 kg P ha(-1), 40 kg K ha(-1) significantly increased maize yields in maize-cassava intercrop by 60 % compared with zero fertilizer application; and 20 % compared with the application of mineral fertilizer (P<0.05). OMF also gave the highest cassava tuber yield of 10.10 t ha(-1), which was 200 % higher than control plots without fertilizer and a 40% increase over mineral fertilizer plots.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ogbe, F.O., Atiri, G.I., Robinson, D., Winter, S., Dixon, A.G.O., Quin, F.M., Thottappilly, G.",1999,First report of East African cassava mosaic begomovirus in Nigeria,,v. 83,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12681/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ogbe, F. O., Dixon, A. G. O., Atiri, G. I., Thottappilly, G.",,Restriction of virus movement into axillary buds is an important aspect of resistance in cassava to African cassava mosaic virus,Phytopathologische Zeitschrift,Oct 2002. v. 150 (10),,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12687/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Ogbuehi, S. N.",1981,A preliminary study on preplant cassava stem storage on tuber yield,Journal of Root Crops,7,01-Feb,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12700/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ogundari, Kolawole, Brümmer, Bernhard",2010,"Estimating Technical Efficiency, Input substitution and complementary effects using Output Distance Function: A study of Cassava production in Nigeria","2010 AAAE Third Conference/AEASA 48th Conference, September 19-23, 2010, Cape Town, South Africa",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12721/,"In this study, we estimate an output distance function in the context of a multi-output and multi-input production technology by stochastic frontier techniques. Unbalanced panel data for smallholder farms that grown cassava and other crops in Southwestern Nigeria covering 2006/07 to 2008/09 farming seasons is used for the analysis. The results show that the marginal rate of transformation (MRT) between other crops grown by the farmers and cassava produced relative to the output mix is negative and significantly different from zero. We observed also that increasing returns-to-scale as well as technical progress characterized cassava production in the region. Furthermore, fertilizer and pesticides are found to have significant substitution effects on cassava production in the sample. We also found evidence that, in pairs, farm size and pesticides, labour and fertilizer as well as fertilizer and pesticides jointly exhibit significant complementary effects on cassava production in the region. An average technical efficiency level of 72.1 percent which implies approximately a 39 percent inefficiency level is observed from the study. Over the seasons, we found significant evidence of an increasing trend in technical efficiency level of the farms. Extension, credit and, occupation (i.e., full time farming) are indentified as efficiency increasing policy variables from the study.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ogundola, A. F., Liasu, M. O.",2007,Herbicidal effects of effluent from processed cassava on growth performances of Chromolaena odorata weeds population,African Journal of Biotechnology,6,6,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12726/,"An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of effluent i.e. seepings from processed cassava on growth performance of potted seedlings of Chromlaena odorata (L). Serial dilutions of effluents processed cassava i.e. 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, and 0% (water only) control were made and used to water potted Chromolaena plants for 10 weeks and growth performance i.e. plant height, stem girth, number of leaves, length of central mid rib, leaf area were taken fortnightly interval. Measurement of the weeds stem, root and leaves dry weight was taken at the end of the experiments. The cyanogenic residue from the soil was also analyzed. All growth performance parameters except plant height showed significant reduction (p<0.05) in all dilutions except that of 25% concentration where there was no significant difference. Amount of cyanogenic residue in the soil after the experiment was negligible (within recommended safe level) or 5 mg/kg (USDA) and lower when compared with initial levels in the effluents. Hence cassava effluent is recommended as pre and post emergent herbicide (at seedling stage) for controlling chromolaena infestation on small scale farmland. 2007 Academic Journals.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ogungbesan, A., Parkes, E., Kulakow, P., Aina, O., Iluebbey, P., Agbona, A., Alamu, O.",2015,Effectiveness of icheckTM device in the quantification of Beta-Carotene in yellow fleshed Cassava genotypes,Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism,67,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12727/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Ogungbesan, A., Parkes, E., Kulakow, P., Aina, O., Iluebbey, P., Agbona, A., Alamu, O.",2015,Effectiveness of iCheckTM in Quantification of Carotenoids in Yellow Fleshed Cassava Genotypes,Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism,67,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12728/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ogunjirin, O. A., Agbetoye, L. A. S., Ademosun, O. C.",2016,Instrumented rig for cassava harvesting data acquisition,Agricultural Engineering International CIGR Journal,18,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12730/,"In the design of a viable and appropriate cassava tuber harvester, the lifting coefficient of cassava tuber was determined to be a function of lifting force, lifting time, speed of lifting, weight of the tuber and soil surrounding the tuber. This paper described the design, construction and operation of an instrumented rig which allows the simulation of cassava tuber harvesting in the field. The rig consisted of the gantry, chain block, chains, hook/fisher, variable speed electric motor, 5 kN load cell and DI-1000U data logger. The developed rig was tested in a matured cassava field located at the experimental farm of the National Centre for Agricultural Mechanization, Ilorin, Nigeria in 2012. The rig effectively uprooted cassava tuber in the field in about 10 seconds and gave the maximum force of 678 N at soil moisture content of 11.96% db and uprooting speed of 8 mm/s. The developed rig should be utilized to generate force required to harvest cassava tubers at various soil moisture content and speed of uprooting at various soil types. The data generated could be utilized as base line data for the development of viable hand held and tractor drawn cassava harvester. 2016, Int. Comm. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering. All rights reserved.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ogunniyi, L. T., Ajetomobi, J. O., Fabiyi, Y. L.",2013,Technical Efficiency of Cassava - Based Cropping in Oyo State of Nigeria,Agris On-line Papers in Economics and Informatics,5,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12744/,"This study examined the technical efficiency of cassava-based cropping in Oyo State of Nigeria. The population for the study consisted of all cassava-based farmers in Oyo State. Well structured questionnaire was used in collecting information from 253 cassava-based farmers in the study area. Multistage random sampling technique was employed. The study was analyzed, using descriptive statistics, stochastic frontier production and multiple regression analysis. The result of the Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier production function revealed that cassava cutting material was statistically significant and positive in all the zones. This implies that cuttings are positive factors that influence output in the study area. The coefficient of farm size was also found to be significant and positive in all the zones except in zone 4 where it was insignificant and negative. This implies that farm size was a significant and positive determinant of cassava output in these zones The estimated gamma parameter of 0.814 indicates that 81.4% of the total variation in cassava output was due to technical inefficiencies in the study area. The return to scale (RTS) was 0.54 in the study area. This indicates a positive decreasing return to scale and that cassava production was in stage II of the production region where resources and production were believed to be efficient. The mean technical efficiency for the study area was 0.542. The analyses of technical efficiency revealed that cassava-based farmers were not operating on the production frontier. Productivity improvements can be achieved by implementing policies, such as, improved farmers' access to extension services and technical assistance, to ensure farmers used the existing technology more efficiently. This would make farmers operate more closely to the existing frontier.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ogunsua, A.O., Adedeji, G.T.",1979,"Effect of processing on ascorbic acid in different varieties of cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz)",International Journal of Food Science and Technology,14,1,10.1111/j.1365-2621.1979.tb00848.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12747/,The ascorbic acid content of cassava tubers decreased during storage at room temperature. Pressure cooking led to a loss of 20% in ascorbic acid. Steaming resulted in a loss of 50% in ascorbic acid. The loss in the ascorbic acid content in fermented products was about 95%. There was a conversion of a large part of the ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid during processing.,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Ohair, S. K., Dangler, J. M., Everett, P. H., Forbes, R. B., Halsey, L. H., Locascio, S. L., Ozaki, H. Y., Rich, J. R., Stanley, R. L., Trafford, H. J., White, J. M.",1981,"Location, Growing-Season and Soil Type Effects on Florida Cassava Yields",Hortscience,16,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12768/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ohair, S. K., Forbes, R. B., Locascio, S. J., Rich, J. R., Stanley, R. L.",1983,Starch and Glucose Distribution within Cassava Roots as Affected by Cultivar and Location,Hortscience,18,5,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12769/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Arene, O.B.",1977,Distribution and survival of Xanthomonas manihotis in cassava stem tissues and its significance in the selection of bacteria free planting material,Nigerian Journal of Plant Protection,3,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1279/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ojeniyi, S.O., Agbede, O.O.",1980,"Effects of single-crop agri-silviculture on soil analysis [in Nigeria, Gmelina arborea, maize, yams, cassava]",,v. 16,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12791/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Ojeniyi, S. O., Agbede, O. O.",1980,Effects of single-crop agri-silviculture on soil analysis,Experimental Agriculture,16,4,10.1017/S0014479700012023,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12792/,"Experiments were carried out to examine the effects of agri-silviculture in three different ecological zones of Southern Nigeria. The four treatments considered were Gmelina arborea (forest tree crop) alone, Gmelina + maize, Gmelina + yam, and Gmelina + cassava, each treatment being replicated 8 times in each location. Composite soil samples, collected from two surface layers of each treatment plot, were analysed. Inter-planting young forest plantations with food crops usually increased soil N and P, at the slight expense of soil organic carbon. However, exchangeable Ca, Mg and K contents, pH, and soil N and P contents, were not statistically different among the treatment plots. 1980, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ojeniyi, S. O., Odedina, S. A., Agbede, T. M.",2012,Soil productivity improving attributes of Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) and siam weed (Chromolaena odorata),Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture,24,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12795/,"In the present investigation, soils fallowed to Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia), siam weed (Chromolaena odorata), spear grass (Imperata cylindrica) and soil cropped to cassava were chemically analysed. Soil physical properties such as bulk density, total porosity and moisture content were also determined. The soils were also used to grow maize in screen house. Soils fallowed to Tithonia and Chromolaena had higher mineral values like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and also organic matter. The plant morphological paramters like maize height, girth and leaf area were also found higher than cropped land and soil fallowed to spear grass. Soils under Tithonia and Chromolaena had more favorable physical properties compared with soils under cassava and spear grass as indicated by lower bulk density and higher total porosity. This can be adduced to the ability of the Tithonia and Chromolaena weeds to protect the soil, proliferate surface soil with their roots, and attract fungi, increase biomass and organic matter.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Arene, O.B.",1977,Field evaluation of Agrimycin 500 for the control of cassava bacterial blight,Nigerian Journal of Plant Protection,3,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1280/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Oka, M., Matsuda, T.",1983,Some findings in leaf characters of cassava varieties,Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly,17,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12812/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Oka, M., Matsuda, T.",1983,Some Findings in Leaf Characters of Cassava Varieties,Jarq-Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly,17,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12813/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Oka, M., Sinthuprama, S., Limsila, J.",1987,Variations in Some Characteristics of Cassava Stems during Storage Prior to Taking Cuttings,Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly (JARQ),21,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12815/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Oka, M., Sinthuprama, S., Limsila, J.",1987,Variations in some characteristics of cassava stems during storage prior to taking cuttings,JARQ,21,3,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12816/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Oka, M., Sarakarn, S., Limsila, J.",1989,"Growth characteristics of a recommended cassava cultivar, Rayong 3, in Thailand",Japanese Journal of Crop Science,58,3,10.1626/jcs.58.390,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12817/,"Growth characteristics of Rayong 3, a recommended cultivar with sparse branching habit, were compared with those of Rayong 1, a traditional cultivar with tall and erect stems. Root production was largely influenced by the total dry matter production during the rainy season which was closely associated with a leaf area index (LAI). Rayong 3 showed some advantages in root production when compared with Rayong 1; i) high dry matter production during the rainy season, which was associated with a high LAI due to mainly the high leaf production rate per plant, ii) a high harvest index and iii) high dry matter and starch contents of storage roots. A moderate branching habit, represented by Rayong 3, could maintain a high harvest index when the total dry matter production and leaf area increased under the prevailing growth conditions of cassava in Thailand.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Oka, M., Matsuda, T.",,Some findings in leaf characters of cassava varieties,"JARQ, Japan agricultural research quarterly",Aug 1983. v. 17 (1),,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/12819/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Oke, O.",1985,Some problems of cyanide toxicity from cassava,Federation Proceedings,44,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12847/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Okeke, J.E. (National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, P.M.B. 7006, Umuahia (Nigeria))",1996,Effects of spatial arrangement and relative time of planting on intercropped maize and cassava,Tropical Science,v. 36,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12860/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Okezie, C.E.A.",1988,"Research activities of the tissue culture group at the Univ. of Nigeria, Nsukka",Meeting Reports Series (IITA),,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12873/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Okigbo, B.N. (International Inst. of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria))",1988,Opening remarks given at the cassava-based cropping systems research meeting (22 July 1986),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12876/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Okioga, D.M.",1988,"The use of biotechnology for improvement of cassava, yams and plantain",Meeting Reports Series (IITA),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12880/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Okogbenin, E., Marin, J., Fregene, M.",2008,QTL analysis for early yield in a pseudo F2 population of cassava,African Journal of Biotechnology,7,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12887/,"Genetic mapping of early bulking in a full-sib population of cassava was continued in a selfed family of 268 cassava plants derived from a single progeny of the full-sib population. The pseudo F2 population was analysed with 122 segregating SSR markers. A previously constructed linkage map of cassava consisting of 22 linkage groups covering 1236.7 cM, with an average marker distance of 18 cM was used for this study. The F2 population was evaluated for components of early yield, namely dry root yield (DR) at 7 months, harvest index (HI), and weight of fresh foliage (FF). Interval mapping, with single- and two-QTL models, was used to identify QTLs. The single-QTL model identified three QTLs each for DR, FF, and HI. The two-QTL model approach identified groups of QTLs that together explained 33% for FF, 43.5% for DR and 36% for HI. The identification of QTLs involved in early yield is an important step toward understanding quantitative genetic variation of early yield and implies reconsideration of breeding strategies for improvement of this complex trait. 2008 Academic Journals.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Okogbenin, E., Setter, T. L., Ferguson, M., Mutegi, R., Ceballos, H., Olasanmi, B., Fregene, M.",2013,Phenotypic approaches to drought in cassava Review,Frontiers in Physiology,04-May,,10.3389/fphys.2013.00093,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12889/,"Cassava is an important crop in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean. Cassava can be produced adequately in drought conditions making it the ideal food security crop in marginal environments. Although cassava can tolerate drought stress, it can be genetically improved to enhance productivity in such environments. Drought adaptation studies in over three decades in cassava have identified relevant mechanisms which have been explored in conventional breeding. Drought is a quantitative trait and its multigenic nature makes it very challenging to effectively manipulate and combine genes in breeding for rapid genetic gain and selection process. Cassava has a long growth cycle of 12-18 months which invariably contributes to a long breeding scheme for the crop. Modern breeding using advances in genomics and improved genotyping, is facilitating the dissection and genetic analysis of complex traits including drought tolerance, thus helping to better elucidate and understand the genetic basis of such traits. A beneficial goal of new innovative breeding strategies is to shorten the breeding cycle using minimized, efficient or fast phenotyping protocols. While high throughput genotyping have been achieved, this is rarely the case for phenotyping for drought adaptation. Some of the storage root phenotyping in cassava are often done very late in the evaluation cycle making selection process very slow. This paper highlights some modified traits suitable for early-growth phase phenotyping that may be used to reduce drought phenotyping cycle in cassava. Such modified traits can significantly complement the high throughput genotyping procedures to fast track breeding of improved drought tolerant varieties. The need for metabolite profiling, improved phenomics to take advantage of next generation sequencing technologies and high throughput phenotyping are basic steps for future direction to improve genetic gain and maximize speed for drought tolerance breeding. 2013 Okogbenin, Setter, Ferguson, Mutegi, Ceballos, Olasanmi and Fregene.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Okoli, P.S.O. (Federal Agricultural Coordinating Unit, Enugu, Anambra State (Nigeria))",1988,"On-farm performance of improved cassava varieties in Imo State, Nigeria",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12895/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Okoli, O.O., Hossain, M.A., Kissiedu, A.F.K., Asare-Bediako, A.",1996,Effect of planting dates and growth habits of cassava and cowpea on their yield and compatibility,Tropical Agriculture,73,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12896/,"Field trials were conducted at the farms of the Crops Research Institute at Fumesua, Ghanam from 1989 and 1991 to assess the effect of intercropping three cassava genotypes, of different plant archetype, which cowpea, having different growth habits and maturity regimes. Height of cassava was significantly reduced as a result of intercropping. Soronko, a semi-erect, 75-day-maturing cowpea genotype, reduced height of cassava the least while Legon Prolific, a spreading 90-day-maturing genotype, reduce height the most. Intercropping with cowpea reduced dry yield and number of cassava roots significantly (P<0.05). Dry yield of Ankra, a local cassava variety, was reduced the most while an improved genotype, TMS 91934, was reduced the least in yield and number of roots. All cowpea genotypes significantly reduced the yield of cassava and the reductions caused by the different genotypes similarly. Reduction in yield and number of roots of cassava diminished as the introduction of cowpea into cassava ploys was delayed. Intercropping cassava had no effect on cowpea yield. However planting cowpea on the same date as cassava gave higher yields of cowpea than were obtained when cowpea was introduced later. Calculations of land equivalent ratios and area × time equivalency ratios using the data were compared for estimating land efficiency use under the intercropping. Also, averaging them appears to be a fair estimate of eh productivity level of intercropping cowpea and cassava.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Abello, M.M.",2009,High-yielding varieties seen to increase production of Porac cassava farmers,Agriculture,13,5,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/129/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Okonwu, K., Ugiomoh, I. G.",2015,Tannin contents of some economic plants in Nigeria,Journal of Plant Sciences,10,4,10.3923/jps.2015.159.166,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12914/,"The study was carried out to determine the tannin content of five economic plants indigenous to Nigeria. These plants belongs to the families Poaceae (Maize), Fabaceae (Cowpea, Groundnut), Euphorbiaceae (Cassava) and Malvaceae (Okra). The study showed that the percentage tannin content of these plants decreased from week one to week four after planting from 5.20-4.80, 5.40-3.50, 10.20-4.00, 6.90-4.30, 6.30-3.70 for Maize, Cowpea, Groundnut, Cassava and Okra, respectively. There was significant difference in the weekly estimation of tannin content (F3,12 = 7.873, p = 0.0036) and between different economic plants examined (F4,12 = 3.908, p = 0.0295) at 95% confidence level. The tannin content of the plants altered the nutrient dynamics of the soil; this was observed in the increased mean values recorded for organic matter, organic carbon and sulphate content of the soil within the pH range of 5.95-6.65 from week one to week four after planting.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"AriasGarzon, D. I., White, W. L., Sayre, R. T.",1997,Overexpression of HNL in cassava plants,Plant Physiology,114,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1292/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Okorji, E.C., Obiechina, C.O.B.",1985,"Bases for farm resource allocation in the traditional farming system a comparative study of productivity of farm resources in Abakaliki area of Anambra State, Nigeria",Agricultural Systems,17,4,10.1016/0308-521X(85)90034-4,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12925/,"A study was carried out to determine the returns in utilisation of farm-resources in the production of three crop enterprises. These returns determined the productivity of resources in yam-based crop mixture (YBCM), cassava-based crop mixture (CBCM) and rice enterprises.

The results show that of the three crop enterprises considered in the survey year, YBCM received special attention in the resources allocated. Prime land, prime labour and a large proportion of household cash were allocated to the production of YBCM relative to other crop enterprises. Cost-return analysis indicated that all scarce resources such as labour, land and capital were more productive in monetary terms in CBCM and rice enterprises than in YBCM.

The cultural value of yam in YBCM transcends the monetary and food security values. It includes intangible value such as social status. The special place of yam in the crop production system militates against practical solutions such as the transfer of farm resources from the less productive (YBCM) to the more productive enterprises. Thus it is that improved management techniques such as the use of higher-yielding yam varieties, increase in cropping densities and the use of fertilizers need to be explored as a means of improving the returns of the resources used in the YBCM enterprises.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Okudoh, V., Trois, C., Workneh, T., Schmidt, S.",2014,The potential of cassava biomass and applicable technologies for sustainable biogas production in South Africa: A review,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,39,,10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.142,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12941/,"Bioenergy production from agricultural crop biomass or residues is gaining interest due to the escalating cost of fossil fuels and the need to mitigate global warming caused by increasing GHG emissions. Of all the different feed stocks used for bioenergy production in Africa, cassava biomass potentially offers multiple benefits for producing biofuels such as biogas. This critical review on cassava intends to highlight the bioenergy (biogas) potential of the crop in Africa. Initially, the basic agricultural properties of cassava will be reviewed. Cassava contains large amounts of fermentable sugars. Its starch content ranges from 20 to 35% based on fresh and at about 80.6% based on dry weight with 38.6% total dry matter. It has the highest yield of carbohydrates per hectare with the exception of sugarcane and sugar beet. It thrives well in all ecological zones with one of the best water-footprints especially on relatively low fertility soils, in drought conditions and requires low agrochemical input. High yielding and disease resistant cassava varieties have been developed for both food and non-food applications with China adopting the crop to meet its 2020 biofuel target. Based on the available literature, various pretreatment techniques including mechanical, chemical, thermal, ultrasonic and wet explosion strategies were considered. The advantages and disadvantages of each technology as well as adoptable technologies for cassava biogas production and its optimization in Africa and especially South Africa will be critically discussed. This review highlights the highly politicized food vs energy debate as the most relevant bottleneck for using ""potential"" food (like cassava and other energy crops) for energy production. It suggests a paradigm shift and a more holistic and complementary view of food and biomass energy production. In conclusion, it recommend considering cassava and its biomass as the next energy crop for biogas production in Africa and especially South Africa.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Okwee-Acai, J., Anyanzo, T. A., Aroba, J., Vuchiri, J. K., Onzivua, T., Okullo, P.",2010,Effects of apiary management on colonisation and colony performance of African honey bee (Apis mellifera) in the north-western agro-ecological zone of Uganda,Livestock Research for Rural Development,22,5,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12943/,"The north-west agro-ecological zone of Uganda, also known as the West-Nile region produces up to three-quarters of honey in Uganda. However, beekeeping in this region is still based on traditional technologies and practices and characterised by alarmingly low colonisation and high absconding rates. Using field experiments, we investigated the effects of modern apiary management practices on colonisation and colony performance of the African honey bee (Apis mellifera). Six experimental sites were set in the West-Nile districts of Moyo, Koboko and Yumbe. At each experimental site, 18 log and 18 Kenya Top Bar (KTB) hives were sited. Half of each hive type was sited at waist height and half high up on tall trees. A third of each hive type was baited with natural hive sealant or bee glue (propolis), beeswax or cassava flour respectively. Management practices were introduced three months after hive siting. Colonisation was significantly (2 = 38.20) higher in hives placed high on trees than those placed at standard waist height. KTB hives were better (2 = 30.06) colonised than log hives. Propolis baited hives were better (2 = 62.08) colonised than wax or cassava baited ones. Colonisation significantly (2 = 39.19) improved in experimental sites where routine management practices were instituted compared to sites with no management. Most (73%) that were categorised as strong were in sites where routine management was instituted. We conclude that, wide adoption and application of modern beekeeping practices could tremendously improve colony performance and apiculture production in the west-Nile region.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Oladeebo, J. O., Oluwaranti, A. S.",2014,Profit efficiency among cassava producers Empirical evidence from South Western Nigeria,Middle - East Journal of Scientific Research,19,12,10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2014.19.12.11428,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12952/,"This study examined the profit efficiency in cassava production with a view to isolating significant factors leading to variation in farm-specific profit inefficiencies among cassava producers, using Southwestern Nigeria as a case study. Cross sectional data obtained from 109 representative samples of cassava producers with the aid of structured questionnaire supplemented with oral interview were analyzed by the use of descriptive statistics to explain the socio-economic characteristics of the cassava producers and stochastic frontier profit function to estimate profit efficiency of cassava producers in the study area. Results showed that about 51% of cassava producers had formal education; about 50% had more than ten years of farming experience while the average age, household size and farm size of the respondents stood at 46 years, 8 people and 3 hectares respectively. Result of the analysis further showed that the profit efficiencies of the farmers ranged between 20% and 91%, while the mean level of profit efficiency was 79% which suggested that an estimated 21% loss in profit was due to a combination of both technical and allocative inefficiencies. The study further showed that household size and farm size were the major significant factors which influenced profit efficiency positively. The study concluded that there is scope for increasing profit efficiency in cassava production by directing policy focus on these profit efficiency factors. IDOSI Publications, 2014.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Olaifa, J.I.",1986,Toxicity of some insecticides to the grasshopper Zonocerus variegatus (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae),Insect Science and Its Application,7,2,10.1017/S1742758400008857,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12971/,"Twenty-one insecticides were tested for acute toxicity by surface film contact method against the grasshopper, Zonocerus variegatus (L.) in the laboratory. Decamethrin, cypermethrin, lindane o, o-diethyl(p-methyl sulfinyl) p′-phosphorothioate, and dieldrin were highly potent. Moderately potent insecticides were propoxur, bioallethrin, telodrin, isodrin, heptachlor and rotenone. A toxic symptom common to all potent insecticides in the female was the opening and closing of ovipositor valves which remained wide open at death. Five insecticides—dieldrin, telodrin, p, p′-DDT, chlorobenzilate, DMC and chlordimeform induced cannibalism among the treated females.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Olaifa, J. I., Adenuga, A. O., Kanu, K. M.",1991,Relative Efficacy of a Neem Formulation and 4 Conventional Insecticides in the Protection of Some Arable Crops against Acridoid Grasshoppers,Discovery and Innovation,3,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12973/,"Using walk-in screen cages placed on five varieties of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and one local variety of maize (Zea mays) and sorghum, the relative efficacies of a neem formulation (Locust Lotion) and four insecticides for protecting the crops from grasshopper damage were compared. Locust Lotion offered 100 percent protection to the crops for 14 days against five species of Acridoid grasshoppers namely Zonocerus variegatus L., Spathosternum pygmaeum Karsch, Oxyla hyla Serville, Catantops melanostictus Schaum and Atractomorpha aurivili. Bolivar was introduced at an outbreak rate into cages at ratio of 2010721. The insecticides caused varying degrees of defoliations except dieldrin (0.02%) and carbaryl (0.09%). The highest fresh tuber yield of cassava was obtained from the crops treated with Locust Lotion, followed by dieldrin and cypermethrin. Defoliation lowered the yield of cassava. The use of the Locust Lotion to protect cassava against Z. variegatus the more important Acridid grasshoppers in the rainforest, derived savannah zones of southern Nigeria and irrigated vegetables and rainfed cereals in the Guinea and Sudan savannahs of northern Nigeria is discussed and recommendations made.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Olaleye, A. O., Akinbola, G. E., Akintade, B. O.",2011,"Gravel, soil organic matter, and texture in fallowed alfisols, entisols and ultisols Implications for root and tubercrops",Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,42,21,10.1080/00103624.2011.614038,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12980/,"Southwestern Nigeria is replete with soils that have high gravel contents within the subsoils. Most of these soils are being opened up for cultivation as other land uses (roads and housing) are competing for agricultural lands. It is imperative that these soils be properly studied and managed to prevent serious land degradation, which may over the long term militate against food production in most rural communities. Thus, the objectives of these investigations were to assess the soil profile gravel contents, texture, cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil organic matter (SOM), and SOM/silt + clay (or SSC ratio) of these soils; assess which of these pedons will be susceptible to degradation using the SSC ratio; and evaluate the relationship that exists, if any, among the aforementioned variables. A semidetailed survey was conducted on 810 ha of land (7 40 N and 7 45N; 4 25 E and 4 30 E) located in the rain forest (RF) agroecological zone (AEZ) of southwestern Nigeria. Eighteen soil types/pedons were identified. Subsequently, profile pits (1.50 m) were dug, and soil samples were collected, bagged, labeled, and air dried. These samples were used to determine the proportion of gravel (&gt;2 mm) in the soil, and the &lt;2-mm fraction was used for the determination of particlesize distribution, organic carbon contents (SOC), and CEC. The SOM was determined by multiplying the SOC by a factor of 1.729. The ratio SOM (Clay+Silt) (or SSC) was calculated as total SOM (g kg -1) divided by clay + silt (g kg -1) and multiplied by 100. Results showed that the soil separates (sand, silt, and clay), gravel contents, SOM, and the SSC ratio have high coefficient of variations (CV), which suggests that these soils are highly variable. The gravel contents in the subsoils increased with depth and were generally 126 g kg -1, except in pedons AP (Typic UstiPsamments/Ferric Arenosols), PEA (Typic Kanhaplustalf/Ferric Lixisol), BA (Gleyic Lixisol/Udic Kanhaplustalf), GEA (Typic Kanhaplustalf/Ferric Lixisol), and JGB (Tropaquent/Dystric Fluvisol), which had gravel contents of 54g kg -1. The SSC ratio ranged between 1.33 (IB,Typic Kanhapludalf) and 14.4 (PEA, Typic Kanhaplustalf) and of all these 18 pedons, only 3 out of 18 (or 16.67%) had an SSC ratio of 5 and such may be at the risk of being degraded when opened for cultivation. The correlation coefficients among texture, CEC, SSC ratio, SOM/clay, and gravel contents revealed significantly negative relationships. Taylor &amp; Francis Group.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Olaoye, J.O., Rotimi, A.O.",2010,"Measurement of Agricultural Mechanization Index and Analysis of Agricultural Productivity of some Farm Settlements in South West, Nigeria",,v. 12,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12991/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Olasanmi, B., Akoroda, M. O., Okogbenin, E., Egesi, C., Fregene, M.",2014,Extra-early maturing Cassava varieties: Breeding status and progress,"Cassava Production, Nutritional Properties and Health Effects",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/12995/,"This chapter reviews the status and progress made so far in breeding for extra-early maturing cassava (Manihot esculenta) varieties. Late root bulking is a major factor leading to rejection and abandoning of improved cassava genotypes in sub-Saharan Africa. Extra-early bulking and high yielding (EB-HY) cassava varieties also referred to as extra-early maturing (EM) varieties in this review shorten the growth period from planting to harvesting. Some EM cassava genotypes have been selected for different agro-ecological zones in Nigeria after evaluation for two seasons at three locations representing three agro-ecological zones. Molecular markers associated with EB-HY in cassava were also identified using Bulked Segregant Analysis (BSA). The selected EM cassava genotypes offer cassava growers high productivity in less than 12 MAP. This will reduce the problems associated with long dry season experienced in most parts of cassava growing areas as farmers can afford to harvest their cassava plants at the beginning of dry season in areas where rainy season lasts for about 6-7 months. Also, the molecular markers identified for EB-HY in cassava avail breeders the opportunity to select for EM genotypes at early stage of breeding programme and thereby reduce the cost of such breeding programme.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"A.C., Belloti, S., Yaninek, H., Herren, A., Braun, P., Neuenschwander, N., Meza",1987,Major pests of cassava and their control,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13/,"Cassava, one of the tropical world's major food crops, is attacked by a wide range of insects and mites, more than 200 species have been recorded. Although cassava is often considered to be relatively tolerant to pests, recent research has shown that those pests which are present throughout the growing cycle (mites, mealybugs, whiteflies, lacebugs and thrips) depress yield significantly. The genetic diversity of cassava in the neotropics and the presence of numerous natural enemies are usually sufficient to prevent extensive crop losses. However, the shifting of cassava cultivation to larger plantations has caused localized pest outbreaks in Colombia, Brazil and Mexico, especially of cassava hornworm, mites and mealybugs. In the early 1970's the tetranychid cassava mites, Mononychillus tanajoa, and M. progresivus, and the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, were inadvertently introduced into Africa from the neotropics and have since spread throughout most of the cassava growing regions of Africa, causing severe crop losses. Tetranychid mites are also the most widespread and serious cassava pests in Asia. Recent research has shown that host plant resistance, biological control and adequate cultural practices are the most effective and feasible means for controlling cassava pests.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Olasantan, F. O.",1999,"Food production, conservation of crop plant biodiversity and environmental protection in the twenty-first century: the relevance of tropical cropping systems",Outlook on Agriculture,28,2,10.1177/003072709902800206,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13003/,"It is now clear that crop production technology and improvement programmes which work in temperate climates for large-scale intensive monoculture, cannot simply be transferred unmodified to the tropics. Tropical agriculture is dominated by small-scale extensive farming systems. Meeting the food and agricultural needs in the region therefore depends on the improvement and diversification of the cropping systems. Tropical cropping systems contribute to the sustainability of ecosystems, enhance the conservation and utilization of local crop diversity for food and agriculture, and take advantage of locally variable conditions. However, tropical agriculture has been seriously threatened by the importation of exotic crop varieties and the diminution of local ones, by the use of heavy machinery and agrochemicals, and by population growth. In order to further enhance sustainable production, more attention should be given to economically and ecologically viable adaptive research and crop variety improvement for mixed systems.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Olasantan, F. O.",2001,Tropical vegetables and spices: potential value and contributions to sustainable agriculture in Nigeria,Outlook on Agriculture,30,1,10.5367/000000001101293463,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13005/,"Tropical vegetables and spices have an important contribution to make to sustainable agricultural development in Nigeria. A high proportion of these plants are cultivated, mainly in mixtures under rainfed conditions, and they are significant assets for farmers and society as a whole. They are conserved for use by people as food, medicines, fuel, fodder and building and industrial materials, contributing to the ecophysiology and biodiversity of mixed systems. But, despite these valuable attributes, current levels of productivity are well below those necessary to help create a strong, healthy Nigerian economy, and there is limited research work on their production in mixed systems. Improvements in their productivity will depend on increased efficiency in the conservation and use of these plants, targeting the smallholders, wider use of appropriate improved technologies at farm level, and greater attention to their ecophysiological values. Agricultural research aimed at these specific areas is essential for sustainable agricultural development in the country. Implications for future research in plant breeding and agronomy are highlighted.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Ariori, S. L., Dara, S. K.",2007,"Predation of Neozygites tanajoae-infected cassava green mites by the predatory mite, Typhlodromalus aripo (Acari Phytoseiidae)",Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus,72,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1301/,"Typhlodromalus aripo is the most successful of the Neotropical predatory mites released for the classical biological control of the cassava green mite, Mononychellus tanajoa, in Africa. A few isolates of the entomopthoralean fungus, Neozygites tanajoae, which causes epizootics in M. tanajoa populations in Brazil, were imported to be released in Africa for the control of M. tanajoa. The present study evaluated the feeding preference of T. aripo for M. tanajoa infected by N. tanajoae in a preliminary attempt to determine the interaction between the two biological control agents. The feeding preferences of normal and starved, for 24 and 48 h, T. aripo for the healthy M. tanajoa and for those exposed to N. tanajoe were compared in choice and no choice tests. In general, T. aripo consumed significant quantities of infected M. tanajoa along with the healthy ones. Although, they appeared to have a slight preference for healthy M. tanajoa, significant difference (P < 0.05) was seen only in a no choice test when the predators that were starved for 24 h were used. The consumption of pathogen-infected pest mites by the predatory mites can reduce the effectiveness of the microbial control agent.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Olasantan, F. O.",2007,Vegetable production in tropical Africa: Status and strategies for sustainable management,Journal of Sustainable Agriculture,30,3,10.1300/J064v30n03_05,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13011/,"This paper reviews the status and management practices of vegetable production in tropical Africa. While the primary focus of this paper is on the production of improved, indigenous, and wild vegetables, consideration of their nutritional, medicinal and industrial importance, and genetic conservation are also outlined to provide a comprehensive overview of their contributions to the concepts of stability and sustainability of tropical agriculture. The major eco-physiological attributes of these essential plants in mixed systems are also highlighted. The major technical constraints, which are responsible for their limited use and declined production, particularly for indigenous and wild vegetables, are also outlined. The use of agronomic practices such as manipulation of plant population density, sowing, date, row arrangement, and fertilizer application to enhance growth, and complementary approaches such as mixed systems, ex situlin situ conservation, and promotion/ improvement are some of the strategies that are advocated to increase production, conservation, and use of tropical vegetables. In order to achieve effective sustainable vegetable production in Africa, a combination of indigenous and modern technologies that can be integrated feasibly is imperative.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Oleke, Jofrey M., Isinika, Aida, Manyong, Victor, Hanna, Rachid, Sabelis, Maurice",2012,Farmers' perception of coconut mite damage and crop diversification alternatives in the coastal belt of Tanzania,,v. 38,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13018/,"This article analysed farmers' perceptions of the effects of coconut mite in their livelihood and assessed crop diversification as a copping strategy for reduced coconut production. A socio-economic model of farmers' decisions on intercropping as an indicator for overall crop diversity was developed. The study was conducted between November 2009 and March 2010 in five districts in Tanzania, which were selected on the basis of the coconut's economic importance, using structured questionnaires which were administered to 200 household heads. Respondents were categorized in three groups resource-poor farmers (43% of sample), medium-level farmers (50%) and well-off farmers (7%) according to six criteria. More than 80% of farmers were aware of the negative effects of the coconut mite. The result further indicated that the damaged nuts cause a loss of more than 30% of the cash income from coconut. Intercropping coconut with cassava, maize, cashew nut, sorghum and pineapples were the alternatives used by farmers to cope with declining coconut production caused by coconut mite and lethal yellowing disease. Land ownership and size, income from crops, non-farm income and family size were the main factors that influenced the farmer's decision to diversify crops. Although farmers diversify their cropping systems in order to be self-reliant, there is still a need to promote policies and programmes that will address coconut production constraints such pests and diseases such as rehabilitation of old plantations.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Olife, I. C., Okaka, A. N., Dioka, C. E., Meludu, S. C., Orisakwe, O. E.",2007,"Iodine status and the effect of soil erosion on trace elements in Nanka and Oba Towns of Anambra State, Nigeria",Annali di Chimica,97,9,10.1002/adic.200790074,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13019/,"Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) is common in all populations. Iodine and other trace elements naturally occur in the soil but erosion leaches off these elements from the soil. This results in a continued loss of trace elements from the soil. In the present study, the levels of iodine, selenium, zinc and lead in the environment (measured in soil, bitter leaves (Vernonia amygdalina), cassava roots (mannihot utilissima, staple food in Nigeria), and drinking water) and urinary iodine from school children (n = 200), pregnant women (n = 60) and women of child bearing age (n = 60) were determined for Nanka prone to soil erosion and Oba all in Anambra State, Nigeria (used as control) to assess their risk to IDD. The levels of selenium, zinc and lead were analysed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry while the levels of iodine in the environment and urinary iodine were estimated using the method of Dunn et al., (1993). In this study there was a positive correlation between iodine and the metals. The results show that the mean concentrations of total soil zinc (0.690.16ppm); lead (0.400.12ppm) values in Oba were significantly (p<0.05) higher than values from Nanka (Zn = 0.330.10ppm; Pb= 0.210.09ppm). However, total soil values for selenium and iodine in soil were not significantly different in the two communities. Mean concentration of total vegetable zinc (0.630.14ppm) value in Oba is significantly (p<0.05) higher than the value from Nanka (Zn= 0.310.07ppm). However, total vegetable values for I, Se and Pb were not significantly different in the two communities. Also, mean concentration of total cassava zinc (0.650.15ppm) in Oba was significantly (p<0.05) higher than Zn (0.440.11ppm) from Nanka. However, values for Se, Pb, and I were not significantly different in the two communities. Mean concentration of total water iodine (105.2510.44g/ L) in Oba was significantly (p<0.05) higher than the value from Nanka (I= 89.86.42g/L). However, total water values for Se, Zn, and Pb were not significantly different in the two communities. The mean urinary iodine concentration of 170.6527.17g/L in school children from Oba was significantly higher (p<0.05) than the mean concentration of 156.1216.48g/L found in school children from Nanka. However, the mean urinary iodine concentration of all the women (pregnant and non-pregnant) were not significantly different in the two communities but they are below the recommended daily intake. The results show that people living in Nanka and Oba, could be at risk of IDD.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Arirob, W., Insung, A., Pumnuan, J., Won-In, K., Dararutana, P.",2013,Investigation of tannin crude extract from cassava leaves for mealy bug control,Advanced Science Letters,19,12,10.1166/asl.2013.5223,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1302/,"Different concentrations of tannin crude extract from cassava leaves were used for direct spraying, dipping, choice and no-choice repellent test for controlling cassava mealy bug (Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller). By direct spray method, it was showed that tannin crude extract could not kill cassava mealy bug as insecticide but remarkably repelled mealy bug. Dipping method at 1,500 mg/l tannin concentration could only kill the mealy bug of 7.4% and seemed to decrease plant damage of 32.52% when compared with control. Field experiment revealed that spraying with 1,000 mg/l tannin extract concentration could keep cassava clean, less damaging of mealy bug as well as cassava could promote new apical bud, axially growth and straight trunk. It was wondering that extract from cassava leaves could be used as cassava mealy bug repellant.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Oliveira, M.R.V. Lima, L.H.C. Campos, L. Lago, W.M. Queiroz, P.R., EMBRAPA Recursos Genticos e Biotecnologa",2002,Survey of whiteflies occurring in cassava crops in Brazil,,v. 17,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13027/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Arismendi, L. G.",2001,Research on cassava crop (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) in Eastern Venezuela,Revista Cientifica UDO Agricola,1,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1303/,"From the results of the diagnosis of cassava crop development in the savannas of Eastern Venezuela by the realization of 44 research works from 1962 to 1998, it was found that from interpretation of physiologic function of the carbohydrates accumulation in the roots and from the selection of adapted cultivars to the savanna conditions, the best genotypes were for bitter type, the clone Jos Mara and among sweet type, the clone Mantequilla. Vegetative material of basal origin should be used which promotes a production of 21.5 t/ha and the cultural practices that lead to this yield were use of 45 cm-cuttings, sowed in May with a spacing of 0.8 m between rows and 0.5 m between plants, making the weed control with herbicide Cotoran in doses of 2 to 3 kg/ha and fertilizing with 90 kg of nitrogen, 114 kg of phosphorus and 80 kg of potassium per hectare. In relation to the deterioration of cassava roots, it was found that when the pruning of stalks is carried out, fifteen days before root harvesting, this allowed roots remain up to twelve days without brown spotted. Seven researches were carried out about agro-social-economic aspects of cassava and it was found that when a technological package was applied (new varieties sowing, fertilization, weed control with herbicides, insecticide use, etc.), the production of cassava roots was tripled.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Oliveros, B., Lozano, J.C., Booth, R.H.",1974,Phytophthora [drechsleri] root rot of cassava in Colombi a,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13051/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Oliveros, B., Lozano, J. C., Booth, R. H.",1974,A Phytophthora Root-Rot of Cassava in Colombia,Plant Disease Reporter,58,8,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13052/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Oluba, O. M., Oredokun-Lache, A. B., Odutuga, A. A.",2017,Effect of vitamin A biofortification on the nutritional composition of cassava flour (gari) and evaluation of its glycemic index in healthy adults,Journal of Food Biochemistry,,,10.1111/jfbc.12450,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13084/,"The nutritional and anti-nutritional compositions of cassava flour (gari) processed from white (TMS 30572) and vitamin A-biofortified yellow (TMS 07/0593) cassava cultivars were evaluated using standard methods. In addition, the glycemic index (GI) of eba (local food made from the two gari samples) was also evaluated. The yellow gari had significantly higher crude fiber and sugar but lower starch contents compared to the white gari. Similarly, -carotene (7.34 g/g) and total carotenoids (13.10 g/g) levels were significantly higher in yellow gari compared to white gari with 4.97 g/g and 8.75 g/g -carotene and total carotenoids levels, respectively. Eba from yellow gari eba showed a significant (p<.05) lower GI (76.3) compared to white gari eba (85.7). Data obtained from this study showed that eba made from yellow gari had an intermediate GI while eba from white gari had a high GI value. Practical applications Vitamin A-biofortified cassava varieties have been developed as a sustainable strategy to reduce the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in areas where cassava is a staple food. However, information on its nutritional and health promoting potentials is limited. Hence, the current trend in terms of acceptability and production of vitamin A-biofortified cassava is low when compared with the white cassava varieties in Nigeria. Thus, results obtained in this study would further provide the needed information to enhance general perspectives on the inherent potentials these new cassava varieties has to offer. Furthermore, data obtained from this study could serve as a valuable source of information for dietitians and other health professionals in proper menu planning, in the management of hyperglycemia. 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Oluleye, A. K., Akinrinde, E. A.",2010,"Phosphorus-use efficiency of cassava/maize/egusi-melon and economics of phosphorus fertilizer application on Alfisols of Ekiti State, South-Western Nigeria","Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment",8,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13095/,"Potentials of rock phosphate (PR) and PR-fortified organic wastes (OW) as fertilizers are currently being explored. Three-year investigation was conducted on two Alfisols in South-Western Nigeria to evaluate their effects on P-Use Efficiency (PUE) and P balance (PB) in cassava/maize/egusimelon mixtures. Melon/maize were planted @ 20,000 plants ha-1 and cassava @ 10,000 plants ha-1 (1st year) but maize was @ 20,000; 25,000 and 35,555 plants ha-1 in 2nd and 3rd years. PUE decreased with increased fertilizer rates while PB was highest in PR plots. Yields with PR were higher than those of other treatments and partial budget analysis indicated higher marginal rate of returns for PR treatment (10.1) than for OW (5.1) relative to SSP. PUE for PR and OMF were higher than for SSP, confirming that these materials could be substituted for SSP in cassava/maize/melon mixtures in the experimental locations.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Olympio, H.K. (Ministry of Rural Development, Lome (Togo))",1977,"Togo [country statement, on cassava blight]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13124/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Omawale, Rodrigues, A. M.",1980,Nutrition Considerations in a Cassava Production Program for Guyana,Ecology of Food and Nutrition,10,2,10.1080/03670244.1980.9990623,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13131/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Omobolanle, O. L.",2007,Socio-economic conditions of peasant farmers the case of agricultural technologies' sustainability in southwest Nigeria,African Journal of Agricultural Research,2,9,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13137/,"Agricultural productivity and total annual food and fibre production in Nigeria are pitiably poor much below expectation. This study examined socio-economic conditions of peasant farmers and the consequences on agricultural technologies in Southwest, Nigeria. Structured interview schedules as well as in-depth study devices were used to collect data, which were analyzed using appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics. The study revealed, though both categories of farmers had most demographic characteristics in common, sustained users were older and had larger farm size. The study further revealed that there were significant positive correlations between age and adoption pattern (r = 0.16), age and soybean adoption level (r = 0.15), age and cassava adoption level (r = 0.14), organizational membership and extension contact (r = 0.21), factors affecting sustained use of maize and cassava technologies (r = 0.09) while a negative significant correlation exists between factors affecting sustained use of maize technology and extension contact (r = -0.15). There were also significant positive correlations between attitude of farmers towards improved technologies and factors affecting the sustained use of maize technologies (r = 0.44). However, policy makers and rural development workers should be conscious of the fact that sustained users are older and therefore are likely to be more conservative to changes. It should be noted that younger people are moving away from agriculture and that both categories of farmers require constant contact with the extension services if their current condition is to be improved substantially.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Omorusi, V. I., Ayanru, D. K. G.",2011,"Effect of NPK fertilizer on diseases, pests and mycorrhizal symbiosis in cassava",International Journal of Agriculture and Biology,13,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13153/,"A screen house study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a compound fertilizer (NPK) on the response of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) to diseases, pests and mycorrhizal symbiosis. Soil drenches of NPK (15 - 15 - 15, N - P2O5- K 2O) were applied at the rates of 0.083 g (10 kg ha-1) and 0.832 g (100 kg ha-1) per 4.2 kg soil. Mycorrhizal spores in rhizosphere soil and root colonization of cassava by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi were estimated at 5.5 months. Shoot heights and girths (cm) were assessed at 5.5 months. Incidence of pests-cassava green spider mites (Mononychellus tanajoa Bondar) (CGM), cassava mealybug (Phenaccocus manihoti Matt-Ferr.) (CM), African cassava mosaic disease (ACMD) and cercospora leaf spot disease (CLSD) were rated on varying scales. Mycorrhizal spores and root colonization were significantly higher in the control experiments (P< 0.01) with percentage decreases of 67 and 83% per g/soil of spores and root colonization of 61 and 83%, in the 10 and 100 kg ha-1, respectively. NPK fertilizer significantly increased plant vigour (stem & girth) (P< 0.01) and ACMD (P< 0.05). However, no significant effects on CLSD infection were obtained.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Omueti, O., Akinlosotu, T.A., Omidiji, M.O., Kogbe, J.O.S., Osikanlu, Y.O.K.",1995,Evaluation of local and improved cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars from south-western Nigeria for biochemical components,Tropical Science,35,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13157/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Oni, K. C., Oyelade, O. A.",2013,"Mechanization of production and processing of cassava for value addition in Nigeria C3 - American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2013, ASABE 2013",,3,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13187/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is the second most important food staple in Africa, after maize, in terms of calories consumed. Nigeria is among the three largest cassava producing countries in Africa. In 2002, Nigeria recorded an unsatisfactory growth rate of 1.2 per cent. However, Nigeria's economic performance rebounded, averaging growth at 7.3 per cent between 2002 and 2007. The pressing challenge for the nation lies in maintaining and improving current economic growth indicators and translating these recent gains into improved standard of living for the majority of its citizens. Poverty within Nigeria remains staggeringly high, averaging 50 per cent and 70 per cent of its general and rural population, respectively, living on less than US$1.25 a day. Agriculture still remains the dominant employer of labour of over 70 per cent and accounting for about 31 per cent of the nation's Gross Domestic Product(GDP). Cassava is the chief source of dietary food energy for majority of the people living in the lowland tropics, and much of the sub-humid tropics of West and Central Africa. To maintain cassava's competitiveness in world markets, further research is required to increase yields, reduce production costs, broaden the range of starch functional properties and increase the starch content and nutritional value of its root. In addition, processing efficiency needs to be improved, new processes and products developed, and new markets for cassava-based products identified. This can only be achieved by the integration of production, processing and marketing, through active collaboration of the various institutions involved, and through an effective partnership between the public and private sectors. Therefore, its production and utilization must be given prime attention in food policy. This paper aims at presenting an overview of mechanization of cassava in Nigeria and measures to take in promoting its production and processing for value addition and revenue generation.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Oni, K. C., Oyelade, O. A.",2014,Mechanization of cassava for value addition and wealth creation by the rural poor of Nigeria,"AMA, Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America",45,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13188/,"In Africa, cassava (Manihot esculenta) is the second most important food staple, after maize, in terms of calories consumed. Cassava is a major source of calories for roughly two out of every five Africans. In some countries, cassava is consumed daily and sometimes more than once a day. Nigeria is among the three largest cassava producing countries in Africa. In 2002, Nigeria recorded an unsatisfactory growth rate of 1.2%, However, Nigeria's economic performance rebounded, averaging growth at 7.3% between 2002 and 2007. The pressing challenge for the nation lies in maintaining and improving current economic growth indicators and translating these recent gains into improved standard of living for the majority of its citizens. Poverty within Nigeria remains staggeringly high, averaging 50% and 70% of its general and rural population, respectively, living on less than USS 1.00 a day. Similarly, though Nigeria is often cited as one of the largest oil exporting countries, agriculture still remains the dominant employer of labour of over 70% and accounting for about 31% of the nation's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Cassava is the chief source of dietary food energy for majority of the people living in the lowland tropics, and much of the sub-humid tropics of West and Cen- tral Africa. To maintain cassava's competitiveness in world markets, further research is required to increase yields, reduce production costs, broaden the range of starch functional properties and increase the starch content or nutritional value of its root. In addition, processing efficiency needs to be improved, new processes and products developed, and new markets for cassavabased products identified. This can only be achieved by the integration of production, processing and marketing, through active collaboration of the various institutions involved, and through an effective partnership between the public and private sectors. Therefore, its production and utilization must be given prime attention in food policy. This paper aims at presenting an overview of mechanization of cassava in Nigeria and measures to take in promoting its production and processing for value addition and wealth creation.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Ariyo, O. A., Dixon, A. G. O., Atiri, G. I.",2003,Effect of Detopping on Disease Incidence and Symptom Severity of African Cassava Mosaic Virus Disease (ACMD) on Some Newly Developed Cassava Cultivars from Landraces Introgression,Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica,38,01-Feb,10.1556/APhyt.38.2003.1-2.14,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1319/,"Twenty-five cassava genotypes were exposed to natural infection by African cassava mosaic disease (ACMD) in plots at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan (forest-savanna transition zone), Nigeria. The effect of removing the shoot tips (detopping) of cassava plants on disease incidence and symptom severity was assessed fortnightly for 14 weeks, starting 8 weeks after planting (WAP). There were highly significant differences (P < 0.01) in disease incidence (DI) and symptom severity (ISS) among clones throughout the period of observation, indicating different levels of resistance to infection. Detopping produced a significant effect on disease incidence in clones 91/02322, 91/02324, 91/02327 and 92/0427. It also had a significant effect on symptom severity of clones 92/0342, M94/0177 and TMS 4(2) 1425. The interaction between the treatment (TRT) and clone was highly significant (P < 0.01) for DI and ISS throughout the period of observation, an indication that there are differential responses of the clones to detopping. Cassava genotypes M94/0121 and Isu were observed to be highly resistant and highly susceptible respectively to the disease, while plants of genotypes 82/00058 and 91/02322 showed moderate susceptibility. None of the genotypes was immune to the disease. There was also a highly significant and positive correlation between DI and ISS in both detopped and undetopped plants. A conclusion from this study is that removal of shoot tips from moderately resistant cassava clones for consumption should be discouraged as it increases the severity of ACMD infection in the regenerating shoots of these clones.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Onilude, A. A.",1996,"Effect of cassavar cultivar, age and pretreatment processes of cellulase and xylanase production from cassava waste by Trichoderma harzianum",Journal of Basic Microbiology,36,6,10.1002/jobm.3620360607,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13197/,"Cassava wastes - the peel and the root fibre were taken through various pretreatment procedures before being subjected to solid state fermentation with Trichoderma harzianum. Most of the pretreatment processes increased the cellulose and hemicellulose content of the cassava peel and fibre by as high as 155% while sulfuric acid treatment resulted in 25.3% loss in the peel hemicellulose. The best pretreatment found to be 1% NaOH at 120 C gave the highest production of the C1, the C1 and xylanase enzymes with the cassava root fibre. Xylanase and cellulase production with the exception of the C1 was found to be affected by age while an improved cassava variety TMS(2) 1425 peel and fibre rated highest in terms of production of the enzymes. Percentage hydrolysis within range of 56.52-67.64% were recorded for the enzymes on sorghum grains.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Onimawo, I., Onimawo, V., Alamu, O.",2017,Residual B-Carotene and Cyanide Levels in Gari Produced from Unfermented Yellow Casssava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) Using Local Processing Method,Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism,71,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13198/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ononogbu, I. C.",1980,The toxicity of cassava,Trends in Biochemical Sciences,5,9,10.1016/S0968-0004(80)80802-4,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13204/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Onuegbu, B. A.",1997,Effect of cycocel on induction of biotic tolerance in cassava (Manihot esculenta),Indian Journal of Agricultural Science,67,6,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13211/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Onweremadu, Emmanuel U.",2008,Evaluating soil structure and hydraulic conductivity by land use in Nigeria,Soil survey horizons,v. 49,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13214/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Onwubuya, I.I., Eneh, F.K.",1988,Testing the feasibility of associating cassava and other food crops in oil palm intercropping systems,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13216/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Onwubuya, I.I., Eneh, F.K., Irusota, A.O.",1989,"The effects of varying populations of cassava and maize on the growth of the oil palm, yields of the food crops and incidence of insect pest",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13217/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Onwudike, S. U.",2015,"Effect of land use types on vulnerability potential and degradation rate of soils of similar Lithology in a tropical soil of Owerri, Southeastern Nigeria",International Journal of Soil Science,10,4,10.3923/ijss.2015.177.185,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13218/,"A field study was conducted in 2014 to evaluate the effect of three land use types on the vulnerability potential and soil degradation rate of soils of similar lithology in a typic hapludult in Owerri, Southeastern Nigeria. Three land use types namely Fallow Land (FL), Cassava Cultivated Land (CCL) and maize and yam inter crop (MYC), located in three villages in Owerri North Local Government Area of Imo State Nigeria were studied. In each of the village and land use type, three soil samples were collected at the depths of 0-15 and 15-30 cm. Samples were prepared and analyzed using standard methods. Data generated from laboratory analysis were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significant treatment means were separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD) while variations among soil properties and relation among soil properties was determined using coefficient of variation and linear correlation, respectively. Results obtained showed that irrespective of the land use, soils of the studied area were strongly acidic with high sand fraction (>70%) resulting to poor physical condition such as poor moisture retention and total porosity. The chemical properties showed moderate organic matter content, total nitrogen and available phosphorus. The exchangeable bases were low and below the critical limits with predominant exchangeable H and Al. Variations existed among soil chemical properties in the three land use types. Soils of the studied area have strong to moderate degradation rate and vulnerability potential. Relationship existed among soil physicochemical properties which positively or negatively interfere with nutrient availability. To reduce the high degradation rate and vulnerability potential of these soils and to improve the fertility status of the soils, it is recommended that farmers should be advised to plant acid tolerant plants. Organic fertilization and liming should be practiced. Cover cropping and conservational tillage should be practiced to reduce erosion and runoff.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Onwueme, I. C.",,Evaluation of the performance of cassava (Manihot esulenta Crantz) when grown from inverted stem cuttings,,"Feb 1978, 90 (1)",,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13219/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Ariza-Nieto, M., Sanchez, M. T., Heller, L. I., Hu, Y., Welch, R. M., Glahn, R. P.",2006,Cassava (Manihot esculenta) has high potential for iron biofortification,Faseb Journal,20,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1324/,"Since cassava is a crop targeted for biofortification, we studied the relationship between iron content and iron bioavailability in three cassava varieties. Phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, valence of iron and myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) were also measured. The in vitro digestion/Caco-2 model was used to assess bioavailable iron. Cassava is used in several traditional dishes that are represented by two preparations; cooked (e.g. soups, to be fried, or to be covered with salsa) and bread flour (e.g. dried and grinded for further used as an ingredient in several bread making recipes). More Fe was present in the bread flour (10.5-18.3 mg g-1) than in the cooked samples (5.6–7.5 mg g-1). Iron solubility ranged from 6–36 % in the cooked samples and from 17–30% in the bread flour samples. No phenolic compounds or ascorbic acid were detected. IP6 concentration was 2.0-4.9-mmol g-1. With respect to carotenoids only all-trans-b-carotene was found both in the cooked and flour samples at concentrations of 0.14-0.44-ng g-1. Caco-2 cell iron uptake of 0.082 mmoles of intrinsic cassava Fe was comparable to the uptake from 1mmole of FeCl3, indicating that cassava Fe was highly available within both the cooked and bread flour samples. This relatively high level of availability appears to be due to enhanced levels of Fe+2, suggesting the presence of a reducing compound in the cassava. These results suggest that Fe from cassava may be highly available, and that the cassava matrix may enhance the bioavailability of Fe of other sources of Fe consumed in the same meal.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Arjunan, G., Ranganathan, K.",1975,Cercospora leaf spot of tapioca and its control,Farm and Factory,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1325/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Onyeagba, R.A., Unamma, R.P.A., Enyinnia, T. (National Rost Crops Research Inst., Umuahia (Nigeria))",1988,Effects of duration of weed interference and intercropping on incidence and severity of cassava anthracnose disease (CAD) in cassava/yam/maize intercrop,Journal of Plant Protection in the Tropics,v. p. 51-54,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13252/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Onyedika, G. O., Nwosu, G. U.",2008,"Lead, zinc and cadmium in root crops from mineralized galena-sphalerite mining areas and environment",Pakistan Journal of Nutrition,7,3,10.3923/pjn.2008.418.420,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13254/,"Concentrations of the metals leads, cadmium and zinc were estimated in root crops Cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz), yam (Dioscorea rotundata), potato (Ipomea batatas) and cocoyam (Colocosia esculenta) harvested in some mineralized areas of galena and sphalerite deposita using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The Investigation showed that the sample analyzed contained lead concentration ranging from 0.030-0.190 mg/kg. Cadmium levels were in the concentration range uf 0.136-2.633 mg/kg in all crops, while zinc concentration ranged from 0.340-3.890 mg/kg. There was no significance difference observed between the levels of contamination of the different crops, while high variation in concentration was observed in the level of predominance of heavy metals in different location. These results reflected higher concentration of metals in selected crops from these zone. Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Arjunan, G., Ranganathan, K.",1975,Cercospora leaf spot of tapioca and its control,Farm and Factory,9,12,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1326/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Onyeka, T.J., Ekpo, E.J.A., Dixon, A.G.O.",2005,Virulence and host-pathogen interaction of Botryodiplodia theobromae isolates of cassava root rot disease,,153,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13260/,"Pathogenic variation of Botryodiplodia theobromae, the cause of cassava root rot disease in Nigeria, was evaluated with 84 isolates from three different ecological zones and four genetically diverse cassava genotypes using root slice inoculation assay. Significant variation was observed for the aggressiveness of isolates, resistance of cassava genotypes and isolate–genotype interactions for percentage diseased area. The isolate effect accounted for 32.13% of total variation, 38.60% was due to genotype effect and 29.16% due to isolate–genotype interactions. The virulence distribution of the pathogen isolates on each of the cassava genotypes showed that 11.36% of the isolates were highly virulent on 30572, 27.27% on 91/02324, 67.05% on TME‐1 and 90.91% on 92/0057. Biplot and joint regression analysis confirmed that the isolates varied significantly in their aggressiveness, and there was a quantitative differential interaction between B. theobromae isolates and cassava genotypes for percentage diseased area of inoculated root slice. However, there was relative consistency in the virulence classification of the isolates on resistant and susceptible controls.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Onzo, A.",2003,"Population dynamics of cassava green mite and its predator Typhlodromalus aripo in Benin, West Africa",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13266/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Onzo, A., Hanna, R., Janssen, A., Sabelis, M.W.",2004,Interactions between two neotropical phytoseiid predators on cassava plants and consequences for biological control of a shared spider mite prey: a screenhouse evaluation,Biocontrol Science and Technology,14,1,10.1080/09583150310001638548,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13269/,"The issue of introducing single or multiple natural enemy species for classical biological control has been an area of intense inquiry by ecologists and biological control practitioners. This is particularly relevant to classical biological control of cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) (Tetranychidae) in Africa, as this pest mite is shared by several natural enemies in the Neotropics (its area of origin), two of which have been introduced and established widely in Africa. We conducted two screenhouse experiments using the two neotropical phytoseiid predatory mites, Typhlodromalus aripo DeLeon and Typhlodromalus manihoti Moraes, to determine the effects of single and two-predator species on population dynamics of the two predators and on suppression of M. tanajoa populations. The two predators are thought to be complementary in their impact on their shared prey M. tanajoa, due to similarities in their preference for this prey and to differences in their spatial distribution and foraging activities on cassava. The two predator species were released alone or together at low and at high initial densities of M. tanajoa. In all cases, predator releases resulted in significant suppression of M. tanajoa, but the degree of suppression did not differ among single and two-species releases with one exception at high initial density of M. tanajoa, releases of T. aripo alone had less impact than that of either T. manihoti alone or of the two species together. Typhlodromalus aripo also appeared to be inferior as a competitor of T. manihoti at low initial density of M. tanajoa, the proportion of T. aripo in the two-predator release treatments gradually declined and was strikingly lower than in the single species release, probably due to intraguild predation on its larvae by T. manihoti. However, T. aripo persisted longer than T. manihoti after elimination of M. tanajoa. On the basis of this study under semi-natural conditions, it appears that either species is sufficient for controlling M. tanajoa populations, with T. manihoti being more efficient at high initial prey densities and T. aripo at low initial prey densities. At high prey density, T. manihoti increased to large numbers and outcompeted T. aripo. Relevance of these findings to larger spatial scale and under natural conditions is discussed.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Onzo, A., Hanna, R., Negloh, K., Toko, M., Sabelis, M. W.",2005,Biological control of cassava green mite with exotic and indigenous phytoseiid predators - Effects of intraguild predation and supplementary food,Biological Control,33,2,10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.02.006,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13270/,"Intraguild predation, one aspect of predator-predator interaction, has received in recent years increasingly greater attention because of mounting evidence of the impact of predator-predator interactions on the structure of ecological communities and biological pest control. In laboratory experiments, we determined if intraguild predation occurs between Typhlodromalus manihoti and Euseius fustis, two phytoseiid mite predators of the cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa on cassava in Africa, and if the level of intraguild predation is affected by the availability of the primary prey, M. tanajoa, and maize pollen as alternative non-prey food. In the laboratory, the two predators attacked and killed heterospecific larvae but they did so only when prey mites and alternative food (maize pollen) were absent or scarce. On a diet of intraguild prey alone, the two predator species survived for several days but failed to reproduce. Addition of abundant levels of M. tanajoa and maize pollen increased survival and reproduction of the two predator species and reduced intraguild predation to very low levels. We then determined, on whole plants in pot experiments in a screenhouse, the effect of maize pollen (an alternative food) on the interactions between the two predator species and the impact of predator-predator interactions on suppression of M. tanajoa population densities. In single predator species treatments, both E. fustis and T. manihoti significantly reduced M. tanajoa densities; but surprisingly, E. fustis appeared to be superior to T. manihoti. The co-presence of the two predators on the same cassava plant resulted in similar suppression of M. tanajoa population densities, but greater suppression of M. tanajoa compared with T. manihoti alone, regardless of presence or absence of maize pollen. The presence of the two predator species together reduced their respective abundance compared with single predator species treatments. Addition of maize pollen, however, significantly increased densities of the generalist predator E. fustis, in both single and two predator species treatments; and tilted the balance of the interactions between the two predator species in favour of E. fustis. The findings of our research underscore the role of generalist predators like E. fustis in the suppression of M. tanajoa populations on cassava, and the potential role of alternative non-prey food in altering the interactions between co-occurring predators sharing the same primary prey (by favouring the generalist predators), and the effect of these interactions on suppression of population densities of the shared primary prey. 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Onzo, Alexis, Sabelis, Maurice W., Hanna, Rachid",2010,Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on Predatory Mites and the Role of Refuges in Plant Structures,,v. 39  issue 2,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13275/,"Most studies on ecological impact of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation generally focus on plants. However, UV radiation can also affect organisms at other trophic levels. Protection against mortality induced by solar UV has, therefore, been hypothesized as one of the reasons why Typhlodromalus aripo hides in the apex of cassava plants during the day and comes out at night to prey on spider mites on leaves. In laboratory experiments using UV lamps, we determined the impact of UVA and UVB radiation on survival and oviposition of two leaf-inhabiting mites (Amblydromalus manihoti, Euseius fustis) and the apex-inhabiting mite (T. aripo), all three species being predators used for controlling the cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa in Africa. Whereas on leaf discs UVA has no negative impact on survival of the three predators, UVB is lethal to all of them. In contrast, nearly 85% of T. aripo survived after exposure to UVB inside apex of cassava plants. Exposure of A. manihoti and E. fustis to UVB radiation on the lower surface of a cassava leaf resulted in 36% survival. Oviposition and hatching of eggs laid after exposure to UVB were not affected, but eggs directly exposed to UVB did not hatch. Although caution should be exercised to extrapolate laboratory studies to the field, our results support the hypothesis that lower side of leaves, but especially plant apices, represent refuges that protect predatory mites from UVB. This might explain why T. aripo moves out of the apex to forage on leaves only during the night.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Onzo, Alexis, Hanna, Rachid, Sabelis, Maurice W.",2012,The predatory mite Typhlodromalus aripo prefers green-mite induced plant odours from pubescent cassava varieties,Experimental & Applied Acarology,58,4,10.1007/s10493-012-9595-0,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13276/,"It is well known that plant-inhabiting predators use herbivore-induced plant volatiles to locate herbivores being their prey. Much less known, however, is the phenomenon that genotypes of the same host plant species vary in the attractiveness of these induced chemical signals, whereas they also differ in characteristics that affect the predators foraging success, such as leaf pubescence. In a series of two-choice experiments (using a Y-tube olfactometer) we determined the preference of Typhlodromalus aripo for pubescent versus glabrous cassava cultivars infested with the cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa and also the preference for cultivars within each of the two groups. We found that when offered a choice between pubescent and glabrous cassava cultivars (either apex or leaves), T. aripo was significantly more attracted to pubescent cultivars. For each cultivar, M. tanajoa infested leaves and apices were equally attractive to T. aripo. There was however some variation in the response of T. aripo to M. tanajoa-infested plant parts within the group of pubescent cultivars, as well as within the group of glabrous cultivars. Our study confirms not only that T. aripo uses herbivore-induced plant volatiles to search for prey in cassava fields, but it also shows that it can discriminate between glabrous and pubescent cultivars and prefers the latter. This knowledge can be useful in selecting cultivars that are attractive and suitable to T. aripo, which, in turn, may promote biological control of the cassava green mite.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Onzo, Alexis, Bello, Iliyath A., Hanna, Rachid",2013,Effects of the entomopathogenic fungus Neozygites tanajoae and the predatory mite Typhlodromalus aripo on cassava green mite densities screenhouse experiments,BioControl,58,,10.1007/s10526-013-9508-0,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13277/,"To improve biocontrol of the cassava green mite, Mononychellus tanajoa, a series of screenhouse experiments were conducted on cassava to determine the effects of single and combined releases of the predatory mite Typhlodromalus aripo and the entomopathogenic fungus Neozygites tanajoae on the suppression of M. tanajoa. We showed that, separately or in combination, T. aripo and N. tanajoae significantly reduced M. tanajoa populations. Moreover, combined release of T. aripo and N. tanajoae on the same cassava plants improved M. tanajoa control. However, our data suggest between T. aripo and N. tanajoae an asymmetric competition that significantly affected N. tanajoae only. This interference is indirect, probably mediated by their common prey or host mite, M. tanajoa since N. tanajoae is not pathogenic to T. aripo. We conclude that adding N. tanajoae to T. aripo populations in Africa would not negatively affect T. aripo and would further promote biocontrol of M. tanajoa.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ooi, P.A.C.",1982,The plague caterpillar,Nature Malaysiana,7,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13281/,"The term 'plague caterpillars' refers to the presence of thousands of caterpillars devouring the leaves of cassava. The life-cycle of the insect pest is described. As it is normal under natural control, it is advised that a surveillance for the pest be maintained to facilitate early detection rather than to pursue a wasteful routine spraying programme",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ooi, P.A.C.",1982,plague caterpillars,Nature malaysiana,v. 7,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13282/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Opabode, J. T., Ajibola, O. V., Oyelakin, O. O., Akinyemiju, O. A.",2016,Somatic embryogenesis and genetic uniformity of cassava plants regenerated from secondary somatic cotyledons preserved in osmotic agents,Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology,26,1,10.3329/ptcb.v26i1.29766,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13290/,"Somatic embryogenesis, plant regeneration and genetic stability of regenerants grown from cassava secondary somatic cotyledon preserved at 160C on medium containing mannitol or sorbitol alone and their combinations were investigated. Irrespective of osmotic agents in the medium, survival of cotyledon explant, frequency of somatic embryos, shoot induction, number of somatic embryo per explant, shoot elongation and rooting decreased as preservation period increased. The highest survival rate of cotyledon explants, frequency of somatic embryos, shoot induction and shoot elongation were observed on media containing 2% mannitol. However, the highest per cent rooting occurred on medium containing mannitol alone at 8 months after storage (MAS) and on media containing mannitol or sorbitol alone at 16 MAS. RAPD analysis suggested genetic uniformity among regenerants and their control plant. Osmotic preservation of secondary somatic embryos of cassava on 2% mannitol at 160C is the best slow-growth method. 2016, Bangladesh Association for Plant Tissue. All rights reserved.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Opare-Obisaw, C., Asante, I. K., Annan, E. K.",2004,Sensory characteristics of fufu prepared with cassava roots (Manihot esculenta Crantz) stored in polyethylene sacks,International Journal of Consumer Studies,28,1,10.1111/j.1470-6431.2004.00311.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13298/,"This study was carried out to assess the effect of storage of cassava roots in polyethylene sacks for periods of 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks on the sensory characteristics of cassava fufu, a popular Ghanaian dish. Freshly harvested cassava roots were dipped in tap water and packed into polyethylene sacks in 2-kg batches and stored at room temperature (25C 1C). Samples of fresh cassava fufu were evaluated and then at two weekly intervals for a period of 8 weeks. Attributes evaluated were colour, smell, elasticity, smoothness and taste. A structured six-point ranking scale ranging from 6 (excellent) to 1 (very poor) was used for the evaluation. The data were analysed using analysis of variance, and the least significance difference test at P < 0.05 was used to determine differences between means. The results showed that storage of cassava roots for up to 8 weeks did not significantly affect the colour, smell, elasticity and taste of cassava fufu. However, smoothness of fufu prepared with cassava stored for 6 and 8 weeks was significantly different from the samples of the fresh cassava, and those stored for 2 and 4 weeks. It was concluded that cassava roots stored for periods up to 8 weeks in polyethylene sacks produced fufu of similar characteristics as fresh cassava fufu. This method is therefore recommended for use by homemakers, food service operators, cassava retailers and processors to save them time, energy and money used for the frequent trips for purchases. The method would also reduce post-harvest losses to a large extent. 2017 Wiley. All rights reserved.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Oparinde, Adewale; Banerji, Abhijit; Birol, Ekin; Ilona, Paul",2015,Information and consumer willingness to pay for biofortified yellow cassava Evidence from experimental auctions in Nigeria,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13299/,Non-PR,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Abhary, M., Solomon, F., Cahoon, E., Taylor, N., Fauquet, C.",2010,Dual Trait Expression in Cassava Storage Roots for Accumulation of b-Carotene and Storage Protein,In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Animal,46,,10.1007/s11626-010-9339-6,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/133/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a major food source for millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa. Although its storage roots are rich in calories, they contain less than 2% dry weight (dw) protein and only 3–5 mg/g β-carotenes, leaving those who rely on this crop as a major component of their diet are at risk of malnutrition. We describe the production of cassava transgenically modified to accumulate β-carotene and nutritionally valuable storage protein within the same storage root tissues. The cultivar 60444 was genetically transformed with a single binary vector carrying two genes of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway and one coding for sporamin targeted to form protein bodies within the ER. Expression of all three transgenes was under control of individual patatin promoters. Efficiency of transformation for this triple gene construct was not reduced compared to that of a single transgene, and RNA expression studies showed all transgenes to be expressed at comparable levels within the same transgenic event. Seven RNA expressing plant lines were established in the greenhouse and storage roots analyzed at 6 mo of age. Levels of total protein in these tissues were found to have increased from 2.5% dw in non-transgenic controls to reach 11% dw and to contain up to 45 μg/g β-carotenes, a 25 times increase compared to controls. Similar studies are presently ongoing under confined field trial conditions at the University of Puerto Rico.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Opeke, R.O., Phiri, M.S.",1986,Packages of recommended practice for food crops production in North Western Province,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13302/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Opelanio, C.T., Mendoza, C.F., Abunyawan, J.D., Gungab, L.V.",1978,"Cassava socio-economic and marketing study, 5: Pangasinan and La Union",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13303/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Opoku Ameyaw, K., Oppong, F. K., Amoah, F. M., Osei-Bonsu, K.",1999,Preliminary investigations into the use of intercropping for weed management in young coffee in Ghana,"Dix-huitieme Colloque Scientifique International sur le Cafe, Helsinki, Finland, 2-8 aout 1999",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13305/,"The possibility of using intercropping in combination with manual weed control to manage weed problems in young coffee was investigated in Ghana from 1996 for the first 2.5 years of establishment using canavalia (Canavalia ensiformis), cowpea (Vigna unguiculataa), maize (Zea mays), cassava (Manihot utilissima [M. esculenta]) and plantain (Musa paradisiaca). This treatment was compared with the conventional methods of manual weeding and glyphosate application in coffee monoculture. The presence of the food crops did not significantly affect the growth and early yield of the coffee plants. Intercropping, however, resulted in a slight increase in the frequency of manual weeding and also the time taken to complete the operation. The frequency of weed control in 1997 in the intercropping treatments ranged from 4.5-5.0, compared with 4.0 and 2.0 in the manual weeding and glyphosate monoculture treatments, respectively. Intercropping generally increased net returns, with the exception of the coffee + cowpea treatment. However, the negative effect of cassava on the second year yield of coffee (650 kg fresh berries/ha compared to 1812.5 kg/ha in the monoculture with manual weed control) suggests that prolonged intercropping with this crop should be discouraged.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Opoku-Ameyaw, K., Oppong, F.K., Ofori-Frimpong, K., Amoah, F.M., Osei-Bonsu",2003,Intercropping robusta coffee with some edible crops in Ghana: Agronomic performance and economic return,Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science,36,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13307/,"A field trial aimed to investigate the agronomic performance and profitability of intercropping robusta coffee (Coffea robusta) with some pulses and food crops at the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, Tafo, from 1996 to 2001. The pulses studied were jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), with maize (Zea mays), cassava (Manihot utilisima) and plantain (Musa paradisiaca) as food crops. Two sole coffee treatments with weeds either manually or chemically controlled were used as controls. Coffee stem girth was not significantly affected by intercropping. Plant height in coffee was, however, significantly increased when intercropped with cassava during the 1st year. Intercropping with cassava also significantly reduced coffee yield by 47.3 per cent, while plantain caused a non-significant reduction of 16 per cent. On the other hand, jack bean, cowpea and maize increased coffee yields by 19.1, 2.0 and 21.6 per cent, respectively. Coffee intercropped with cassava had the highest discounted net economic benefit, followed by coffee intercropped with plantain, jack bean, maize, and cowpea. Sole coffee with chemical weed control and sole coffee with manual weed control had the lowest discounted net economic benefits. While the cassava and plantain combinations are recommended to satisfy the need for food and income for the peasant farmer, the maize and jack bean combinations are assessed as the best packages for the commercial farmer whose ultimate aim is high coffee production for export.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Opoku-Asiama, Yaw, Marshall, C.K.A., Lamptey, D.L., Garson, A.G.",1996,Effect of some land clearing practices on nematode population in soils of farmed lands in the moist semi-deciduous rain forest zone of Ghana,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13308/,"The effect of some land clearing practices, that is traditional slash and burn, slashing without burning, and clearing with bulldozer in the first year followed by slashing without burning in subsequent years on nematode population, were studied. Three stages of sampling were superimposed on an original Randomized Block Design with three treatments and three replications thus making it a split-plot design. The crop rotation adopted consisted of maize-cassava intercrop, followed maize and cowpea. The nematodes were sampled at planting, pre-tasselling and stages of the maize using Barker's systematic pattern approach. An improvised Baerman's Tray Technique was used to extract nematodes. Data were collected on nematode counts nematode genera, soil moisture and soil pH. In addition, the survey was also carried out on an adjoining uncultivated plots which served as control and provided bench-mark data for comparison. Bulldozer clearing during the first year of cultivation supported the highest total population of nematodes followed by slash no burn; and the uncultivated land in a decreasing order. The most dominant genera in all plots were meloidogyne, pratylenchus and tylenchus",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Opolot, M.",1991,Direct cassava planting at Namulonge Research Station (Uganda),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13312/,"Direct field planting involves using only mature cuttings. Land is prepared by clearing the bush, deep ploughing, discing and fertilizer application. Weeding is done by a tractor, thrice, followed by hand weeding. Gap filling is done at second weeding. Harvesting commences 7-10 months after planting. Fertilizers are applied in the early stages of the ratoon crop. Skilled labour is essential.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Oppen, A. V.",1991,"Cassava, the lazy man's food? indigenous agricultural innovation and dietary change in northwestern zambia (ca. 1650-1970)",Food and Foodways,5,1,10.1080/07409710.1991.9961989,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13313/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Armenia, P.T., Sandoval, A.C.Y., Abit, S.E.",1990,Technology assessment for coconut-based farming systems in Eastern Visayas [Philippines],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1332/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Arnaez, J., Lana-Renault, N., Lasanta, T., Ruiz-Flano, P., Castroviejo, J.",2015,Effects of farming terraces on hydrological and geomorphological processes. A review,Catena,128,,10.1016/j.catena.2015.01.021,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1333/,"Agricultural terraces are common in mountain regions. They are built to provide a larger surface area for cultivation on hillslopes and to aid farming production in the long term. This paper reviews the hydrological and geomorphological behaviour of constructing, working on and abandoning farming terraces based on recent scientific papers (1982-2014). Terraces increase infiltration and reduce runoff. In Mediterranean areas, the runoff coefficient on abandoned terraces is between 20% and 40%, depending on the percentage of plant cover or the amount of grazing. On cultivated terraces in warm, humid climates, the coefficients are lower (10%-25%). The internal and external sections of terraces have hydrological differences. Soil saturation is reached faster in the inner parts of terraces with shallower soil, causing a rapid hydrological response (saturation runoff); high infiltration rates in external sections can generate subsurface runoff. Furthermore, a reduction in hydrological connectivity, which affects the contributing areas and peak flows, is to be expected in terraced catchments. Collapsed stone walls, small mass movements, sheet wash erosion, piping, rills, gullies and debris flows are all found in terraced landscapes. The erosion of abandoned terraces is directly related to the amount of plant cover, soil characteristics, environmental conditions and the abandonment age. On this type of terrace, the rates of erosion due to overland flow are less than 3 t ha(-1) yr(-1). The rate increases if the terrace is affected by mass movements, pipes or gullies (more than 100 t ha(-1) yr(-1)). On cultivated terraces, erosion rates less than 1 t ha(-1) yr(-1) have been recorded for rice crops, and erosion rates greater than 80 t ha(-1) yr(-1) have been recorded for cassava or terraces with bare soil. The scientific literature notes that the soil loss from cultivated slopes is greater if conservation measures, such as terraces, are not included. However, this general result may vary significantly due to factors related to the geo-environmental characteristics of the region and, in particular, the management and use of the terraced slopes. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Oritsejafor, J. J., Adeniji, M. O.",1990,Influence of host and non-host rhizospheres and organic amendments on survival of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis,Mycological Research,94,1,10.1016/S0953-7562(09)81264-1,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13332/,"Chlamydospores of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis germinated and produced mycelium in the rhizospheres of susceptible and tolerant cultivars of the host (Elaeis guineensis) and four non-host plants. Higher chlamydospore germination was recorded in the non-host rhizospheres than in host rhizospheres and no significant differences were recorded in germination response to susceptible and tolerant host rhizospheres. Increase in the soil population of F. oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis was stimulated by all test plants. Of the five plants tested, Zea mays was the most active in the stimulation of fungal growth and survival. All organic amendments tested except farmyard manure, applied at 1 and 5 % (w/w) to infested soils, stimulated chlamydospore germination and initial increases in the population of the pathogen. Germination was, however, soon followed by lysis of germlings and subsequent reduction in the population of the fungus. All amendments except Manihot esculenta leaves caused significant reduction in pathogen populations of amended soils below those in non-amended soils, 4 wk after application. Farmyard manure was the most effective in reducing the population of F. oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis. 1990, British Mycological Society. All rights reserved.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ortega-Ojeda, C. A., Melo-Molina, E. L., Gaigl, A.",2007,Lethal density of Phyllophaga menetriesi (Coleoptera Melolonthidae) on cassava plants (Manihot esculenta),Revista Colombiana de Entomologia,33,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13335/,"This experiment was designed to determine the economic damage on cassava caused by different population levels of Phyllophaga menetriesi in the Cauca Department of Colombia. The experimental units consisted of one stem cutting and four densities of the insect in third instar (one, three, five and seven grubs) confined to plastic containers with 0.028 m3 of agricultural soil per treatment with six replications. Plant damage was evaluated using a five-level agronomic scale, ranging from an ideal plant to unrecoverable (one, three, five, seven and nine). Seventy percent of the plants survived feeding by one grub but with a 53% loss of the production potential due to consumption of the bark, medulla and roots of the stem cuttings. Three grubs per plant eliminated 50% of the experimental units in 56 days and seven in 24. Seven larvae per plant also eliminated all units in 35 days. The action threshold was determined to be less than one grub per plant and therefore planting that coincides with the root feeder should be avoided; or action should be taken when they are found on three plants for 50/ha through random sampling.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ortiz, R., Austin, P.D., Vuylsteke, D.",1997,IITA high rainfall station: twenty years of research for sustainable agriculture in the West African humid forest,HortScience,32,6,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13337/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Osabohien, E., Otuya, O. B.",2006,"Heavy metals in soils, tubers and leaves of cassava (Manihot Otilisima) plants grown around some oil-spill and gas flaring zones in Delta State, Nigeria",European Journal of Scientific Research,13,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13353/,"The Soils, tubers and leaves of cassava plants (Manihot otilisima) were collected from oil-spill and gas flaring areas, Agbarha - Otor and Olomoro in Ughelli-North and Isoko-South Local Government areas respectively in Delta State, Nigeria. Different locations in these areas were sampled. The samples were preserved, dried, pulverised and digested with appropriate acids. The concentration of heavy metals, Cd, Pb, Cr and Zn were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The results obtained showed that the metals were present in an order dictated by the contaminating source.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Osai, E.O., Ikotun, T.",1996,Fungitoxic effects of plantain ash on rot development in yam minisetts and cassava ministems,Tropical Agriculture,73,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13356/,"Ash from the rachis of plantain (Musa sp.) inflorescences was evaluated for its fungitoxicity against Sclerotium rolfsii, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Penicillium oxalicum, and Trichoderma longibrachyatum. The growth and spore germination of all four fungi were completely inhibited at 0.1 g mL-1 concentration. The ash also reduced rot of yam minisetts and cassava ministems at 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 g mL-1 concentrations.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Osakwe, J. A., Ikpe, F. N., Adeniji, M. O., Folorunso, D. O.",2000,A rational utilization of scarce planting materials in cassava (Manihot esculenta),Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,70,11,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13357/,"A study was conducted during 1996-97 to examine a rational utilization of scarce planting materials together with growth qualities of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) 'TMS 91934' using 6 cuttings 25 cm, 20 cm, 15 cm, 10 cm, 5 cm and the proximal portion approximately 8 cm as treatment. Plants derived from 15 cm length had the best growth characteristics highest sprout count (100%), comparable number of nodes activated into growth. The highest incidence of cassava mosaic disease was recorded in 25 cm length (76.6%) while the least was recorded in 5 cm length (50.0%). With regard to cassava bacterial blight incidence and severity, there was a substantial increase in both parameters from 1 month after planting up till 3 months after planting, thereafter, there was a gradual decline in the same. The highest fresh tuber weight was recorded in 15 cm length (37.87 tonnes/ha) followed by 25 cm (33.97 tonnes/ha) while 5 cm had the least fresh tuber weight (23.34 tonnes/ha). The use of 15 cm cuttings was found to increase multiplication ratio, economize on scarce planting material and to reduce foliar diseases as well as increase tuber yield of cassava. Cuttings shorter than 15 cm should not be used as planting material due to its susceptibility to rapid desiccation and inability to give up to 2 nodes which may be activated into growth.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Osei, P.A.",1977,An investigation into the effect on yield of variations in harvesting time for certain varieties of cassava (Manihot esculenta),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13362/,"The observations from a split-plot randomized block experiment on fifty-four local varieties of cassava are analysed statistically. Variance techniques were used to analyse the yields of cassava resulting from variations in harvesting time. The three selected periods were six, nine and twelve month periods. For twelve varieties used, variance and t-tests indicated that better harvesting time is twelve months after planting while other varieties can be harvested at either nine or twelve months without adverse effects",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Osei, M. K., Taah, K. J., Berchie, J. N., Osei, C. K.",2009,"A Survey of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Planting Materials in Storage: A Case Study in Two Communities in the Ejisu District of Ashanti Region, Ghana",Journal of Agronomy,8,4,10.3923/ja.2009.137.140,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13370/,"This study was conducted in two cassava growing communities in the Ejisu District of Ashanti region to assess the problems associated with cassava planting material in storage. The study showed that most farmers (90%) obtained their source planting materials from other farmers or their own farms. Majority of the farmers (68%) also undertook the upright or vertical storage of their planting materials. Fifty two percent of respondents also reported that the initial quality of the planting material affects its quality after storage with 32% saying the weather conditions affects the quality after storage. The survey confirmed that cassava stem cuttings (planting material) do not store properly after 8 weeks under farmers conditions irrespective of the storage method used. Long-term storage under farmers' conditions was also observed to be affected by pest and disease attack, dehydration and the quality of planting material.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Osiname, O.A., Bartlett, C., Mbulu, N., Simba, L., Landu, K. (Recherche Agronomique Applique et Vulgarisation/United States Aid for International Development, Kinshasa (Zaire))",1988,Diagnostic survey of cassava-based cropping systems in two ecological zones of Bas-Zaire,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13390/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Osinubi, A.O., Kang, B.T.",1988,On-farm adaptive research on alley cropping,IITA Resource and Crop Management Program. Annual Report 1986 (IITA),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13391/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Osiru, D.S.O., Hahn, S.K., Ezumah, H.C.",1989,Evaluation of cassava genotypes for intercropping system,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13393/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Osiru, D.S.O., Ezumah, H.C.",1994,Genotype evaluation for intercropping systems,Acta Horticulturae,380,,10.17660/ActaHortic.1994.380.10,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13394/,"Research aimed at improving the productivity of intercropping systems is often difficult because of the many constraints to be tackled. However, among the researchable issues, identification of suitable varieties is probably the most urgent priority for research. During the past five years, the research agenda at IITA has emphasized the improvement of intercropping systems involving cassava through genotype evaluation. This paper discusses the experimental procedure and some aspects of the results obtained. Two approaches were adopted. The first examined the compatibility of five maize genotypes of contrasting growth characteristics together with IITA's improved cassava variety, TMS 30572. The results showed that maize genotypes which produced high yield in monoculture, yielded almost similarly when intercropped with cassava. However, the effects of maize on the performance of the associated cassava crop varied considerably with the growth habits of maize because cassava was the dominated crop. The tall spreading maize substantially reduced cassava root yield whereas the short spreading vegetative maize reduced cassava root yield only slightly. The second approach examined the performance of a wide range of cassava genotypes under monoculture or intercropped with either maize or groundnuts. The results showed that intercropping cassava with maize or groundnuts decreased root yield of cassava but the extent of the reduction varied much with genotype and the component species (relative yields ranged from 0.49 to 0.98), suggesting that the relative competitive abilities of cassava were greatly influenced by its genotype. However, the ranking order did not differ markedly between cropping systems. The varieties which yielded high in monocrop situation also yielded consistently high when intercropped with both maize and groundnuts. The coefficient of determination was high (R2 = 0.82; R2 = 0.78, respectively for cassava/groundnuts and cassava/maize), indicating a very close positive correlation between intercropped and monocropped yield of cassava. The overall implications of these results in the selection of appropriate genotypes for intercropping systems are discussed.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Osiru, D.S.O. (Makerere University, Kampala (Uganda) Dept. of Crop Science), Kahn, S.K. (Cornell University, New York (USA)), Osonubi, O. (University of Ibadan, Ibadan (Nigeria). Dept. of Botany)",1994,Mechanisms of drought tolerance in cassava,African Crop Science Journal,v. 2,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13395/,"Experiments were conducted at IITA to evaluate the response od cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) to moisture deficits. In apotted experiment, four varieties (TMS 39572, TMS 91934, TMS 30555 and Odongbo) were evaluated under four watering regimes. Stress siginificantly reduced leaf area, tuber number, size and total fresh tuber yield in all varieties. However, stress had the greatest effect on TMS 30555 and Odongbo. TMS 39572 and TMS 91934 had proportionately higher dry matter in the fibrous root system and maintained higher root system and LAI under stress. In a field experiment, TMS 30572 and TMS91934 similarly had higher dry matter in the fibrous root system and relatively LAI. TMS 30572 produced consistenly lower diurnal stomatal conductance and transpiration rates during the dry season and higher value during the wet season but had the largest amount of stored water (shoot capacitance) during the wet season. TMS 91934 produced and had the largest amount of stored water during the dry season. It is concluded that the extent of fibrous root system and the maintenance of high LAI under drought are important characteristics of cassava genotypes tolerant to drought",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Abhary, M., Siritunga, D., Stevens, G., Taylor, N. J., Fauquet, C. M.",2011,Transgenic biofortification of the starchy staple cassava (Manihot esculenta) generates a novel sink for protein,PLoS ONE,6,1,10.1371/journal.pone.0016256,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/134/,"Although calorie dense, the starchy, tuberous roots of cassava provide the lowest sources of dietary protein within the major staple food crops (Manihot esculenta Crantz). (Montagnac JA, Davis CR, Tanumihardjo SA. (2009) Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 8181-194). Cassava was genetically modified to express zeolin, a nutritionally balanced storage protein under control of the patatin promoter. Transgenic plants accumulated zeolin within de novo protein bodies localized within the root storage tissues, resulting in total protein levels of 12.5% dry weight within this tissue, a fourfold increase compared to non-transgenic controls. No significant differences were seen for morphological or agronomic characteristics of transgenic and wild type plants in the greenhouse and field trials, but relative to controls, levels of cyanogenic compounds were reduced by up to 55% in both leaf and root tissues of transgenic plants. Data described here represent a proof of concept towards the potential transformation of cassava from a starchy staple, devoid of storage protein, to one capable of supplying inexpensive, plant-based proteins for food, feed and industrial applications.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Ospina Patio, Bernardo, Segovia, Robert J., Bedoya, Armando",2007,Micro-propagation of casssava plants through the temporary immersion system and hardening of massive numbers of cassava vitroplants,"Cassava Research and Development in Asia: Exploring New Opportunities for an Ancient Crop Proceedings of the Seventh Regional Workshop held in Bangkok, Thailand. Oct 28-Nov 1, 2002",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13406/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ospina Patio, Bernardo, Cadavid L., Luis Fernando, Gil Llanos, Jorge Luis, Albn Tello, Alvaro Andrs",2007,Research on cassava foliage production in Colombia,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13407/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Ospina, Bernardo, Poats, Susan V., Henry, Guy",1996,"Integrated cassava research and development projects in Colombia, Ecuador, and Brazil: an overview of CIAT's experiences",Cassava Flour and Starch: Progress in Research and Development,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13411/,"This paper discusses CIAT's 12-year experience in developing an integrated cassava research and development project (ICRDP) approach. The origin, justification, methodology, results, and lessons learned from this approach are presented, using a comparative analysis of CIAT's experiences in Colombia, Ecuador, and Brazil. The ICRDPs have been effective vehicles for CIAT's Cassava Program to interact with various national research, rural extension, and development institutions. Existing production, processing, and marketing technologies have been validated and adapted to specific regional conditions with the ICRDP framework. New technologies have been generated through the synergy of research and development that ICRDPs promote. Results have demonstrated to research and development institutions, donors, governments, and policy makers that cassava is a crop that can play an important role in achieving development goals. Through the integrated approach, traditional cassava markets have diversified and overall demand for cassava has increased. This has reduced price variability while increasing yields and, as a result, created incentives for adopting improved technologies. Poor farmers' incomes and employment opportunities have also improved through the promotion of small-scale, cassava-based, rural agroindustries with low opportunity costs, especially for landless producers.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ossoble, S.G.",1988,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Local names: mohok, batata ghed",National Workshop on Promotion of Under-Exploited Traditional Food Plants in Somalia,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13414/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ossom, E. M.",1986,Effect of Plant Population on Yield and Weed Infestation of Cassava-Maize Intercropping,Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,56,10,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13415/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Osuji, P.O.",1994,Nutritional and anti-nutritional values of multipurpose trees used in agroforestry systems,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13425/,"Multipurpose trees (MPTs) improve the utilization of poor quality roughages. In addition to their feed value, MPTs contribute to the environment, e.g. by conserving soil. However, some MPTs contain anti-nutritional factors which reduce their nutritive value. Trials in which gas production and rumen degradation rates were studied indicated that MPTs increased the rates of degradation of fibrous feeds, their rate of passage and the efficiency of microbial protein supply. The effects of extracts of several MPTs on pure cultures of Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and R. albus were reported. Acacia angustissima suppressed the growth of Ruminococcus and slowed the growth of other bacteria. Dry matter yields were significantly increased when leucaena or gliricidia were intercropped with maize/cassava or napier grass in agro-forestry systems. It was concluded that the improved milk production resulting from such systems has many social benefits for the smallholder and his family.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Osunade, A.",1995,"Soil and crop combinations in Oyo state, southwestern Nigeria",Scandinavian Journal of Development Alternatives,14,01-Feb,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13428/,"Distinct crop regions have developed over the study area through the pragmatic decisions of millions of individual families of small scale farmers. The fundamental question raised was whether the crop regions agreed with the soil units of the study area. The agreement between the two was established to the credit of the small farmers knowledge of soil-plant relationships. The soil is complex and capable of producing many crops, hence multiple cropping system is the dominant agricultural practice. The postulate by Weaver (1954) that the munber of crops on each plot of land share equal percentage of total crop-land harvested, remains a useful theoretical construct against which the crop combinations were appraised. Crop combinations in the study area varied spatially and temporally. There are optimal conditions for the production of each crop. Cassava, which was observed to be widely produced, requires further investigation. -from Author",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Otamias, R.G. (Philippine Coconut Authority - Region 7, Cagayan de Oro (Philippines))",1994,"Status of coconut-based farming systems of PCA Region 7 [Philippine Coconut Authority, Cagayan de Oro, Philippines]",PCARRD Book Series (Philippines),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13452/,"About 0.6 million hectares in northern Mindanao and part of southern Mindanao [Philippines] which comprised PCA [Philippine Coconut Authority] Region 8 were planted to coconut. Almost 20 percent of the coconut areas was located in the Misamis Oriental, although the highest number of coconut farmers and farms are found in Surigao del Norte. The region had enough facilities for marketing, storage, and processing of agricultural products as well as credit assistance to the farmers. Common intercrops in northern Mindanao included corn, banana, coffee, cacao and lanzones. In some crops like sugarcane, tobacco, and cassava, application of production inputs resulted in higher income. Some farmers raised hog, cattle, and goat. Farmers formed organizations and cooperatives which served as channels to different PCA programs. Both PCA fieldmen and farmers were continuously trained to improve knowledge and skills on coconut agrotechnology. In some areas, lack of farm-to-market roads and low soil fertility were problems besetting farmers. In most farms, high cost of production inputs and implementation of CARP [Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program] had deterred some prospective investors to pursue agribusiness venture. Thus, policy makers should give utmost importance to technologies that could improve the plight of coconut farmers and the whole coconut industry",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Otim-Nape, G. W.",1980,Cassava bacterial blight in Uganda,Tropical Pest Management,26,3,10.1080/09670878009414412,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13462/,"Cassava bacterial blight (CBB) is a major problem of cassava in Uganda. It was first recorded in Terego County, Nile Province in 1976, and a disease survey indicated that CBB is now present in over half of the country. Losses of 90–100% have been observed on susceptible varieties in parts of the Nile, North and Eastern provinces. Symptoms include angular leaf spots, blight, wilt dieback and gum exudations. Planting of infected materials, rainfall, hailstorms, wind and insects are major factors in the spread of the disease. Restriction of movement of infected cassava cuttings to non-infected areas, planting of resistant varieties and healthy cuttings, encouragement of mixed cropping and crop rotation are recommended for control.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Otim-Nape, G.W. (Serere Agricultural Research Station, Soroti (Uganda). National Root Crops Improvement Programme)",1984,Botryodiplodia theobromae stem rot of cassava and methods of selecting varieties for resistance,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13464/,"After Botryodiplodia stem rot of cassava (CSR) was observed for the first time in Africa (in Uganda) in 1981, a series of experiments were initiated to determine the effects of stem maturation on infection; to identify suitable methods of screening for field resistance; and to screen varieties for sources of resistance to the disease. Four cassava varieties were planted in a split plot experiment, with varieties as the main plots and heights as the subplots. At maturity, the stems were harvested, and the number of B. theobromae postules counted. The number of postules was directly related to maturity of the stem. Two methods of screening for resistance were compared scoring for rot severity on a 0-5 scale and counting rot postules per unit area. Scoring for severity was deemed most suitable for resistance screening, and counting of postules had advantages for epidemiological and pathogenicity studies. In screening tests of eight families, four IYT (OP) 1979; PYT (OP) 1980; 30555 (OP) 1979; and 30572 (OP) 1980 exhibited some resistance to the disease.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Otim-Nape, G.W.",1989,Epidemics of plant pathogenic microorganisms in cassava and techniques for their suppression,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13466/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Otim-Nape, G.W., Shaw, M.W., Thresh, J.M.",1994,The effects of African cassava mosaic geminivirus on the growth and yield of cassava in Uganda,Tropical Science,34,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13468/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Otim-Nape, G.W., Thresh, J.M., Fargette, D.",1996,Bemisia tabaci and cassava mosaic virus disease in Africa,"Bemisia 1995: Taxonomy, Biology, Damage, Control and Management",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13470/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Otim-Nape, G.W., Bua, A., Thresh, J.M., Baguma, Y., Ogwal, S., Semakula, G.N., Acola, G., Byabakama, B., Martin, A.",1997,Cassava mosaic virus disease in Uganda: the current pandemic and approaches to control,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13472/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Otim-Nape, G.W., Thresh, J.M., Shaw, M.W.",1998,The incidence and severity of cassava mosaic virus disease in Uganda: 1990-92,Tropical Science,38,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13474/,"A survey of the incidence and severity of cassava mosaic virus disease (CMD) [cassava African mosaic bigeminivirus, ACMV] was carried out in 30 districts of Uganda during 1990-92. Three counties of the 4 or 5 in each district were selected at random and 15 fields were sampled in each county. Records were taken of variety, CMD incidence and severity, and numbers of adult whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) on representative shoots. CMD occurred in all the 1350 fields examined, except 5 in Mpigi district. Disease incidence and severity varied significantly (P=0.01) between districts and between counties within districts. The overall incidence was <20% in 4 districts and exceeded 85% in 5. The incidence in fields in Masindi district planted 5 months earlier with CMD-free cuttings of the variety Ebwanateraka was as high as in unselected local material of the traditional varieties that had been grown in the area for many years. This suggested rapid spread of CMD and that Ebwanateraka was more susceptible than the traditional varieties. There were significant differences between adult whitefly population densities in the districts; numbers were greatest in Apac district where CMD was prevalent, and in Mbarara district where the incidence was much less. Significant differences in whitefly population densities were detected between counties sampled at the same time within some of the districts. The high incidence and severity of CMD in most districts confirm the importance of the disease in Uganda. Its impact on yield and productivity, recent changes in incidence and possible control measures appropriate for the different regions are discussed.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Otim, M., Kyalo, G., Kyamanywa, S., Asiimwe, P., Legg, J. P., Guershon, M., Gerling, D.",2008,Parasitism of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera Aleyrodidae) by Eretmocerus mundus (Hymenoptera Aphelinidae) on cassava,International Journal of Tropical Insect Science,28,3,10.1017/S1742758408093181,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13480/,"Parasitism rates of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) and searching and oviposition behaviours of its parasitoid Eretmocerus mundus Mercet were compared on two cassava varieties a glabrous variety, Nase 4 and a hirsute variety, MM97/0245 with c. 88 leaf hairs/cm2. Parasitism was assessed after potted plants of both varieties were exposed in open fields to natural infestation by B. tabaci and its natural enemy. For the behavioural studies, naive, less than 24-h-old females were individually observed on infested cassava leaflets under a microscope for a maximum of 1h each. The different foraging behaviours were recorded using the computer software 'The Observer 5.0' (Noldus Ltd, Wageningen, The Netherlands). Total per cent parasitism and parasitism by E. mundus did not differ significantly between varieties. Upon encounter with leaf hairs, the parasitoids stopped and groomed before resuming the host search. The frequency of repeat probing, host feeding and antennation after probing and host feeding were higher on the glabrous than on the hirsute variety, while the converse was observed when feeding on liquids on the leaf. The duration of host assessment, initial probing, grooming and resting on the leaf was higher on the glabrous than on the hirsute variety. Leaf hairiness at the density investigated caused some changes in the behaviour of the parasitoids, but did not have an overall effect on field parasitism. Since cassava is generally considered to have glabrous leaves and the variety MM97/0245 is one of the most hirsute varieties, we discount leaf hairiness as a factor in determining levels of parasitoid activity. ICIPE 2008.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Otoo, J.A.",1983,"The effects of day length of the flowering fruiting, seed-setting and other characters of cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz)",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13482/,"The effect of manipulation of day length and temperature on plant characters in an attempt to discover conditions for inducement of flowering in some cassava varieties is discussed. The varieties used were 58308, TMS 30395, TMS 30001, TMS 30572, TMS 50395 and Isunikankiyan. At least two photo-periodic classes are distinguished -the short-day plants (SDP) and the long-day plants (LDP). Early flowering varieties are likely to belong to the SDP group and medium to late flowering varieties to the LDP group. The 16 hr day length tended to inhibit peduncle, flower, fruit and storage root development except for medium flowering varieties but encouraged plant height and number of branches and tended to direct more assimilates to leaves, petioles, stem and fibrous roots in all varieties. Natural day length produced the highest number of peduncles in the early and medium flowering varieties, and the highest number of female flowers, fruits and seeds, promoted storage root development and yield and caused accumulation of starch in cuttings in all varieties. Day temperatures of about 27-29 deg C and night temperature of about 22-23 deg C in combination with about 12 hr day length promotes flower initiation and development",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Otoo, J.A., Dixon, A.G.O., Asiedu, R., Okeke, J.E., Maroya, G.N., Tougnon, K., Okoli, O.O., Tetteh, J.P., Hahn, S.K.",1994,Genotype x environment interaction studies with cassava,Acta Horticulturae,380,,10.17660/ActaHortic.1994.380.22,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13483/,"Multilocational trials were conducted in several agroecological zones in West Africa to assess the magnitude of genotype x environment (G x E) interaction and to identify stable varieties which could be used in breeding programs in the region. The reaction of the varieties to major cassava diseases and pests was also assessed. Ten clones, including 7 IITA improved cassava clones, were used in the study. Results from 22 trials conducted in a randomized complete block design revealed a highly significant G x E interaction for fresh root yield, African cassava mosaic virus, cassava bacterial blight, cassava green mite, and cassava mosiac. TMS 30572, TMS 63397, TMS 91934, and TMS 50395 were the most adaptable cultivars. TMS 30572 was the most stable of them. Some countries had cultivars adaptable to specific local environments.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Otsyina, R.M.",1989,Consultancy in agroforestry,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13484/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Owolade, O. F., Dixon, A. G. O., Akande, S. R., Olakojo, S. A.",2009,A Combining Ability Analysis of Cassava Manihot esculenta Crantz Genotypes to Anthracnose Disease,American Journal of Applied Sciences,6,1,10.3844/ajas.2009.172.178,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13499/,"Cassava Anthracnose Disease (CAD) caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f sp. manihotis has been recognized as one of the major economic disease of cassava in all the cassava growing regions of Africa. Little information is available on the resistance of cassava to C. gloeosporioides f sp. manihotis. This study was conducted to determine the relative importance of general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability, maternal and non-maternal reciprocal effects on resistance to C. gloeosporioides f sp. manihotis in selected cassava genotypes. A complete diallel mating scheme including reciprocals of nine resistant and susceptible genotypes of cassava were evaluated in the field over a period of two planting seasons. The combining ability analysis revealed that both the additive and nonadditive gene effects were present. Crosses between the resistant lines and susceptible genotypes showed intermediate disease reaction to CAD suggesting a polygenic system of resistance to the disease. The significant maternal and specific reciprocal differences among the parents and crosses indicated that maternal and/or cytoplasmic inheritance is involved in the reaction of cassava genotypes to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f sp manihotis. The significant genotype X environment interaction suggested lack of stability in the development of lesions/cankers on cassava stems. Therefore, recurrent selection would be appropriate for accumulating genes for resistance to CAD in cassava and progeny performance may not be based on their parents performance sec-1.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Abhary, M., Siritunga, D., Stevens, G., Taylor, N. J., Fauquet, C. M.",2011,"Transgenic Biofortification of the Starchy Staple Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Generates a Novel Sink for Protein (Retracted article. See vol. 7, 2012)",Plos One,6,1,10.1371/journal.pone.0016256,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/135/,"Although calorie dense, the starchy, tuberous roots of cassava provide the lowest sources of dietary protein within the major staple food crops (Manihot esculenta Crantz). (Montagnac JA, Davis CR, Tanumihardjo SA. (2009) Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 8181-194). Cassava was genetically modified to express zeolin, a nutritionally balanced storage protein under control of the patatin promoter. Transgenic plants accumulated zeolin within de novo protein bodies localized within the root storage tissues, resulting in total protein levels of 12.5% dry weight within this tissue, a fourfold increase compared to non-transgenic controls. No significant differences were seen for morphological or agronomic characteristics of transgenic and wild type plants in the greenhouse and field trials, but relative to controls, levels of cyanogenic compounds were reduced by up to 55% in both leaf and root tissues of transgenic plants. Data described here represent a proof of concept towards the potential transformation of cassava from a starchy staple, devoid of storage protein, to one capable of supplying inexpensive, plant-based proteins for food, feed and industrial applications.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Owolade, O. F.",2009,Line X tester analysis for resistance to cassava anthracnose disease,"Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry",8,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13500/,"Cassava anthracnose disease (CAD) caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f sp. manihotis, is an important disease in the tropics Therefore, an experiment was conducted to estimate the importance of the general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining abilities in developing resistance to CAD using a line X tester design of 13 varieties. The 36 F1-hybrids and parents were evaluated in 2004 and 2005 planting seasons. The variance due to SCA and GCA showed that both additive and non-additive, possibly epistatic gene actions are important. Majority of crosses between the resistance sources and the susceptible lines showed intermediate reactions and various degrees of partial dominance for canker development in cassava plants. The most resistance clone I63397, had the highest negative GCA effect for resistance among the lines. The moderately resistance TME-8 had largest significant negative GCA among the landraces. Most of the crosses involving I63397 and TME-8 had significant high negative SCA effects The average mid- and high-parent heterosis among crosses was -8.07% and -3.64% respectively for year 2004 and -75.05% and -59.99% respectively for 2005. This suggests the importance of both the additive and non-additive in the development of resistance to cassava anthracnose disease. Therefore, recurrent selection with progeny evaluation id advocated for breeding for resistance to the disease.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Oyedokun, J.B., Akinlosotu, T.O., Omidiji, M.O.",1988,Introduction of cassava through maize in a humid environment,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13516/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Oyewole, O.B., Obieze, N.",1995,Processing and characteristics of tapioca meal from cassava,Tropical science,v. 35,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13541/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ozuna, D.T., Then, J.E.",1979,"Evaluation of cassava varieties in San Cristobal, Dominican Republic",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13549/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"P.F., Robinson",1978,Three row cassava planting machine. National Grain Legume and Cassava Programme no. 3,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13557/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Arotupin, D. J., Akinyosoye, F. A.",2008,Microbiological and physicochemical characteristics of cassava cultivated soils,Research Journal of Microbiology,3,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1356/,"Sixteen soil samples were collected from four different plots of cassava plantation and analyzed for their microbiological and physicochemical characteristics. A total of twelve microorganisms were isolated consisting four bacteria, seven fungi and one actinomyces. The bacteria were Bacillus cereus, B. megaterium, B. polymyxa, B. subtilis, while the fungi included Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. repens, Botrytis cinerea, Neurospora sitophila, Varicosporium elodea and Actionmyces reticuli. Plot A recorded the highest microbial counts of 7.95105 cfu g-1 and 4.18103 sfu g-1 for bacteria and fungi respectively, while the control (uncultivated soils) had the lowest microbial counts of 1.73105 cfu g-1 and 1.5010 3 sfu g-1 for bacteria and fungi, respectively. Actinomycetes were found only in plots B and D. The colour of the soils varied from black, brownish black, yellowish brown to complete brown, while the texture ranged from very coarse, through granular to very fine. Chemical analysis revealed pH range of 5.67 to 6.70, moisture content of 10.08 to 14.70%, organic matter content of 8.48 to 13.90% oxidizable organic carbon of 0.11 to 0.41% and ash content of 8.37 to 13.40%. Mineral analysis showed the presence of N, P, K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ ppm in varying proportions. Therefore, cassava cultivated soils has not suffered any significant depletion of nutrients. 2008 Academic Journals Inc.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"P.G., Rajendran, R.B., Nair, S.K., Naskar",1984,"Genetic wealth of tuber crops [cassava, sweet potato, yams]",,v. 33,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13560/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Haynes, P.H.",1976,The technology of production and use of manioc in the environs of the INERA station at Mvuazi: A draft report on a survey conducted by P.H. Haynes and Ketuabanza Mfutu,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13561/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Asokan, P. K., Sreedharan, C.",1978,Effect of levels and time of application of potash on growth and yield of tapioca,Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala,16,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13564/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Thomas, P.K., Kumar, C.R.M., Prabhakar, M.",1982,Intercropping cassava with French beans,Indian Farming,32,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13566/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Vine, P. N.",1979,"Growth and development of cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) in relation to soil physical conditions",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13568/,"Experiments on cassava root and shoot growth prior to storage root thickening were carried out with different varieties, different planting angles and different nutrient applications in physically favourable medium. Horizontal planting delayed root development compared with vertical and slant planting. Experiments on growth for 10 days in media with different physical conditions demonstrated marked reduction in root development in media with relatively high penetrometer resistance. Experiments in the field were carried out with cassava variety T02/72, planted sequentially on three sites with different soil types, each site having both untilled plots and flat, ploughed-and-rotorvated plots. Harvesting was at 140 and 180 DAP, corresponding approximately to the end of the wet season and the middle of the dry season respectively. Planting, weeding, fertilizing and insect control operations were done with identical methods and sequence on all sites. Planting sticks were 200 mm long and were planted with vertical orientation. Spacing was 1m x 1m, weeding was done with brush cutlass and paraquat, fertilizer was applied at 24 DAP (40-40-100 kg ha-1) in a hole 0.15m from each stick, and insecticides were used. Each individual treatment was represented by four plots of 15 plants each excluding guard rows. Weekly measurements were made of soil moisture content and soil penetrometer resistance at several depths using gravimetric and neutron probe, and cone penetrometer methods respectively. Further, these weekly measurements were combined with terminal measurements of soil bulk density and permanent wilting percentage to produce weekly data for air-filled pore space and available water. Amount of root-size soil pores was deduced from terminal pore site distribution measurements. Results showed that increasing penetrometer resistance at principal rooting depth between 4.0 x 10^5 nm-2 and 19.4 x 10^5 Nm-2 in presence of both adequate soil air and soil water reduced storage root fresh weight by up to 88 percent. Effect of inadequate soil air space interacted with effect of penetrometer resistance but for both hard and soft soils storage root fresh weight was practically zero below 9 to 10.5 per cent air space. Cassava crop responded to inadequate levels of soil air space or available water by entering a state of mere survival without growth, and was able to resume growth when conditions became favourable: growth from 0 to 140 DAP on the worst aerated treatment was minimal, but improved rapidly when dry season conditions removed this limitation; growth from 0 to 140 DAP on the most favourable treatment was extremely good, but when soil water became insufficient after 140 DAP leaves were shed, leaf production ceased and storage root fresh weight remained constant. The most favourable soil physical conditions permitted initiation and development of 16 storage roots per plant (mean number), with 30 to 35 storage roots on several individual plants (Las Lomas tilled). Initiation of storage roots was found to be possible even at the unexpectedly late stage of 140 to 180 DAP following removal of severe aeration restriction (Las Lomas untilled). Equations for the dependence of storage root yield on soil physical factors, and equations relating components of crop growth to each other and to soil physical factors were inferred. The effects of tillage and season on soil physical factors in the three types of soil were evaluated incidentally.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"P.O., Adetiloye, H.C., Ezumah",1989,Performance and productivity of plantain and cassava intercropping system,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13569/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"P.P., Deshmukh, A.T., Joshi, G.K., Malode, S.U., Gondane",1977,Performance of some tapioca varieties under hot and dry climate of Central India [cassava],Journal of Root Crops,v. 3,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13570/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"P.P., Aobles",1978,A simple process of preserving cassava,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13571/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"P.V., Paily, L., Rama Devi, M.R., Menon",1976,Bacterial wilt of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Kerala,Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala,13,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13573/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"P., Indira, T., Ramanujam",1982,Sodium ratio in cassava grown under salt and moisture stress. Note,Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,v. 52,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13577/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"P., Pascual",1983,An agronomic approach to reconditioning marginal hilly areas for root crop production,VICARP News,3,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13578/,"Cassava plants in plot with 2.5 m ipil-ipil buffer strips after every 3.5 m planted to root crops performed better than other treatments. In legume-root crop intercropping, bushbean yielded better than mungbean and soybean. Moreover, mungbean and soybean planted 3 weeks ahead of sweet potato gave higher yields. Soybean, planted 2 weeks after sweet potato, gave highest herbage yield. Cassava and taro planted between Centrosoma as green mulch gave better results than those planted in between native grass.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"P., Gulick, C., Hershey, J., Esquinas Alcazar",1983,Genetic resources of cassava and wild relatives,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13580/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"P., Indira, T., Ramanujam",1987,Distribution of hydrocyanic acid in a high-cyanide and a low-cyanide variety of cassava in relation to the age of the plant. Short communication,,v. 57,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13581/,"The present findings clearly indicate that HCN content in cassava is influenced by the age of the crop. The varieties differ in this respect. In the low-cyanide variety the leaf HCN decreased with maturity of the crop, followed by a reduction in the tuber HCN. But the high-cyanide clone did not show any significant decrease in the tuber HCN, and increase in the leaf HCN with the advancement of age was noticed. The present findings indicate the possibility of partial transportation of glucosides from the leaves to the tubers. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the factors involved in the change in the cyanoglucoside content of leaves in relation to the age of the plant.",Excluded,Duplicate
"P., Lusembo, E.N., Sabiiti, J.S., Mugerwa",1994,Effect of spacing and time of planting Centro on cassava tuber yield,African Crop Science Conference Proceedings,1,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13583/,Effect of time of interplanting Centro with cassava and cassava interow spacing on cassava tuber yield components was examined. Centro increased the amount of unmarketable tubers when the component crops were planted at the same time. The earlier the planting for Centro the higher was cassava yield although this relationship was not significant. There was a significant (p < = 0.05) and negative correlation for total tuber yield (r squared =0.91); the correlation was also significant (p < 0.01) and negative for the percentage unmarketable tubers (r squared = 0.97) with cassava spacing. Tuber yield was maximised (5.4 t ha) when the component crops were planted at the same time at spacing of 1 x 1 m.,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Rajamma, P., Padmaja, G., Lakshmi, K.R.",1995,Residual cyanide in processed cassava chips related to storage insects,"The Cassava Biotechnology Network: Proceedings of the Second International Scientific Meeting, Bogor, Indonesia, 22-26 August 1994",,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13584/,"This laboratory study studied the effect of the cyanogens present in dried cassava chips on the storage insects Araecerus fasciculatus (DeGeer) and Sitophilus oryzae (L.). The effect of parboiling on reducing insect infestation was also studied. Low cyanide cultivars M4 and CE 501 and high-cyanide cultivars 76-9, S 300, and CE 512 were used; HCN content in the former ranged from 145 to 168 mg/kg DM, and in the latter, from 202 to 291. Sun-dried chips from low-cyanide cultivars had 77-83 mg HCN k(-1) DM, while those from high-cyanide cultivars had 125-164. Parboiled chips retained more cyanide than sun-dried chips. Both free-choice and no-choice tests were used to study the effect of the residual cyanide in processed chips on the feeding behavior and population buildup of storage pests. Sun-dried chips of CE 512, with higher residual cyanide, were the least preferred by pests; M4 chips, with low cyanide, were preferred the most. Parboiled chips were least; preferred by both insects because of their hardness. In the free-choice test, from 21 to 26 adult progeny of A. fasciculatus developed from low-cyanide chips, whereas 6 to 16 developed from high-cyanide chips. No adults emerged from parboiled chips. Adult emergence values for S. oryzae ranged from 13 to 20 in low cyanide cultivars and from 2 to 7 in high-cyanide cultivars. In no-choice tests, apparent weight loss caused by A. fasciculatus was significantly higher (7.0 percent- 17.8 percent) in plain chips compared to parboiled chips (1.1 percent-2.5 percent). Maximum weight loss in plain chips occurred in variety M4 and minimum weight loss in CE 512. Weight loss caused by S. oryzae was also significantly higher in plain chips of low-cyanide cultivars.",Excluded,Duplicate
"P'obwoya, CH.O.",1993,The impact of on-farm trials on management practices in cassava (Manihot esculenta) and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) production: A case study in Eastern Uganda,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13587/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Pace, C. M.",2011,"Cassava: Farming, uses, and economic impact","Cassava: Farming, uses, and economic impact",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13596/,"Cassava, also known as tapioca or manioc, is one of the major root crops in more than 100 countries of the humid tropics and sub-tropics. This new book presents topical research in the study of the farming, uses and economic impact of cassava. Topics discussed include potential uses of cassava wastewater in biotechnological processes; cassava starch and flour in the production of bio-ethanol, bio-plastics, acetone-butanol, dextrin, sugar syrups and organic acids and cassava starch as a biodegradable polymer material.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Pacher-Zavisin, M.",2012,Transgenic cassava plants for East Africa,"Landes Highlights, Bioengineered",3,4,10.4161/bioe.21221,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13599/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Pacumbaba, R.P. (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Programme Nationale Manioc, M'Vuazi, Bas Zaire (Zaire))",1988,Incidence of three major cassava diseases on local susceptible cassava cultivars at three planting dates,,v. 122,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13606/,"Incidence of African cassava mosaic (ACMD), cassava bacterial blight (CBB), and cassava anthracnose (CA) on local susceptible cassava cultivars planted in December, February, and April was investigated. December cassava planting had a higher incidence of ACMD, CBB, and CA diseases compared with February and April plantings. CA seemed to be more prevalent at an older stage (8 months old) of plant growth. April planting had significantly lower incidence of major cassava diseases, and higher mean tuber yield than the same cassava cultivars planted earlier. The length of exposure of cassava plants to the inocula and/or to the vector during the rainy season determines the occurrence of diseases. In the absence of resistant cassava cultivars and through partial disease escape of susceptible cultivars from ACMD, CBB, and CA, planting the same cultivars in April can still produce a profitable cassava crop",Excluded,Duplicate
"Padma, S. S. V., Kameswari, P. L., Ramana, K. T. V.",2009,Correlation studies and path analysis in edible cassava germplasm in the tribal zone of Andhra Pradesh,Indian Journal of Horticulture,66,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13611/,"An experiment was conducted with 12 edible cassava germplasm lines to study the correlation and direct and indirect effects of different characters on tuber yield. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design. The overall analysis of three years reveal that tuber yield was positively and significantly correlated with plant height, tuber weight and tuber width. The path analysis indicated that tuber weight followed by plant height had maximum positive direct effect on tuber yield. Therefore emphasis should be given on tuber weight, plant height and also tuber width, while selecting a good genotype for enhancing the yield of cassava.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Padmaja, G., Balagopal, C., Potty, V.P.",1981,Causes for the vascular streaking in cassava roots during post harvest deterioration,"Post harvest technology of cassava : a seminar / organised by Association of Food Scientists and Technologists (India), Trivandrum Chapter ... [et al.] ; editoral committee, K. Rajaraman ... [et al.]",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13612/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Padmaja, G., Balagopal, C.",1985,Cellular and Extracellular Enzymes Associated with the Post Harvest Deterioration of Cassava Tubers,Journal of Food Science and Technology-Mysore,22,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13615/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Padmaja, G., Balagopalan, C. (Division of Post Harvest Technology, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Trivandrum 17, Kerala (India))",1991,Effect of molasses and urea on the silage fermentation of cassava tubers,Tropical Science,v. 31,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13619/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Padmaja, G., Jyothi, A. N.",2013,Roots and Tubers,Fermented Foods and Beverages Series,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13630/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Paez, E.L. de",1994,Integrated research catalyzes Colombian cassava industry,,v. 13,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13653/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Page, W.W.",1978,The biology and control of the grasshopper Zonocerus variegatus,PANS,24,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13657/,"The grasshopper Zonocerus variegatus (L.) is recognised as a pest of many crops in West Africa. Evidence that it is becoming an increasing problem in southern Nigeria prompted research into the biology, bionomics and control of this insect. Summaries of the main points in the biology, bionomics and recommended control are given. It is concluded that although a chronic pest it only periodically causes economical damage to cassava and community self help is the best level at which to effect control.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Page, W. W.",1978,The biology and control of the grasshopper Zonocerus variegatus,PANS,24,3,10.1080/09670877809411626,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13658/,"The grasshopper Zonocerus variegatus (L.) is recognised as a pest of many crops in West Africa. Evidence that it is becoming an increasing problem in southern Nigeria prompted research into the biology, bionomics and control of this insect. Summaries of the main points in the biology, bionomics and recommended control are given. It is concluded that although a chronic pest it only periodically causes economical damage to cassava and community self help is the best level at which to effect control.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Paily, P.V., Rama Devi, L., Menon, M.R.",1976,Bacterial wilt of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Kerala,Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala,13,1,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13663/,"A report is given of a bacterial wilt of cassava in Kerala (India), the symptoms of which are described. Of the different inoculation methods tested, leaf inoculation without injury was the most successful. Varietal differences were found: Malayan-4 showed leaf spotting only; H-165, wilting and bacterial exudation from petioles; other susceptible varieties, wilting alone. Although symptoms are not in complete agreement with those reported for CBB, it appears that the causal agent is Xanthomonas manihotis since symptomatology depends on varietal reaction and environmental conditions.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Paily, P.V., Ramadevi, L., Menon, M.R.",1976,A note on bacterial wilt of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Kerala,Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala,13,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13664/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Paisancharoen Kobkiet, Matsumoto Naruro, Nakviroj, Chumpol",2002,Intercropping system of cassava and cowpea,"17th World Congress of Soil Science, 14-21 August 2002, Bangkok, Thailand",,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13667/,"Cassava is a staple crop in the Northeast of Thailand (NE) and has a tolerance to drought and poor soil fertility. However, monoculture of cassava accelerates the degradation of soil fertility and the cassava field is very vulnerable to soil erosion especially at the early stage of growth. In addition, the income from cassava cropping is quite unstable due to the fluctuation of the fresh root price. In order to resolve these problems, intercropping of cassava and cowpea was investigated since in 1986. On-farm trials have been carried out simultaneously in farmer's fields from 1997 to 2001 at three different locations in NE, Kalasin (KS), Mahasarakham (MK) and Khon Kaen (KK) provinces. Cassava was planted at the spacing of 2m x 0.5m and four rows of cowpea were sown in between rows of cassava 3-4 weeks after cassava planting. Grain yield of cowpea was harvested three months after sowing and crop residue was left evenly on soil surface. In 1999/2000 (3rd year), the yield of cassava in intercropping treatment did not show the completion with cowpea intercropped, but tended to increase approximately 0.4, 4 and 33% of that in the mono cropping at KK, MK and KS. The land equivalent ratio (LER) was also increased to 1.4, 2.2 and 2.3 of that in cassava mono crop at KK, KS and MK respectively. The nutrient balance analysis was investigated the inputs, outputs and balances of N P and K for the different cassava cropping system in 1997/1998 (1st year result of NPK treatment) at the farmer's fields. Negative balances were indicated for K and N for cassava mono cropping production, but the balance for P was positive. For the intercropping, there was only negative balance of K and slightly less than the mono cropping.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Palada, M.C., Jalloh, M.",1989,Agronomic characteristics of cassava and sweet potato varieties in rice-based cropping systems in inland valley swamps,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13674/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Palaypayon, C.A.M.",1986,Effect of different agricultural crops on soil and hydrologic characteristics of Quiaoit River watershed,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13680/,"Surface runoff was not significantly affected by slope and agricultural crops. Peanut gave the highest yearly average surface runoff with 60.02 m3/ha followed by camote with 59.00 m3/ha. Control had the least surface runoff with only 6.74 m3/ha. Slope gave highly significant effect on soil erosion while agricultural crops gave no significant effect. Sediment yield was not significantly affected by slope and agricultural crops. Again, peanut yielded the highest sediment with 0.53 kg followed by gabi, camote and cassava with 0.07, 0.02, and 0.19 kg, respectively. The control treatment yielded the least sediment with only 0.01 kg. The infiltration rate was highest in plot planted to peanut with 3.51 cm/hr, followed by gabi (1.99 cm/hr), cassava (1.97 cm/hr), camote (1.21 cm/hr), and the control (0.47 cm/hr). Soil physical and chemical properties generally increased throughout the duration of the study.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Palevsky, Eric, Gerson, Uri, Zhang, Zhi-Qiang",2013,Can exotic phytoseiids be considered ‘benevolent invaders’ in perennial cropping systems?,Experimental and Applied Acarology,59,01-Feb,10.1007/s10493-012-9575-4,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13682/,"Numerous natural enemies were adopted worldwide for the control of major pests, including exotic phytoseiid species (Acari: Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae) that had been moved from continent to continent in protected and perennial agricultural systems. However, relatively fewer successes were recorded in perennial agricultural systems. In this manuscript we focus on the question: Can and will exotic phytoseiids provide better pest control than indigenous species in perennial agricultural systems? To answer this question, we review the efficacy of biological control efforts with phytoseiids in several case studies, where exotic and indigenous species were used against pests on indigenous host plants and some crops that were historically or recently introduced. Related factors affecting predator establishment, such as intraguild predation and pesticide effects are discussed, as well as the potential negative effects of exotic species releases on biological control and their impact on the indigenous natural fauna. On citrus, apple, grape and cassava exotic phytoseiids have enhanced biological control without negatively affecting indigenous species of natural enemies, except for the case of Euseius stipulatus (Athias-Henriot) on citrus that displaced Euseius hibisci (Chant) in a limited region of coastal California, USA, the latter considered to be an inferior biocontrol agent of Panonychus citri Koch. Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot on gorse, an invasive weed, is perhaps the only recorded case of a negative effect of an established exotic phytoseiid on biological control.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Palmer, V. S., Tor-Agbidye, J., Spencer, P. S.",2000,Aiding African agriculture,Science,289,5488,10.1126/science.289.5488.2281b,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13687/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Palomar, M.K.",1980,"Screening of cassava varieties for resistance to brown leaf spot [study 6, Philippines]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13689/,"The study was conducted at the Visayas State College of Agriculture [Baybay, Leyte, Philippines] to screen cassava varieties/cultivars which are resistant to brown leaf spot caused by Cercospora henningsii. Cassava plants inoculated 8 weeks after planting significantly manifested the earliest symptom and defoliation. This indicates that this is the most susceptible stage of growth to C. henningsii. Initial symptoms of the disease were light green, round lesions about 3-5 mm in diameter which later turned greenish brown. These lesions later on coalesced and resulted in blighting and subsequent defoliation. A total of 112 cassava accessions were studied for their susceptibility to brown leaf spot disease in the field. Based on the r0949ating scale, 29 accessions were ranked resistant with 0-5 total area of lesion (cm2) r",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Palomar, M.K., Martinez, M.A.",1988,Reaction of cassava plants to brown leaf spot infection,Annals of Tropical Research,v. 10,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13692/,"PRC24 cassava plants inoculated with Cercospora henningsii at 8 weeks after planting manifested the earliest symptom and defoliation. Initial symptoms of cassava brown leaf spot disease are light green, round lesions about 3.5 mm in diameter which later turn greenish brown. These lesions then coalesce and result in blighting and subsequent defoliation. Out of the 98 cassava accession tested for susceptibility to the disease, 28 accessions were rated to be resistant with total lesion area ranging from 0 to 0.5 square centimeter.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Palomar, M.K., Posas, M.B.",2004,Control of cassava bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. manihotis using bacterial antagonists,Formerly Philippine Pythopathology,40,01-Feb,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13702/,"The effects of different concentrations of three promising bacterial antagonists applied as protectant were evaluated for the control of bacterial blight of cassava caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. manihotis. In potted experiment, the protective effect of the three promising bacterial antagonists namely Pseudomonas flourescens, Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. increased with the increase in level of inoculum concentration regardless of the method of inoculation used. Field test of the most effective concentration (1.3 x 10E8 cfu/ml) showed no interaction between the method of inoculation and promising bacterial antagonist used to control Xanthomonas campestris pv. manihotis. A highly significant reduction of percent disease infection, percent disease control and corresponding increased of yield were observed on plants treated with any of the three promising bacterial antagonists.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Palta, J. A.",1982,Gas-Exchange of 4 Cassava Cultivars in Relation to Light-Intensity,Experimental Agriculture,18,4,10.1017/S001447970000079X,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13703/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Palupe, A., Smith, C., Taylor, M.",1993,Maintenance of a cassava germplasm collection in the South Pacific,Working Document (CIAT),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13708/,"Three Fijian cultivars of cassava, (Manihot esculenta Crantz) were examined for their responses to the presence of the osmoticums, mannitol and sorbitol, in combination and in isolation, in the culture medium. The highest concentration of mannitol and sorbitol, (1 percent mannitol + 1 percent sorbitol) utilised in the experiment resulted in the greatest reduction in growth; plant height was reduced by 61 percent compared to plants cultured on osmoticum-free medium. Low levels of sorbitol, (0.5 percent), improved the growth of the plants; plants had shorter internodes, thicker stems and a lower rate of senescence. Recover from the lag phase resulting from long-term culture, (12 months), of cassava on mannitol - containing medium was optimised when the medium contained 4 percent sucrose",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Arturo  Carabal, James Montoya-Lerma, Anthony  C Belloti, Martin  Fregene , Gerardo, (1.State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Ministry of Science, Technology/Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Shandong Province, Department of, Agronomy/Group of Wheat Quality Breeding, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai&rsquo;an 271018, P.R.China, 2.Agricultural Technology Popularization Station, Jining 272000, P.R.China, 3.State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell, Chromosome Engineering, Ministry of Science, Technology/Institute of Genetics, Developmental, Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R.China, 4.Central Agricultural Technology Station, Jining 272000, P.R.China)",2013,Resistance to the Whitefly Aleurotrachelus socialis &lpar;Hemiptera Aleyrodidae&rpar; and SSR Marker Identifi cation in Advanced Populations of the Hybrid Manihot esculenta subsp. Manihot fl abellifolia,,v. 12,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1373/,"Genes resistant to Aleurotrachelus socialis were transferred to the F1 from the interspecifi c hybrid wild species of Manihot fl abellifolia to M. esculenta and two advanced generations of backcrosses (BC1 and BC2). We characterized the resistance of A. socialis transferred to BC2 parents (CW67-160, CW67-130, CW67-44), MTAI-8 (BC1), resistant (CMB9B-73) and susceptible (CMB9B-104) genotypes from contrasting pools, and resistant (MEcu-72) and susceptible (CMC-40) genotypes. Whitefl y demography and biology were evaluated. SSR molecular markers associated with a phenotypic response of plant resistance were detected in segregating populations (BC2). Results showed that although female survival time was similar on all hosts, the lowest averages of longevity, fecundity and oviposition rate were observed in the resistant control MEcu- 72, only being signifi cantly similar to the parent CW67-130. When the BC1 and BC2 populations were compared, it was found that A. socialis fecundity was eight times lower on CMB9B-73 progeny than on CW67-130, expressing the highest levels of resistance to the whitefl y. Ten genotypes of CMB9A and CMB9B family had the best segregation. A total of 486 microsatellite primers were evaluated using bulked segregant analysis (BSA), 11 showed polymorphism between the contrasting pools and only one showed signifi cant differences between resistant and susceptible individuals. In conclusion, fecundity was the parameter that impacted most on the intrinsic rate of A. socialis population growth.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Panman, J., Scheepens, A.J., Bruijn, G.H. de, Fresco, L.O.",1989,Cassava and Biotechnology: Production Constraints and Potential Solutions,Cassava and Biotechnology: Production Constraints and Potential Solutions,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13747/,"In order to analyse the main constraints in cassava production and processing and to assess potential solutions by biotechnological techniques a study was carried out by the Department of Tropical Crop Science at the Wageningen Agricultural University (The Netherlands) on request of the Netherlands Directorate General of International Cooperation (DGIS). A review of institutions currently involved in the field of cassava research and biotechnology is incorporated in this study (see annex 3).  First (chapter 2) an examination is made of the main constraints in cassava production and processing. These constraints can be divided into four groups: (1) propagation and varietal aspects, (2) cultivation, (3) yield and quality, and (4) post-harvest technology. For each group the main areas for improvement are identified (summarized in table 2, p.20). Chapter 3 presents some general information on biotechnology (summarized in table 3, p.22) and its possibilities and limitations in cassava research (summarized in table 4, p.26). The main limitation for the application of several protoplast and recombinant techniques to cassava is to obtain a proper regeneration from callus. The following chapter (4) deals with the technical and socio-economic impact assessment of biotechnological applications for local research and infrastructure and associated risks are considered. In chapter 5 the main areas for improvement are considered in the light of conventional research methodology and potential biotechnological contributions. Present possibilities and limitations of biotechnological strategies are formulated, followed by an impact assessment of biotechnology.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Pantanahiran, W., Kriengkraipetch, S.",2015,"The Classification of Suitable Areas for Agriculture in Sakaeo Province, Thailand",International Conference on Agro-Geoinformatics,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13754/,"Thailand is an agricultural country, and paddy rice is the main product. The grains are used for domestic consumption and export. However, the change in agricultural areas to urban areas is a major cause of the loss of good agricultural land. The revenue of Sakaeo Province comes from agricultural products, including rice, cassava, maize, sugarcane, soybean, cotton, mung beans, fruit crops and other perennials, and for this reason, the best farmland should be protected. The objectives of this study were to study land use in Sakaeo Province and to determine a suitable class of agricultural land. This study is a response to national, provincial, and local policies on agricultural land protection. The Geographic Information System (GIS) was used as the analytical tool, and the overlay technique was used to integrate the relevant factors, including soil suitability, water availability, crop revenue, plant production technology, land reform, landholding, and existing land use. Five classes of agricultural land were proposed; namely, Agriculture Class I, II, III, IV, and V. Agriculture Class I represents the best area and is the most suitable for agriculture. In contrast, Agriculture Class V is not suitable for agriculture. The results of the classification of suitable areas for agriculture in Sakaeo Province showed that the area most suitable was Agriculture Class II (33.63%), followed by the areas of Agriculture Class I (25.16%), Agriculture Class V (32.59%), and Agriculture Class III (8.61%). Agriculture Class IV areas were not found. Twenty-five point one six percent of the Agricultural Class I land was found in different areas, including Amphoe Muang (7.36%), Wattana Nakon (6.59%), Aranya Pra Teat (2.76%), Ta Phra Ya (2.31%), Wang Sombun (1.62%), Khok Sung (1.48%), Khao Chakan (1.23%), Khlong Hat (1.04%), and Wang Nam Yen (0.77%). Thirty-three point six three percent of the Agricultural Class II areas included the following Aranya Pra Teat (6.51%), Ta Phra Ya (5.68%), Wattana Nakon (5.10%), Khao Chakan (3.99%), Amphoe Muang (3.98%), Khlong Hat (3.06%), Khok Sung (2.81%), Wang Nam Yen (1.55%), and Wang Sombun (0.96%). Eight point six one percent of the Agricultural Class III areas included the following Wang Sombun (3.79%), Wang Nam Yen (1.77%), Khlong Hat (1.71%), Amphoe Muang (0.43%), Khao Chakan (0.35%), Wattana Nakon (0.33%), Khok Sung (0.06%), Ta Phra Ya (0.06%), and Aranya Pra Teat (0.1%). Point four percent of the Agricultural Class IV land was found in the following different areas Wang Sombun (0.12%), Wang Nam Yen (0.11%), Khlong Hat (0.04%), Wattana Nakon (0.04%), Khao Chakan (0.03%), Khok Sung (0.03%), Amphoe Muang (0.02%), and Aranya Pra Teat (0.01%). Agricultural Class IV land was not found in Ta Phra Ya. Thirty-two point one nine percent of the Agricultural Class V land was found in the following different areas Wattana Nakon (9.54%), Amphoe Muang (8.64%), Ta Phra Ya (5.82%), Aranya Pra Teat (1.65%), Khlong Hat (1.31%), Khok Sung (1.32%), Wang Sombun (1.78%), Khao Chakan (1.14%), and Wang Nam Yen (0.99%). It is recommended that first, the Agricultural Class I and Class II land (58.79%) be protected from other activities. Second, this research demonstrations an alternative method for the classification of agricultural land because it uses both physical properties and socio-economic data.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Panutat, P., Sanghirun, S., Limpaseni, T., Chulavatnatol, M.",1995,Manipulating cassava cyanogenesis in tissue culture by using extrinsic factors,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13755/,"Together with genetics, environmental factors exert strong influence on the cyanide content of cassava roots. To create acyanogenic varieties of cassava, genetic engineering still requires much more investment. But better understanding of the extrinsic factors that control cyanogenesis may result in alternatives that are practical to apply for managing the cyanide content of cassava roots. To this end, cassava plantlets in tissue culture were first shown to accumulate linamarin during the aseptic growth. This system was then employed to search for and evaluate different extrinsic agents that could interfere with linamarin synthesis. Based on the molecular knowledge of linamarin biosynthesis, several inhibitors of glucosyltransferase and cytochrome P450 were identified and tested in tissue culture for specific suppressive effects on the linamarin level of cassava plantlets. Field trials of these compounds could lead to a practical agro-management of the cassava cyanide problem.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Pardales Jr, J. R., Esquibel, C. B.",1996,Effect of drought during the establishment period on the root system development of cassava,Japanese Journal of Crop Science,65,1,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13771/,"The effect of different time and duration of progressive drought on cassava, during the establishment stage, i.e., from planting to about three months after planting, was studied with special attention to root system development. Plants exposed to drought, regardless of whether early (from 9-44 days after planting (DAP)) or late (from 44-82 DAP), in the establishment period had significantly fewer leaves and lower shoot dry weight (DW) than well-watered controls. Late droughted plants manifested similar inhibition of shoot growth with those continuously droughted from 9-82 DAP. With regards to root development, early drought caused reduction in the number and length of adventitious roots, number of first, second and third order lateral roots and total root DW. The value of these parameters generally increased after the plants were rewatered. Late drought caused reduction in the number and length of the adventitious roots, and the number of first and second order lateral roots, but not the third order lateral roots, which appeared to be promoted instead by drought. The total root DW also increased in late-droughted plants due to the thickening of adventitious roots. Overall, the results show that cassava has sensitivity to drought stress during its establishment period.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Pardales Jr, J. R., Verutiao, M. C., Sebidos, R. F., Esquibel, C. B., Belmonte Jr, D. V.",2001,Waterlogging damage during plant establishment in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Philippine Agricultural Scientist,84,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13773/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Pardales, J.R. Jr.",1982,"Botany, morphology and adaptation of root crops",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13775/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Pardales, J.R. Jr., Cotejo, F.R. Jr., Nunez, E.M. (Visayas State Coll. of Agriculture, Baybay, Leyte (Philippines). Philippine Root Crop Research, Training Center)",1984,Management of cassava in heavy and highly acidic soil [Philippines],,v. 9,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13776/,"Application of lime regardless of source material (viz. calcitic and rock phosphate) did not bring about significant differences in weight and number of marketable and non-marketable tubers and fresh herbage yield of cassava over the unlimed control. The amount of Ca and Mg obtained from the young petiolar leaves of the unlimed plants were practically the same as that of the limed plants. Among production management systems, addition of organic matter brought about highly significant (P=0.01) marketable tuber yield and significantly (P=0.05) higher total tuber yield and fresh herbage yield over the monocropped cassava and the intercropped one. No significant effect was obtained for the number of marketable and non-marketable tubers and weight of the latter",Excluded,Duplicate
"Asadu, C. L. A., Enete, A. A.",1997,Food crop yields and soil properties under population pressure in sub-Saharan Africa: The case of cassava in southeast Nigeria,Outlook on Agriculture,26,1,10.1177/003072709702600107,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1378/,"Cassava root yields in three villages in southeastern Nigeria with marked differences in population pressure were related to soil properties using various models. The soils of the low population village, being formed from a different parent material, were more fertile than those of the medium and high population villages and cassava root yields were significantly higher in this village. The specific soil properties which appeared to promote cassava yields included pH and contents of Mn, silt and sand. Absolute values of exchangeable Mg, Ca, acidity and effective cation exchange capacity, although not significantly correlated with root yield, were also most favourable in the low population village. Thus inherent differences in soil properties rather than population pressure may be the major factors contributing to variations in cassava root yields in these villages.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Pardales, J.R.Jr. (Philippine Root Crop Research, Training Center, Leyte), Banoc, D.M., Yamauchi, A., Iijima, M., Kono, Y.",1999,Root system development of cassava [Manihot esculenta] and sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas] during early growth stage as affected by high root zone temperature,,v. 2,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13781/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Pardales, J.R. Jr, Leyte State Univ.,  Baybay, Leyte (Philippines)- Philippine Root Crops Research, Training Center",2007,Plant root development and the effect of abiotic factors in the rhizosphere with emphasis on rootcrops,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13782/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Pardales, J. R., Jr., Cotejo, F. R., Jr., Nunez, E. M.",1984,Management of cassava in heavy and highly acidic soil,NSTA Technology Journal - National Science Development Board,9,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13783/,"Application of lime regardless of source material (viz. calcitic and rock phosphate) did not bring about significant differences in weight and number of marketable and non-marketable tubers and fresh herbage yield of cassava over the unlimed control. The amount of Ca and Mg obtained from the young petiolar leaves of the unlimed plants were practically the same as that of the limed plants. Among production management systems, addition of organic matter brought about highly significant (P=0.01) marketable tuber yield and significantly (P=0.05) higher total tuber yield and fresh herbage yield over the monocropped cassava and the intercropped one. No significant effect was obtained for the number of marketable and non-marketable tubers and weight of the latter",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Asadu, C. L. A.",1997,The optimum time for yam-mound remoulding for cassava introduction in eastern Nigeria,Tropical Agriculture,74,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1379/,"A study conducted in eastern Nigeria to determine the best time for yam-mound remoulding for cassava introduction, showed that the best period was between two and three months after the planting of yams in April. This recommendation was based on both the performance of yam and cassava as well as the estimated revenue from the yields of both crops. The study also showed that mound-remoulding could reduce the number of times farmers weed, from three to one and reduce erosion by improving the infiltration capacity of the yam mounds, since the soil material used in remoulding is often loose. The thin layer of earth on the mound after remoulding serves as an earth mulch which covers yam roots often exposed by the torrential rainfall which is characteristic of the study area.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Asadu, C. L. A., Nweke, F. I.",1998,Soil fertility status and cassava yield in Tanzania (I) nutrient levels in cassava-growing soils,Outlook on Agriculture,27,3,10.1177/003072709802700309,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1380/,"One of the main objectives of the Collaborative Study of Cassava in Africa (COSCA) was to obtain data on the cassava production systems in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Tanzania soils grown to cassava and other major arable crops in 45 villages were sampled in order to assess and compare their fertility status and relate the fertility status to factors which could have given rise to any observed variations. Soils were collected from 0-20 and 20-40 cm depth and 16 physicochemical properties were considered. Both climate and altitude significantly influenced at least 11 of the soil properties in fields grown to cassava. Human population density and cassava mixture significantly influenced particle-size distribution, total nitrogen, organic matter (OM) and exchangeable acidity. The soils of the non-humid and those of the low altitude zones were respectively, on average, more fertile than those of the subhumid and mid-altitude zones. Comparatively, soils grown to cassava were as fertile as or more fertile than soils grown to other arable crops, except in the cases of Mg++, total exchangeable bases (TEB) and effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) for soils grown to banana or plantain. Based on the rating scale for optimum cassava performance, only nitrogen was found to be lower than the critical minimum required by cassava and thus needs to be applied in most of the soils. On average, the soils of the entire area sampled were generally medium to high in fertility.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Parkes, E., Kulakow, P., Maziya-Dixon, B., Iluebbey, P., Dixon, A., Agbona, A., Ogungbesan, A., Aina, O., Alamu, O., Ceballos, H.",2015,Breeding for Enhanced ProVitamin A Levels in Cassava Roots in Nigeria,Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism,67,Supplement 1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13804/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Parmar, Aditya, Sturm, Barbara, Hensel, Oliver",2017,"Crops that feed the world: Production and improvement of cassava for food, feed, and industrial uses",Food Security,9,5,10.1007/s12571-017-0717-8,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13807/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is one of the oldest root and tuber crops, used by humans to produce food, feed and beverages. Currently, cassava is produced in more than 100 countries and fulfils the daily caloric demands of millions of people living in tropical America, Africa, and Asia. Its importance as a food security crop is high in Western, Central and Eastern Africa due to its ability to produce reasonable yields (~10t/ha) in poor soils and with minimal inputs. Traditionally a famine reserve and a subsistence crop, the status of cassava is now evolving fast as a cash crop and as raw material in the production of starch (and starch based products), energy (bio-ethanol) and livestock feed in the major producing countries. Cassava leaves, which are rich in protein and beta-carotenoids, are also used as a vegetable and forage (fresh or dehydrated meal) in various parts of the world. In recent years, some of the problems in the production of cassava have been increasing infection with cassava mosaic disease (CMD), cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) and cassava bacterial blight (CBB). Inherent post-harvest physiological disorder (PPD) and cyanogenic glycosides (CG) are some of the most prominent challenges for scientists, producers and consumers in the post-production systems. Collaborative research in participatory plant breeding is ongoing at leading international research institutes such as IITA and CIAT to improve crop resistance to virus diseases, reduce PPD and CG, and improve the overall nutritional characteristics. Further research should also focus on post-production systems by developing enhanced storage and transportation techniques, mechanisation (peeling, size reduction, drying and dewatering) and improved packaging. Moreover, a robust national policy, market development, and dissemination and extension program are required to realise the full potential of innovations and technologies in cassava production and processing.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Asadu, C. L. A., Nweke, F. I.",1998,Soil fertility status and cassava yield in Tanzania (II) contributions of soil properties to cassava yield variations,Outlook on Agriculture,27,3,10.1177/003072709802700310,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1381/,"During the Collaborative Study of Cassava in Africa (COSCA) survey, cassava yields and soil samples were obtained from farmers' fields in order to assess the yield levels and the contributions of soil properties to variations in such yield parameters as fresh root and shoot, harvest index and stand density. The average root yield was estimated as 10.5 t/ha, harvest index averaged about 0.50 and stand density was about 64,000 per hectare. Both the root and stand density had coefficients of variation above 150%. Each of the yield parameters correlated with at least 13 of the 28 soil properties considered in the simple correlation analysis carried out. The variations in the yield parameters were attributed to the differences in such agro-ecological factors as climate, altitude and soil properties. The contribution of soil variables to the variations in all the yield parameters was more than 80% in all cases. The most important variables were NP ratio for root yield, clay content for shoot yield, OM content for harvest index and exchangeable Mn for stand density. This analysis indicates that in relating root yield to nutrient levels, nutrient ratios should also be considered because the absolute values of each nutrient may not be the only determining factor.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Part, Huang, H., Cui, Z., Xue, Z., Zhang, Y.",2013,Development of 4UMS-2700 cassava harvester C3 - Applied Mechanics and Materials,,268,,10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.268-270.1253,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13819/,"This paper describes 4UMS-2700 cassava harvester's overall structure and working principle, introduces its structural designs and main technical parameters, and explains the methods and basis to design its main working parts' structures. Field experiments on its prototype was conducted and the experimental results show that the unit was reasonably designed with high productivity, low fuel consumption, and high operating reliability and can meet the agronomic requirements to harvest cassava. (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Parthasarathy, V.K., Medh, R.P., Ghosh, S.P.",1980,Stability of a few varieties of cassava under two altitude conditions in Meghalaya,Journal of Root Crops,v. 6,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13820/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Parvathy, P. C., Jyothi, A. N., John, K. S., Sreekumar, J.",2014,Cassava Starch Based Superabsorbent Polymer as Soil Conditioner Impact on Soil Physico-Chemical and Biological Properties and Plant Growth,"Clean - Soil, Air, Water",42,11,10.1002/clen.201300143,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13827/,"Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are macromolecules with the ability to absorb water and release it slowly to the surroundings. SAP hydrogels can be used as soil moisture conditioners which act as water reservoirs and release water depending upon the need of plant roots. In the present study, a cassava starch based superabsorbent hydrogel was evaluated as a soil conditioner and its effect on physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil as well as on plant growth parameters was studied. Amendment of the soil with the starch based SAP hydrogel significantly altered the physical and chemical properties of the soil. Bulk density of the soil was decreased, whereas water holding capacity and porosity were increased on SAP treatment. There was an improvement in the soil status of major, secondary and micronutrients and organic carbon in the SAP amended soil. An increase in bacteria (16%) and fungi counts (18%) as well as superior plant growth were observed for the treatment with SAP and irrigated at an interval of 3 days, compared to those of control without SAP. Soil amendment with starch based SAP hydrogel was found to be beneficial for maintaining the physicochemical and biological soil properties as well as plant growth. Soil mixed with 0.5% starch based superabsorbent polymer and watered at an interval of three days favorably altered the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil as well as plant growth. 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Passos, O.S., Fukuda, W.G., Souza, J. da S.",1994,"Breeding cassava for Brazil's ""drought polygon""",Yuca Boletin Informativo,18,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13837/,,Excluded,Language Barrier
"Pastrana, F. E., Alviz, H. S., Salcedo, J. G.",2015,Response of two cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars (CM 3306-4 and MCOL 2215) to irrigation under different water conditions,Acta Agronomica,64,1,10.15446/acag.v64n1.43935,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13838/,"This study assessed the yield of cassava cultivars MCO L2215 and CM 3306-4 in a silty clay soil under different water conditions (1) rainfed conditions from planting to harvest (nine months) with a rain offer of 841mm; (2) with supplemental irrigation from planting to harvest and total water supply of 1247mm, this treatment had the higher starch content in the field (27.45%), height (249 cm) and yield (30 t/ha) and (3) irrigated from the fourth month and a water supply of 998mm. The cultivar CM 3306-4 presented higher mean in yield (26.4 t/ha), height (249 cm) and starch content (26.64%) under the different treatments evaluated, showing significant differences from the other cultivars. The irrigation increased the yield of cassava, with significant differences between water condition and the parameters assessed. There was not significant difference between cultivars and starch content. This study shows the importance of irrigation in cassava production and serves as a reference for supply of irrigation technologies and future research.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Patanothai, Aran, Laohasiriwong, Suwit",1977,"A comparison on single-row vs. double row intercropping patterns of cassava-legume [peanut, soybean and mungbean] intercropping [at Khon Kaen in Thailand]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13840/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Patanothai, Aran, Charoenwatana, Terd, Polthanee, Anan",1977,Comparisons of cassava-field crop intercropping combinations,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13841/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Patanothai, Aran, Laohasiriwong, Suwit",1977,"A fertilizer trial for cassava-legume [peanut, soybean and mungbean] intercropping [at Khon Kaen in Thailand]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13842/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Patanun, O., Ueda, M., Itouga, M., Kato, Y., Utsumi, Y., Matsui, A., Tanaka, M., Utsumi, C., Sakakibara, H., Yoshida, M., Narangajavana, J., Seki, M.",2017,The histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid alleviates salinity stress in cassava,Frontiers in Plant Science,7,,10.3389/fpls.2016.02039,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13844/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) demand has been rising because of its various applications. High salinity stress is a major environmental factor that interferes with normal plant growth and limits crop productivity. As well as genetic engineering to enhance stress tolerance, the use of small molecules is considered as an alternative methodology to modify plants with desired traits. The effectiveness of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors for increasing tolerance to salinity stress has recently been reported. Here we use the HDAC inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), to enhance tolerance to high salinity in cassava. Immunoblotting analysis reveals that SAHA treatment induces strong hyper-acetylation of histones H3 and H4 in roots, suggesting that SAHA functions as the HDAC inhibitor in cassava. Consistent with increased tolerance to salt stress under SAHA treatment, reduced Na+ content and increased K+/Na+ ratio were detected in SAHA-treated plants. Transcriptome analysis to discover mechanisms underlying salinity stress tolerance mediated through SAHA treatment reveals that SAHA enhances the expression of 421 genes in roots under normal condition, and 745 genes at 2 h and 268 genes at 24 h under both SAHA and NaCl treatment. The mRNA expression of genes, involved in phytohormone [abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene, and gibberellin] biosynthesis pathways, is up-regulated after high salinity treatment in SAHA-pretreated roots. Among them, an allene oxide cyclase (MeAOC4) involved in a crucial step of JA biosynthesis is strongly up-regulated by SAHA treatment under salinity stress conditions, implying that JA pathway might contribute to increasing salinity tolerance by SAHA treatment. Our results suggest that epigenetic manipulation might enhance tolerance to high salinity stress in cassava.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Patena, L.F., Barba, R.C.",1979,Rapid propagation of cassava by leaf-bud cuttings,Philippine Journal of Crop Science,v. 4,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13847/,"A new method of propagation of cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz, by rooting of leafbud cutting under mist, if done every three months and utilizing every leaf-bud produced has a potential yield of four million plants from an initial mature stock plant with 500 healthy leaves. Leaf-bud cuttings are prepared with a sharp knife and the basal ends are dipped in a solution of 10 g/l captan and 50 mg/l indole butyric acid, inserted in a sand bed with a 1"" x 1"" wire mesh as support, and allowed to root for two weeks. Rooted cutting are transferred in plastic containers with soil and allowed to harden for two weeks before transplanting in the ground. The plants are grown until each produced the desired number of leaves for further propagation. The remaining stub also produces new leaves for propagation. Frequent propagation will result in faster turnover.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Patena, L. F., Barba, R. C.",,Rapid propagation of cassava by leaf-bud cuttings,Philippine journal of crop science,"Sept 15, 1979. v. 4 (2/3)",,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13848/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Pati, B. L., Legg, J. P., Kanju, E., Fauquet, C. M.",2015,Cassava brown streak disease: a threat to food security in Africa,Journal of General Virology,96,,10.1099/jgv.0.000014,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13857/,"Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) has emerged as the most important viral disease of cassava (Manihot esculenta) in Africa and is a major threat to food security. CBSD is caused by two distinct species of ipomoviruses, Cassava brown streak virus and Ugandan cassava brown streak virus, belonging to the family Potyviridae. Previously, CBSD was reported only from the coastal lowlands of East Africa, but recently it has begun to spread as an epidemic throughout the Great Lakes region of East and Central Africa. This new spread represents a major threat to the cassava-growing regions of West Africa. CBSD-resistant cassava cultivars are being developed through breeding, and transgenic RNA interference-derived field resistance to CBSD has also been demonstrated. This review aims to provide a summary of the most important studies on the aetiology, epidemiology and control of CBSD and to highlight key research areas that need prioritization.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Patil, B., Ogwok, E., Wagaba, H., Mohammed, I., Yadav, J., Bagewadi, B., Tamayo, J., Taylor, N., Kreuze, J., Maruthi, M. N., Alicai, T., Fauquet, C.",2010,RNAI-mediated Resistance to Diverse Isolates of Cassava Brown Streak Virus,In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Animal,46,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13861/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Pattanaaik, S. K., Hazarika, B. N., Pandey, A. K., Debnath, P.",2016,"Towards settled cultivation from traditional jhum-A case study in Arunachal Pradesh, India",Indian Journal of Agricultural Research,50,6,10.18805/ijare.v0iOF.4574,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13872/,"The shifting cultivation in Arunachal Pradesh is dynamic in nature and is known as 'Jhum'. Upland rice is the main crop grown in mixture with maize, foxtail, finger millet, beans, cassava, yam, banana, sweet potato, ginger, chillies, vegetables, etc. in such system. The single crop of rice is preferred in the second year and this continues for 2-3 years and then it is left for fertility build up through regeneration of vegetation. The period is known as 'fallow period'. But this leads to considerable soil erosion due to heavy intense rainfall instead of increasing its fertility. The fallow period has been reduced from 10-20 years to 5-7 years. Fortunately the mindset of the jhumias of East Siang district of Arunachal Pradesh, India has been changed. They cultivate citrus, bamboo and tache (wallichia) trees in these fallow lands, which not only prevent the land from soil erosion, but also give income even from a short fallow period. This is a little shift from the traditional practice towards a sustainable practice adopted by the jhumias. The paper presents the current scenario of settled cultivation from traditional jhum in reference to East Siang district of Arunachal Pradesh. 2016 Indian J. Agric. Res.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Putpeerawit, P., Sojikul, P., Thitamadee, S., Narangajavana, J.",2017,Genome-wide analysis of aquaporin gene family and their responses to water-deficit stress conditions in cassava,Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,121,,10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.10.025,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13873/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important economic crop in tropical countries. Although cassava is considered a drought-tolerant crop that can grow in arid areas, the impact of drought can significantly reduce the growth and yield of cassava storage roots. The discovery of aquaporin molecules (AQPs) in plants has resulted in a paradigm shift in the understanding of plant-water relationships, whereas the relationship between aquaporin and drought resistance in cassava still remains elusive. To investigate the potential role of aquaporin in cassava under water-deficit conditions, 45 putative MeAQPs were identified in the cassava genome. Six members of MeAQPs, containing high numbers of water stress-responsive motifs in their promoter regions, were selected for a gene expression study. Two cassava cultivars, which showed different degrees of responses to water-deficit stress, were used to test in in vitro and potted plant systems. The differential expression of all candidate MeAQPs were found in only leaves from the potted plant system were consistent with the relative water content and with the stomatal closure profile of the two cultivars. MePIP2-1 and MePIP2-10 were up-regulated and this change in their expression might regulate a special signal for water efflux out of guard cells, thus inducing stomatal closure under water-deficit conditions. In addition, the expression profiles of genes in the ABA-dependent pathway revealed an essential correlation with stomatal closure. The potential functions of MeAQPs and candidate ABA-dependent pathway genes in response to water deficit in the more tolerant cassava cultivar were discussed.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Paul, Carola, Weber, Michael",2016,Effects of planting food crops on survival and early growth of timber trees in eastern Panama,,v. 47,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13893/,"Restoration of degraded pasture lands in the tropics through afforestation is widely supported. The greatest obstacle to afforestation, however, is the long delay before initial financial returns from wood harvesting are realized. Interplanting young trees with food or energy crops has been proposed as a strategy to help overcome this obstacle. We investigated the impact of this practice on the survival and growth performance of young tropical tree seedlings in Panama. Five native timber tree species and the exotic species Tectona grandis were interplanted with four different crop rotations and monitored over 2years. Survival of young tree seedlings was up to eight times higher when planted in association with Manihot esculenta. Only during the first 3months after maize sowing was a significant negative effect of intercropping on tree seedling survival found. Here, survival rate of tree seedlings was up to four times lower than in the pure plantation. Tree growth was not adversely affected by crops. In fact, Astronium graveolens, Cedrela odorata and Terminalia amazonia showed significantly superior growth performance in association with both Zea mays and Cajanus cajan. When combined with the latter, the height increment of these tree species was up to four times that achieved in pure plantations. We conclude that intercropping can be an important silvicultural practice to facilitate forest restoration. Multi-purpose shrubby crop species with cropping cycles of more than 6months are particularly beneficial, as they quickly shade out grasses, thus reducing the need for herbicides.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Paul, B. K., Muhimuzi, F. L., Bacigale, S. B., Wimba, B. M. M., Chiuri, W. L., Amzati, G. S., Maass, B. L.",2016,"Towards an assessment of on-farm niches for improved forages in Sud-Kivu, DR Congo",Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics,117,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13894/,"Inadequate quantity and quality of livestock feed is a persistent constraint to productivity for mixed crop-livestock farming in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. To assess on-farm niches of improved forages, demonstration trials and participatory on-farm research were conducted in four different sites. Forage legumes included Canavalia brasiliensis (CIAT 17009), Stylosanthes guianensis (CIAT 11995) and Desmodium uncinatum (cv. Silverleaf), while grasses were Guatemala grass (Tripsacum andersonii), Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) French Cameroon, and a local Napier line. Within the first six months, forage legumes adapted differently to the four sites with little differences among varieties, while forage grasses displayed higher variability in biomass production among varieties than among sites. Farmers ranking largely corresponded to herbage yield from the first cut, preferring Canavalia, Silverleaf desmodium and Napier French Cameroon. Choice of forages and integration into farming systems depended on land availability, soil erosion prevalence and livestock husbandry system. In erosion prone sites, 55-60% of farmers planted grasses on field edges and 16-30% as hedgerows for erosion control. 43% of farmers grew forages as intercrop with food crops such as maize and cassava, pointing to land scarcity. Only in the site with lower land pressure, 71% of farmers grew legumes as pure stand. When land tenure was not secured and livestock freely roaming, 75% of farmers preferred to grow annual forage legumes instead of perennial grasses. Future research should develop robust decision support for spatial and temporal integration of forage technologies into diverse smallholder cropping systems and agro-ecologies. 2016 Kassel University Press GmbH. All rights reserved.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Payne, P.C.J.",1981,Field mechanisation of cassava,World Crops,33,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13903/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Paz Briz, F.R. (Cervezas Nacionales Cia. Anonima, Guayaquil (Ecuador))",1975,Ecuador [report on cassava],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13905/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Paz, C.P.",1984,Response of cassava on depth of plowing and depth of planting [Philippines],CLSU [Central Luzon State University] Scientific Journal (Philippines),v. 5,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13906/,"The study showed that depth of plowing at 35 cm obtained the best result over the other treatments in all aspects. Depth of planting at 12 cm also obtained the best result and the combination of 35 cm depth of planting and 12 cm obtained the highest yield. Depth of plowing at 35 cm obtained the highest profit per hectare with net return of P2,570.50, followed by depth of plowing at 25 cm, 30 cm and 20 cm with net returns of P2,120.85, P1,905.17, and P1,378.38, respectively",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Pea-Venegas, C. P., Verschoor, G., Stomph, T. J., Struik, P. C.",2017,Challenging Current Knowledge on Amazonian Dark Earths: Indigenous Manioc Cultivation on Different Soils of the Colombian Amazon,"Culture, Agriculture, Food and Environment",39,2,10.1111/cuag.12087,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13909/,"Amazonian indigenous people grow manioc in landscapes of different agricultural potential, yet studies on indigenous manioc production on fertile soils are scarce. Non-indigenous communities grow specific manioc landraces on fertile Amazonian Dark Earths (ADE), but it is unknown whether indigenous farmers also do so. During 2 years, we studied manioc cultivation by five indigenous groups on different Amazonian soils using quantitative and qualitative methods. We found that environmental conditions, including soil quality, are less important in determining manioc diversity and agricultural strategies than socioeconomic and socio-cultural factors such as labor availability, labor organization, and culinary preferences.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Peairs, F.B. (Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo. (EUA)), Carballo, M.",1987,Effects of cropping system and insecticide protection on insects associated with maize (Zea mays L.) and cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Turrialba,v. 37,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13911/,"En una asociacion de maiz y yuca en Costa Rica, se evaluo el efecto del sistema de cultivo y el uso de insecticidas sobre varios parametros agronomicos, asi como sobre el dano, diversidad y abundancia de insectos. No hubieron respuestas en rendimiento por el uso de insecticidas. La asociacion de cultivos con y sin proteccion presento valores promedio de uso equivalente de la tierra de 1.75 y 1.89 respectivamente. En general, el uso de insecticidas redujo la incidencia y dano de plagas, mientras que el efecto del sistema de cultivo estuvo limitado principalmente a la incidencia de plagas del suelo. El uso de insecticidas afecto la abundancia y diversidad de insectos en dos fechas de muestreo mientras que el sistema de cultivo tuvo efecto sobre la abundancia en cuatro fechas y sobre diversidad, en una fecha de muestreo",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Pearce, F.",2007,Cassava comeback,New Scientist,194,2600,10.1016/S0262-4079(07)61001-X,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13914/,"Millions of Africans rely on it. So when a new stealth virus started to attack, scientists had to act fast. Fred Pearce reports.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Peipp, L., Mahnert, E., Neumann, R.",1994,Latest findings on the harvest of cassava roots according to the dig and pull principle,Acta horticulturae,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13927/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Asafu-Agei, J.N., Osafo, D.M.",2001,Dry matter production and distribution model in intercropped cassava,Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science,34,,10.4314/gjas.v34i1.1826,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1394/,"Different stands of two contrasting maize (Zea mays L.) varieties and two equally contrasting cassava (ManiJwt esculenta Cranz) varieties were established as intercrops in experiments at Fumesua and Kwadaso near Kumasi (6 43' N, 136' W) in 198611ld 1987. The main objectives involved the comparison of harvest index (HI), efficiency of storage root production (ESRP), and initial start of starch accumulation (ISS) of cassava intercropped and monocropped. The determination of m, ESRP, and ISS of the two cassava cultiVirs coqld then be used to visualize genetic differences IIld the effect of the environment on dry matter distribution. The determination of the proportion of dry matter assimilation at a particular time, distributed to the stol'llge orgllls of intercropped cassava, was also the other objective in order to, describe the distribution of dry matter over storaae roots of cassava. Asymptotic relationships were established between dry weights and harvest indices, indicating that harvesting efficiency, although increased with dry matter increase, became constant Il1d did not ehIl1ge with furthtr increase in total dry matter. This should. be!of interest beeause of the economics of dry'matter increase beyond this point The dry matter lit which the harvesting efficieJlcy became constant, ESRP, seemed not to be influenced by only genotype, but also by cropping practise and season. Partitioning of assimilates to the storage roots of intercropped cassava was observed to be bimodal, IIlci closely followed the pattern of radiation income for the Kumasi area. Sink size IIld activity as well as soil moisture content and, presumably, the plant water potential, were also important factors in the partitioning of current dry matter gains into the storaae roots.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Pena, A.",1979,Losses caused to cassava [Manihot esculenta] by the shoot fly [Neosilba perezi],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13945/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Pena, J.E., Waddill, V.H.",1981,Southern armyworm [Spodoptera eridania] and black cutworm [Agrotis ipsilon] damage to cassava at different growth stages,,v. 74,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13946/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Pena, J. E., Waddill, V. H.",1981,"Southern Armyworm (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) and Black Cutworm (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) Damage to Cassava at Different Growth-Stages",Journal of Economic Entomology,74,3,10.1093/jee/74.3.271,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13947/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Pena, J. E., Waddill, V. H., Ohair, S. K.",1984,Mites Attacking Cassava in Southern Florida - Damage Descriptions and Density Estimate Methods,Florida Entomologist,67,1,10.2307/3494113,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13949/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Asafu-Agyei, J. N., Osafo, D. M., Ahenkorah, K.",1998,Plant density and yield relationships of intercropped maize and cassava,Acta Agronomica Hungarica,46,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1395/,"Plant Population density is critical to the yield of field crops and appears to be more so when these crops are interplanted as intercrops. Different stands of two maize (Zea mays L.) varieties and two cassava (Manihot esculenta Cranz) varieties were established as intercrops in experiments at Fumesua and Kwadaso in Kumasi (6043' N, 10) and at Pokuase, near Accra (5036' N, 0010' W), from '1986-1989. The objective was to investigate the yield/density relationships of maize and cassava when intercropped. The results indicated that there was a need to strike a balance between the respective densities of the components to obtain better yields. The results also showed that about 40,000 plants ha-1 maize density was the maximum plant density needed to intercrop maize with cassava. The maturity period of the variety will determine whether this should be dropped to a lower level. For cassava, the maximum should be about 20,000 plants ha-1 with similar suggestions to those recommended for intercropped maize. 1998 Akadmiai Kiad Budapest.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Pena, J. E., Waddill, V. H.",,Southern armyworm and black cutworm damage to cassava at different growth stages,Journal of economic entomology,June 1981. v. 74 (3),,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13950/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Penpillo, R.L.",1976,Culture management of root crops,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13958/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Perdomo, J. T., Edds, G. T., Cardeilh.Pt",1969,Studies on a New Aflatoxin Isolated from Costa Rican Yuca,Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society,,SEP,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13961/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Pereira, J. F., Splittstoesser, W. E.",1976,Physiological Studies of Cassava (Manihot-Esculenta Crantz),Plant Physiology,57,5,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13966/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Pereira, J. F., Seigler, D. S., Splittstoesser, W. E.",1981,Cyanogenesis in Sweet and Bitter Cultivars of Cassava,HortScience,16,6,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13968/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Pereira, A.R. (Instituto Agronomico, Campinas (Brazil)), Machado, E.C., Camargo, M.B.P. de",1982,Solar radiation regime in three cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) canopies,,v. 26,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/13969/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Asafu-Agyei, J.N., Crops Research Institute, Council for Scientific, Industrial Research, P. 0. Box 3785, Kumasi,Ghana, Ohemeng-Dapaah, S., Crops Research Institute, Council for Scientific, Industrial Research, P. 0. Box 3785, Kumasi,Ghana, Osafo, D.M., Crops Research Institute, Council for Scientific, Industrial Research, P. 0. Box 3785, Kumasi,Ghana",2000,Plant growth analysis of maize (Zea mays L.) intercropped with cassava (Manihot esculentus Cranz),Ghana journal of agricultural science,v. v33,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1397/,"Growth analysis was used in an investigation as an aid in the quantitative interpretation of plant growth of different stands of two maize (Zea mays L.) varieties ('Dorke' and 'Dobidi') and two cassava varieties ('Bosome Nsia' and 'Ankra') established as intercrops in experiments at Fumesua (1986) and Kwadaso (1987) in Kumasi (6"" 43' N. 1"" 36' WI. The trials were conductedin a randomized complete block design with a 24 factorial arrangement of four main factors. There were four blocks per trial. In Trial I (Fumesua 1986 first (major) rainy season), the treatments in the intercrop were maize variety ('Dorke' and 'Dobidi'). maize density (20 000 and 40 000 plants/ha), cassava variety ('Bosome Nsia' and 'Ankra'), and maize fertilization (45 and 180 kg/ha N), In Trial 2 (Kwadaso 1987 second (minor) rainy season), the treatments in the intercrops were similar to those of 1986 at Fumesua, except that the maize fertilization treatment was replaced by a cassava density treatment at 10 000 and 20 000 plants/ha. The use of this analysis to detect differences in growth between years for one variety and between varieties in one year was essential in this analytical approach to crop studies. The investigations pointed out the genotypic and phenotypic differences in growth between varieties and their relationship to economic yield. Leaf area development (LAD) was important in the accumulation of dry matter and led to higher grain yield in maize. As expected, the early-maturing variety ('Dorke') showed a pronounced decline in leaf area towards the end of the growth cycle, while in the full-season variety ('Dobidi') this decline was less pronounced, resulting in the production of more dry matter late in the growth cycle. A higher peak of leaf area could not alone account for the estimated 20 per cent higher grain yield of 'Dobidi' over 'Dorke'. Leaf longevity estimated by the values of LAD calculated seemed to have an important influence on yield. The comparisons made indicated that for intercropped maize, the magnitude of the shoot dry weight ditlerences between varieties did not relate to grain yield ditlerences. Growth rates did not relate directly to yield either. Important factors that were not estimated but might have had contributory effects appeared to be the duration of the grain-tilling period and photosynthetic rates which prevailed during the period. All the growth functions declined signiticantly and rapidly as the plant matured. suggesting a progressively declining rate of dry mailer increase",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Pereira, A. R., Machado, E. C., Decamargo, M. B. P.",1982,Solar-Radiation Regime in 3 Cassava (Manihot-Esculenta Crantz) Canopies,Agricultural Meteorology,26,1,10.1016/0002-1571(82)90053-X,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13970/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Pereira, J.F. (Universidad de Oriente, Jusepin, Monagas (Venezuela)), Splittstoesser, W.E.",1986,Nitrate reduction by cassava [Manihot esculenta],,v. 27,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/13974/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Perez-Crespo, C.A.",1991,Integrated cassava projects,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14003/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Perez-Crespo, C.A.",1991,Some key elements in establishing an integrated cassava project,Integrated Cassava Projects CIAT Working Document No 78,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14005/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Perez, R.D., Villamayor, F.G. Jr. (Visayas State Coll. of Agriculture, Baybay, Leyte. Philippine Root Crop Research, Training Center)",1984,"Relationships among specific gravity, dry matter and starch contents of cassava roots",NSTA [National Science and Technology Authority] Journal (Philippines),v. 9,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14015/,"The percentage of starch, dry matter content (DMC) and specific gravity of roots of 28 ten-month old cassava accessions were determined. Regression and correlation made among these factors showed significant correlation between specific gravity and DM (r=0.82); between specific gravity and starch content (r=0.71); and between dry matter and starch content (r=0.99). It appeared that the higher the specific gravity, the higher the starch and the dry matter contents. For rough estimates of the percentage of starch or of dry matter content, specific gravity method would be sufficient. But, for more accurate results, determination of the percentage of root starch based on the percentage DM should be used",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Asaoka, M. (Univ. of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leics. (UK)), Blanshard, J.M.V., Rickard, J.E.",1991,Seasonal effects on the physico-chemical properties of starch from four cultivars of cassava,,v. 43,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1403/,"Vier verschiedene Sorten von Cassavapflanzen wurden in Columbien vom Ciat angebaut und zu vier verschiedenen Zeiten geerntet, um herauszufinden, ob es eine Korrelation zwischen der Textur der gekochten Wurzelnund der konstitutionsgebenden Staerke gibt. Die organoleptischen Eigenschaften der gekochten Wurzeln zeigten bedeutende Unterschiede in Glasigkeit und Texturhaerte sowohl zwischen den Sorten als auch den Erntezeiten. Die Staerkekoerner wurden isoliert und mit verschiedenen Methoden untersucht. Die Korngroesse veraenderte sich je nach Ernte- Jahreszeit, aber es gab nur unbedeutende Unterschiede in der Roentgenkristallinitaet, dem Eluierungsprofil des mit Isoamylase entzweigten Materials (inklusive Amylosegehalt), der proximalen Zusammensetzung der Staerke und der Abbaudauer mit Glucoamylase. Darauskonnte keine Basis fuer eine Erklaerung der Unterschiede zwischen den gekochten Texturen abgeleitet werden. [S-92-00308]",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Peroni, Nivaldo, Kageyama, Paulo Yoshio, Begossi, Alpina",2007,"Molecular differentiation, diversity, and folk classification of sweet and bitter cassava (Manihot esculenta) in Caiara and Caboclo management systems (Brazil)",Genet Resour Crop Evol,v. 54,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14033/,"This study focuses the inter-relationships among the men, the use, and the intra-specific cassava diversity, under the perspective of this crop evolutionary dynamics. The origin, the use and the current local management of varieties with high and low cyanogenic potential are important questions around cassava domestication. We collected 169 local varieties identified as sweet or bitter cassava by traditional farmers from Atlantic Forest and Amazon (Medium Negro River Basin), Brazil. Using a population genetics and an ethnobotany approach, the diversity and the genetic structure of cassava were evaluated. We found a total of 115 vernacular names, and in the Atlantic Forest sample the average genetic diversity (H S = 0.654) was higher for the sweet varieties than for bitter ones (0.582). The genetic differentiation coefficient (R ST), used to estimate the diversity among groups, was 0.057 (P < 0.001), indicating that the divergence between the two groups is low. We obtained a low correlation between the morphological and genetic distances, and the congruence was high when the ethnoclassification and the genetic structure were considered. We discuss the adaptive advantages of the sweet varieties use, the current socio-economic changes in bitter varieties use, and the ecological history of these variety groups.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Asaoka, M., Blanshard, J.M.V., Rickard, J.E. (University of Nottingham, School of Agriculture, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leics. LE12 5RD (United Kingdom))",1992,Effects of cultivar and growth season on the gelatinisation properties of cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch,,v. 59,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1404/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Perry Rubio, Santiago, Laignelet, Andrs, Tohme M., Joseph",2009,Implementing technological and organizational innovations with small-scale cassava and yam farmers to produce clean seed using low-cost technologies [poster] [on line],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14046/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Persley, G.J.",1987,Cassava diseases and their control,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14053/,"Cassava is attacked by several major diseases, including cassava mosaic virus, and cassava bacterial blight. Recent studies on these diseases are reviewed, including recent work on cassava viruses which shows that the situation is more complex than originally known. Resistance breeding programs have been conducted over the past decade and the achievements of these programs will be assessed.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Peters, D., Ngai, D.D.",2004,"Agro-processing waste assessment and management in peri-urban Hanoi, Vietnam",Journal of Sustainable Agriculture,25,1,10.1300/J064v25n01_07,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14065/,"A cluster of small- and medium-sized starch processors in peri-urban Hanoi, Vietnam generate income and improve the household economy by adding value to cassava and canna roots. Such seasonal and clustered processing activities tend to generate more waste than can be utilized or managed. A situation analysis showed that cassava and canna starch processing activities in three villages generated almost 1.45 million cubic meters of wastewater during the 1999–2000 processing season. The organic matter contained in the wastewater at processing points and in downstream ponds, exceeded critical values set by the government. Local residents perceived the wastewater as an environmental health hazard that requires attention.

The potential of wastewater as a nutrient-rich irrigation source for selected crops was subsequently evaluated in one processing village in two trials conducted concurrently between March and June 2001. The trial results regarding crop performance showed that: (1) applying 80% wastewater resulted in the highest yield (p < 0.001), (2) applying waste-water during the first six weeks of the crop resulted in significantly higher yield (p < 0.001) than applying during the last six weeks, (3) applying wastewater once a week yielded better results than applying it every other week, and (4) applying unprocessed wastewater resulted in higher yields than applying settled wastewater (p < 0.001). The results also showed that the fecal coliform and worm eggs in the water, which mainly come from pig production, could offset these advantages. The levels of these microbiological contaminants could be manageable by taking proper precautions and planting standing crops such as rice. The results also showed the potential impact of wastewater on soils, the most marked of which was the increase in soil salinity. Despite the potential negative implications, applying root crop-processing wastewater for irrigation showed potential requiring further research to address the problem of contamination and soil salinity.

Subsequent trials were designed to find ways to overcome the contamination problem and optimize production with wastewater. The trials conducted during March and June 2002 showed, with rice planted at 40 clumps/m2: (1) when irrigated with wastewater twice (5.80 t/ha rice yield) or three times (5.90 t/ha rice yield) over the 12-week growing season, the yields are not significantly higher than the control (5.55 t/ha rice yield) which was irrigated with regular irrigation water; (2) when irrigated with wastewater four, five, or six times (6.60 t/ha rice yield) during the season, the yields are significantly higher, with yields increasing proportionally with the frequency of wastewater irrigation; and 3) the yields of rice irrigated five or six times with wastewater are comparable to the yields of fertilized rice irrigated with regular water. The implications of these results are that farmers may increase productivity while avoiding contamination if they avoid wading in the field during the four, five, or six weeks of wastewater irrigation. The other set of results showed that, when wastewater irrigation is fixed at six times, higher rice plant density leads to higher productivity. In other words, planting density of 35 clumps/m2 results in significantly lower yield (5.94 t/ha rice yield) than at 40 (6.6 t/ha rice yield), while planting density at 60 leads to the highest productivity (7.28 t/ha rice yield). These results indicate that wastewater irrigation favors higher density rice production. The two sets of results suggest that yield can be significantly increased even if wastewater is applied only two or three times a season; during this short period of time farmers can stay out of the fields to avoid coliform contamination.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Asare, P. A., Galyuon, I. K. A., Sarfo, J. K., Tetteh, J. P.",2011,Morphological and molecular based diversity studies of some cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) germplasm in Ghana,African Journal of Biotechnology,10,63,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1407/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important food crop in many tropical countries in Africa, South America and Asia. However, yields are below the productivity of the crop. This requires breeding and selection for improved varieties. The current study therefore investigated genetic diversity among some Ghanaian preferred accessions which could be used for breeding purposes. Genetic diversity of 43 cassava accessions was determined using 14 morphological descriptors and 20 SSR primer pairs. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the first three principal components accounted for 72.7% of the total variation with PCA1, PCA2 and PCA contributing 46.6, 14.7 and 11.4%, respectively. The size of amplified alleles ranged from 75 to 350 bp, most of which were closed to the published values. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.07 for SSRY181 to 0.75 for SSRY175, with an average of 0.52. Gene diversity was high and the average observed heterozygosity was 0.77. Both morphological descriptors and SSR markers were able to group the accessions into distinct clusters independent of locality of collection. However, where the morphological descriptors indicated some accessions were the same, SSRs markers were able to distinguish them into distinct genotypes with some located in different clusters. The wider genetic diversity observed using SSR markers would be valuable for efficient management of germplasm and for effective utilization of materials in breeding programmes to produce hybrids of desirable characteristics. Therefore, the application of morphological descriptors in management of germplasm should be backed by the use of molecular markers. 2011 Academic Journals.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Petrzik, J.",1981,"Casava (Manihot esculenta Cranz.), a tropical crop with promising future",Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14077/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Asari, P.A.R., Johnson, J.",1978,Saissetia nigra (Nietn) a pest on cassava [India],Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala (India),16,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1408/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Pfister, S., Hellweg, S.",2009,"The water ""shoesize"" vs. footprint of bioenergy",Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,106,35,10.1073/pnas.0908069106,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14082/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Phairuang, W., Hata, M., Furuuchi, M.",2017,"Influence of agricultural activities, forest fires and agro-industries on air quality in Thailand",Journal of Environmental Sciences (China),52,,10.1016/j.jes.2016.02.007,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14083/,"Annual and monthly-based emission inventories in northern, central and north-eastern provinces in Thailand, where agriculture and related agro-industries are very intensive, were estimated to evaluate the contribution of agricultural activity, including crop residue burning, forest fires and related agro-industries on air quality monitored in corresponding provinces. The monthly-based emission inventories of air pollutants, or, particulate matter (PM), NOx and SO2, for various agricultural crops were estimated based on information on the level of production of typical crops rice, corn, sugarcane, cassava, soybeans and potatoes using emission factors and other parameters related to country-specific values taking into account crop type and the local residue burning period. The estimated monthly emission inventory was compared with air monitoring data obtained at monitoring stations operated by the Pollution Control Department, Thailand (PCD) for validating the estimated emission inventory. The agro-industry that has the greatest impact on the regions being evaluated, is the sugar processing industry, which uses sugarcane as a raw material and its residue as fuel for the boiler. The backward trajectory analysis of the air mass arriving at the PCD station was calculated to confirm this influence. For the provinces being evaluated which are located in the upper northern, lower northern and northeast in Thailand, agricultural activities and forest fires were shown to be closely correlated to the ambient PM concentration while their contribution to the production of gaseous pollutants is much less. 2016",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Pham, van Bien, Hoang, Kim, Howeler, Reinhardt H",1996,Cassava cultural practices in Vietnam,"A Benchmark Study on Cassava Production, Processing and Marketing in Vietnam: Proceedings of a Workshop held in Hanoi, Vietnam Oct 29-31, 1992",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14091/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Pham, Thanh Binh, Nguyen, Minh Hung, Tru, Le Cong, Henry, Guy",1996,"Socio-economic aspects of cassava production, marketing and rural processing in Vietnam","A Benchmark Study on Cassava Production, Processing and Marketing in Vietnam: Proceedings of a Workshop held in Hanoi, Vietnam Oct 29-31, 1992",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14092/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Pham, C.B., Lagarde, M.J.R., Philippines Univ. Los Baos, College, Laguna (Philippines). National Inst. of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology",2000,Production and feeding trials of protein enriched cassava tuber by selected agro-livestock companies,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14095/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Philip, S.",1981,Sequence of occurrence of microflora in stored cassava tubers,Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala,19,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14118/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Philippine Council for Agriculture, Resources Research, College, Laguna.",1983,"The Philippines recommends for cassava, 1977",PCARRD technical bulletin series,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14119/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Phu, H.V.",1999,"Farming systems analysis of farm-households at Dinh Hoa district, the northern uplands of Vietnam",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14152/,"Results had shown two unique farm household ways in coping with food security. In remote areas, ""in situ food security"" with food crop production was the dominant practice. In areas where access to road and market exists farming orientation shifts into ""food security by money"" with fruits and tea as dominant crops. However, the change in farming systems was impaired by traditional habits such as practice of free range animal raising. Farming systems involving food crops such as upland rice, cassava, and field crop- field crop sequence showed the highest rate of soil erosion. Growing food crops on the slope greater than 10 degrees caused serious soil erosion. While growing tea and orchard which provides high soil canopy cover protects soil from erosion. However, farmer's recognition of soil erosion was low. Very few soil conservation practices had been adopted. Richer diversity was found in the remote region such as Reg. 1 while more specialized farming was observed in Reg. 2. Difficult physical condition pushed farmers toward higher diversity as an adaptation measure. Under homogenous physical condition, farmers tended to adopt specialized farming since diversity was found to have negative effect on income. The estimated water requirement showed that majority of annual crop farming systems suffered water deficiency, particularly in April and Oct. Water use efficiency was highest in permanent crops such as in tea and fruit trees. Nitrogen was identified as the growth limiting factor in the uplands. In farming system involving food crops, the loss via economic products ranged from 27.3 to 60 percent, via soil erosion from 13.6-42.5 percent, and via crop residues (if residues are burned or removed) from 16.4-35.4 percent. This proved that application of soil conservation practices, residue recycling, and the complement of fertilizers are necessary to maintain crop productivity and soil nutrients. A balanced status of nitrogen was also found in farming system that included legumes. The factors that positively affect household income including areas of pond, irrigated, upland, livestock, off-farm activities, family labor, cash availability, and information access. The on-farm income was affected positively by the area of grown crops, pond, livestock, family labor force and cash availability. It was negatively affected by off-farm activities and the household's income diversity. Logit analysis showed that the educational level of family head and family cash availability positively affected the adoption of fish raising. The adoption of rice-rice-winter crop was influenced by the area of irrigated rainfed land, and farm location. Extension roles, family local and area of garden played positively in farmer's adoption of growing fruit tree on their garden. The area of irrigated land, however, had negative effects. For upland field, adoption of tea growing was negatively affected by the area of garden, irrigated land, and off-farm activities while the area of upland field gave opportunity for growing it. Analysis of farm management efficiency by using Multiple Goal Linear Programming tool revealed that most household reached only half of their optimum attainable income. This revealed that the potential or opportunities of farming are still very high. Further studies on proper arrangement of the farming systems are necessary before they are adopted by farmers",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Phu, H.V. (Thainguyen Univ. (Vietnam). Dept. of Science, International Relation) Mendoza, T.C.",2003,Soil erosion and nutrient management in farming systems of the Northern uplands of Vietnam,,v. 86,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14153/,"The predominant practice of 89% of farmers growing tillage-intensive annual crops such as upland rice or mixed annual crops was identified as the main factor causing massive soil erosion (more than 100 t/ha/yr) and nutrient losses in the uplands of Dinh Hoa, Vietnam. The early growth of these crops and their insufficient canopy cover to the soil coincide with the peak rainy months of June to August. It was estimated that 15 cm of the topsoil in Dinh Hoa would be eroded in about 10 yr for areas grown to upland rice at slopes of 25 deg-29 deg or in only 4 yr at slopes of 40 deg or higher. Burning of crop and weed residues, as done by 55.7% of the farmers, also brought about nutrient losses in cropping systems involving peanut-sweetpotato, cassava and sweet potato-corn. But for root crops (sweetpotato-corn, peanut-sweet potato, and bean-sweet potato and cassava), the greatest loss in N and K occurred through the harvest of economic products. Topsoils and nutrients were projected to be retained up to 100 yr in cassava + peanut intercropping and in farms planted to perennial crops such as tea or mixed fruit orchard. This demonstrates that the economic, environmental protection and conservation goals of upland farming in Dinh Hoa are potentially achievable. But 60% of farmers were not aware that improper farming practices caused soil erosion (hence, nutrient loss). Information and guidance, credit support, improvement of rural infrastructure such as roads and provision of processing facilities could motivate farmers to shift to the planting of perennial high-value fruit trees. This cropping system would enable farmers to benefit from the unique subtropical climate of the uplands of Dinh Hoa in an environment-friendly way",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Piang, L. N., Hussain, Khelikuzaman M.",1982,Field evaluation on the selectivity of nine pre-emergence herbicides to cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14167/,"Field evaluation was conducted on nine herbicides applied as preemergence at three dosages for their selectivity to a cassava clone. The effects of the herbicides on the crop were assessed on visible injury symptoms, plant height, and crop yields. Alachlor, chloramben, fluometuron, oryzalin and trifluralin were highly selective and induced little phytotoxic effects to the crop at double the recommended rates or higher. Oxyfluorfen produced some harmful symptoms at 0.25 kg/ha and above but caused no yield depression. Diuron and atrazine were partially selective and may be used at a rate of less than 2 kg/ha while isouron was non-selective at 1.0 kg/ha.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ashby, J.A. (International Fertilizer Development Center, Cali (Colombia)), Jong, G. de",1982,Farmer field preparation and tillage practices,,v. 2,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1417/,"The purpose of this paper is to show how information from diagnostic research on small farmer decision-making about land preparation and tillage practices may be integrated into experimental research on the design and evaluation of fertilizer technology. Analysis of different land preparation and tillage practices by farmers in cassava production in Cauca department, Colombia is utilized to develop a model of farmers' decision-making in the choice of tillage techniques. The decision model indicates that manual tillage practices which involve only partial field tillage are a response to relatively fixed constraints, which imply that it may be difficult for farmers facing these constraints to adopt fertilizer technology which requires full field tillage. Variables associated with choice of tillage method are identified and related to implications for experimental evaluation of fertilizer technology and the distribution of benefits from this research. The findings illustrate that diagnostic research on the agro-socioeconomic constraints faced by small farmers can alert researchers to limiting factors which require recognition in the design and testing of agricultural technology, in order to facilitate rapid and effective adoption by a majority of small farmers.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Picmanova, M., Neilson, E. H., Motawie, M. S., Sanchez-Perez, R., Olsen, C. E., Moller, B. L., Jorgensen, K., Bjarnholt, N.",2014,Co-occurrence of cyanogenic glucosides and their derivatives as a common feature in metabolic profiles of almond and cassava,Planta Medica,80,16,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14173/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ashby, J. A., de Jong, G.",1982,Farmer field preparation and tillage practices. Implications for fertilizer technology research,Soil and Tillage Research,2,4,10.1016/0167-1987(82)90003-4,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1418/,"The purpose of this paper is to show how information from diagnostic research on small farmer decision-making about land preparation and tillage pratices may be integrated into experimental research on the design and evaluation of fertilizer technology. Analysis of different land preparation and tillage practices used by farmers in cassava production in Cauca department, Colombia is utilized to develop a model of farmers' decision-making in the choice of tillage techniques. The decision model indicates that manual tillage practices which involve only partial field tillage are a response to relatively fixed constraints, which imply that it may be difficult for farmers facing these constraints to adopt fertilizer technology which requires full field tillage. Variables associated with choice of tillage method are identified and related to implications for experimental evaluation of fertilizer technology and the distribution of benefits from this research. The findings illustrate that diagnostic research on the agro-socioeconomic constraints faced by small farmers can alert researchers to limiting factors which require recognition in the design and testing of agricultural technology, in order to facilitate rapid and effective adoption by a majority of small farmers. 1982.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Pijls, J.W.A.M, Hofker, K.D., Staalduinen, M.J. van, Alphen, J.J.M. van",1990,"Interspecific host discrimination and competition by Epidinocarsis lopezi and E. diversicornis, parasitoids of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti","Rijksuniversiteit Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Gent",42,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14189/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Asher, C. J., Blarney, F. P.",1987,Fertilizer use efficiency: Experimental control of plant nutrient status using programmed nutrient addition,Journal of Plant Nutrition,10,Sep-16,10.1080/01904168709363669,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1419/,"In simple non-renewed water culture systems, large changes in plant nutrient status may occur during the course of an experiment due to depletion of the nutrient solution. These changes complicate the study of effects of nutrient status on physiological processes. Flowing solution culture techniques offer one solution to the problem, but these techniques tend to be laborious and require equipment not available at most laboratories. Programmed Nutrient Addition is a simple, low-cost technique for controlling plant nutrient status. In this technique frequent, small additions of all nutrients are made, including the test element. In this way, plant nutrient status is held approximately constant or is varied in a predetermined manner. Computer software has been developed for generating schedules of nutrient addition given information on the growth curve of the plant species being studied, approximate tissue concentrations needed for healthy growth, and the level of stress (if any) intended. The paper discusses the Programmed Nutrient Addition technique which has been applied successfully over the past 16 years in studies on several species including grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.), cotton (Gossypium sp.), cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), kiwi fruit (Actinide Tchinensis Planch), and ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe).",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Pijls, Jwam, Hofker, C. D., Vanstaalduinen, M. J., Vanalphen, J. J. M.",1991,"Interspecific Host Discrimination and Competition in Epidinocarsis-Lopezi and E-Diversicornis, Parasitoids Used for Biological-Control of the Cassava Mealybug Phenacoccus-Manihoti","Redia Giornale Di Zoologia, Vol Lxxiv, N 3, Terza Serie, Appendice",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14190/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Pijls, Jwam, Poleij, L. M., Vanalphen, J. J. M.",1993,"Interspecific Interference between Epidinocarsis-Lopezi and E-Diversicornis, Parasitoids of the Cassava Mealybug Phenacoccus-Manihoti","International Symposium on Crop Protection, Proceedings",45,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14191/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Pijls, Jwam, Poleij, L. M., vanAlphen, J. J. M., Meelis, E.",1996,"Interspecific interference between Apoanagyrus lopezi and A. diversicornis, parasitoids of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti",Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata,78,2,10.1111/j.1570-7458.1996.tb00785.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14195/,"The parasitoids Apoanagyrus lopezi De Santis and A. diversicornis (Howard) (Hymenoptera Encyrtidae) have been introduced into Africa for the biological control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Homoptera Pseudococcidae). We have studied competition between these species to investigate if they can coexist. Here we report on the influence of the simultaneous presence of non-conspecific adult females on searching efficiency on patches. Wasps of either species foraged on discs of cassava leaf with mealybugs, while at the same time different numbers of non-conspecifics were also depleting the patch. Patch area per parasitoid and number of hosts available to each parasitoid were equal in all treatments. In both species, the presence of other foragers clearly affected several aspects of the parasitoids' behaviour. Patch residence time increased with the number of non-conspecifics in A, diversicornis. In both parasitoid species, the proportion of hosts left unparasitized after the patch visit decreased with increasing numbers of females on the patch. The proportions of super- and multiparasitism did not change with the number of females. Both species produced more offspring during a patch visit in the presence of more non-conspecifics. These behavioural changes did not, however, lead to a change in the offspring production rate on patches. A. diversicornis produced offspring at a rate three times that of A. lopezi when one A. lopezi and one A, diversicornis foraged simultaneously. This is the first report of an aspect of interspecific competition where A. diversicornis has an advantage over A. lopezi. Interference between adult females thus promotes coexistence of the two species on P. manihoti.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Pillai, K.S.M., Sreemulanathan, H., Chettiar, A.P.",1971,Studies on the preservation of cassava (tapioca) tuber,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14203/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Pillai, O.A.A., Irulappan, I., Doraipandian, A., Jayapal, R.",1977,Studies on the performance of certain tapioca clones at Periakulam,South Indian horticulture,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14204/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Pillai, K.G., George, C.M. (College of Agriculture, Vellayani (India))",1978,"Studies on the response N, P and K in conjunction with Ca on the growth and yield of tapioca (Manihot utilissima Pohl) var. ""Malayan-4"" [cassava, India]",,v. 16,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14206/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Pillai, K.S., Lal, S.S.",1980,"Relative toxicity of different chemicals for the control of red spidermite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisdula) (Tetanychus telarius L.) Acarina: Tetranychidae, on cassava",Entomon,5,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14207/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Pillai, K. S., Lal, S. S.",1980,"Relative Toxicity of Different Chemicals for the Control of Red Spidermite, Tetranychus-Cinnabarinus (Boisdual)(T-Telarius L) Acarina, Tetranychidae, on Cassava",Entomon,5,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14208/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Pillai, K.S., Palaniswami, M.S.",1983,Economics on the control of spidermites on cassava,Entomon,8,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14209/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Pillai, K. S., Palaniswami, M. S.",1983,Economics on the Control of Spidermites on Cassava,Entomon,8,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14210/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Pillai, K.S., Palaniswami, M.S.",1984,Pests of tuber crops,Indian Farming,33,12,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14211/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Pillai, G.R., Varughese, K., Mathew, J., Santhakumari, G.",1987,Intercropping food legumes with cassava in a rice-based farming system,ACIAR Proceedings Series,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14212/,"Research carried out on sandy loam soil with cassava cv. M-4 (10-11 mo. growth cycle) under rainfed conditions revealed that 50 mm of irrigation were optimum when cumulative pan evaluation reached 100 mm (36.9-41.6 t roots/ha). At 9 mo., the irrigated crop produced 30.8 percent more root yield than the rainfed crop at 11 mo. Hastened cassava growth due to irrigation facilitated the cultivation of medium-duration transplanted rice. Results indicated that cassava could be intercropped with cowpea, green gram, black gram, or groundnut in the early stages (20.9, 24.1, 23.0, and 22.9 t roots/ha, resp.) compared with sole cropped cassava (24.6 t/ha). The economic feasibility of a cropping system involving rice in the SW monsoon season (June-Sept.), followed by irrigated cassava intercropped with the above crops, is shown.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Pillai, S.V.",2002,Variability and genetic diversity in exotic germplasm of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),The Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding,62,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14213/,"Seventy three exotic collection of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) germplasm were evaluated for 10 yield and quality characters. Eight out of ten characters showed high variability. Following nonhierarchical Euclidean clusters analysis all the 73 genotypes were grouped into six clusters with variable number of genotypes, Accessions of heterogenous origin or place of release often grouped together in the same cluster, suggesting some degree of ancestral relationship between the genotypes. On the basis of the data genetic divergence diverse and superior genotypes were selected for use in breeding.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Pillai, S. V., Nayar, G. G., Sumarani, G. O., Harisankar, P., Banerji, N. S.",2003,Spontaneous sexual triploids from intraspecific crosses of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz): Molecular evidence,Plant Cell Biotechnology and Molecular Biology,4,01-Feb,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14214/,"A triploid cassava with somatic chromosome number 2n=54 had been identified from a hybridisation made in 1984 involving two diploid parents, 'H-165' and 'Sree Sahya'. It was a first report, in cassava, at that time, and as such the parentage of the triploid hybrid was questioned. In tuber characters, it showed more resemblance to the female parent, but it had the striking dark purple petiole colour inherited from the male parent This hybrid has broad leaves typical of triploids. This paper gives the molecular evidence for the parentage of this 'spontaneous sexual triploid' derived from intraspecfic cross. RAPD analysis of the parents and hybrids using 12 random primers was performed. It was interesting to find that all the DNA bands in the hybrid had come from either of the parents and not a single new band appeared. Analysis of the Similarity Index showed that the hybrid was more similar to Sree Sahya, the male parent (0.83) than the H-165 female parent (0.54). This hints at the role of 2n pollen in production of this 'spontaneous sexual triploid'. The superiority of this triploid over the parents and the significance of sexual triploids in crop improvement are discussed.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Pillai, P. N.",1974,Intercropping in rubber,Farm and Factory,8,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14217/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ashokan, P. K., Nair, R. V., Sudhakara, K.",1985,"Studies on Cassava Legume Intercropping Systems for the Oxisols of Krala State, India",Tropical Agriculture,62,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1422/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Ashokan, P.K. (Kerala Agricultural Univ., Trichur (India). Coll. of Agriculture), Wahid, P.A., Sreedharan, C.",1988,"Relative uptake of 32P by cassava, banana, elephant foot yam and groundnut in intercropping systems",,v. 109,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1423/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Pingmuanglek, Prus, Jakrawatana, Napat, Gheewala, Shabbir H.",2017,"Freshwater use analysis of cassava for food feed fuel in the Mun River basin, Thailand",The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,22,11,10.1007/s11367-017-1286-y,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14231/,"PURPOSE This research aims to assess the current freshwater use in the cassava supply chain for food, feed fuel in the Mun basin, and the water scarcity impact and possible options to increase cassava production to meet the future demand following the Renewable and Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP) target. METHODS This research analyzes freshwater use based on ISO 14046 water footprint assessment. The analysis was implemented based on a life cycle perspective that determines the impact on freshwater use from cassava products along their supply chain. Both direct water use and indirect water use that associated are analyzed. Midpoint impact of water use was assessed using water stress index (WSI) to calculate water scarcity footprint. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results show that in the current situation, total freshwater use of all cassava-related product in Mun basin in the base case is 1140 million m/year. When WSI was applied, water scarcity footprint of all cassava-related products in the Mun basin in the base case was only 147 million m/year. In the scenario 1, increasing irrigation to increase yield in the existing cassava cultivation area in the Mun basin has the largest water use compare to other scenarios. Scenarios 2 and 3, expanding cassava cultivation area in Mun basin and in other regions, have lower water and water scarcity impact than scenario 1. The benefit from transforming paddy rice (in unsuitable areas) to cassava cultivation was also good. However, more resources are required including land, energy, or fertilizer, and other environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emission or eutrophication could be increased from the increasing resource use. Therefore, the decision-making process needs to consider the trade-off between those factors, and a more complete life cycle assessment (LCA) on the envisioned alternatives should be applied for further analysis. CONCLUSIONS The increasing demand of biofuels derived from cassava can increase stress on water in the Mun River basin. Increasing irrigation water use in the area as per requirement could possibly increase yield to meet the future feedstock demand but has large water scarcity impact. However, this could be alleviated by using groundwater from additional wells in the farm. Expanding cassava cultivation area could be another option having low water scarcity impact, but it requires more resources and could increase other environmental impacts that need to be further analyzed by a complete LCA.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Pino, J.A. (Interamerican Development Bank, Washington, D.C. (USA))",1985,Relevant research and development activities at the international centre for tropical agriculture (CIAT),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14234/,"Multidisciplinary projects in rice, cassava, tropical pastures and forages and seed technology address varietal improvement, plant protection, quality evaluation and storage. The most important form of assistance that CIAT can provide in the Caribbean region is the supply of germplasm and technical information",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ashraf, M., Balogun, P., Jibrin, A.",1985,A case study of on-farm adaptive research in the Bida Agricultural Development Project - Nigeria,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1425/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Pitelli, R.L.C.M., Penariol, M., Pitelli, A.M.C.M., Pitelli, R.A.",2007,Host Specificity of a Brazilian Isolate of Alternaria cassiae (Cenargen CG593) Under Greenhouse Conditions,Phytoparasitica,35,2,10.1007/BF02981105,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14257/,"Several Alternaria cassiae isolates were recovered from diseased sicklepod plants (Senna obtusifolia) in the southern regions of Brazil. A representative isolate (Cenargen CG593) was tested for its host range under greenhouse conditions. The fungus promoted symptoms in sicklepod, cassava (Manihot dulce), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and eggplant (Solanum melongena) when tested at a spore concentration of 106 spores ml−1. When the plants were inoculated with a suspension of 105 spores ml−1 and held at a dew period of 12 h (cassava) or 18 h (tomato and eggplant), the plants showed symptoms of the disease, but they recovered and continued their normal vegetative growth. These results show that the fungus A. cassiae is safe to use for the control of S. obtusifolia under Brazilian conditions, because it did not cause excessive damage in the three plants tested.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Piya Duangpatra (Kasetsart Univ., Bangkok (Thailand). Faculty of Agriculture. Dept. of Soils)",1985,Fertilizations and soil management for maintaining and increasing the productivity of cassava cultivated soils,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14261/,"Study on the Relative Responses to Fertilizer of Three Cassava Varieties in Warin Soil Series To assess the relative potential response to fertilizer of a newly improved cassava variety MKU2-151 developed by cassava variatal improvement projects of the KURDI Kasetsart University, an experiment was established on Warin soil series in the farmer's field during normal rainy season from June 1985 to June 1986. A split-plot design was used having 3 main plots and 3 sub-plots each replicated three times. Three cassava varieties in main plot comprise MKU2-151, Rayong-1 and Rayong-3 whilst three fertilizing treatments in sub-plot were three rates of mixed fertilizer grade 15-15-15 i.e. 0,100 and 200 kg./rai. Fertilizer materials were divided into halves and applied two times by localized placement to each plant at 1 and 4 months after planting. Cuttings were planted in 6x7 sq.meter plot at 1x1 m. spacing. During plant growth stage, observations were made on cutting germination at 3 weeks after planting. At harvest at 12 months old, measurements comprise plant height and number of shoot and primary branch, fresh top and root weight, harvest index and starch content in fresh root. Comparing the varietal response, by average, the differences in number of shoot,primary root, harvest index, fresh top and root as affected by fertilization were not large or significant. However, cassava variety MKU2-151 out yielded Rayong-1 and Rayong-3 varieties among which variety Rayong-3 gave the lowest root yield. Regardless of varieties, addition of mixed fertilizer grade 15-15-15 at various rates i.e. 0, 100 and 200 kg./rai resulted in marked increase in all growth and yield observed except that of the starch content in fresh root in which the starch content decreased as fertilizer rates increased. In term of root yield, cassava variety MKU2-151 gave the highest response to fertilization followed by Rayong-3 and Rayong-1 varieties respectively. Regarding starch content in the fresh root, Rayong-3 variety contained significantly higher starch content than those found in MKU2-151 and Rayong-1 varieties.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Platt, J.",1901,"""Manioc.""",Notes and Queries,"Series 9, Volume 8",196,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14269/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ashraf, M. A., Maah, M. J., Yusoff, I., Gharibreza, M. M.",2010,"Heavy metals accumulation and tolerance in plants growing on ex-mining area, Bestari Jaya, Kuala Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia",2010 International Conference on Environmental Engineering and Applications (ICEEA 2010),,,10.1109/ICEEA.2010.5596140,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1427/,"The degree of contamination by heavy metals in soil and transfer to plants has been studied. Specimens of plant species from five locations were sampled with their corresponding soils. Thirty six plant species including two shallow water aquatic plants were identified. It was found that metal concentration in soil was highly variable while concentration of metals in plants directly depends on the concentration of metals it was rooted. Bioconcentraion factor and translocation factor were calculated which show that Cyperus rotundus L. is a potential tin-hyperaccumulator plant, previously not reported in literature. Plant Species Imperata cylindrica, Lycopodium cernuum, Melastoma malabathricum, Mimosa pudica Linn, Nelumbo nucifera, Phragmites australis L., Pteris vittata L. and Salvinia molesta, were metal accumulator while Acacia podalyriaefolia G. Don, Bulb Vanisium, Dillenia reticulate King, Eugenia reinwardtiana, Evodia roxburghiania Hk. f. Clarke, Gleichenia linearis, Grewia erythrocarpa Ridl., Manihot esculenta Crantz, Paspalum conjugatum Berguis, Passiflora suberosa, Saccharum officinarum, Stenochlaena palustris(Burm.) Bedd. and Vitis trifolia Linn. were tolerated plant species. All other studied plants were excluders. Identified plant species could be useful for revegetation and erosion control in metals-contaminated ex-mining sites.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Plumbley, R. A., Rickard, J. E.",1991,Post-harvest deterioration of cassava,Tropical Science,31,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14277/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Poats, S.V.",1993,Women and cassava production and processing in Latin America,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14279/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ashraf, M. A., Maah, M. J., Yusoff, I.",2011,Heavy metals accumulation in plants growing in ex tin mining catchment,International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology,8,2,10.1007/BF03326227,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1428/,"The degree of contamination by heavy metals (arsenic, copper, lead, tin and zinc) in soil and transfer to plants has been studied. Specimens of plant species from five locations in an area of 10 10 m were sampled with their corresponding soils. Thirty six plant species including two shallow water aquatic plants were identified. Soil and plant specimens were analyzed by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. It was found that metal concentration in soil was highly variable while concentration of metals in plants directly depends on the concentration of metals it was rooted. Roots showed highest metal concentration followed by leaves, shoots and flowers. Bioconcentraion factor and translocation factor were calculated, representing Cyperus rotundus L. as a potential tin-hyperaccumulator plant, previously not reported in literature. Plant Species Imperata cylindrica, Lycopodium cernuum, Melastoma malabathricum, Mimosa pudica Linn, Nelumbo nucifera, Phragmites australis L., Pteris vittata L. and Salvinia molesta, were metal accumulator while Acacia podalyriaefolia G. Don, Bulb Vanisium, Dillenia reticulate King, Eugenia reinwardtiana, Evodia roxburghiania Hk. f. clarke, Gleichenia linearis, Grewia erythrocarpa Ridl., Manihot esculenta Crantz, Paspalum conjugatum Berguis, Passiflora suberosa, Saccharum officinarum, Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.) Bedd. and Vitis trifolia Linn. were tolerated plant species. All other studied plants were excluders. Identified plant species could be useful for revegetation and erosion control in metals contaminated ex-mining sites. Morphological changes such as reduction in size, change in color and deshaping have also been observed in plant species with high metal values.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Podwojewski, P., Orange, D., Jouquet, P., Valentin, C., Nguyen, V. T., Janeau, J. L., Tran, D. T.",2008,Land-use impacts on surface runoff and soil detachment within agricultural sloping lands in Northern Vietnam,Catena,74,2,10.1016/j.catena.2008.03.013,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14281/,"Two consecutive years of investigation on soil surface features, surface runoff and soil detachment within 1-m2 microplots on 40% slope highlighted the effects of land-use change, vegetation cover and biological activity on the water pathways in Northern Vietnam. Three replicate plots were set up on each of five land-uses cassava (CAS), grass fodder of Bracharia ruziziensis (BRA), a 3-year old fallow (FAL), tree stands of Acacia mangium and Venicia montana (FOR), and a fallow with regrowth of Eucalyptus regularly cut (EUC). The second year, two of the microplots under FAL and EUC were treated with herbicide (FALh, EUCh), one of them was burnt (FALh+b, EUCh+b). The highest yearly surface runoff coefficient of 16%, and soil detachment rate of 700g m- 2 yr- 1 in average with a maximum of 1305g m- 2 yr- 1 have been recorded under CAS. On FALh and FALh+b, runoff ratios were 8.7 and 13.5%, respectively and detachment rates were 86 and 389g m- 2. On FAL and BRA the yearly runoff ratio varied from 5.9 to 9.8% but the detachment rate was limited at 24 to 35g m- 2. FOR and EUC annual runoff was 3.1% and annual soil detachment 71g m- 2. These values were very low compared to the values reported on steep slopes in Laos within similar climate and vegetation cover. The runoff and detachment rates underlined the importance of rainfall intensities, soil physical properties, soil surface features, soil vegetation cover and biological activity. The annual surface runoff was highly correlated to the soil surface crusting. CAS and BRA plots were prone to crusting especially after weeding at the onset of the rainy season, when the soil surface was still uncovered. Soil bioturbation (earthworm casting activity) was the second factor that explains local variation of surface runoff and soil detachment. The continuous production of earthworms casts on soil surface, especially on FOR and EUC microplots, induced a marked surface roughness and reduced the surface runoff. The production of casts was very limited in FAL and completely absent in CAS microplots. So it is evident that our results confirm the deleterious effects of cassava on soil and water conservation. 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Poespodarsono, S., Winarno, A., Wijoyo, P.",1976,Survey on Mukibat cassava in East Java [Indonesia],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14283/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Polthanee, Anan, Bunchan, Suwat, Sarinya Muenkunya",1995,Cassava with green corn intercropping,Kaen Kaset,23,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14294/,"Results showed that cassava intercroopping patterns reduced tuber yield to sole crop cassava by 19, 13, and 3 percent for cassava plus 2-row green corn, cassava intercropped between plant with green corn, and cassava plus 1-row green corn, respectively. Cassava intercropped between row with 1-row green corn gave the highest total net income",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Polthanee, A.",2001,Growth and yield of cassava and cowpea cultivars grown under intercropping systems,Warasan Technology Suranari,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14296/,"Field experiment was conducted at the experimental farm of Khon Kaen University in 2000-2001. The object of this study was to investigate growth, yield and yield components of cassava and cowpea as well as land use efficiency and economic returns. The results showed that leaf area, total top dry weight, dry weight per storage root and storage yields were significantly affected by intercropping system. Cowpea cultivar KKU 96D (climbing plant type) with medium growth duration had more influence on growth and yield of cassava as compared to cowpea cultivar KKU 305 (bush plant type) with short growth cycle. For cowpea, leaf area was not affected by intercropping system for both cultivars, while total top dry weight was influenced by intercropping systems on KKU 305 cultivar at the late growth stage. Seed yields and number of pods per plant were significantly by intercropping for KKU 305 cultivar, but not for KKU 96D cultivar. The number of seeds per pod and 100-seed weight was not influenced by intercropping for boot cultivars. The cassava-cowpea intercropping system resulted in 40 to 44 percent greater land use efficiency and increased the net return by 6,367 to 10,835 bath/ha over sole cassava.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Poltronieri, P., Hong, Y.",2015,Applied Plant Genomics and Biotechnology,Applied Plant Genomics and Biotechnology,,,10.1016/C2014-0-02129-6,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14300/,"Applied plant genomics and biotechnology reviews the recent advancements in the post-genomic era, discussing how different varieties respond to abiotic and biotic stresses, investigating epigenetic modifications and epigenetic memory through analysis of DNA methylation states, applicative uses of RNA silencing and RNA interference in plant physiology and in experimental transgenics, and plants modified to produce high-value pharmaceutical proteins. The book provides an overview of research advances in application of RNA silencing and RNA interference, through Virus-based transient gene expression systems, Virus induced gene complementation (VIGC), Virus induced gene silencing (Sir VIGS, Mr VIGS) Virus-based microRNA silencing (VbMS) and Virus-based RNA mobility assays (VRMA); RNA based vaccines and expression of virus proteins or RNA, and virus-like particles in plants, the potential of virus vaccines and therapeutics, and exploring plants as factories for useful products and pharmaceuticals are topics wholly deepened. The book reviews and discuss Plant Functional Genomic studies discussing the technologies supporting the genetic improvement of plants and the production of plant varieties more resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. Several important crops are analysed providing a glimpse on the most up-to-date methods and topics of investigation. The book presents a review on current state of GMO, the cisgenesis-derived plants and novel plant products devoid of transgene elements, discuss their regulation and the production of desired traits such as resistance to viruses and disease also in fruit trees and wood trees with long vegetative periods. Several chapters cover aspects of plant physiology related to plant improvement cytokinin metabolism and hormone signaling pathways are discussed in barley; PARP-domain proteins involved in Stress-Induced Morphogenetic Response, regulation of NAD signaling and ROS dependent synthesis of anthocyanins. Apple allergen isoforms and the various content in different varieties are discussed and approaches to reduce their presence. Euphorbiaceae, castor bean, cassava and Jathropa are discussed at genomic structure, their diseases and viruses, and methods of transformation. Rice genomics and agricultural traits are discussed, and biotechnology for engineering and improve rice varieties. Mango topics are presented with an overview of molecular methods for variety differentiation, and aspects of fruit improvement by traditional and biotechnology methods. Oilseed rape is presented, discussing the genetic diversity, quality traits, genetic maps, genomic selection and comparative genomics for improvement of varieties. Tomato studies are presented, with an overview on the knowledge of the regulatory networks involved in flowering, methods applied to study the tomato genome-wide DNA methylation, its regulation by small RNAs, microRNA-dependent control of transcription factors expression, the development and ripening processes in tomato, genomic studies and fruit modelling to establish fleshy fruit traits of interest; the gene reprogramming during fruit ripening, and the ethylene dependent and independent DNA methylation changes. 2015 P. Poltronieri and Y. Hong. All rights reserved.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Asiedu, S. K.",1985,Characterization of Xanthomonas-Campestris Pv Manihotis Strains Isolated from Cassava in Nigeria,Phytoprotection,66,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1431/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Pongpojkasem, Jittima",1979,"The effectiveness of agricultural incentives in Thailand: a case study of maize, cassava and sugar",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14313/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ponnuswamy, K., Santhi, P.",1997,Performance and persistence of pendimethalin applied in CASSAVA,Pestology,11,8,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14319/,Field experiments conducted for two years to study the weed control efficiency and persistence of pendimethalin in cassava revealed that maximum weed control efficiencies were obtained under drip system of irrigation and hand hoeing and weeding with maximum tuber yield of cassava. Pendimethalin residue was non-detectable either in soil or plant or tuber of cassava under surface and drip system of irrigation when the herbicide was sprayed. There was no carryover residue of pendimethalin found to affect the succeeding crop of pulse or cereals.,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Ponnuswamy, K., Santhi, P., Mohamed Ali, A.",1998,Influence of irrigation and weed control methods on yield and quality of cassava,Acta Agronomica Hungarica,46,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14320/,"Field experiments conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore for two years (1994-95 and 1995-96) revealed that drip irrigation with 100% of the surface irrigation water led to a higher cassava tuber yield (39.1 and 38.3 t ha-1 in the first and second year of study, respectively) due to continuous moisture availability and higher nutrient absorption. Herbigation (38.9, 38.8 t/ha) and hand hoeing and weeding (39.2, 39.0 t/ha) were comparable in giving higher productivity and quality in cassava. Quality parameters such as starch (33.3, 33.0% in the drip system of irrigation-I2) and the total sugar content of the tubers (2.25, 2.40% in surface irrigation- I1) were highly influenced by both irrigation and weed control methods in cassava. 1998 Akadmiai Kiad, Budapest.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Pontara, L. P. D., Clemente, E., Oliveira, D. M., Kwiatkowski, A., Rosa, Cilf, Saia, V. E.",2012,Physicochemical and microbiological characterization of cassava flower honey samples produced by africanized honeybees,Ciencia E Tecnologia De Alimentos,32,3,10.1590/S0101-20612012005000066,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14321/,"Cassava producers in the region of Marilia-Sao Paulo are integrating their farming activity with beekeeping to diversify their income. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological quality of honey samples produced by Africanized honeybees Apis mellifera from cassava flower in 2008. Analysis were carried out for pH, total soluble solids (TSS), acidity, moisture, reducing and total sugars, apparent sucrose, hydroxymethylfurfural, color, ash, proteins, water insoluble solids, diastasic activity, mineral content, microbiological evaluations, and mineral and hydrocyanic acid (HCN) content. The honey samples showed physicochemical and microbiological characteristics favorable to commercialization, with the exception of apparent sucrose and acidity, which show the need for a narrow focus of attention to the honey maturation degree at the harvest time and more careful monitoring during production and processing. The commercialization of Brazilian cassava honey, still little explored, can be widely spread in the market since the levels of hydrocyanic acid (HCN) showed no consumption risk; in addition the simultaneous production of honey and cassava provides an alternative to family income increase.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Poolsanguan, Piyawuti, Rojanaridpiched, Chareinsak, Jumlong Jeamjamnanja (Sriracha Research Station, Chon Buri (Thailand))",1990,Improvement of cassava cultural practieces,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14326/,"Study on cassava varieties and harvesting times for yield and quality of cassava. There was no significant differences in fresh root yield comparing among varieties, except in February planting. Rayong 60 tended to have the highest fresh root yield while Sriracha 1 gave higher the starch content and dry root yield. During rainy season, increased the harvesting times of cassava from 8 to 14 months would increased the yield. Interactions between varieties and harvesting times of fresh and dry root yield were not detected, except for the starch content. Furthermore, planting in November gave higher yield than planting in February and June. Study on the response of nes cassava varieties to chemical fertilizers. There was no significant difference in fresh root yield only in the dry season planting. Rayong 60 tended to have the highest fresh root yield while Sriracha 1 gave higher the starch content. Furthermore, Sriracha 1, generally gave higher fresh root yield than those of other varieties under unfertilized soil. In the dry season planting, average yield increased by fertilizer at the rates of 50, 100 and 150 kg/rai were 7, 15 and 21 percent and were 10, 35 and 42 percent for the rainy season planting, respectively. The highest response of cassava to rates of mixed fertilizer was obtained at 100 kg/rai. In addition, interactions between variety and fertilizer rate of fresh and dry root yield as well as the starch content were not observed.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Poolsanguan, Piyawuti",1992,Growth and performances of new cassava varieties under native and fertilized soils,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14327/,"Objective of this study is to compare different cassava cultivars focusing on growth performance under native and fertilized soils. Two cassava experiments, rainy and dry season plantings at Sriracha Research Station. Five cassava cultivars; Rayong 1, Rayong 3, Rayong 60, Hanatee and CM3299-15 were grown under two levels of soil fertility, without fertilizer and with 100 kg of N, P2O5, and K2O per hectare. The experiments were harvested at 4, 8 and 12 months after planting. Harvesting at 12 months gave higher yields and this was more pronounced at the dry season planting. Average yield increased by fertilizer application was about 39.5 % at 12 month-harvest. There was highly significant differences in fresh and dry root yields among cultivars and between with and without fertilizer application. Rayong 60 gave the highest yield follow by Rayong 1, CM3299-15, Hanatee and Rayong 3. Rayong 60 gave considerable yields at 8 months. The interaction between cultivars and fertilization was not great while the interactions of cultivar with planting season and time of harvests were highly significant but the trend was that yields of all cultivars increased from early harvest to late harvest. The irresponsiveness of Hanatee to planting season was responsible for the interaction between cultivar and planting seasons, suggesting the importance of planting specific cultivar for specific fertilizer application and harvesting at specific timing. Finally, planting in the late rainy season was generally recommened.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Asiedu, R., Bai, K.V., Terauchi, R., Dixon, A.G.O., Hahn, S.K.",1992,Status of wide crosses in cassava and yam,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1433/,"Wild relatives of cassava (Manihot spp.) and yam (Dioscorea spp.) have many attributes of importance to the genetic improvement of the cultivated species. Some crosses between cassava and its wild relatives have led to polyploids (crosses to M. glaziovii and M. epruinosa) and resistance to two major diseases, cassava mosaic virus and cassava bacterial blight (crosses to M. glaziovii). No barriers to interspecific hybridization have been found in the genus Manihot, but hybridization between Dioscorea species is severely hampered by poor and erratic flowering. Much remains to be done in genome analysis in both genera",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Poramacom, N., Ungsurat, A., Ungsurat, P.",2009,"The economic effects of rainmaking in Lamtakhong River Basin, Nakhon Ratchasima Province",Journal of ISSAAS [International Society for Southeast Asian Agricultural Sciences],15,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14342/,"This research sought to analyze cost and return of rainmaking (weather modification activities) at Lamtakong River Basin, Amphoe Seekue and to reduce rainmaking expenditure. The research collected cost and return of rice, maize, cassava and sugarcane farms data of 2006/2007 crop year and interviewed 60 farmers of each crop. Regression analysis, ratio and descriptive method were used. To reduce rainmaking expenditure, rainmaking could operate only during May until Oct. Numbers of raining date were statistically affected on maize and rice yield. Rice farms at irrigation area obtained higher yield than rain fed area. There were 737.04 kilogram per rai and 433.00 kilogram per rai. Some scenarios showed statistically indifferent yield between rain fed area and non-rain fed area however, statistically different numbers of raining date. It was concluded that the rain might not differently increase yield but some indirect benefit were excluded or uncounted.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Porto, M. C. M., Marcarian, V.",1983,Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) as an energy crop for arid and semi arid lands,Energy from biomass. 2nd E.C. conference,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14358/,"Presents cassava as a potential crop for ethanol production in the tropics. Results obtaned in Brazil and Colombia indicate a high drought tolerance in cassava. To evaluate the potential of this crop in other arid areas, two trials were conducted in Arizona during 1980/81.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Porto, M.C.M., Asiedu, R., Dixon, A., Hahn, S.K.",1994,An agroecologically-oriented introduction of cassava germplasm from Latin America into Africa,Acta Horticulturae,380,,10.17660/ActaHortic.1994.380.19,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14359/,"An agroecologically-based germplasm enhancement strategy to further broaden the genetic base of cassava in selected ecologies of Africa was initiated by CIAT and IITA in 1990. Crosses are being made at CIAT, in Colombia, using parents adapted to four different agroecologies of South America with homologues in Africa. Selection of parents is made on the basis of resistance to pests and specific quality traits such as low cyanide content, yellow root flesh, and mealiness. Resistance to ACMD is being incorporated by using IITA elite clones introduced to CIAT as parents. To date, a total of 130 000 botanical seeds comprising 725 families have been introduced into Nigeria through IITA. Three seedling nurseries were established in 1990 at locations representing the subhumid (Ibadan), humid (Onne), and semi-arid (Kano) ecologies. In 1991, a nursery was also established in Jos, a midaltitude location, in Nigeria. Establishment of seedlings was successful even under severe environmental conditions such as those existing at Kano, where a dry period of 6 months was experienced by the seedlings. Reaction to pests and diseases and growth of individual seedlings were monitored at monthly intervals during 1990–91. Pressure of CBB and ACMV was higher at Ibadan between July and November, but general recovery of individuals with symptoms of ACMD was observed during the dry season. A better reaction in the progenies resulting from the crosses involving IITA clones TMS 30001 and TMS 30572 was observed. Plant growth was fastest in the population evaluated at Onne and slowest at Kano, although at the latter location plants also continued to grow during the dry season. Comparison within families across environments was only possible at Ibadan and Onne, since the population evaluated at Kano was different from the other two. Individuals selected at the seedling stage are being cloned by IITA and will be evaluated progressively following the IITA cassava scheme.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Asiegbu, J.E.",1984,"Organic manure substrates and their effect on early weed incidence, earthworm activities, and microbial population",Beitrage zur tropischen Landwirtschaft und Veterinarmedizin,v. 22,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1436/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Poubom, C.F.N., Awah, E.T., Tchuanyo, M., Tengoua, F.",2005,Farmers' perceptions of cassava pests and indigenous control methods in Cameroon,,v. 51,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14369/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Prabhakar, M., Pillai, N.G. (Central Tuber Crops Research Inst., Trivandrum (India))",1984,"Multiple cropping systems with tuber crops [cassava, cowpea, mungbean, soybean, groundnut, India]",Indian Farming (India),v. 33,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14381/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Prabhakar, M., Nair, G. M.",1984,Intercropping in cassava,Indian Farming,34,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14382/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Prabhudesai, V.R., Narayanaswamy, S.",1975,Tissue culture from tapioca [Cassava],Plant science letters,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14386/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Asiimwe, P., Ecaat, J.S., Guershon, M., Kyamanywa, S., Gerling, D., Legg, J.P.",2007,"Evaluation of Serangium n. sp. (Col., Coccinellidae), a predator of Bemisia tabaci (Hom., Aleyrodidae) on cassava",,v. 131,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1439/,"The potential of a new, previously unidentified Serangium species (Col., Coccinellidae) to control the high Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hom., Aleyrodidae) populations on cassava was evaluated. Field and laboratory studies were carried out to determine the abundance and feeding capacity of this Serangium species feeding on B. tabaci on cassava. Serangium nymphs and adults were most abundant in cassava fields late in the season, rising sharply from 5 months after planting (MAP) to a peak at 7-8 MAP. Pre-imaginal development averaged 21.2 days and was longest in eggs and shortest in the L instar. Mean total prey consumption of immature Serangium increased with the stage of development with the lowest consumption in the L instar and highest in the L instar. Mean daily consumption was lowest on the first day after hatching in the L instar and rose to a peak on the 13th day after hatching in the L instar. Each Serangium larva consumed a mean of over 1000 nymphs during its entire development. These results have demonstrated the potential of this Serangium species to control B. tabaci populations on cassava.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Pradilla, A., Brenes, F., Alvarez Luna, E.",1975,"Analytical and biological studies of a high-yielding, high protein cassava",Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion,25,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14393/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Asiimwe, P., Ecaat, J.S., Otim, M., Gerling, D., Kyamanywa, S., Legg, J.P.",2007,Life-table analysis of mortality factors affecting populations of Bemisia tabaci on cassava in Uganda,Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,v. 122,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1440/,"A study was set up to determine the sources and rates of mortality of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera Aleyrodidae) on field-grown cassava in Uganda. Using a cohort-based approach, daily direct observations were used to construct partial life tables for 12 generations of egg and nymph populations which were studied over a 1-year period. Mortality was categorized as dislodgement, predation, parasitism (for nymphs only), unknown death, and inviability (for eggs only). The highest mean rate of marginal mortality across all stages was attributed to parasitism, with dislodgement and predation following, respectively. Across all factors, the highest mean rate of marginal mortality was observed in the fourth instar followed by the eggs, first-, second-, and third-instars, respectively. Key factor analysis revealed that dislodgement was the major mortality factor contributing to generational mortality in eggs while for nymphs, parasitism in the fourth instar was the main driving force behind the observed generational mortality. Highest irreplaceable mortality in both the egg and nymph stages was attributed to dislodgement followed by parasitism and predation, and least was due to unknown death. Across stages, highest irreplaceable mortality rates were observed in the eggs and the fourth-instar nymphs. The other stages had relatively low rates of irreplaceable mortality. Rain-protection experiments revealed no significant differences in marginal mortality rates when compared to the open field situation.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Prasad, K.V.S.V., Neelakantan, S. (Agricultural Coll., Research Inst., Madurai (India). Dept. of Food Science, Nutrition)",1985,Prepackaging of cassava for extension of shelf life,South Indian Horticulture,v. 33,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14409/,"In the present investigation, it was found that ventilated polyethylene bags enhance the shelf life of cassava tubers. The maximum acceptable shelf life of 120 hours was obtained in ME 116 variety at temperature of 21 to 26 deg C, and R.H. of 72 to 78%",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Asiimwe, P., Ecaat, J., Otim, M., Gerling, D., Guershon, M., Kyamanywa, S., Legg, J. P.",2008,Mortality factors affecting populations of Bemisia tabaci on cassava in Uganda,Journal of Insect Science,8,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1441/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Prema, L., Thomas, E. J., Aiyer, R. S.",1975,The usefulness of sensory methods of analysis by a taste panel in differentiating the quality of cassava tubers under different manurial treatments,Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala,13,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14437/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Preston, S.R., Taylor, B.R., Simons, J.H.",1986,The Choice of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Varieties by Smallholders in South-east Tanzania. II. Variety × Spacing and Variety × Sowing Date Interactions,Experimental Agriculture,22,3,10.1017/S0014479700014459,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14443/,"Variety × spacing and variety × sowing date trials in south-east Tanzania showed that the long-season spreading bunch groundnut variety Red Mwitunde (A. hypogaea ssp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) was less tolerant of delayed sowing and more tolerant of wide spacing than Natal Common, a short-season upright bunch variety (ssp. fastigiata var. vulgaris). The same variety × spacing and variety × sowing date interactions were detected in groundnuts intercropped with cassava (Manihot esculenta). These observations help to explain the farmers' preference for Red Mwitunde despite the higher trial yields of Natal Common.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Preston, S. R., Taylor, B. R., Simons, J. H.",1986,The Choice of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Varieties by Smallholders in South-east Tanzania. II. Variety × Spacing and Variety × Sowing Date Interactions,Experimental Agriculture,22,3,10.1017/S0014479700014459,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14444/,"Variety × spacing and variety × sowing date trials in south-east Tanzania showed that the long-season spreading bunch groundnut variety Red Mwitunde (A. hypogaea ssp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) was less tolerant of delayed sowing and more tolerant of wide spacing than Natal Common, a short-season upright bunch variety (ssp. fastigiata var. vulgaris). The same variety × spacing and variety × sowing date interactions were detected in groundnuts intercropped with cassava (Manihot esculenta). These observations help to explain the farmers' preference for Red Mwitunde despite the higher trial yields of Natal Common.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Prevedello, Jayme Augusto, Forero-Medina, Germn, Vieira, Marcus Vincius",2010,Movement behaviour within and beyond perceptual ranges in three small mammals effects of matrix type and body mass,,v. v. 79,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14449/,"1. For animal species inhabiting heterogeneous landscapes, the tortuosity of the dispersal path is a key determinant of the success in locating habitat patches. Path tortuosity within and beyond perceptual range must differ, and may be differently affected by intrinsic attributes of individuals and extrinsic environmental factors. Understanding how these factors interact to determine path tortuosity allows more accurate inference of successful movements between habitat patches. 2. We experimentally determined the effects of intrinsic (body mass and species identity) and extrinsic factors (distance to nearest forest fragment and matrix type) on the tortuosity of movements of three forest-dwelling didelphid marsupials, in a fragmented landscape of the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. 3. A total of 202 individuals were captured in forest fragments and released in three unsuitable matrix types (mowed pasture, abandoned pasture and manioc plantation), carrying spool-and-line devices. 4. Twenty-four models were formulated representing a priori hypotheses of major determinants of path tortuosity, grouped in three scenarios (only intrinsic factors, only extrinsic factors and models with combinations of both), and compared using a model selection approach. Models were tested separately for individuals released within the perceptual range of the species, and for individuals released beyond the perceptual range. 5. Matrix type strongly affected path tortuosity, with more obstructed matrix types hampering displacement of animals. Body mass was more important than species identity to determine path tortuosity, with larger animals moving more linearly. Increased distance to the fragment resulted in more tortuous paths, but actually reflects a threshold in perceptual range linear paths within perceptual range, tortuous paths beyond. 6. The variables tested explained successfully path tortuosity, but only for animals released within the perceptual range. Other factors, such as wind intensity and direction of plantation rows, may be more important for individuals beyond their perceptual range. 7. Simplistic scenarios considering only intrinsic or extrinsic factors are inadequate to predict path tortuosity, and to infer dispersal success in heterogeneous landscapes. Perceptual range represents a fundamental threshold where the effects of matrix type, body mass and individual behaviour change drastically.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Prevedello, Jayme A., Vieira, Marcus V.",2010,"Plantation rows as dispersal routes A test with didelphid marsupials in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil",,v. 143,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14450/,"Anecdotal observations suggest that some vertebrates follow plantation rows when crossing between habitat patches in fragmented landscapes, but the frequency of such behavior was never formally tested despite its potential implications for landscape management. We experimentally tested if the didelphid marsupials Didelphis aurita and Philander frenatus use plantation rows as guidelines when searching for habitat patches in a landscape of fragmented Atlantic Forest in Brazil. Thirty-seven individuals of P. frenatus and 24 of D. aurita were captured in forest fragments and released carrying spool-and-line tracking devices at four distances (30-200m) from a forest fragment, in a matrix of manioc plantations. Animals of both species used plantation rows to orient their initial movements and used rows as guidelines along their paths for navigating in the matrix. By moving predominantly parallel to the plantation rows animals reduced the tortuosity of their paths and obtained an unobstructed view of the landscape ahead. These results demonstrate that the orientation of linear plantations can strongly influence functional connectivity between habitat fragments. Plantation rows should be oriented to maximize connection between nearby fragments, enhancing dispersal success of these species and probably many other terrestrial vertebrates in agricultural landscapes.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Prevedello, J. A., Forero-Medina, G., Vieira, M. V.",2011,Does land use affect perceptual range? Evidence from two marsupials of the Atlantic Forest,Journal of Zoology,284,1,10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00783.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14451/,"Perceptual range is one of the main determinants of dispersal success in fragmented landscapes, which are composed of scattered remnants of original habitat in a matrix of variable composition. How perceptual range varies according to land use is essential information to estimate the functional connectivity of landscapes. We determined for the first time how different types of land use affect the perceptual range of a species, using as model organisms two neotropical marsupials endemic to the Atlantic Forest in Brazil (Philander frenatus and Didelphis aurita). We released and tracked the movements of 196 individuals in three types of land use commonly found in fragmented landscapes: manioc plantation, mowed pasture and abandoned pasture. We also determined how orientation to the nearest forest fragment is affected by distance to the fragment, wind speed, body mass and sex using a model selection approach. The type of land use affected the perceptual ranges of both marsupials. The estimated perceptual ranges for P. frenatus and D. aurita were 100 and 200m in the mowed pasture, respectively, 50 and <30m in the abandoned pasture and 30 and 50m in the plantation. The orientation of both species decreased with increasing distance to the fragment, but for D. aurita orientation also increased with the wind speed and body mass. These results agree with previous studies depicting a general pattern of increased perceptual range with lower vegetation obstruction in the matrix and larger body mass and wind speed, depending on the use of visual versus olfactory cues by animals. Our findings allow more realistic estimates of functional connectivity in fragmented landscapes based on basic information on the biology of each species and the type of matrix.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Prior, A.J.",1975,Should cassava be fertilized or not?,Farming in Zambia,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14480/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Program., Root, Tuber Improvement, Agriculture, International Institute of Tropical",,Report - Root and Tuber Improvement Program,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14485/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
IITA,1988,Cameroon national root crops improvement program,IITA Root and Tuber Improvement Program. Annual report 1986,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14486/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Programme National Manioc, Mvuazi (Zaire)",1976,"Activites of the Programme National Manioc, PRONAM [in 1975-1976]. Breeding [Zaire]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14487/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Programme National Manioc, Mvuazi (Zaire).",1976,Preliminary observations of the mealy bug (Hemiptera pseudococcidae) in Zaire and a projected outline for subsequent work [casssva],"International Workshop on the Cassava Mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat-Ferr. (Pseudococcidae) (1977, M'vuazi, Zaire). Proceedings",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14488/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Programme National Manioc, Mvuazi (Zaire).",1976,"The Programme National Manioc, PRONAM, cooperative program between the Government of Zaire (GOZ) and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). PRONAM review paper",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14489/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Aspiazu, I., Sediyama, T., Ribeiro, J. I., Silva, A. A., Concenco, G., Ferreira, E. A., Galon, L., Silva, A. F., Borges, E. T., Araujo, W. F.",2010,Water Use Efficiency of Cassava Plants under Competition Conditions,Planta Daninha,28,4,10.1590/S0100-83582010000400001,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1450/,"The objective of this work was to evaluate characteristics associated with the photosynthetic activity of cassava plants in competition with weeds or not. The trial was performed on open environment conditions, with experimental units consisting of fiber glass vases with 150 dm(3) filled with Red Yellow Latosol, previously fertilized. Treatments consisted in the cultivation of cassava plants isolated and associated to three weed species (Bidens pilosa, Commelina benghalensis and Brachiaria plantaginea). After cassava shooting, 15 days after planting, a removal of the weeds excess was performed, sown at the time of cassava planting, leaving six plants m(-2) of B. pilosa and four plants m(-2) of C. benghalensis and B. plantaginea. At 60 days after emergence (DAE), stomatal conductance (Gs), vapor pressure in the substomatal cavity (E(an)), temperature gradient between leaf and air (Delta T), transpiration rate (E) and water use efficiency (WUE) were evaluated. B. pilosa showed greater capacity to affect growth of cassava plants. B. plantaginea is very efficient in using water, especially by presenting C(4) metabolism, and remains competitive with cassava even under temporarily low water status. C. benghalensis, in turn, is not a good competitor for light and apparently is not the primary cause of water depletion in the soil. The effects of weeds, in this case, were more associated with the competition. However, they were found between moderate to low. This implies that the competition established at experimental level was low.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Promrak, J., Rattanakul, C.",2015,Simulation study of the spread of mealybugs in a cassava field Effect of release frequency of a biological control agent,Kasetsart Journal - Natural Science,49,6,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14501/,"Cellular automata and Monte Carlo simulation techniques were employed to study the spread of mealybugs (a major cassava insect pest) in a cassava field. There are various recommended instructions on how often farmers should release green lacewings (a biological control agent) to control the spread of mealybugs. In this study, the effects of different release frequencies of green lacewings in controlling the spread of mealybugs were investigated. 2015, Kasetsart University. All rights reserved.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Provido, N.T.",2011,Davao del Norte farmers cashing in on cassava,Agriculture (Philippines),15,11,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14504/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Provido, N.T.",2012,From cassava to cash,Agriculture (Philippines),16,11,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14505/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Pujol, B., Renoux, F., Elias, M., Rival, L., McKey, D.",2007,The unappreciated ecology of landrace populations Conservation consequences of soil seed banks in Cassava,Biological Conservation,136,4,10.1016/j.biocon.2006.12.025,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14519/,"Failure to take into account the ecological complexity of landrace populations of crop plants limits our ability to conserve their genetic resources in situ. Soil seed banks are a central feature of the ecology of landrace populations of cassava; their existence has consequences for conservation. Seedlings recruited from seed banks are incorporated by farmers into their stocks of clones of this vegetatively propagated crop, transforming pure clonality into a mixed clonal/sexual reproductive system. Soil seed banks, and farmers' responses to them, play an important role in maintaining diversity in populations of cassava landraces. In a study combining genetic and ethnobiological approaches, we showed the following (i) Recruitment from soil seed banks increased diversity of populations at the local scale. At the level of a field, the presence of plants issued from seeds resulted in significantly greater diversity of genotypes and phenotypes than if only individuals planted by farmers had been present. (ii) Farmers' use of seed banks has enabled indirect 'exchange' of locally adapted cassava germplasm between cultural groups, without requiring that groups actually encountered one another and engaged in social exchange of cultivars. (iii) Farmers have responded to catastrophic crop failure by using seed banks to regenerate stocks of clones. This use of seed banks should enable cassava populations to respond to disasters by an increase of genetic diversity, rather than by a narrowing of the genetic base, often feared in such situations. 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Puonti-Kaerlas, J.",1998,Cassava Biotechnology,Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews,15,1,10.1080/02648725.1998.10647961,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14528/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Purwanto, E., Bruijnzeel, L. A.",1998,"Soil conservation on rainfed bench terraces in upland West Java, Indonesia Towards a new paradigm",Advances in Geoecology,31,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14540/,"Artificially bounded plots tend to underestimate runoff and sediment yield from backsloping bench terraces. An alternative approach is the so-called Natural Boundary Erosion Plot (NBEP) which comprises a single backsloping bed plus its adjacent upslope riser, with the measurements being made at the outflow point of the drain running at the foot of the riser. Amounts of runoff and sediment from four NBEPs were determined on an event basis during two consecutive 5-month rainy seasons in rainfed upland terrain near Malangbong, West Java, Indonesia. Depending on original slope gradient, net sediment outputs ranged from 83-137 t/ha (10 degrees slope) to 146-179 t/ha (20 degrees slope). The erosion intensity on the terrace risers was very high (225-360 t/ha riser surface/5.5 months). Contributions from the risers made up 61-68% of the total soil loss from the two NBEPS on the gentler slope. Corresponding values for the steeper slope were all above 84%. It is probable, therefore, that the terrace risers (rather than the terrace beds) were the main producers of sediment. If stream sediment loads in the study area are to be reduced, conservation measures should aim primarily to reduce riser erosion. Proposed measures include (i) planting fodder grasses on the risers, (ii) leaving coarse harvesting residues (corn and cassava stalks) as mulch in the drainage gutter, possibly aided by (iii) the establishment of silt pits at the downstream end of the gutter.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Pypers, Pieter, Bimponda, Willy, Lodi-Lama, Jean-Paul, Lele, Bonaventure, Mulumba, Raoul, Kachaka, Claude, Boeckx, Pascal, Merckx, Roel, Vanlauwe, Bernard",2012,"Combining Mineral Fertilizer and Green Manure for Increased, Profitable Cassava Production",Agronomy Journal,104,1,10.2134/agronj2011.0219,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14557/,"Due to increasing population pressure and declining soil fertility, there is need for profitable alternatives to the slash-and-burn (SB) practice for cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) production in the humid lowlands of sub-Saharan Africa. Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM) has high potential to deliver such options. Two on-farm, researcher-managed trials were installed to compare slash-and-burn with slashing and incorporation of the natural vegetation, and the application of green manure and/or NPK fertilizer at different rates. Root yields were comparable when the natural vegetation was slashed and incorporated, or slashed and burned. Fertilizer application increased yields by 42 to 212%, and had residual effects on a second cassava crop, increasing yields by 40 to 74%. Addition of green manure increased yields by 36 to 158%, without residual effects. Comparison with yields obtained in treatments where both inputs were applied in combination showed that yield increases due to fertilizer and green manure application were additive. Most profitable yield increases were obtained when fertilizer was applied in combination with Tithonia in the more fertile site, and in combination with Chromolaena or incorporation of the natural vegetation in the less fertile site. Net benefits were increased by 30 to 50% with a benefit cost ratio of $5 to $7 $−1 and a marginal rate of return of $4 to $5 $−1 relative to slash-and-burn. While current conditions favor combining fertilizer with green manure, an increase in labor cost or a decrease in fertilizer price would result in superior marginal rates of return for combining fertilizer with the natural fallow vegetation.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Quan, N. H., Meon, G.",2015,Nutrient Dynamics During Flood Events in Tropical Catchments A Case Study in Southern Vietnam,"Clean - Soil, Air, Water",43,5,10.1002/clen.201300264,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14581/,"Assessing surface water quality variation as well as chasing water pollution sources is essential for water quality management. However, for existing conditions in developing countries, this assessment may not be done properly in many affected catchments due to limited data and lacking of tools. In particular, pollutant transport from the catchment to its river system during flood events needs quantification and is the aim of the study. For this, a combined water quality monitoring and modeling approach is proposed. The study was exemplarily performed for a typical ungauged medium scale catchment located in the southern area of Vietnam. The available budget allowed at least a limited monitoring of nutrients and driven parameters (e.g., flow, sediment). These data were used to, in total, successfully calibrate the complex Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF) model. The results lead to three main conclusions (1) the contributions of point and diffuse sources to nutrient loadings could clearly be identified with the help of monitoring; (2) water quality sampling during flood events is critical to assess pollution sources, especially, diffuse ones. However, just a monitoring of data alone is not adequate to interpret the observed concentrations; modeling is required. (3) Despite of the limited amount of data, which could be recorded and processed during the study, a representative catchment modeling during floods could be performed. It delivered essential information for linking pollution sources with water quality data. Furthermore, the limits of an application of the complex HSPF model under given conditions were shown. It could be shown that monitoring alone is not enough to explain the variation of water quality owing to system complexity and various anthropogenic impacts. Water quality modeling is an important tool for the virtual reconstruction of disastrous historical wastewater discharge scenarios, especially in the developing countries. 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Quevedo, M.A.",1982,Some pre and postharvest factors affecting vascular streaking and quality of cassava roots [study conducted in the Philippines],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14588/,"The study aimed to determine the effects of time interval of detopping the stem before harvest, detopping the stem at varying length before and after harvest, controlled atmosphere storage and also relative humidity on appearance of vascular streaking and also the biological, physiological and chemical characteristics of detopped cassava. The results showed that detopping the stem at 50-100% or stripping all the leaves before and after harvested delayed vascular streaking. Detopping before harvest at 40 days was more effective in minimizing vascular streaking than detopping at 20 days before harvest",Excluded,Cannot Find
"R.D., Cooke, J.E., Rickard, A.K., Thompson",1988,Nutritional aspects of cassava storage and processing,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14607/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Howeler, R. H.",1980,El efecto de la inoculacion con micorrizas sobre la nutricion fosforica de la yuca,Seminarios Internos (CIAT),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14616/,"The effect of inoculating cassava with mycorrhizae on plant growth and P uptake was studied in sterilized and nonsterilized soils to which 8 levels of P were applied, as well as in a flowing culture solution at 4 different P concn. Inoculation produced greater than benefits in cassava grown in sterilized soil when 2 t P/ha were applied, increasing DM production almost 3 times and the total absorption of P some 7 times. In nonsterilized soil, both the production of DM and P uptake increased 50 percent when 0.5 t P/ha were applied. In the soil expt, cassava presented mycorrhizal infection only with intermediate rates of P application (0.1-4 t/ha), corresponding to a concn of 2-52 microM of P in soil solution. With no P and with the 2 highest P rates (8 and 16 t/ha), inoculation with mycorrhizae had no beneficial effects and the percentage of infection was low, especially in the nonsterilized soil. In the flowing culture solution inoculation significantly increased DM production of 8 cassava cv. with the intermediate concn of 1 microM P, whereas there was no effect on maize, rice, common beans and cowpeas. These crops produced max yields at 1 microM P, while cassava required at least 10 microM P. With concn of 10 and 100 microM P, the roots of inoculated cassava plants did not present mycorrhizal infection whereas with a low concn of 0.1 microM P, roots showed a high infection but this had no significant effect on yields. Some of the implications of the apparent dependency between cassava and mycorrhizae are discussed.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Howeler, R.H.",1992,Agronomy research in the Asian cassava network: an overview 1987-1990,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Utilization Research in Asia: Proceedings of the Third Regional Workshop Held in Malang, Indonesia, Oct. 22-27, 1990",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14619/,"Research on agronomic aspects of cassava in Asia is presently conducted in at least 10 countries, i.e. Thailand, Indonesia, India, China, Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, Myanmar (Burma), Sri Lanka and Laos. Since 1987 the CIAT Regional Office in Bangkok has been collaborating with scientists in national programs to conduct much of this research. Through frequent visits, training courses, workshops, and the distribution of cassava literature, a network is formed among cassava researchers in different countries, and researchers in one country thus remain informed about, and can learn from, the progress made in other countries. Since the 2nd Asian Cassava Workshop, held in Thailand in 1987, the agronomy research has concentrated mainly on those aspects related to erosion control and soil fertility management, because these topics were identified as needing a most urgent solution. Erosion control expt. are now being conducted in 10 locations in 5 countries, and long-term fertility trials with a standard design are being conducted in 13 locations in 7 countries. Other trials on various aspects of intercropping, green manuring, methods of planting, spacing, and cassava leaf production are being conducted in various locations. Results of these trials are summarized and some general conclusions are drawn. It is suggested that in the coming years more emphasis should be placed on on-farm research (OFR) in order to transfer the technology developed to the extension service and to farmers.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"R.H., Howeler",1992,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Utilization Research in Asia: Proceedings of the Third Regional Workshop held in Malang, Indonesia, Oct. 22 -27 1990",,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14620/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"R.K., Robinson, S.N., Kutianawala",1979,Cassava: Its potential as an industrial crop,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14623/,"The growing deficiency in liquid fuels has encouraged govt to reexamine the potential of renewable resources, and in developing countries, cassava has aroused especial interest. Cassava is a crop that can be grown on a wide range of soils, often under conditions not suitable for other crops; and with effective management, yields of 50 t/ac can be achieved. Even at lower cropping rates, plantations can be economically established to provide a continuous supply of starch for conversion to ethanol, and estimated returns on investment are very attractive. It is reasonable to predict, therefore, that the important role of cassava as a food crop may soon be complemented by its usage as an industrial feedstock, for many countries share a common concern about the future availability of fossil fuels for transport or other activities.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Cooper, R.M., Deshappriya, N., Clarkson, J.M., Henshaw, G.G.",1995,Cassava bacterial blight: pathogenicity and resistance and implications in development of resistant lines,"The Cassava Biotechnology Network: Proceedings of the Second International Scientific Meeting, Bogor, Indonesia, 22-25 August 1994",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14628/,"Xanthomonas campestris pv. manihotis (Xcm) mainly invades xylem vessels and is present in advance of symptoms. Initial parasitism appears to be biotrophic because leaf necrosis is slow, electrolyte leakage increases only after 2 days and host suspension-cultured cells are killed far more slowly (3-6 days) than by necrotrophs (within 1 day). Three bacterial products are potential determinants of pathogenicity. Copious extracellular polysaccharide (xanthan) is evident ultrastructurally in vessels and probably causes the characteristic water stress and possibly suppression of host defences. Pectate lyase is produced as a single form of isoelectric point 9, kills cassava cells at high dilution (1/1000 culture fluids) and reproduces leaf symptoms; it is highly induced by cassava cell walls. A toxin has been detected in planta by others, but production of this methionine metaboline (MTPA) requires at least 50 microgramo ml(-1) of this amino acid and free methionine in cassava leaves is 0.1 microgramo/gramo fresh wt. Resistance of certain field-resistant lines (MNGA1, M Ven 77) to virulent isolates from Niger and Brazil appeared incomplete as although there was a delay of 2-4 days in leaf symptoms and 1 d in electrolyte loss compared with susceptible lines (e.g., M Col 113, M Col 22), by 12 days symptoms and bacterial growth were not significantly different. Resistance remained stable only with a low inoculum of 10(2) cells ml or less. This may be effective against the low numbers spread by rain splash but is likely to be overcome by potentially high inoculum on propagation tools. Co-culture of embryogenic cassava cells and Xcm has potential for regenerating resistant plants from cells surviving challenge with Xcm or its products and may facilitate development of cultivars with more effective disease resistance.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ogbuji, R. O.",1976,Influence of host age of four crop plants on infectiveness of Meloidogyne arenaria in Nigeria,Plant Disease Reporter,60,759-761,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14629/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"R.P.A., Unamma, A., Udealor, T.O., Ezulike, G.C., Orkwor, L.S.O., Ene, J.E.G., Ikeorgu",1989,Evaluation of the productivity of cassava-yam-maize intercrop in the rain forest zone of Nigeria,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14630/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Margate, R.Z., Magat, S.S., Maravilla, J.N., Prudente, R.L.",1976,"Climatic, soil and cultural requirements of some commonly-used intercrops with coconut",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14635/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"R., Villanueva M.",1980,Root crops [cassava and sweet potato] - current [production] programs and [research] development needs [Philippines],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14637/,Current programs and research development needs of root crops on production and industry are discussed.,Excluded,Cannot Find
"R., McSorley, S.K., O'Hair, J.L., Parrado",1983,"Nematodes of cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz [Reniform and root-knot nematodes, tolerant cultivars, tropics]",,v. 13,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14639/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"R., Mwanga",1991,"Development, evaluation and selection of new root crop varieties in Uganda",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14643/,"The methods and techniques used in the root crop programme in Uganda are higlighted. Knowledge of yield-reducing factors like environmental stresses, weeds, diseases, insects, nematode and vertebrate pests as well as problems facing farmers is important. The programme aims at developing clones that are high yielding, stable, resistant to pests and disease, adaptable to local environmental conditions, of high quality and are early maturing. Improved cultivars are obtained through 3 main ways namely collecting, evaluating and selecting from local germplasm, importing cultivars bred in other parts of the world and evaluating them under local conditions and breeding new cultivars.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Radhakrishnan, V. V., Gopakumar, K.",1984,Correlation between yield and its components in tapioca,Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,54,11,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14666/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Raemakers, C.J.J.M., Jacobsen, E., Visser, R.G.F.",1997,Micropropagation of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14682/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Raemakers, C.J.J.M., Rozeboom, M.G.M., Jacobsen, E., Visser, R.G.F.",1998,Regeneration of plants from somatic embryos and friable embryogenic callus of cassava,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14683/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Raemakers, K., Carvalho, L., Visser, R.",2001,The Cassava Biotechnology Network: 10 years in action,Euphytica,120,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14688/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Raemakers, K., Carvalho, L., Visser, R.",2001,Euphytica special issue The Cassava Biotechnology Network 10 Years in Action,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14689/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Raemakers, K., Schreuder, M., Anggraini, V., Putten, H. K. V., Pereira, I., Visser, R.",2007,Cassava,Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry,59,,10.1007/978-3-540-36752-9_17,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14693/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Raharimalala, O., Buttler, A., Ramohavelo, C. D., Razanaka, S., Sorg, J. P., Gobat, J. M.",2010,"Soil-vegetation patterns in secondary slash and burn successions in Central Menabe, Madagascar",Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,139,01-Feb,10.1016/j.agee.2010.07.013,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14702/,"Slash and burn agriculture is a traditional and predominant land use practice in Madagascar and its relevance in the context of forest preservation is significant. At the end of a cycle of culture, the fields become mostly weed covered and the soil fertility starts to drop. As a consequence, these fields are abandoned (they are called ""monka"") and the farmers, in the best case, re-use old surfaces where the vegetation has recovered to some extent. Nevertheless, some of the farmers continue to extend part of their cultures into the natural forest. In order to decrease deforestation, the paper focuses on the potential for agricultural re-use of monkas. To do so, we present the soil-vegetation pattern along a slash and burn successional gradient from newly cultivated surfaces to surfaces abandoned for 40 years. Vegetation releves were carried out on 61 plots sampled on yellow and red soils, and soil variables such as loss of ignition, pH, total carbon content and total nitrogen content were measured. Results show that (1) by the 10th year of abandonment woody species are increasing, and after 21-30 years herbaceous plants become less dominant, (2) the species richness increases with age of abandonment, but flattens out by 40 years, (3) by 20 years of fallow, the loss of ignition, total carbon and total nitrogen show similar values or even higher values than in cultivated surfaces, (4) the yellow soils are related to higher pH more than the red soils and are preferred for cultivation, but the higher pH of yellow soils is not associated with higher species richness. Given these results, we conclude that fields older than 20 years have recovered sufficient fertility to be re-used as agricultural land. This re-use would decrease impacts on natural forests. But beyond the nutrient perspective, critical problems remain, including the growing demand for arable land and the need for cultivation to control invasive weeds. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Rahman, S., Chima, C. D.",2016,Determinants of food crop diversity and profitability in southeastern Nigeria: A multivariate tobit approach,Agriculture,6,2,10.3390/agriculture6020014,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14713/,"The present study jointly determines the factors influencing decisions to diversify into multiple food crops (i.e., rice, yam and cassava) vis--vis profitability of 400 farmers from Ebonyi and Anambra states of Southeastern Nigeria using a multivariate Tobit model. Model diagnostic reveals that the decisions to diversify into multiple crops and profits generated therefrom are significantly correlated, thereby justifying use of a multivariate approach. Results reveal that 68% of the farmers grew at least two food crops and profitability is highest for only rice producers followed by joint rice and yam producers, which are mainly for sale. Farm size is the most dominant determinant of crop diversity vis--vis profitability. A rise in the relative price of plowing significantly reduces profitability of yam and rice. High yield is the main motive for growing yam and cassava whereas ready market is for rice. Other determinants with varying level of influences are proximity to market and/or extension office, extension contact, training, agricultural credit, subsistence pressure and location. Policy recommendations include investments in market infrastructure and credit services, land and/or tenurial reform and input price stabilization to promote food crop diversity vis--vis profitability in Southeastern Nigeria.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Rahsid, M.M.",1991,Varietal improvement of tuber crops in Bangladesh - up-to-date progress and future possibilities,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14719/,Research programme aimed at varietal improvement of tuber crops carried out during the past two decades resulted in the recommendation of 18 exotic varieties of potato and release of three varieties of sweet potato. More superior genotypes of these crops plus yam and cassava suitable for release as improved varieties have been identified for overall development of the tuber crops.,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Rai, B. K.",1978,"Cassava: Pests in Guyana, Insecticidal Treatment of Planting Material and Control of Pests",Journal of Economic Entomology,71,1,10.1093/jee/71.1.152,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14720/,"Studies on soaking of planting material of cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz, in 9 different insecticides were carried out so as to make the sprouts toxic to insects. Soaking of planting material for 12 h in 0.3% monocrotophos was best, and up to 107 days after planting, plants from treated planting material were infested less with Vatiga illudens (Drake) and Corynothrips stenopteruse Williams than those from untreated planting material.

Studies on comparative persistence of residual toxicity of 34 insecticides on cassava plant against V. illudens revealed that monocrotophos was the best. Drift spray of 250 or 375 g AI monocrotophos in 20, 40, or 65 liters spray fluid/ha resulted in maximum residual toxicity at 375 g AI in 65 liters spray fluid/ha. Trichlorfon at 675 g or carbaryl at 950 g AI in 22 liters of spray/ha as drift spray gave complete control of larvae of Erinnyis ello (L.).",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Rainford, R.L.",1979,"Lecture notes on rootcrops [Colocasia esculenta, Dioscorea spp., Ipomoea batatas, Manihot esculenta, market, Jamaica]",Approach to agricultural settlement of hilly lands for divisional and area extension officer,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14729/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Raja, K.C.M., Abraham, E., Sreemulanathan",1978,Postharvest storage of cassava tubers under modified environmental conditions,Journal of Root Crops,4,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14732/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Raja, K.C.M., Abraham, E., Nathan, H.S., Mathew, A.G.",1979,Chemistry and technology of cassava [Includes world production],,v. 33,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14733/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Raja, K. C. M., Abraham, E., Nathan, H. S., Mathew, A. G.",1979,Chemistry and technology of cassava,Indian Food Packer,33,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14750/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Rajamma, P., McFarlane, J.A., Poulter, N.H. (Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekariyam, Trivandrum 695 017, Kerala (India))",1994,Susceptibility of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera Bostrichidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera Tenebrionidae) to cyanogens in dried cassava products,,v. 34,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14761/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Rajamma, P., Premkumar, T.",1996,Influence of varieties and method of processing on insect infestation in dry cassava chips,"Tropical Tuber Crops Problems, Prospects and Future Strategies",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14762/,"yThe influence of varietal variations and processing methods was studied on the population growth and damage-causing capacity of two common pests of cassava chips, Araecerus fasciculatus (De Geer) and Sitophilus oryzae (L.). Plain and parboiled chips of six improved varieties of cassava were used under ambient temperature (25-31 degrees C) and relative humidity (65-85 per cent). Parboiled chips of all the varieties were resistant to both the insects. Plain chips of 76-9, a triploid, was moderately resistant to both the insects. Weight losses caused by A. fasciculatus and S, oryzae on plain chips of 76-9 at 13 weeks were 8.9 and 2.0 per cent respectively. In other varieties the losses were higher (17.3 to 19.4 per cent by A. fasciculatus and 5.2 to 7.0 per cent by S. oryzae). Weight losses were 0.6 to 2.6 per cent in parboiled chips due to A. fasciculatus and 1.3 to 2.6 per cent due to S. oryzae. The number of adult progeny produced was also lower in parboiled chips of all the varieties and inplain chips of 76-9. Developmental period was prolonged in insects fed with parboiled chips and plain chips of 76-9. Total cyanide content was comparatively higher in 76-9.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Rajaraman, K., Raja, K. C. M., Abraham, T. E., Mathew, A. G.",1980,Seminar on Post-Harvest Technology of Cassava (Tapioca) (Manihot-Esculenta Crantz Syn Manihot-Utilissima Pohl),Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research,39,11,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14768/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Rajendran, P. G., Lakshmi, K. R., Nayar, G. G.",1988,Effectiveness of Selection at Seedling and Single-Row Stages in Cassava (Manihot-Esculenta),Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,58,9,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14775/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Atiri, G.I., Akano, A.O.",1995,Disease expression in plants derived from cassava cuttings with different levels of infection with African cassava mosaic virus,Tropical Agriculture,72,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1479/,"In the field, three symptom-types of African cassava mosaic virus infection are recognized in the cassava variety TMS4 (2) 1425, namely symptomless, partially symptomatic, and fully symptomatic plants. Main stem cuttings developed into plants with a significantly higher disease incidence than primary branch cuttings, particularly when derived from partially symptomatic plants in which one of the primary branches was healthy. Approximately a 10% disease incidence was observed in plants which developed from main stem cuttings of symptomless plants while those from primary branch cuttings remained healthy. Apart from symptomless plants, the reduced tendency of healthy branches of partially symptomatic plants to show reversion permits them to serve as potential sources of healthy cuttings.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Rajnauth, G. (Ministry of Agriculture, Lands, Food Production, Centeno (Trinidad, Tobago). Central Experiment Station)",1984,Bacterial blight and other diseases of cassava [Manihot esculenta],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14795/,"Describes symptoms of, and control measures for Cassava Bacterial Blight, a major disease of Manihot esculenta in Trinidad and Tobago. Infected planting material and wind-blown rain are means of transmission",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Rajnauth, G. (Ministry of Food Production, Marine Exploitation, Forestry, the Environment, Centeno (Trinidad, Tobago). Central Exp. Stat. Dept. of Plant Pathology), Pegus, J.E.",1988,Studies on diseases of cassava and yam in Trinidad,Annual Seminar on Agricultural Research (Trinidad and Tobago),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14796/,"Aetiological studies confirm that a bacterial disease of cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz), first observed in 1976, was due to Xanthomonas campestris pv manihotis (Berthet and Bondar) Dye, the causal agent of cassava bacterial blight (CBB). Field surveys in 1977 in the northern counties of Trinidad indicated that CBB was only present in the Centeno-Carapo area but other diseases, some previously unreported, were present brown leaf spot, white leaf spot, blight leaf spot, cassava rust and cassava ash. Continuing surveys have indicated that CBB can now be observed in many parts of the island and is a severe production constraint in some areas. In addition, a new disease was observed, namely root small pox disease. Field surveys of yams (Dioscorea alata L.) during 1985-1986 indicated that the major disease of this crop is anthracnose caused by the fungus Colletotrichum gloesporioides Penz. This disease has proven to be very severe on white Lisbon, the dominant commercially grown cultivar in the main yam growing areas of south Trinidad resulting in heavy losses and abandonment of fields. In fungicide trials at El Carmen Field Station, evidence of symptomatic control as reflected by the level of leaf spotting and leaf blighting was observed in benomyl sprayed plots and to a lesser extent, in captafol and mancoseb sprayed plots",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Rajukkannu, K., Muthuswamy, P., Vasudevan, P., Krishnamoorthy, K.K.",1978,Uptake and persistence of aldicarb (temik) residues in cassava tubers (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Pesticides,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14798/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Atiri, G. I., Njukeng, A. P., Ekpo, E. J. A.",2000,Climate in relation to plant virus epidemiology and sustainable disease management in West Africa,Journal of Sustainable Agriculture,16,1,10.1300/J064v16n01_04,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1480/,"In West Africa, climate influences (i) virus disease outbreaks, (ii) the rate of development and activity of virus vectors and also of their migration, and (iii) the phenology of crops, weeds and wild hosts that harbor plant viruses. Rainfall, temperature and wind are identified as key weather components in virus pathosystems involving maize (cereal), okra (vegetable) and cassava (tuber crop), and are therefore important in determining the most suitable period in which to undertake crop protection measures. The intricate interrelationships among cropping seasons, intercrop periods and virus incidence in West Africa must be thoroughly understood in order to develop ecologically-based and sustainable management practices. This calls for a greater cooperation between agrometeorologists and those involved in crop protection.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ram, M., Singh, S.P., Rajput, C.B.S.",1980,"Make tapioca [Manihot esculenta] cultivation profitable [Cultivars, diseases, pests]",,v. 15,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14802/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Ram, M., Singh, S. P., Rajput, C. B. S.",,Make tapioca cultivation profitable,Farmer and parliament,Nov 1980. v. 15 (11),,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14803/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Atiri, G.I., Ogbe, F.O., Dixon, A.G.O., Winter, S., Ariyo, O.",2004,Status of cassava mosaic virus diseases and cassava Begomoviruses in sub-Saharan Africa,Journal of Sustainable Agriculture,24,3,10.1300/J064v24n03_03,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1481/,"The current status of cassava Begomoviruses, the most serious constraint to the production of cassava, a major staple food crop in sub-Saharan Africa, is reviewed in relation to their distribution, effects, etiology, and epidemiology. It is concluded that control of the diseases would continue to depend on integrated management involving cultural practices and use of resistant cultivars. Current trends in diagnosis and control, including the production of transgenic plants, selection for resistance in cassava via molecular markers, and the determination of resistant profiles of cassava genotypes to a range of virus variants, are also discussed.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Ramanathan, S., Anantharaman, M.",1998,Farmer participatory research in cassava technology transfer in India,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Farmer Participatory Research in Asia, Proceedings of the Fifth Regional Workshop Held in Danzhou, Hainan, China",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14813/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Ramanujam, T.",1980,Influence of late branching on the yielding capacity of cassava under rainfed condition,Journal of Root Crops,v. 6,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14815/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ramanujam, T., Indira, P.",1983,Canopy structure on growth and development of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Turrialba,33,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14817/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Ramanujam, T., Muraleedharan Nair, G., Indira, P.",1984,Growth and development of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genotypes under shade in a coconut garden,Turrialba,34,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14819/,"Internodal elongation, thin leaves and absence of branching were the most significant morphological changes noticed under shade. Cross section of leaves grown under shade showed poor starch deposition in vascular region. Most of the photosynthates of shade grown cassava were utilized for shoot growth affecting tuber development significantly. The cultivars H 165 and CI 590 recorded higher yield under shade compared to other cultivars. Wider spacings of cassava in coconut garden resulted in higher tuber yield.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Atkins Land, Water Management, Cambridge (UK)",1986,Cassava development in Tanzania policy and likely implementation,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1482/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ramanujam, T. (Central Tuber Crops Research Inst., Trivandrum (India))",1987,Source-sink relationship in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),,v. 30,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/14822/,Source-sink relationship in cassava was studied using four cultivars. The results suggested that the net assimilation rate (NAR) was reduced significantly when source size was increased beyond a LAI of 3.0. Significant reduction in NAR was also noticed when the sink size was reduced,Excluded,Duplicate
"Ramanujam, T.",1990,Effect of moisture stress on photosynthesis and productivity of cassava,Photosynthetica,24,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14823/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ramanujam, T., Jos, J. S.",,Influence of light intensity on chlorophyll distribution and anatomical characters of cassava leaves,Turrialba,Oct/Dec 1984. v. 34 (4),,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14825/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ramos, N. E.",1970,Colombian studies for the improvement of Manihot esculenta culture,"Tropical root and tuber crops tomorrow: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Tropical Root and Tuber Crops, August 23 to 30, 1970",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14850/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ramos, B.B., Mojica, P.S.",1982,"Productivity of cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz, in a clayey, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic, paleudult (Antipolo clay)",,v. 7,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14853/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ramos, B.B., Oandasan, H.A., Mojica, P.S.",1984,The effect of lime and different fertilizer combination on the yield of cassava grown in acid soils,Southern Tagalog Agriculture Journal,2,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14854/,"There was a significant increase in the height of cassava plants treated with lime and fertilizer combination. Likewise, application of fertilizer and lime and fertilizer combinations resulted in an increase in weight of cassava roots. In Magallanes soil series, application of fertilizer and lime and fertilizer combinations significantly increased the number of cassava roots. However, this significant increase was not realized in Luisiana soil series. Economic analysis of cassava yield in Luisiana soil series showed that application of three tons of lime plus 120-45-120 fertilizer gave the highest net return of P27,928.75. Similarly, the same lime and fertilizer combination gave the highest net return of P54,328.75 in Magallanes soil series",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Rampersad, E.M.",1988,The incidence of cassava bacterial blight disease of cassava in Caroni (1975) Limited. Plantings and recommendations for its control,Annual Seminar on Agricultural Research (Trinidad and Tobago),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14862/,"Traces the incidence of cassava bacterial blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv Manihotis) at Caroni (1975) Ltd. fields. White Stick showed high susceptibility to cassava bacterial blight while Maracas Black Stick exhibited some tolerance to the disease. The recommendations for the control of CBB are outlined. The production of clean planting material, the use of resistant varieties, crop rotation, operational sanitation and proper supervision of all these measures will lead to greater control of the disease",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Rangel, J. A. F., Bakke, O. A., da Silva, J. E. R., Rangel, I. S. L.",2017,Forage production from fine branches and sprouts of native manicoba,Semina-Ciencias Agrarias,38,6,10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n6p3767,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14870/,"The growth and forage production of Manihot glaziovii were evaluated in plants growing in Itapetim-PE, Brazil via a complete block experimental design with four treatments (0, 33, 50, and 100% branch cutting intensity) to analyze increases in height and diameter. Furthermore, 3x2 factorial treatments (three branch cutting intensities 33, 50, and 100% as well as two types of collected forage material Branches with diameter < 10 mm and corresponding sprouts on the same branches 1 year after being cut) were analyzed for improvement in forage quantity and quality parameters. Height increase was affected (P < 0.05) by branch cutting intensity (0.29, 0.11, 0.43, and -0.04 m plant(-1), respectively, for 0, 33, 50, and 100% branch cutting intensities), while the increase in diameter was not affected (P > 0.05) (3.97 mm plant(-1) was the overall mean increase). Cutting intensityxtype of collected material, in combination, affected (P < 0.05) the quantity of the collected forage means were considered similar (P > 0.05) in the first (branches) and second (sprouts) forage collection events for 33% (0.66 and 0.75 kg dry matter plant(-1), respectively) and 50% (1.40 and 1.73 kg dry matter plant(-1), respectively) cutting intensities; it decreased (P < 0.05) from the first to the second collection events, when 100% of branches and sprouts were harvested (3.37 and 2.06 kg dry matter plant(-1), respectively). The combined effects of aforementioned parameters were observed (P < 0.05) as interactions for some forage quality variables. Neutral detergent fiber content remained constant (P > 0.05) between 50.57 and 54.41% in forage containing branch and sprouts from 33 and 50% cutting intensities. It increased (P < 0.05) to 62.20% in sprouts from 100% cutting intensity. Acid detergent fiber content increased (P < 0.05) from around 38.4% to 46.63% in sprouts from plants subjected to 100% cutting intensity. The crude protein (between 8.72 and 10.08%) and ether extract (between 2.74 and 4.35%) contents were unaffected (P > 0.05) by these factors. Mineral matter content was higher (P < 0.05) in sprouts from all cutting intensities with 5.9% being the highest. Up to 50% of Manihot glaziovii branches with (empty set) < 10 mm and corresponding 1-year-old sprouts can be pruned with no negative effect on the quality and quantity (up to 1.73 kg dry matter plant(-1)) of the collected forage.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Rao, C. P., Reddy, Rvsk",1990,Performance of Tapioca (Manihot-Esculenta) Lines in Andhra-Pradesh,Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,60,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14879/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Rao, K. K. P. N.",,Cassava in the human diet,,"July/Sept 1970, 8 (3)",,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14885/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Rao, D. N. Krishna.",,Tapioca cultivation in north India,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14886/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Raper, V.",1969,Investigations on starches from major starch crops grown in Ghana I.—Hot paste viscosity and gel‐forming power,Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,20,3,10.1002/jsfa.2740200309,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14889/,"The most important rheological properties of starches of several major starch crops grown in Ghana were examined. the consistency changes during the whole pasting cycle and the gel‐forming power were tested with starches of several species of yams (Dioscorea), plantain (Musa paradisiaca) cultivars, cocoyams (both Xanthosoma sagittifolium and Colocasia antiquorum) and several local varieties of cassava (Manihot utilissima). Most of the yam starches gave very viscous pastes yielding very strong and ‘short’ gels on cooling, some of them with a very high retrogradation tendency. the rheological properties of plantain starches were similar to those of yam starches; cocoyam starches produced pastes which had lower viscosity and exhibited some breakdown on prolonged heating and stirring and a poorer setback on cooling. With ‘new’ cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) the gel‐forming power, however, was higher than that of cassava and sweet‐potato starches.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Raphael, E. C., Eunice, O. E., Frank, E. O.",2010,Trace metals distribution in some common tuber crops and leafy vegetables grown in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria,Pakistan Journal of Nutrition,9,10,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14891/,"The main sources of trace metals to plants are the air and soil media from which trace elements are taken up by the root or foliage. Understanding the distribution of some trace metals in some common leafy vegetables and tuber cops is important for establishing baseline concentrations from which anthropometric effects can be measured. The trace metal distribution in some selected leafy vegetables and tuber crops in our study area were determined in samples that were dried, milled and digested. All the minerals investigated were found present in all the components of the selected vegetables and tuber crops. Iron was the most abundant mineral in the vegetables with concentrations ranging between 0.32mg/kg in Ocimum gratissum root to 9.7 mg/kg in Telfaria occidentalis roots. In the root tubers, zinc was the most abundant mineral ranging from 0.62 mg/kg in Manihot esculenta stem to 1.97 mg/kg in Manihot esculenta leaf. The bioconcentration factor indicates that the roots of the food crops concentrate most of the metals than the stems and leaves. Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2010.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Raros, R.S.",1985,Effect of pattern and density of planting on weed population,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14896/,"Pattern and density of planting did not significantly affect the total yield of sweet potato, cassava, and gabi. However, a better result in terms of marketable root yield was observed under 100 cm x 25 cm planting of sweet potato and 75 cm x 75 cm planting of cassava. For gabi, the hole method of planting significantly produced higher corm yield than the flat method. The pattern and density of planting had not significantly affected the weed population of the three root crops",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Raros, R.S.",1985,Production of cassava on hillsides under minimal weed control,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14897/,"Yield and yield parameters of cassava were not significantly affected by the different length of cuttings, although 20-cm cutting gave slightly higher yield than other treatments. Weeding treatments did not significantly affect the yield of cassava during the first cropping but had significant effect on yield during the second cropping",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Attarod, P., Bayramzadeh, V., Tajdini, A., Roohnia, M.",2009,Annual Trends in Evapotranspiration from Major Vegetations of Thailand,American Journal of Plant Physiology,4,3,10.3923/ajpp.2009.100.108,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1490/,"Evapotranspiration (ET) is an essential factor to estimate crop water use. It is also one of the major elements in soil water storage and water resource in a region. This study was accomplished to compare the yearly trends of ET among three main vegetations in Thailand, a rain-fed paddy rice field, cassava plantation and teak plantation. Bowen Ratio Energy Balance (BREB) technique was applied in this study to measure the ET and heat flux between ground surface and atmosphere. Penman-Monteith (PM) equation, recommended by FAO, was used to calculate reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0). Measurements were carried out during 1999-2003 in the both paddy rice field and teak plantation and during 2002-2003 in the cassava plantation. The results indicated that the amount of daytime ET during the rainy season in the paddy rice field and cassava plantation varied between 1 and 7 mm and in the teak plantation between 2 and 6 mm. The averages amounts of daytime ET in the rainy season were about 4 mm in all sites, although, the variations of ET were different. In the dry season, day time ET of the cassava plantation was around 2.7 mm, slightly lower than those of other sites. During the growing season, ET/ET0 varied in the paddy rice field between 0.4 and 1.2 and in the cassava between 0.3 and 1.2. In the rainy season, LE/Rn ratios of the cassava plantation and paddy rice field were around 70%, while LE/Rn ratio in the teak plantation was found to be around 73%. Long-terms trends of ET and ET/ET0 were observed in the main vegetations of Thailand characterized by tropical monsoon climate. Meteorological data were limited to only routine meteorological measurements in this region.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Rasmussen, L. V., Rasmussen, K., Birch-Thomsen, T., Kristensen, S. B. P., Traoré, O.",2012,The effect of cassava-based bioethanol production on above-ground carbon stocks: A case study from Southern Mali,Energy Policy,41,,10.1016/j.enpol.2011.11.019,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14904/,"Increasing energy use and the need to mitigate climate change make production of liquid biofuels a high priority. Farmers respond worldwide to this increasing demand by converting forests and grassland into biofuel crops, but whether biofuels offer carbon savings depends on the carbon emissions that occur when land use is changed to biofuel crops. This paper reports the results of a study on cassava-based bioethanol production undertaken in the Sikasso region in Southern Mali. The paper outlines the estimated impacts on above-ground carbon stocks when land use is changed to increase cassava production. The results show that expansion of cassava production for bioethanol will most likely lead to the conversion of fallow areas to cassava. A land use change from fallow to cassava creates a reduction in the above-ground carbon stocks in the order of 4-13 Mg C ha(-1), depending on (a) the age of the fallow, (b) the allometric equation used and (c) whether all trees are removed or the larger, useful trees are preserved. This 'carbon debt' associated with the above-ground biomass loss would take 8-25 years to repay if fossil fuels are replaced with cassava-based bioethanol.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Rasper, V.",1971,Investigations on starches from major starch crops grown in Ghana: III.—Particle size and particle size distribution,Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,22,11,10.1002/jsfa.2740221105,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14906/,"Two procedures (sedimentation and Coulter counter) were used for the particle size analysis of starches from major West African starch crops. Data obtained by both methods appears to be in good agreement for largegranule starches, e.g. large granule yam (Dioscorea) starches. The Coulter counter method, however, appears to be oversizing with starches having most of the granules smaller than 20 m. This was also confirmed by microscopic examination accompanying the size analysis of all tested samples. Good agreement was found between the size analysis results on Dioscorea starches and some of their physical properties that were affected by granule size. To some extent, size and shape of Dioscorea starches can be used as a basis for differentiation even between cultivars; starches from different cultivars of plantain (Musa paradisiaca L.) and cassava (Manihot utilissima Pohl.) did not show any significant differences.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Ravi, V., Aked, J., Balagopalan, C.",1996,Review on tropical root and tuber crops .1. Storage methods and quality changes,Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition,36,7,10.1080/10408399609527744,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14931/,"The root and tuber crops, including cassava, sweet potato, yams, and aroids, enjoy considerable importance as a vegetable, staple food, or raw material for small-scale industries at a global level, particularly in the less developed tropical countries. The perishability and postharvest losses of root and tuber crops are the major constraints in the utilization of these crops. Several simple, low-cost traditional methods are being followed by farmers in different parts of the world to store different root and tuber crops in the fresh state. An account of different storage practices and constraints is reviewed in this article. Some of these methods have been studied and evaluated by different research workers. Several modem techniques, including refrigerated cold storage, freezing, chemical treatments, wax coating, and irradiation, for storing fresh tropical tubers are also reviewed. The pre- and postharvest factors to be considered for postharvest storage of different root and tuber crops are incorporated into the review.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ravi, V., Aked, J.",1996,Review on tropical root and tuber crops .2. Physiological disorders in freshly stored roots and tubers,Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition,36,7,10.1080/10408399609527745,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14932/,"Tropical root and tubers, including cassava, sweet potato, yams, and aroids, have been reported to show an increase in respiratory activity after harvest and injury and subsequent storage in association with their deterioration. This leads to loss of water and carbohydrate. Cassava roots often show discoloration of the tissue with development of pigments in the xylem vessels (vascular streaking or primary/physiological deterioration). This has been established to be enzymatic in nature. Pruning the cassava stem, leaving about a 20- to 30-cm stub prior to harvest, could delay the onset of primary deterioration. Sweet potato roots and yam tubers show a peak respiratory activity immediately or 1 d after harvest. The respiratory rate, however, declines during the subsequent storage period. Yam tubers show a further increase in respiratory activity at the breakage of dormancy occurring at the time of sprouting. Dormancy in yam tubers has been studied in some detail. Different species of yams vary in their dormancy period, a major factor that accounts for the variation in their storage life. Little information is available on the dormancy of sweet potato and aroids. Tropical roots and tubers exhibit ''chilling injury'' when stored at temperatures below a critical level. The critical cold-storage temperatures range between 10 and 15 degrees C for different tropical root and tuber crops.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ravi, V., Mohankumar, C.R.",2004,Cassava-based Multiple Cropping Systems,Horticultural Reviews,30,,10.1002/9780470650837.ch9,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14934/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ray, R. C.",1995,Occurrence of the linamarase producers in the microbial population of cassava environment,Journal of Environmental Biology,16,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14964/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ray, R. C., Swain, M. R.",2013,Bio (Bacterial) Control of Pre- and Postharvest Diseases of Root and Tuber Crops,Bacteria in Agrobiology: Disease Management,,,10.1007/978-3-642-33639-3_12,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14979/,"The term “root and tuber crops” is a very general “catch-all” for a wide cross-section of subterranean storage organs of which there are approximately 38 root, 23 tuber, 14 rhizome, 11 corm, and 10 bulb crops. The most important among them are potato, sugar beet, carrot, onion, and garlic (temperate root and tuber crops) and cassava, sweet potato, yams, and aroids (tropical root and tuber crops). Pre and postharvest losses of these crops are very high and, depending on the species cultivated and the storage environment, may be of the order of 30–60%. Bacterial control has been emerging as a promising alternative to chemical fungicide to control many pre- and postharvest diseases of these crops. The underlying mechanisms include antibiosis, competition for nutrients and space, and systemic resistance. The various strategies for use of antagonists and field uses (i.e., seed treatment, soil application, foliar spray, antagonistic mixture) have been discussed. In addition, certain mechanisms to improve performance of antagonists, such as addition of nutrients, use of antagonist mixture, and formulation of antagonist have been emphasized in this chapter.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Atu, U. G., Okeke, J. E.",1981,Evaluation of insecticides for control of cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) [duplicate],Tropical Pest Management,27,2,10.1080/09670878109413659,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1498/,"A field trial on a moderately infested four-month old cassava plot was initiated at Ugwuoba field station of National Root Crops Research Institute, to determine the efficacy of five insecticides for control of cassava mealybug (CMB), Phenacoccus manihoti Mat-Ferr. The insecticides were Rogor 40 (dimethoate), Supracide 40 (methidathion), Basudin 60 (diazinon), Nuvacron 40 (monocrotophos) and Dimecron (phosphamidon) and were applied at the rate of 0.05 percent active ingredient (500 ppm). A CP3 type sprayer was used to discharge the insecticides. The treatments were replicated five times.Knock-down effect on the crawlers (nymphs) and adult mealybugs was recorded 24 hours after insecticide application. Mean percentage knock-down figures were Dimecron, 25; Nuvacron, 37; Basudin, 40; Rogor, 20 and Supracide, 45. Although the highest knock-down was recorded in Superacide, there were no significant differences between Superacide, Basudin and Nuvacron. At five weeks after insecticide application, mean plant vigour (improvement) based on the mealybug infestation on new plant growths were rated on a scale of 1-5 as follows Basudin, 4.9; Superacide, 4.6; Dimecron, 4.5; Nuvacron, 4.4; and Rogor, 3.6.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Reddy, P. P.",2015,Plant protection in tropical root and tuber crops,Plant Protection in Tropical Root and Tuber Crops,,,10.1007/978-81-322-2389-4,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/14996/,"This book is a compilation of information on insect/mite/vertebrate pests and fungal/bacterial/viral/mycoplasma/nematode diseases of tropical root and tuber crops such as cassava, sweet potato, yams, taro, Amorphophallus, yam bean and tannia. The book highlights the distribution, symptoms and damage, biology, survival and spread of each pest and describes management methods. It also sheds light on different eco-friendly pest management strategies including physical, cultural, chemical, biological, host resistance and integrated methods. The book is written in a lucid style using easy-to-understand language and offers adoptable recommendations involving eco-friendly control measures. It serves as a useful reference source for policy makers, research and extension workers, practicing farmers and students. The material can also be used for teaching post graduate courses in state agricultural universities. Springer India 2015.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"A.C., Bellotti, A.R., Braun, O., Vargas, B., Arias V, J.A., Castillo, J.M., Guerrero",1991,Origin and management of neotropical cassava pests,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15/,"Cassava, one of the major food crops in the tropics, is attacked by a wide range of arthropods. Several species depress yield significantly. Four major pests in the Neotropics are mites (Mononychellus spp.), mealybugs (Phenacoccus herreni), the cassava hornworm (Erinnyis ello) and burrowing bugs (Cyrtomenus bergi). Mites and mealybugs attack cassava primarily during dry periods causing severe leaf necrosis; the hornworm will feed on cassava leaves throughout the long growing cycle of the crop, although severe attacks usually coincide with the initiation of rains. Burrowing bugs feed directly on cassava roots, rendering them unacceptable for the commercial market. Control strategies are based on host plant resistance, biological control and cultural control practices.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Abit, S.E.",1980,Planting configuration performance and ecological relationship of root crops [cassava and sweet potato] planted singly and in combination with other crops [corn and sorghum; study conducted in the Philippines],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/150/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Rees, D., Rodriguez, R., Herrera, F., Ofosu, A.",1990,Advances in monitoring Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Col.: Bostrichidae) and Teretriosoma nigrescens Lewis (Col.: Histeridae) populations,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15000/,"In parts of East and West Africa, a recently introduced Mesoamerican bostrichid Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) has become a pest of major importance on maize and dried cassava stored by subsistence producers. To monitor its spread, ""delta"" flight traps are used in fields and natural habitats, and crevice traps are used in stores, baited with the synthetic aggregation pheromone of P. truncatus (Trun-call1 and 2). In Mexico and Central America such traps also capture the histerid Teretriosoma nigrescens Lewis, a known predator and potential bio-control agent of P. truncatus. A plastic crevice trap, a commercial product designed to capture Tribolium sp., was as effective at detecting either species in farm-stored maize-cobs as the insecticide-coated card trap used earlier. The plastic trap was more versatile to use than the previous one. Not containing insecticide, it was more pleasant and probably safer to handle. The placement of flight traps within farm and village compounds was as effective in detecting populations of both species as the deployment of crevice traps within stores. Marked P. truncatus were recaptured in flight traps up to 250m upwind from the point of release. Assuming constant wind direction and speed, this suggests a zone of attraction for each trap of about one to two hectares. The implications of the apparent mobility of this pest outside stores are discussed.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Rees, D., Westby, A., Tomlins, K., Van Oirschot, Q., Cheema, M. U. A., Cornelius, E., Amjad, M.",2012,Tropical Root Crops,Crop Post-Harvest: Science and Technology,,,10.1002/9781444354652.ch18,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15002/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Atwijukire, E., Hawumba, J. F., Wembabazi, E., Nuwamanya, E.",2017,Variation in starch quality of carotenoids-rich cassava clones that exhibit resistance to cassava brown streak disease,Carbohydrate Polymers,,,10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.11.041,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1501/,"Provitamin A cassava clones that exhibit resistance to Cassava Brown Streak Disease (CBSD) were analysed for critical starch properties, to understand possible applications in food industry. Significant reductions in amylopectin (P . 0.05) were observed with increased CBSD severity while amylose content did not vary significantly either with disease or with carotenoids level. Reductions were observed, for starch pasting temperature, peak time and peak area with increase in carotenoids content. This may imply reduction in energy required to make paste from provitamin A cassava, hence such varieties may require less cooking time than white root varieties. The key advantage would be reduced cost for processing. Peak time, setback viscosity, breakdown viscosity and peak area increased with increase in CBSD severity. This implies that starches from CBSD infected cassava are unstable during processing, which negatively affects their use in the food industry, with an increased energy cost to process such starches.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Rego, A. S., Teodoro, A. V., Maciel, A. G. S., Sarmento, R. A.",2013,"Relative contribution of biotic and abiotic factors to the population density of the cassava green mite, Mononychellus tanajoa (Acari Tetranychidae)",Experimental and Applied Acarology,60,4,10.1007/s10493-013-9667-9,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15014/,"The cassava green mite, Mononychellus tanajoa, is a key pest of cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiaceae), and it may be kept in check by naturally occurring predatory mites of the family Phytoseiidae. In addition to predatory mites, abiotic factors may also contribute to regulate pest mite populations in the field. Here, we evaluated the population densities of both M. tanajoa and the generalist predatory mite Euseius ho DeLeon (Acari Phytoseiidae) over the cultivation cycle (11 months) of cassava in four study sites located around the city of Miranda do Norte, Maranho, Brazil. The abiotic variables rainfall, temperature and relative humidity were also recorded throughout the cultivation cycle of cassava. We determined the relative importance of biotic (density of E. ho) and abiotic (rainfall, temperature and relative humidity) factors to the density of M. tanajoa. The density of M. tanajoa increased whereas the density of E. ho remained constant throughout time. A hierarchical partitioning analysis revealed that most of the variance for the density of M. tanajoa was explained by rainfall and relative humidity followed by E. ho density and temperature. We conclude that abiotic factors, especially rainfall, were the main mechanisms driving M. tanajoa densities.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Reich, P. B., Ellsworth, D. S., Uhl, C.",1995,Leaf carbon and nutrient assimilation and conservation in species of differing successional status in an oligotrophic Amazonian forest,Functional ecology,9 (1),,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15016/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Reining, L.",1992,Erosion in Andean hillside farming: Characterization and reduction of soil erosion by water in small scale cassava cropping systems in the Southern Central Cordillera of Colombia,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15025/,"The problem of water induced soil erosion in the subhumid tropics has gained increasing public attention in recent years. In order to avoid the destruction of agricultural land it is necessary to develop cultivation systems allowing a sustainable agricultural utilization of endangered areas. This goal requires knowledge of the causes and the processes of soil erosion in the tropics. The best known model to estimate soil loss by water erosion is the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). The research reported here aims to collect basic information on the characteristics of erosion processes in a defined area of the Andean zone of Colombia. This should allow to make conclusions about the applicability of the USLE. Furthermore, conventional and improved cassava cropping systems adapted to local smallholder conditions were to be tested to obtain knowledge based on the influence of management practices on erosion processes. To this end, erosion trials were established on slopes with a gradient of 7-20% at two locations in Southern Colombia. The trials were started in the beginning of 1987 and continued during two growing seasons until the beginning of 1989. The trials were established with three repetitions in Santander de Quilichao and with two repetitions in Mondomo",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Reis, M. M., Ferreira, M. M. C., Sarmento, S. B. S.",2002,A multi-way analysis of starch cassava properties,Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems,64,2,10.1016/S0169-7439(02)00053-9,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15026/,"The original methods proposed by Ledyard R. Tucker during the 1960s present the rotational freedom problem, making the interpretation of their results rather difficult to be carried out. Aiming to make the multi-way data analysis more acceptable, this work suggests a methodology for extracting meaningful information from the data set. This methodology is based on the decomposition of data set in three-way blocks by using Tucker models. With the aim of keeping in one block similar information about the data properties, a decomposition based on a constrained Tucker model was used, where the core array has some of its elements fixed to zero. This methodology is successfully applied to a data set formed by physical and physicochemical properties of starches of four cassava cultivars, harvested at different ages during the period usually taken for harvest of industrial uses.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Aune, J.B., Lal, R.",1997,"Agricultural productivity in the tropics and critical limits of properties of Oxisols, Ultisols, Alfisols",Tropical Agriculture,74,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1504/,"The objective of this study was to establish critical limits and functional relationships for soil properties and yield of various crops on Oxisols, Ultisols, and Alfisols of the tropics. Relationships between relative yield and soil acidity, available P, exchangeable K, bulk density, and rooting depth were developed using published data of several experiments on liming and deep liming, fertilizer rates, traffic-induced compaction, and desurfacing. The results showed that critical limits of soil properties for maize (Zea mays L.) were 1.08 percent for soil organic C, 5.0 for pH, 23.5 percent for Al-saturation, 7.6 mg kg-1 for P (Bray-1), 0.83 mmol (K+) kg-1 for exchangeable K, 1.50 Mg m-3 for bulk density, and 23 cm for rooting depth. Grain legumes [cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), soya bean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)] had similar critical limits, except higher P requirements. Cassava was less sensitive to acid soils than grain crops. The functional relationships developed can serve as a guideline for assessing soil degradation and determining response trends to inputs.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Renard, S., Gaspar, C., Lognay, G., Rue, B. le, Marlier, M.",1996,"Host selection behaviour by the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae): potential influence of biochemical compounds of the leaf surface",Mededelingen - Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen Universiteit Gent,61,3b,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15048/,"In the context of interested control against the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti, the aspect of varietal resistance and particularly the antixenotic component of the resistance was studied. Three varieties of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz, Euphorbiaceae) which are known to have different degrees of antixenotic resistance, and a weed of cassava's fields (Talinum triangularae Jack, Portulacaceae) were considered. The study of host selection behaviour and the sensorial equipment of the mealybug led us to the conclusion that the plant surface can provide informations which influence the choice of the insect. Physical and chemical features of the phylloplane, which can play a role in that choice, were then analysed. The observation of the surface of the three cassava varieties has shown no particular physical structures (glands or pegs). Howewer, the study of biochemical compounds of the leaf surface and their potential role on the choice of the insect reveals behavioural differences between leaves washed or not with methanol. The preliminary H.P.L.C. analyses of methanol extracts revealed the presence of two groups of compounds and one isolated compound, which was suspected to be linamarine, a cyanogenic glycoside of cassava",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Renard, S. (Faculte des sciences agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium.), Calatayud, P.A., Pierre, J.S., Le Ru, B.",1998,Recognition behavior of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Homoptera Pseudococcidae) at the leaf surface of different host plants,,v. 11,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15049/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Rerkasem, K., Rerkasem, B., Wongwatana, S.",1987,Nitrogen nutrition in legume/non-legume intercrops,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15060/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Restrepo, S., Velez, C. M., Verdier, V.",2000,Measuring the genetic diversity of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis within different fields in Colombia,Phytopathology,90,7,10.1094/PHYTO.2000.90.7.683,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15073/,"Cassava bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis, is a widespread disease that affects cassava (Manihot esculenta). We collected 238 X. axonopodis pv. manihotis strains by intensively sampling single fields in four edaphoclimatic zones (ECZs) in Colombia. DNA polymorphism of different X, axonopodis pv. manihotis populations was assessed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses, repetitive sequence-based polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR), and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) assays. Genetic diversity, phenetic relationships among strains, and the coefficient of genetic differentiation were determined. All strains were tested for aggressiveness on the susceptible cassava cv. MCOL 1522. Strains were also tested for virulence on cassava differentials adapted to the strains' respective ECZs. Our study showed that the Colombian X. axonopodis pv. manihotis population has a high degree of genetic diversity. The hierarchical analysis of diversity showed genotypic differentiation at all levels, among ECZs, among fields within ECZs, and among strains within fields planted to several cassava genotypes. New RFLP haplotypes were detected, leading to the characterization of a new pathotype. Dendrograms from AFLP were more robust than those from RFLP data. A close association between the strains' geographical origin and DNA polymorphism was obtained using RFLP and AFLP data. We suggest that the host played a role in causing pathogen differentiation.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Rey, C., Vanderschuren, H.",2017,Cassava Mosaic and Brown Streak Diseases: Current Perspectives and Beyond,Annual Review of Virology,4,,10.1146/annurev-virology-101416-041913,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15089/,"Cassava is the fourth largest source of calories in the world but is subject to economically important yield losses due to viral diseases, including cassava brown streak disease and cassava mosaic disease. Cassava mosaic disease occurs in sub-Saharan Africa and the Asian subcontinent and is associated with nine begomovirus species, whereas cassava brown streak disease has to date been reported only in sub-Saharan Africa and is caused by two distinct ipomovirus species. We present an overview of key milestones and their significance in the understanding and characterization of these two major diseases as well as their associated viruses and whitefly vector. New biotechnologies offer a wide range of opportunities to reduce virus-associated yield losses in cassava for farmers and can additionally enable the exploitation of this valuable crop for industrial purposes. This review explores established and new technologies for genetic manipulation to achieve desired traits such as virus resistance.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Reyd, G. (Institut Francais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en Cooperation, Brazzaville (Congo). Laboratoire d'Entomologie Agricole), Le Ru, B.",1992,"Impact of predation by coccinellid larvae on colonies of the mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti in crop lands [Hyperaspis raynevali, Exochomus flavicentris]",,v. 13,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15090/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Reyd, G., Le Ru, B.",1992,Impact of predation by coccinellid larvae on colonies of the mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti in crop lands,Acta Oecologica,13,2,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15092/,"A field study of predation by coccinellid larvae (Col. Coccinellidae) on populations of cassava mealybugs Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom. Pseudococcidae) was made at two localities in the Congo, with an indigenous species Exochomus flaviventris and an exotic one, Hyperaspis raynevali. The impact of E. flaviventris and H. raynevali was influenced by the density and age structure of the prey, but the predatory potential of the two coccinellids could not be compared. -from Authors",Excluded,Duplicate
"Reynolds, Travis W., Waddingtonauthor, Stephen R., Andersonauthor, C. Leigh, Chewauthor, Alexander, Trueauthor, Zoe, Cullenauthor, Alison",2015,Environmental impacts and constraints associated with the production of major food crops in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia,Food Security,7,4,10.1007/s12571-015-0478-1,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15096/,"Many environmental factors constrain the production of major food crops in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. At the same time, these food production systems themselves have a range of negative impacts on the environment. In this paper we review the published literature and assess the depth of recent research (since 2000) on crop x environment interactions for rice, maize, sorghum/millets, sweetpotato/yam and cassava in these two regions. We summarize current understandings of the environmental impacts of crop production systems prior to crop production, during production and post-production, and emphasize how those initial environmental impacts become new and more severe environmental constraints to crop yields. Pre-production environmental interactions relate to agricultural expansion or intensification, and include soil degradation and erosion, the loss of wild biodiversity, loss of food crop genetic diversity and climate change. Those during crop production include soil nutrient depletion, water depletion, soil and water contamination, and pest resistance/outbreaks and the emergence of new pests and diseases. Post-harvest environmental interactions relate to the effects of crop residue disposal, as well as crop storage and processing. We find the depth of recent publications on environmental impacts is very uneven across crops and regions. Most information is available for rice in South Asia and maize in Sub-Saharan Africa where these crops are widely grown and have large environmental impacts, often relating to soil nutrient and water management. Relatively few new studies have been reported for sorghum/millets, sweetpotato/yam or cassava, despite their importance for food security on large areas of marginal farmland in Sub-Saharan Africa – however, there is mounting evidence that even these low-input crops, once thought to be environmentally benign, are contributing to cycles of environmental degradation that threaten current and future food production. A concluding overview of the emerging range of published good practices for smallholder farmers highlights many opportunities to better manage crop x environment interactions and reduce environmental impacts from these crops in developing countries.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Rhodes, E.R.",1988,Africa — how much fertilizer needed: Case study of Sierra Leone,Fertilizer Research,17,,10.1007/BF01050271,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15102/,"The quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium supplied by an ‘average’ African soil cleared from bush fallow, assuming no losses, were approximated. Values ranged from 23 to 120 Kg N ha−1, 1.8 to 12 Kg P ha−1, 47 to 187 Kg K ha−1, depending on type of fallow, length of fallow, drainage and extent of depletion of native supplies. Additional amounts of 4 to 5 Kg N ha−1, 4 to 6 Kg P ha−1 and 14 to 20 Kg K ha−1 are obtained from the ash.

Using crop nutrient removal data and approximate efficiencies of native and fertilizer N, P and K, fertilizer requirements at the reconnaissance level were estimated for selected target yields. For newly cleared uplands at cropping/fallow ratio of 2:7, N fertilizer requirements for cassava (30 t ha−1), maize (4 t ha−1), and sweet potato (16 t ha−1), were 138, 98, 42 kg ha−1 respectively. Wetland rice (4 t ha−1) required 55 kg N ha−1. Corresponding P fertilizer requirements for cassava, maize, sweet potato, upland rice (1.5 t ha−1) and ground-nut (1 t ha−1) were 190, 80, 30, 30 and 16 kg P ha−1 respectively. Wetland rice required 83 kg P ha−1. Substantial residual values of applied P are to be expected. Cassava required 60 kg ha−1 of K on newly cleared land. In soils of lowered nutrient status higher N, P, and K fertilizer requirements were indicated for all crops.

Land use data from Sierra Leone were used to illustrate how the total quantities of N, P and K fertilizers in a country in the forest zone of Africa can be approximated. Fertilizer needs in Sierra Leone were in decreasing order P > N ≫ K. N, P and K requirements were estimated to be 10,000 t, 20,000 t and 4,000 t respectively. The nutrient balance sheet method described in this paper is a useful tool to estimate the order of magnitude of fertilizer requirement at selected target yields for countries in Africa.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ribeiro, A. E. L., Gondim, M. G. C., Calderan, E., Delalibera, I.",2009,Host range of Neozygites floridana isolates (Zygomycetes Entomophthorales) to spider mites,Journal of Invertebrate Pathology,102,3,10.1016/j.jip.2009.08.012,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15109/,"Neozygites floridana (Weiser & Muma) (Zygomycetes Entomophthorales) has been reported infecting naturally at least 18 species of tetranychids worldwide. However, the host range of N. floridana is unknown. Epizootics caused by this pathogen to tetranychid populations indicate that N. floridana has the potential to be used as a biological control agent. However. the virulence and specificity of species and strains of Neozygites need to be assessed in the laboratory to reveal its potential as a biological control agent. N. floridana isolates are currently been investigated in Brazil as biological control agents against the tomato red mite, Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard, and the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. The pathogenicity of five strains of N. floridana obtained from T urticae, T. evansi and T. ludeni Zacher was assessed against populations of Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar), Schizotetranychus sacharum Flechtmann & Baker, Tetranychus abacae Baker & Pritchard and Tetranychus armipenis Flechtmann & Baker, in addition to the species from which the fungus was obtained. Mummified mites were placed on leaf discs of the host plant of each tetranychid to promote fungal sporulation, and after 24 h the mites were transferred to the leaf discs. Contamination, infection and mummification were evaluated daily for seven days after confinement. Each isolate was pathogenic to three or four out of the six spider mite species tested. However, except for isolate ESALQ1421, all isolates caused higher levels of infection and significant mummification only to the tetranychid species from which they were collected. None of the isolates was pathogenic to S. sacharum and only one isolate infected T. abacae. Alternative hosts may be important for N. floridana survival in tropical regions where resting spores are rarely found. (c) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ricardo, Longhi, Felipe, Domingues, Diego, Mota, Ricardo, Oaigen, Juliano, Calonego, Marilice, Zundt",2013,Composio bromatolgica e pH da silagem de diferentes fraes da parte area da mandioca tratada com doses crescentes de xido de clcio,,v. 4/n.4,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15120/,"The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and pH silage from different fractions of the aerial part of the cassava plant treated with increasing doses of calcium oxide. We used a completely randomized design with factorial 3 3, composed of three types of silages of different fractions of the aerial parts of the plant (1/3 above, 2/3 above and whole plant) and three doses of calcium oxide (0",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Rickard, J.E., Coursey, D.G.",1981,Cassava storage. 1. Storage of fresh cassava roots,Tropical science,v. 23,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15125/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Rickard, J. E.",1985,Physiological deterioration of cassava roots,Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,36,3,10.1002/jsfa.2740360307,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15126/,"Rapid postharvest physiological deterioration of cassava roots (Manihot esculenta Crantz) appears to be due essentially to wound responses, comparable to those observed in other plant storage organs. The wound responses observed include increased activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase, an enzyme associated with phenol biosynthesis; increased activity of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase; formation of phenols/polyphenols including leucoanthocyanidins, catechins, scopoletin and condensed tannins, and often the formation of a wound periderm. In cassava, the responses did not remain localised at wound surfaces in roots when held at low storage humidity but spread through the roots causing a discolouration of the vascular tissue and storage parenchyma. Roots stored at high humidity showed a more typical wound response with localised production of phenols and periderm formation. Copyright 1985 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Rickard, J.E., Poulter, N.H.",1992,Cassava utilization research at the Natural Resources Institute (NRI),"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Utilization Research in Asia: Proceedings of the Third Regional Workshop held in Malang, Indonesia",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15129/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Riis, Lisbeth, Bellotti, Anthony C.",1997,Output 2.2. Knowledge generated on mechanisms of genetic variability of plant response to biotic/abiotic stress. 2.2.3. Resistance of cassava to Cyrtomenus bergi,Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. Project SB-2 : enhancing the understanding and use of agrobiodiversity through biotecnological methods : annual report 1996,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15133/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Riis, L., Bellotti, A. C., Bonierbale, M., O'Brien, G. M.",2003,Cyanogenic potential in cassava and its influence on a generalist insect herbivore Cyrtomenus bergi (Hemiptera: Cydnidae),Journal of Economic Entomology,96,6,doi.org/10.1093/jee/96.6.1905,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15135/,"The hypothesis that cyanogenic potential in cassava is a defense mechanism against arthropod pests is one of the crucial questions relevant to current efforts to reduce or eliminate cyanogenic potential (CNP) in cassava. The generalist arthropod Cyrtomenus bergi, which attacks cassava roots, was used in a bioassay relating oviposition and survival to CNP, concentration of nonglycosidic cyanogens, and linamarase (-glycosidase) activity in twelve selfed cassava siblings and their parental clone, which has segregated for different levels of cyanogenesis. Electron microscopic evaluation revealed an intracellular pathway of the stylet of C. bergi in the cassava root tissue to rupture cell walls. This feeding behavior causes cyanogenesis and increased linamarin content in the hemolymph of C. bergi while feeding on a cyanogenic diet. This diet resulted in a significant reduction in oviposition, especially at levels of CNP above 150 ppm (expressed as hydrogen cyanide) on fresh weight basis (or 400 ppm on dry weight basis) in cassava roots. An exponential decline in oviposition was observed with increasing levels of CNP, beginning 12 d after exposure to the cyanogenic diet. Cyanogenic potential and dry matter content showed a positive effect on survival. No relationship was found between concentrations of nonglycosidic cyanogens or linamarase activity in the cassava root and either oviposition or survival. According to our results, there is a significant difference between potentially noncyanogen and high cyanogen clones, but there may not be a significant difference between potentially noncyanogen and low cyanogen clones. Consequently, more frequent outbreaks or higher levels of damage might not be anticipated in potentially noncyanogen cassava clones than that anticipated in low cyanogenic clones. The negative effect of cyanogenesis on oviposition concurrent with a positive effect on survival of this pest is most likely the result of a physiological trade-off between survival and oviposition. The question of whether ovipositional rates could be recovered after a long-term exposure to cyanide remains unanswered.",Excluded,No PICO Component
,,"The cultivation of maize, banana and tapioca in West Malaysia",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1514/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Rimoldi, F., Filho, P. S. V., Kvitschal, M. V., Gonçalves-Vidigal, M. C., Prioli, A. J., Prioli, A. J., Prioli, S. M. A. P., da Costa, T. R.",2010,Genetic divergence in sweet cassava cultivars using morphological agronomic traits and RAPD molecular markers,Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology,53,6,10.1590/S1516-89132010000600025,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15142/,"In this work the genetic divergence among 14 sweet cassava cultivars was estimated by their morphological agronomic traits and RAPD molecular markers. The Tocher cluster analysis and the Nearest Neighbor Method  were applied. The most dissimilar cultivars were Pão and Guaíra, Fécula Branca and Pão, and Pão and Caipira, while the most similar cultivar were the Fécula Branca and Branca 1, Branca 3 and Branca 1, and Guaíra and Branca 1. The Jaccard’s coefficient showed that the most similar cultivars were Guaíra and Quarenta Quilos, while the most dissimilar were Branca 3 and Amarela da Rama Cinza. The divergence analysis indicated that promising crosses could be made between the Branca 3 cultivar and the Pão, Amarela 1, Fécula Branca and Amarela 2 cultivars for the high genetic divergence, favorable agronomic and culinary traits, and disease resistance on the part of at least one of the parents involved in the cross.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Rivas, E. J., Velásquez, E., Tenías, J. T.",2004,Effect of soil preparation systems on some soil physical properties and biometric properties in cassava in Monagas High Plains,Revista Cientifica UDO Agricola,4,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15159/,"The experiment was installed in the town of San Jaime, Monagas State in a Grossarenic Paleustults soil, in order to evaluate some soil physical properites and biometric properties in cassava, using differents soil tilling systems. For the realization of this work, four systems of soil preparation were used direct seeding, harrow (for harrow passes), chisel (two crossed chisel passes) and chisel plus harrow (two crossed chisel passes, followed by two harrow passes). The biometric evaluations were root yield, shaft diameter and number of total roots; the physical evaluations were made in the layers of 0.0-0.10m, 0.10-0.20m and 0.20-0.30m, taking as reference the following variables apparent density, macroporosity and penetration resistance. The yield of roots in the direct seeding (25,739.6 kg/ha) was higher in comparison with the other evaluated systems. The shaft diameter was higher when using the harrow (2.7cm) and the number of total roots was superior in the chisel plus harrow system (5.5). The apparent density showed a similar statistically behavior and a maximun value in the systems direct seeding, chisel, chisel plus harrow and harrow. The same behavior presented the systems harrow, chisel and chisel plus harrow in relation to the % of macropores. The penetration resistance was superior in the direct seeding, followed by chisel plus harrow, harrow and chisel.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Rive Box, L. de la",1981,"Cassava Food, Feed or Fuel?",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15160/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Rive Box, L. de la, Rive Box-Lasocki, B. de la",1982,"Bread of the earth: cassava cultivation, processing and consumption among Amerindians",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15161/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Rive Box, L. de la, Doorman, F.J.",1982,Case studies in cassava cultivation,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15162/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Rive Box, L. de la, Doorman, F.J.",1985,The adaptive farmer: sociological contributions to adaptive agricultural research on cassava and rice cultivation in the Dominican Republic (1981-1984),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15163/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Robertson, I.A.D.",1987,"The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) as a vector of African cassava mosaic virus at the Kenya coast and ways in which the yield losses in cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz caused by the virus can be reduced",,8,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15202/,"A major cause of yield loss in cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz in tropical Africa is African cassava mosaic virus, transmitted by the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). Investigations into the epidemiology of the disease and the ecology of the insect vector at the Kenya coast demonstrated that the serious loss of yield caused by the virus could be greatly reduced if simple changes in husbandry practices were adopted. The regular rogueing of infected plants greatly reduced the incidence of African cassava mosaic virus.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Robertson, I. A. D.",1987,"The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) as a vector of African cassava mosaic virus at the Kenya coast and ways in which the yield losses in cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz caused by the virus can be reduced",Insect Science and Its Application,8,04-Jun,10.1017/S1742758400022943,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15203/,"A major cause of yield loss in cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz in tropical Africa is African cassava mosaic virus, transmitted by the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). Investigations into the epidemiology of the disease and the ecology of the insect vector at the Kenya coast demonstrated that the serious loss of yield caused by the virus could be greatly reduced if simple changes in husbandry practices were adopted. The regular rogueing of infected plants greatly reduced the incidence of African cassava mosaic virus.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Robertson, A.I. (University of Zimbabwe, Hasnze (Zimbabwe). Crop Science Department )",1989,Field and laboratory research work on cassava in Zimbabwe,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15204/,"Background information of research on cassava tissue culture in Zimbabwe is given. Initial work included collection of all local land races, import of selected lines/seed, single-row var. trials, and crossing and selection. Adaptation to local conditions is sought, parameters being root and canopy shape, resistance to CAMV, high HI, and high root DM. Aims are to provide a food security crop yielding according to rainfall. Problems encountered with promisory lines in the field, particularly Colletotrichum and CAMV, may be solved through tissue culture. Techniques under study are somaclonal selection and gene transfer of desirable traits from other species",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Robertson, A.I., Sakina, K.E.",1989,A slice of reality from Africa,Trends in Biotechnology,7,1,10.1016/0167-7799(89)90076-0,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15205/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Robertson, I. A.",2001,Safety of low-cyanide cultivars,Science,291,5505,10.1126/science.291.5505.828A,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15206/,"We are grateful that Africa's needs are on the agenda (Editorial, “Helping Africa feed itself,” G. Conway and S. Sechler, 8 Sept., p. 1685). Yet, regarding V. S. Palmer and coauthors' plea in their letter (29 Sept., p. 2281) suggesting an international effort to rid cassava of cyanide as a dangerous toxin, I fear they are mistaken. From my experience (I chaired a session of 60 African scientists at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture on the topic, and I teach about 100 new students each year and interact with many peasant farmers on their plots), many Africans say that the low-cyanide cultivars are safe with the normal cooking and food preparation methods used traditionally and that, if cyanide content were further reduced or removed, then they would lose their crop to baboons, porcupines, and a host of insects. I have run breeding field trials where the baboons have sampled the goods and left only the low-cyanide lines. Cassava has great potential, especially if viruses are periodically eliminated by means of tissue culture cycles, which triples crop yields. The greatest need at the moment is for virus-resistant and mealybug-resistant cassava, which could be developed by genetic modification of locally popular lines.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Robertson, A.I., Jorge, M.A.B.",2003,Pushing the limits in plastic tunnels in the tropics and the need for shade,Acta Horticulturae,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15207/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Robinson, P.F.",1978,Three row cassava planting machine,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15209/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Robinson, J.",1997,Intercropping upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) with cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in southern Sudan,Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad and Tobago),74,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15211/,"In two trials cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz; 'Karangwa', a bitter variety) planted at various densities under rainfed conditions was intercropped with groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.; 'Makulu Red') and upland rice (Oryza sativa L.; local variety). For the groundnut-cassava trial, the cassava was harvested after 10 months and 16 months. It was demonstrated that cassava at densities as high as 1 7 000 plants ha-1 had no significant effect on groundnut yields and that there was little difference between cassava yield at that density and at 5500 plants ha-1. Cassava alone yielded about twice that of intercropped cassava, but groundnut yields were similar when monocropped and intercropped. Leaving cassava in the ground for 16 months, rather than 10, resulted in trebling of cassava yield. Cassava growth and yield were higher when intercropped with groundnut than with rice, but rice yielded similarly when monocropped and intercropped with cassava planted at various densities.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Robinson, T., Nigam, P.",2003,Bioreactor design for protein enrichment of agricultural residues by solid state fermentation,Biochemical Engineering Journal,13,02-Mar,10.1016/S1369-703X(02)00132-8,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15212/,This paper reviews bioreactor designs and their use for protein production under solid state fermentation (SSF) conditions using various agricultural by-products. The advantages and disadvantages of various bioreactors and their potential for scale-up are described. SSF is proposed as a suitable low-tech strategy for protein enrichment for animal feed by converting a previously low value substance into a more nutritionally valuable one. The use of various substrates and microorganisms for protein enrichment are also listed. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Roca, W.M., CIAT, Cali (Colombia)",1985,In vitro clonal propagation to eliminate crop diseases,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15219/,"Diseases caused by viruses and viroids are particularly important in asexually propagated crops because once the crop is infected, its propagula transmit the disease indefinitely, and effect severe yield and quality losses. Shoot-tip culture techniques used to recover healthy cassava and potato clones have resulted in dramatic yield increases in several cassava cultivars. Changes in plant and leaf morphology accompanied yield increase in a local cassava cultivar after in vitro propagation",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Roca, W.M.",1989,Cassava production and utilization problems and their biotechnological solutions,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15220/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Roca, W.M., Thro, A.M.",1993,Proceedings of the First International Scientific Meeting Cassava Biotechnology Network,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15223/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Roca, W. M., Thro, A. M.",1993,Proceedings CBN,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15224/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Roche, F.C.",1986,Cassava-based farming systems in tropical Asia: research issues and development needs,"Cassava in Asia, its Potential Research and Development Needs: Proceedings of a Regional Workshop held in Bangkok, Thailand, 5-8 June, 1984",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15235/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Roder, W., Phengchanh, S., Keoboulapha, B., Maniphone, S.",2001,Crop-animal systems in the hilly regions of Lao PDR,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15241/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Rodríguez G., Z. F., Mármol, C. L. E., Martínez, J., Montiel M, Y. M.",2009,Total and by organs accumulation of macronutrients in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) plants cv 'Tempranita' at Maracaibo plain,Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia,26,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15244/,"The importance of determining the total and by organs accumulation levels in order to program rational fertilizer practices, an essay was carried out by following nursery conditions at Maracaibo plain, Venezuela, in order to determine Nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium and magnesium concentrations in cassava plants (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cv. ""Tempranita"" at harvest, the experiment was carried out as a randomized complete design with four replications and seven plant as experimental unit. N accumulation was determined in different plant organs by micro-kjeldahl method, P by colorimetric analysis using ammonium-molibdate, K by flame photometry, Ca using EDTA, Ca+Mg titration with EDTA and Mg for difference between Ca and Ca+Mg removal was determined based on plant dry weight and nutrient concentrations. At harvest storage roots, higher level of N (33.3 g.kg-1) and K (12.1 g.kg-1), was found in foliar blade and the lower was found in roots; while in stems higher level the P (3.3 g.kg-1) and the lower in roots (1.2 g.kg-1); Ca and Mg while higher levels in petioles (30.7 and 4.1 g.kg-1 respectively) and the lower was found in roots (2.3 and 0.8 g.kg-1). The higher quantity elements extracted were N, K and Ca. The total extraction of plants was 288.06 kg N, 53.40 kg P, 240.24 kg K, 227.70 kg Ca and 48.94 kg Mg for a production per hectare of 59,180 kg of storage roots.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Avicor, S. W., Eziah, V. Y., Owusu, E. O., Wajidi, M. F. F.",2014,Insecticide Susceptibility of Bemisia tabaci to Karate (R) and Cydim Super (R) and its Associated Carboxylesterase Activity,Sains Malaysiana,43,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1525/,"Bemisia tabaci is a pest of several economic crops worldwide and is mostly managed in Ghana by farmers through the use of insecticides. However, vegetable farmers have recently expressed concerns about the susceptibility of B. tabaci to insecticides. Hence, the susceptibility status of field populations of B. tabaci on cassava, okra and tomato in vegetable growing sites in Accra to two commonly used insecticides, Karate (R) 2.5 EC (lambda-cyhalothrin) and Cydim Super (R) (36 g Cypermethrin + 400 g Dimethoate per litre), using a modified dipping method and their carboxylesterase activity levels were assessed. The LC50 values of the B. tabaci populations to the insecticides were low and ranged from 0.12-0.55 mL/L to 0.07-0.36 mL/L for Karate (R) and Cydim Super (R), respectively. There was a wide variation in carboxylesterase activity levels of the insect populations with high levels recorded in some of the populations. The elevated activity levels could negatively impact on future whitefly management methods. This study provides baseline information on the insecticide resistance status and carboxylesterase levels of whitefly populations in these areas and for monitoring future insecticide resistance development.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Rodriguez, T.",2002,Northern Bukidnon [Philippines] farmers are cashing in on cassava,,v. 6,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15274/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Rog, P., Snapp, S., Kakwera, M. N., Mungai, L., Jambo, I., Peter, B.",2016,Ratooning and perennial staple crops in Malawi. A review,Agronomy for Sustainable Development,36,3,10.1007/s13593-016-0384-8,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15277/,"The management of staple crops as perennials is a historic legacy and a present-day strategy in some regions of Sub-Saharan Africa, yet perenniality is rarely an agronomic subject. Farmers in Malawi cut annual crops, such as pigeonpea and sorghum, to extend production for more than one growing season. Cassava, a perennial food crop, has a proven track record of abating hunger. Here we review ratooning, as well as the historic role of perennial staple crops in Malawi. Ratooning is a method of harvesting a crop which leaves the roots and the lower parts of the plant uncut to give the ratoon or the stubble crop. This review is completed with interviews with Malawian farmers. The major points follow. The management of staple crops as perennials is underserved by research. Indeed, we retrieved only 86 references on ratooning sorghum and pigeonpea. Of these, 9% and 19% respectively were from the African continent. The literature and interviews indicate that pigeonpea and sorghum have high productive potential when well managed in ratoon systems. Thirty-five percent of interviewee responses that supported ratooning mentioned saving seed. Other primary reasons to ratoon include stimulating regrowth (30%) and saving labor (20%). However, 31% of responses that were against ratooning cited increased disease potential, as well as excessive vegetative regrowth (18%). 2016, The Author(s).",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Rogers, D. J., Appan, S. G.",1970,Untapped genetic resources for cassava improvement,Int Symp Trop Root and Tuber Crops 1970 Proc,1,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15283/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Rogers, D.J.",1969,"Manihot, man, and computing machines",Fairchild Tropical Garden bulletin,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15290/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Rogers, D. J., Fleming, H. S.",1973,A monograph of Manihot Esculenta with an explanation of the taximetrics methods used,Economic Botany,27,1,10.1007/BF02862222,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15291/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Rogers, D.J.",1974,Tuber and root crops: cassava (Manihot esculenta),FAO Agricultural Studies,93,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15295/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Rogers, D. J.",1974,Tuber and root crops: cassava (Manihot esculenta),FAO Agricultural Studies,93,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15296/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Rogo, L.M., Oloo, W., Nokoe, S., Magalit, H.",1988,study of the Mononychellus (Acari Tetranychidae) species complex from selected cassava growing areas of Africa using principal component analysis,,v. 9,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15298/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Rojanaridpiched, Chareinsuk, Jeamjamnanja, Chamlong, Duangpatra, Piya",1982,Cassava breeding programme,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15300/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Rojanaridpiched, Chareinsuk, Jeamjamnanja, Chamlong, Vichukit, Vichan",1982,"Improvement of cassava cultural practice, 1 growth analysis of cassava [native varieties, in Thailand]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15301/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Rojanaridpiched, Chareinsuk, Jeamjamnanja, Chamlong, Vichukit, Vichan",1982,"Improvement of cassava cultural practice, 2 effect of topping on the yield of cassava [in Thailand]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15302/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Rojanaridpiched, Chareinsak, Poolsanguan, Piyawuti, Jumlong Jeamjamnanja",1990,Cassava breeding program,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15303/,"1. Second year selection of cassava. Selection was based on plant type, root yield and root starch content. As a result the total of 76 clones were selected. Among these, 8 clones were edible type. 2. Preliminary yield trial of cassava. Which separated into 3 trials. Four clones were selected for further standard yield trial for 1990-1991. Eight clones were selected for another preliminary yield trials. 3. Standard yield trial of cassava. By using yield potential and root starch content as selection criteria, the best clone was MKUC 28-77-3.4. New cassava variety, Sriracha 1. Previously numbered MKUC 27-3-23 clone, is the cross between MKUC 2-162 clone and 'Rayong 1' cultivar. The outstanding characteristics of Sriracha 1 are as follows It has similar fresh root yield to Rayong 1. Sriracha 1 gave better root and starch yields than Rayong 3 whereas root starch content was similar. In addition, varietal stability analyses against environments revealed that Sriracha 1 was more stable in dry root yield and starch content than Rayong 1. Insofar as fertilizer responsiveness was concerned, this study revealed that Sriracha 1 gave higher dry root yield than Rayong 1 and Rayong 60 at all fertilizer rates.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Awah, E.T., Mboussi, M.A.",1999,performance of cassava and tuber intercrops in the humid forest zone of Cameroon,Tropical science,v. 39,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1531/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Romanoff, S.A.",1991,Farmer organizations in integrated cassava projects,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15320/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Romanoff, S.",1992,"A regional perspective on cassava, famine, and seasonal hunger in humid and subhumid Africa",Journal for Farming Systems Research-Extension,3,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15324/,"Data from agricultural surveys by national scientists in eight countries of humid and subhumid Africa, conducted as part of the multidisciplinary COSCA project of IITA, yield the following information for each country: occurrence of famine, year of latest famine (food shortage causing death or movement), major cause of famine, month of planting of major crops, months of seasonal food shortage, relationship between planting and shortage seasons, relationship between latitude and hunger schedule, months of consuming cassava, and relationship between cassava schedule and shortage season. Conclusions include (1) Famine is not limited to semiarid regions, where it occurs in different years than in subhumid areas; (2) seasonal food shortages are general and timed in relation to the agricultural cycle and natural Factors; and (3) in tropical areas with more than 700 mm of annual rainfall, cassava is a major buffer to seasonal shortages. Besides cassava consumption, wage labor within the village may be a behavioral response to seasonal shortage. No evidence is found that wage labor outside the village, importation of food, or hunting is more widespread during seasonal shortages. The organization of survey data from eight countries at the continental level by a geographic information system complements local studies and macro-economic methods of studying agriculture and social phenomena. Agricultural and social scientists are asked to code their data for latitude and longitude.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Roonnaphai, Nareenat",2006,Enhancing Sustainable Development of Diverse Agriculture in Thailand,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15332/,"The objective of Phase I Thailand country study are to review and analyses past trends in the production, marketing, consumption, processing and related policies of major CGPRT crops, of which maize, cassava and soybean are selected. In addition, analysis of trade liberalization, agro-industries using the three selected crops, production, marketing and processing potentials and threats are conducted in an attempt to seek policy recommendations for the development of sustainable, diversified agriculture for poverty alleviation.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Roose, E.",1993,"Agroforestry, water and soil fertility management in African tropical mountains","International workshop on ""SOIL EROSION PROCESSES ON STEEP LANDS"" May 16 -21, 1993, Merida, Venezuela",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15335/,"Although African plains are quite desertic (5 to 40 people/km2) , tropical mountains are often overcrowd because the climate in altitude is more rainy, healthy and the mountains give some protection against military, religious and administrative pressures. With the improvement of medical aid, the population density between 1000 and 2500 m of altitude attein exceptionnel values (100 à 1000 inhabitants in the mountains of Rwanda, Burundi, Cameroun, Kenya, Ethiopia, etc.) that leads to delicate problems of soil protection against runoff and various types of erosion on steep cultivated slopes (sometimes more than 80% slopes). The first care is to diagnose the diversity of the erosion processes and the factors modifying their intensity. It is usefull to distinguish manifestations of beginning erosion on productive soils that farmers can control with improved farming systems: organic matter and soil fertility degradation, sheet and rill erosion and dry creeping by cultural practices. Only the state departments have enough equipments and technicians to control catastrophic erosion problems like large torrential gullies, mass movements or river embankments degradation. Measurements on runoff plots have shown that sheet and rill erosion on slopes from 25 to 80% varies between 300 to 700 t/ha/year with rainfall erosivity, soils and farming systems. Ferrallitic soils are very resistant to splash (K = 0.01 to 0.20) and traditional farming systems reduce considerably the losses. (C = 0.8 to 0.3). The runoff is generally less important (10 to 30%) on steep slopes than on slight glacis of the sahelian areas (30 to 70%). It is possible to jugulate erosion with a natural or leguminous fallow, a Pine plantation (litter), by mulching on coffea, banana or cassava plantation. The problem is to produce enough biomass: that is the first goal of agro forestry. Traditional soil conservation strategies are very efficient in an economical context, but are now often overstepped with the demographic pressure changes. Modem ""equipment"" strategies (RTM, DRS, CES) who tried to impose mechanical approach to manage excess water by graded channels or bench terraces, are relatively inefficient and badly accepted by the farmers, because these methods require much labour for building and maintaining without increasing the productivity. A new strategy (GCES = land-husbandry) is proposed to answer to the two main problems of poor farmers: how to increase rapidly the soil and labour productivity? The solution elements are to be found in the efficient management of water, biomass and soil fertility restoration. For water management, it is suggested to capt rainfall and runoff in cisterns to irrigate a garden and to keep caddle in sheds. On slopes, excess runoff energy can be dissipated on soil surface rugosity (ridging or mulching) and on grassed embankment with living hedges producing forage, green-manure and mulch. For soil fertility restoration, erosion and leaching losses must be stopped by green production intensification (2-d goal of agroforestry) soil macroporosity must be rebuild by deep tillage and stabilised by organic matter, calcium carbonate or gypsum, and deep rooting crops (leguminous or sorghum); finally the soil must be ""revitalised"" by a local minimum dressing of manure, N-P-K complement and excess acidity neutralisation (carbonate and phosphate crushed rocks). Living hedges can reduce erosion risks by 99% ,produce energy wood and 3 to 8 kg of forage by linear meter and return to the soil as much as 80 to 120 kg of N, 2 to 3 kg of P, 30 to 60 kg of K and Ca, 10 to 20 kg of Mg. Thanks to agroforestry, water and nutrients management, it seems possible to intensify the agriculture production in the mountains without degrading the environment, until certain limits and with the help of the governments. Soil fertility restoration has a price!!!",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Roose, E., Ndayizigiye, F.",1997,"Agroforestry, water and soil fertility management to fight erosion in tropical mountains of Rwanda",Soil Technology,11,1,10.1016/S0933-3630(96)00119-5,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15336/,"African tropical mountains are often overcrowded because the climate is healthy and favorable to intensive agriculture. Consequently the density of population in the mountains of Rwanda and Burundi has reached an exceptional level (150 to 800 inhabitants/km2) that leads to delicate problems of soil protection against runoff and various types of erosion on steep cultivated hillslopes. Previous measurements on runoff plots have shown that sheet and rill erosion risks have reached 300 to 700 t/ha/year on 20 to 60% slopes with regional rainfall erosivity (R(usa) = 250 to 700), very resistant ferrallitic soils (K=0.01 to 0.20) and traditional farming systems (C = 0.8 to 0.3). Curiously, the runoff rate (10 to 30%) is relatively moderate so that it is possible to restrict erosion with a natural or leguminous fallow, a pine plantation (litter effect) or by mulching coffee, banana or cassava plantations. The problem is now to produce enough biomass to mulch the whole surface with the help of agroforestry. A new strategy (GCES = land husbandry) was suggested to meet the major farmer problems what should be done to increase the soil productivity rapidly and protect the rural environment? A part of the answer is to be found in the efficient management of water, organic matter and soil fertility restoration (Roose et al., 1988). This strategy was first tested in 9 runoff plots (5 x 20 m) on a 23% slope of a very acid ferrallitic soil (pH = 4). Three types of living hedges (leucaena, calliandra, calliandra + setaria) twice replicated, were compared with the international bare standard plot and with the regional farming system (maize + beans during the first season, and sorghum during the second season). After 2 years, living hedges reduced runoff to less than 2% and erosion to 2 t/ha/year they produced fire wood and high quality leguminous forage (3 to 8 kg/m) and return to the soil as much as 80 to 120 kg/ha/year of nitrogen, 3 kg/ha/year of phosphorus, 30 to 60 kg/ha/year of calcium and potassium, 10 to 20 kg/ha/year of magnesium. Thanks to agroforestry it was possible to reduce erosion hazard but not to restore the soil productivity. Without 2.5 t/ha/3 years of lime to increase the pH up to 5 and reduce the aluminium toxicity, without 10 t/ha/2 years of farm manure and mineral fertilizers to nourish the crops, the yield remains very low (800 kg/ha/season of cereals). Thanks to agroforestry and a mineral fertilizer complementation, erosion hazard was controlled and the productivity of soil and labour intensified more than 3 times.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Roothaert, Ralph L., Magado, Ronald",2011,"Revival of cassava production in Nakasongola District, Uganda",,v. 9,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15338/,"The Maendeleo Agricultural Technology Fund is an initiative of FARM-Africa, an international charitable organization with a mission to reduce poverty by enabling marginal African farmers and herders to make sustainable improvements to their well-being through more effective management of their renewable natural resources. Cassava plays an important role in the provision of staple foods in East Africa. In Uganda it ranks second among the major food crops and is regarded as the most important cheap source of staple food and cash crop. But new disease threats have emerged in recent years, including cassava mosaic virus and brown streak virus. Three broad types of innovation were promoted use of improved disease-free cassava planting material, improved cultivation methods and post-harvest processing. The introduction of disease-resistant varieties has revived cassava production and has changed the district from being food deficient to generating and selling a surplus. The main factors of success in this project have been the improved disease-resistant cassava varieties, the development of farmer organizational structures that are rooted in the community and the creation of a value addition process with links to markets.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Rosa, J. M. O., de Oliveira, S. A., Jordo, A. L., Siviero, A., de Oliveira, C. M. G.",2014,Plant parasitic nematodes on cassava cultivated in the Brazilian Amazon,Acta Amazonica,44,2,10.1590/S0044-59672014000200013,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15340/,"The cassava crop (Manihot esculenta) has socioeconomic importance to Brazil, however, there is a paucity of studies regarding the plant parasitic nematodes associated with cassava and the host reaction of cassava cultivars to nematodes. The aims of this work were to report the geographic distributions and new records of plant parasitic nematodes collected from cassava areas from the States of Acre, Amap, Par and Rondnia, Brazil. Additionally, the host reaction of different cassava cultivars to Meloidogyne incognita race 3, Pratylenchus brachyurus and P. zeae was studied in a greenhouse experiment. Nematodes were extracted from either 10 g of roots or 250 cm3 of soil by centrifugation and identified by microscopy. The most prevalent species was P. brachyurus detected from 37.1% of samples tested (n=35), follow by M. incognita (14.2%). Among the identified nematode species, the following associations constitute new records for Brazil Helicotylenchus erythrinae, M. enterolobii and Xiphinema longicaudatum. Cassava cultivars Amazonas, Colnia Matapi, Manteiga, Pretinha and P-da-China from Amap State and Colonial and Caipora from Acre State were all susceptible to M. incognita race 3. In contrast, two cultivars, Caipora and Colonial, were resistant to P. brachyurus (reproduction factor = 0.5 and 0.9, respectively) but immune to P. zeae. Data generated in this study may be useful in the agronomic management of cassava production in areas infested with the root lesion nematodes P. brachyurus and/or P. zeae.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Rosales, F.E.",1982,Experimental Designs for Cassava & Peanut Production Systems,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15346/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Rosete, F.S. (Tarlac Coll. of Agriculture, Camiling, Tarlac (Philippines). Dept. of Research, Development)",1981,"Nutrient uptake and productivity of cassava (Manihot esculenta Krants) and mungbean (Vigna radiata Wilzeck (L.)) intercrop as influenced by nitrogen application, temporal, and spatial arrangements [study conducted in the Philippines]",TCA Research Journal (Philippines),v. 3,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15365/,"It was found out that the cassava-mungbean intercrop was significantly highest in the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. It was also revealed that the nutrient uptake in the plants increased as the amount of nitrogen was increased. The time of overlap period also significantly affected the height, dry matter weight, number of seeds per pod, and seed weight per mature pod. Intercropping cassava with mungbean 7 days after the cassava planting exhibited the best Land Equivalent Ratio (LER), however, the 28 days gave the highest monetary advantage. The quadruple row (4 x 0.5 m) with interval row spacing of 1.5 m had the highest LER",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Roshetko, J. M., Delaney, M., Hairiah, K., Purnomosidhi, P.",2002,Carbon stocks in Indonesian homegarden systems: Can smallholder systems be targeted for increased carbon storage?,American Journal of Alternative Agriculture,17,3,10.1079/AJAA200116,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15366/,"Homegardens are a common smallholder agroforestry system in Indonesia and throughout the tropics. These species-rich, tree-based systems produce non-wood and wood products for both home use and market sale. Due to their high biomass, these systems simultaneously offer potential for carbon (C) storage. While small size limits the amount of C stored by individual smallholder agroforestry systems, on a per area basis these systems can store as much C as some secondary forests. In aggregate, smallholder homegarden agroforestry systems can contribute significantly to a region's carbon budget while simultaneously enhancing smallholder livelihoods. A field study in Lampung, Indonesia indicates that homegardens with an average age of 13 years store 35.3 Mg C ha-1 in their above-ground biomass, which is on par with the C stocks reported for similar-aged secondary forests in the same area. However, to compare accurately the C stocks of different land-use systems a scale is required that adjusts C stocks of the systems' ages and rotation lengths to a common base. The time-averaged C stock, which is half the C stock at the maximum rotation length, serves this purpose. Our projections reveal that, depending on management options, the time-averaged above-ground C stocks of homegarden systems could vary from 30 to 123 Mg C ha-1. These projected time-averaged above-ground C stocks of homegardens are substantially higher than those of Imperata-cassava systems (2.2 Mg C ha-1), which is an extensive vegetation type in the study area. If homegarden systems and other smallholder tree-based systems were to expand in currently degraded and underutilized lands, such as Imperata grasslands, the C sequestration potential would be about 80 Mg C ha-1, with considerable variation depending on species composition and management practices. Clear opportunity exists to induce management that leads to higher C stocks at the systems level. However, incentive mechanisms are needed that assure smallholders will benefit from selecting management practices that favor higher C stocks.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Rosling, H.",1987,Cassava toxicity and food security: A review of health effects of cyanide exposure from cassava and of ways to prevent these effects,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15369/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Aweto, A. O.",2001,"Trees in shifting and continuous cultivation farms in Ibadan area, southwestern Nigeria",Landscape and Urban Planning,53,01-Apr,10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00151-1,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1537/,"This study compares the types and density of tree species in continuous cultivation farms at the fringe of Ibadan city, Nigeria, with shifting cultivation farms in a rural district near the city. Both categories of farm are used for cultivating field crops of maize, cassava and yams that are intercropped. Tree density is much higher in continuously farmed plots at the city outskirts, where tree density averaged 511 trees/ha compared to 143 trees/ha in shifting cultivation farms in the countryside. In spite of the general similarity in tree flora between the two categories of farmlands, certain tree species are more abundant in one than the other. Gliricidia sepium, an exotic tree legume that improves soil fertility, is more abundant on the continuous cultivation farms while the oil palm, Elaeis guineensis, is more abundant on the shifting cultivation farms. Certain tree species such as Myrianthus arboreus, Alchornea laxiflora and Blaghia sapida were restricted to the shifting cultivation farms and Trema guineensis to the continuously cultivated plots. It seems that the farmers at the urban fringe, having eliminated the bush fallow period, depend mainly on trees on the farmland, especially G. sepium, for the maintenance of soil fertility, as they do not apply fertilizers, while the shifting cultivators retain mainly trees of economic and utilitarian importance on their farms. It is advocated that the shifting cultivators should preserve more trees as farmers at the urban fringe do. This will not only facilitate tree regeneration, on which restoration of soil fertility during the fallow period largely depends, but also help to conserve soil fertility during cropping and to augment farmers' fuelwood supplies.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Rossman, A. Y., Miller, D. R.",1996,Systematics solves problems in agriculture and forestry,Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden,83,1,10.2307/2399964,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15380/,"In forest and agricultural ecosystems the conspicuous elements, namely the trees, crop plants, and farm animals, form complex interactions with many less conspicuous organisms. These less conspicuous but specious organisms such as insects, fungi, nematodes, and bacteria can be beneficial, even essential, or they can be utterly devastating causing billions of dollars damage. Our present knowledge of the systematics of these less conspicuous organisms is limited. For some groups even the most elemental systematic understanding-an inventory, a checklist, a means of identification-is lacking. This paper presents examples in which systematics has contributed to solving a problem in agriculture and forestry. Our current agricultural practices reflect the systematic understanding of pest organisms that influence crop productivity. The success of efforts to discover and develop biological agents that control agricultural pests and pathogens depends on systematics. International exchange of agricultural commmodities can be enhanced or hindered by accurate or inaccurate systematic knowledge as exemplified by the recently opened market for California wheat to the People's Republic of China. Systematics is essential in directing the collection, organization, and use of vascular plant germplasm as for breeding improved crops. Forests in eastern North America have been devastated by the introduction of exotic pests and pathogens. Systematic knowledge helps to prevent such introductions. In Australia native forests threatened with extinction from an introduced weed were saved by the biological control of that weed using a fungus. Detailed systematic knowledge of both the host and pathogen allowed the safe and effective introduction of this biocontrol agent. In all the examples detailed in this paper, basic systematic knowledge was essential to solving important problems in agriculture and forestry.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Rouland-Lefevre, C.",2011,Termites as Pests of Agriculture,Biology of Termites: A Modern Synthesis,,,10.1007/978-90-481-3977-4_18,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15390/,"While pest species of termites are thought to belong predominantly to four families comprising the lower termites, the species causing the most damage to tropical agriculture belong to three of the four subfamilies of higher termites, lacking protist symbionts. A wide range of crops are affected, including trees in plantations and orchards, coconuts, palms, sugar cane, rice, maize, wheat, sorghum, groundnuts, coffee, tea, cocoa, yam, cassava and cotton. Market gardens and pastures can also be damaged. Organochlorine and organophosphate insecticides, once very effective agents of chemical control, are now prohibited or restricted, owing to their several toxicities, hut alternatives of comparable efficacy in cropping systems are yet to be found. Integrated control strategies, combining improved cultural practices, attempts to increase plant vigour, and the introduction of biological agents to reduce termite populations may hold some hope for the future. Among the biological agents, entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes seem the most suitable for research and development.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Roy, A.K., Saikia, B.K.",1978,Leaf blight of tapioca caused by Periconia manihoticola,Current Science,47,24,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15399/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Rós, A. B., Silva Hirata, A. C., Narita, N.",2013,Cassava roots yield and soil chemical and physical properties according to chicken manure fertilization,Pesquisa Agropecuaria Tropical,43,3,10.1590/S1983-40632013000300001,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15402/,"The cassava crop extracts large amounts of nutrients from the soil and, as a result, nutrients in adequate amounts in the soil favor its yield. Thus, this study aimed at evaluating the influence of laying chicken manure on cassava roots yield and morphological characteristics, as well as on soil chemical and physical properties. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with six replications, and treatments consisted of laying chicken manure doses (0 t ha-1, 6 t ha-1, 12 t ha-1 and 18 t ha-1) incorporated into the soil. It was observed that the crop reacted to the soil fertilization by increasing its yield per area and plant unit. Roots individual fresh matter, diameter and length remained constant with treatments. The soil pH and organic matter were raised with the addition of manure. Concerning soil nutrients, there was an increase in the P, Ca and Mg contents. The soil bulk density decreased, while the total soil porosity increased proportionally to the addition of manure. The addition of chicken manure up to 18 t ha-1 provided a higher cassava yield, due to an increase in the number of roots per plant and improvements in the soil chemical and physical properties.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Ruppenthal, Martin.",1995,Soil conservation in Andean cropping systems,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15435/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Awotwi, A., Bediako, M. A., Harris, E., Forkuo, E. K.",2016,Water Quality Changes Associated with Cassava Production: Case Study of White Volta Bain,Heliyon,2,8,10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00149,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1546/,"The outcome reveal that as the land use in the catchment areas change from mixed agricultural to cassava cultivation, the simulated loads and concentrations of nitrogen species from cassava land-use scenario recorded reduction. The resultant concentrations of nitrate and nitrite for both current and future land-use scenarios are all below the daily limit suggested by the WHO, (World Health Organization). For the phosphate concentration, an increase of 4.21% was depicted under cassava land-use scenario. The results show that SWAT is a reliable water quality model, capable of simulating accurate information for developing environmental management plans.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ruysschaert, G., Poesen, J., Verstraeten, G., Govers, G.",2007,Soil loss due to harvesting of various crop types in contrasting agro-ecological environments,,v. 120  issue 2-4,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15460/,"Soil erosion studies on cropland usually only consider water, wind and tillage erosion. However, significant amounts of soil are also lost from the field during the harvest of crops such as sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), chicory roots (Cichorium intybus L.), cassava (Manihot spp.) and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam). During the harvest soil adhering to the crop, loose soil or soil clods and rock fragments are exported from the field together with these crops. This soil erosion process is referred to as 'soil losses due to crop harvesting' (SLCH). Most of the studies investigated SLCH variability and its controlling factors for one crop type in similar agro-ecological environments and for comparable harvesting techniques. In this study, a compilation of SLCH studies was made in order to investigate the effect of crop type, agricultural systems, ecological conditions and harvesting technique on SLCH variability. SLCH rates ranged from few to tens of Mg ha-1 harvest-1 and SLCH was highly variable both in space and time. Comparison of four studies on SLCH for sugar beet revealed that harvesting technique and soil moisture content at harvesting time can be equally important for SLCH variability. The occurrence of soil clods harvested with the crop explained why SLCH was significantly larger for mechanically harvested potato in Belgium compared to manually harvested potato in China. SLCH values for manually harvested sugar beet, potato, cassava and sweet potato in China and Uganda were in general smaller than SLCH values for mechanically harvested sugar beet, potato and witloof chicory roots measured in Belgium and France. However, SLCH may also vary significantly within Europe due to differences in harvesting techniques. Soil moisture content at harvesting time was besides harvesting technique one of the key factors controlling SLCH variability. There were no systematic differences in SLCH between crop types, although the soil-crop contact area-crop mass ratio could explain more than 40% of the means from several SLCH studies.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Ryan, S.J., Chapman, C.A., Hartter, J., Southworth, J., Diem, J.E., Palace, M.W.",2017,Population pressure and global markets drive a decade of forest cover change in Africa's Albertine Rift,,v. 81,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15464/,"Africa's Albertine Rift region faces a juxtaposition of rapid human population growth and protected areas, making it one of the world's most vulnerable biodiversity hotspots. Using satellite-derived estimates of forest cover change, we examined national socioeconomic, demographic, agricultural production, and local demographic and geographic variables, to assess multilevel forces driving local forest cover loss and gain outside protected areas during the first decade of this century. Because the processes that drive forest cover loss and gain are expected to be different, and both are of interest, we constructed models of significant change in each direction. Although rates of forest cover change varied by country, national population change was the strongest driver of forest loss for all countries with a population doubling predicted to cause 2.06% annual cover loss, while doubling tea production predicted to cause 1.90%. The rate of forest cover gain was associated positively with increased production of the local staple crop cassava, but negatively with local population density and meat production, suggesting production drivers at multiple levels affect reforestation. We found a small but significant decrease in loss rate as distance from protected areas increased, supporting studies suggesting higher rates of landscape change near protected areas. While local population density mitigated the rate of forest cover gain, loss was also correlated with lower local population density, an apparent paradox, but consistent with findings that larger scale forces outweigh local drivers of deforestation. This implicates demographic and market forces at national and international scales as critical drivers of change, calling into question the necessary scales of forest protection policy in this biodiversity hotspot. Using a satellite derived estimate of forest cover change for both loss and gain added a dynamic component to more traditionally static and unidirectional studies, significantly improving our understanding of landscape processes and drivers at work.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Rybicki, E. P., Pietersen, G.",1999,Plant virus disease problems in the developing world,Advances in virus research,53,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15465/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"S.A., Tjosvold",1982,"Controlling damping-off diseases in the garden [Caused by soil fungi, mainly Rhizoctonia, Pythium, Alternaria, Sclerotinia, Fusarium, Alternaria, Phytophthora]",Leaflet - University of California,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15471/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"S.B., Maini, S.S., Lal",1977,Influence of tetranychid spider mites attack on biochemical changes in cassava leaves [India],Journal of Root Crops,v. 3,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15472/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"S.E., Sastrawinata",1976,"Nutrient uptake, insect, disease, labor use, and productivity characteristics of selected traditional intercropping patterns [of rice, corn, soybeans, cassava] which together affect their continued use by farmers [in the Philippines]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15476/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"S.H., Hussaini",1990,"Pest, disease and weed control in crops, Eastern Province, Sierra Leone. Based on the work of S.H. Hussaini",,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15478/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Hahn, S.K.",1976,Cooperative testing and selection,"The International Exchange and Testing of Cassava Germ Plasm in Africa: Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Workshop held at IITA, lbadan, Nigeria, 17-21 November 1975",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15479/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"S.K., Hahn, E.R., Terry, K., Leuschner, T.P., Singh",1981,"Strategie d' amelioration de la resistance du manioc aux maladies et aux insectes les plus importants sur le plan economique, en Afrique",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15482/,"The cassava diseases of major economic importance in Africa are cassava mosaic, bacterial blight, and anthracnose, and the major cassava pests are cassava mealybug and green spider mite. Methods of screening cassava breeding material for resistance to the diseases and pests in the light of factors determining the disease and pest incidence and their effect on efficiency of screening have been discussed. The role of the presence of pathogenic variation and biotypes of pests in determining the durability of resistance over localities and time has been considered, and the optimum conditions for efficient screening of the breeding materials have been suggested.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"S.K., Nanda",1984,"Post-harvest practices of tuber crops [cassava, sweet potato, yams and aroids]",,v. 33,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15483/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"S.K., Chan, Hassan, Mohd Isa",1986,Effects of planting methods and other cultural factors on the yield of cassava [Manihot esculenta; Malaysia],Teknologi Pelbagai Tanaman,v. 1,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15484/,"The effects of various planting methods, growth periods, fertilization rates, varieties and planting depths on the yield of cassava tubers were tested in field trials on mineral and peat soils. It was observed that the length of cuttings which produced high yields differed with the planting position; longer cuttings being required for the vertical and shorter ones for the horizontal. In yield performance, the 'best' vertical planting method with cuttings of about 60 cm in length was at least comparable, and in some cases superior, to the 'best' horizontal planting method with cuttings of 20 or 23 centimetres. Its effect was greatest with Black Twig, moderate with C5, and insignificant with C3. Unlike the horizontal planting method, it did not adversely affect the establishment and yield of cassava with deeper planting. The additional yield from the longer growth period was more substantial with adequate than with inadequate fertilization.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"S.N., Spear, D.G., Edwards, C.J., Asher",1978,"Response of cassava, sunflower, and maize to potassium concentration in solution III. Interactions between potassium, calcium, and magnesium",Field Crops Research,1,,10.1016/0378-4290(78)90038-2,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15490/,"The effect of increasing solution potassium concentration from 0.5 to 8024 μM on the absorption, distribution, and utilization of calcium and magnesium by 12 cultivars of cassava, and one cultivar each of sunflower and maize, was studied at constant concentrations of calcium (753 μM) and magnesium (147 μM). Increasing the solution concentration from 0.5 to 6 μM K stimulated the rate of calcium absorption in five cassava cultivars, but had no effect on the remaining cassava cultivars, sunflower or maize. Thereafter, increasing solution potassium concentrations generally depressed rates of calcium absorption. Rates of magnesium absorption were strongly depressed by increasing solution potassium concentrations, particularly from 0.5 to 122 μM. The absorption of magnesium may involve two mechanisms, one which is highly specific, insensitive to potassium, and the other which is highly sensitive to potassium and operative at solution concentrations below 122 μM K. Similar, but less clear cut evidence, indicates the operation of more than one calcium absorption mechanism.

The incidence of potassium-induced magnesium deficiency symptoms in cassava was associated with inherently lower magnesium absorption rates in that species, together with a greater retention of magnesium in the roots. Differences in distribution of calcium and magnesium within plant tops in the three species are discussed in relation to effects of potassium on absorption and remobilization from older tissues.

The ecological adaptation of cassava to low fertility soils is considered and the hypothesis advanced that cassava should be more prone to magnesium deficiency than calcium deficiency when fertilizer potassium is applied.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Obguehi, S.N.",1981,A preliminary study on preplant cassava stem storage on tuber yield. Note,Journal of Root Crops,7,01-Feb,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15491/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Ghosh, S.P., Nair, R.G.",1984,Tuber crops research and development,Indian Farming,33,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15496/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Olgado, S.S., Domingo, B.H., Baente, C.M.",1977,Cassava socio-economic and marketing study part 1: Quezon and Oriental Mindoro,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15500/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"S.S., Lal, N., Hrishi",1981,Relative resistance of high-yielding cassava cultures to infestations by tetranychid spider mites and whitefly. Note,Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,v. 51,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15501/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Lal, S.S., Pillai, K.S.",1982,"Ecological studies on whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) infesting cassava in Kerala",Entomon,7,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15502/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"S.Y.C., Ng",1988,"Tissue culture meristem culture, multiplication and distribution",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15507/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"S., Chaewsamoot",1974,Cassava production and its future in Thailand,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15508/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Chandra, S., De Boer, A.J.",1977,The allocative efficiency of Fijian root crop producers,"Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, Held at CIAT, Cali, Colombia, 1-7 August 1976",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15511/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"S., Konang Amoakah",1977,"Ghana [country statement, on cassava blight]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15512/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"S., Gladjinon",1977,"People's Republic of Benin [country statement, on cassava blight, Africa]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15513/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ramanathan, S., Anantharaman, M., Gudewar, A. U.",1984,Cassava in lab to land programme,Indian Farming,33,12,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15521/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Chandra, S.",1988,Tropical root crops: Foods for a hungry world,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15523/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"S., Sunitha, J., George, J., Sreekumar",2016,Productivity of cassava as affected by precision management under humid tropical environment in India,Acta Horticulturae,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15530/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is the most prominent crop among tropical tuber crops having food, fuel and industrial uses. Field experiments were carried out in Kerala, India during three summer seasons, 2009-2010, 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 to investigate the response of cassava to micro irrigation and fertigation schedules. The treatments comprised of three levels of drip irrigation viz., (I1 - Irrigation at 100% pan evaporation (PE), I2 - 80% PE and I3 - 60% PE) and three fertigation schedules viz., three proportions of recommended dose of nitrogen and potassium (F1 - 503020, F2 - 305020 and F3 - 504010) applied at growth stages of 1-40 days, 40-80 days and 80-120 days after planting respectively. Flood irrigation and a rainfed crop were kept for comparison. Full phosphorus was applied as basal dose prior to planting. Two node cuttings or Minisetts of cultivar Sree Vijaya (6 months) were planted during December. The best combination was worked out based on growth indices, yield attributes, tuber yield and economics. Pooled data analysis indicated that irrigation at 100% PE in combination with 50% of N and K applied during 1-40 days, 30% during 40-80 days and 20% during 80-120 days resulted in maximum tuber yield (44.6 t ha-1). The highest benefit-cost ratio (2.48) was also recorded for this combination. Water productivity of cassava was found to be 8.2 kg m-3 under I1 level of irrigation compared to 4.2 kg m-3 under rainfed conditions and 2.6 kg m-3 under flood irrigation. On an average, water requirement of cassava was worked out to be 3.0 mm per day during summer months.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Saborio, F., Torres, S., Gomez, L.",1998,"Development of a clean-planting-material production system on tropical root and tuber crops, using in vitro propagated plants",Acta Horticulturae,461,,10.17660/ActaHortic.1998.461.58,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15547/,"Production of tropical roots and tubers is usually hampered by the lack of available clean, healthy planting material. This is caused by the fact that these crops are normally propagated asexually, which favors the accumulation of pests and pathogens, reducing yield and quality, as well as a reduction in the cropis genetic diversity.
A nation wide pilot project on the production of clean asexual seed of Xanthosoma sagittifolium, X. violaceum, Zingiber officinale, Dioscorea trifida, D. alata and Manihot esculenta was initiated in Costa Rica. The strategy used was to produce 205,000 in vitro plants of these crops, and then further propagate these plants by establishing mother blocks, under isolated conditions, in the field.

The protocols for micropropagation, were scaled up and now more than half of these plants are planted in the mother blocks. Yams have already finished the field stage and the planting material will be distributed among farmers in normal production areas. Prospects for the technology-transfer project are discussed.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Sadasivam, K.V., Prasad, N.N.",1973,Phyllosphere and rhizosphere microflora of healthy and diseased tapioca plants,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15552/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sadasivam, K.V.",1974,Cyanide-tolerant microorganisms in the rhizosphere of tapioca,Soil Biology & Biochemistry,6,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15553/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Sadasivam, K.V., Rangaswami, G., Prasad, N.N.",1976,"Studies on the phyllosphere microflora of tapioca (Manihot utilissima Pohl) [Fungi, bacteria]","Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene. Zweite Naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung: Allgemeine, Landwirtschaftliche und Technische Mikrobiologie",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15554/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Sadik, S., Hahn, S.K.",1973,"Cyanide toxicity and cassava research at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria","Chronic Cassava Toxicity: Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Workshop, London, England, 29-30 January 1973",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15556/,"Because of IITA's interest in cassava utilization by humans and livestock, selection for acyanogenesis will be an important objective of the cassava-breeding program. Selection for acyanogenesis will be based on finding cassava lines that lack the glucoside, glucosidase, and/or the glucoside and glucosidase: While stressing the importance of acyanogenesis, other important objectives of the program will be the retention of features such as resistance to insects and diseases in acyanogenic cassava plants.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Sadik, Sidki.",1974,Screening for acyanogenesis in cassava,"International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA).Ibadan, NG.s.d..Technical bulletin no. 4",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15557/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sadou, A., Kuyper, T. W., Kossou, D. K., Tossou, R., Richards, P.",2004,Sustainable soil fertility management in Benin Learning from farmers,NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences,52,03-Apr,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15560/,"The perception of farmers from the Atacora and Save regions of Benin was studied about the causes and consequences of land degradation and corrective actions for sustaining soil fertility. Research methods in this diagnostic study included group discussions, using non-standardized unstructured interviews and participant observations. Farmland degradation leading to declining yields, and land tenure arrangements were identified as the main constraints on the sustainability of agriculture. In both regions the farmers stated that climatic changes (less and more irregular rainfall), run off, erosion, and overexploitation of farmlands caused land degradation. Soil fertility status was assessed on the basis of dicotyledonous weeds, soil texture and colour, and soil fauna (earthworm casting activity). Farmers have adapted their cropping systems to the local environment by developing traditional and new strategies and activities that could contribute to maintain or enhance crop productivity. These strategies include animal manure, inorganic fertilizer, crop rotation, a five-year fallow, extensive cropping systems with cassava or egusi melon, and emigration. Land tenure arrangements between landlords and migrants affect strategies that can be applied to maintain soil fertility. The importance of building mutual trust and the need to experiment with different land tenure arrangements are indicated. A framework for interactive research where knowledge is collectively generated is proposed in order to test the effectiveness and applicability of some of these local innovations not yet well understood by conventional science.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Saïdou, A., Kossou, D., Brussaard, L., Richards, P., Kuyper, T. W.",2008,Earthworm activities in cassava and egusi melon fields in the transitional zone of Benin: linking farmer's perceptions with field studies,NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences,56,01-Feb,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15561/,"Farmers' perceptions of earthworm activities were studied in the transitional zone of Benin and linked to scientific explanations of earthworm casting activities. Earthworm activity was assessed in farmers' fields with three different cassava cultivars and in a field experiment with three different egusi melon species. The experiment included plots with cowpea and maize. The study also comprised group discussions and a survey with 91 individual farmers. All farmers were aware of earthworms, but there were significant gender differences in terms of perception of earthworms. The presence of earthworm casts is used by farmers as an indicator of soil fertility and of good conditions for crop growth. Cast production over a period of two months was highest in fields with maize, followed by cowpea, cassava and egusi melon. Farmers' ranking of earthworm abundance showed a pattern almost the opposite of our assessment, with cassava and egusi melon fields being ranked highest and those with maize and cowpea lowest. We suggest that farmer's criteria are context-dependent, with earthworm casting activity being relevant when judging whether a field can be intensively cropped again. Casts showed significantly higher plant nutrient contents than the topsoil. Nevertheless, the amount of nutrients recycled in casts is relatively low. Farmer involvement in the research activity increased their interest in earthworms.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Saelee, V., Kornpetpanee, S., Wongkasem, P.",2013,An examination of the variability of agricultural production using a new approximate confidence interval for the coefficient of variation,ScienceAsia,39,4,10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2013.39.440,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15570/,"The objective of this study was to develop a new approximation method for determining confidence intervals for the coefficient of variation, and, using Monte Carlo simulation, to compare the relative efficiency of the new method with Miller's, Vangel's, and two types of Mahmoudvand and Hassani's methods. It was found that the efficiency of the new approximation method was superior when n 30 and the population coefficient was greater than 0.5. With n 30 and the population coefficient less than 0.5, the new method was no less efficient than the other methods, and sometimes better. The new method was applied to examine the variability of a variety of agricultural products using data from 2006-2010. It was found that the variation in cassava yields was less than that for maize, rubber, and main rice. Cassava production was more stable across all environments.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Saengkaewsuk, Vitdaya, Chareinsak Rojanaridpiched (Kasetsart Univ., Bangkok (Thailand). Faculty of Agriculture. Dept. of Agronomy), Polsanguan, Piyavuth",1985,Improvement of cassava cultural practice,Adaptive Research and Application Division. Kasetsart University Research and Development Institute. Annual Report 1985 (Oct.1985 - Sep.1986),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15573/,"1. Effect of Harvesting Time and Fertilizer on Yield and Quality of Cassava Increasing harvesting time from 12 to 14 months during rainy season would increase the yield. During the dry season, no yield increase was obtained when increased the harvesting time. Increased the harvesting time. Increased the harvesting time would decrease starch content in the root at average about 0.86 %. Yield responses to fertilizer were the same when harvested at 12 to 14 months. Average yield increases over 2 harvesting times from fertilizer application at the rates of 312.5 and 625 kg/ha were 4,850 and 9,800 kg/ha or 20.35 and 41.12 % over nonapplication. These 2 rates of fertilizer decreased starch content in the root about 1.43 and 1.92 % when compared with nonfertilizer. However, the total starch production per unit area was increased because of higher root yield. 2. Testing the Method of Increase Cassava Yield by Topping in Large Plots In the past, it was found that topping of cassava shoot increased the yield. This experiment was designed to test the affect of topping in large plots by topping 12 first leaves of cassava plants at 5 months old. It was done at Sriracha Research Station of Kasetsart University in Cholburi. There were two experiments which were planted in November, 1983 and February, 1984, respectively. It was found that topping of cassava could not increase the yield when tested in large plots. Topping in small plots conducted in the past stimulated the development of lateral shoot which resulted in more shoots per plant and higher leaf area index was obtained. However in large plot, leaf area as indirectly measured by leaf weight was very varied to environment. Topping in large plots could not increase leaf area, thus yield increased was not obtained by topping when tested in large plots.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Safo-Kantanka, O., Owusu-Nipah, J.",1992,"Cassava varietal screening for cooking quality: relationship between dry matter, starch content, mealiness and certain microscopic observations of the raw and cooked tuber",Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,60,1,10.1002/jsfa.2740600116,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15580/,"Thirteen cassava (Manihot esculenta L Crantz) varieties from three successive annual harvests were screened for the mealiness of the cooked tuber, and the elasticity and smoothness of the pounded paste. Six were selected for further studies based on their mealiness and the starch and dry matter contents were determined. The diameter of the starch granules of the selected varieties and those of an irradiated M1 V2 population were measured. Microscopic examinations of the raw and cooked cells of the irradiated M1 V2 population were made. Correlations among all the parameters were studied. Varietal and seasonal differences in cooking quality were observed. There was no consistent relationship between mealiness of the boiled tuber and the elasticity and smoothness of the pounded paste. Varieties that were mealy were high in dry matter and starch content. The starch granules of mealy varieties were larger than those of nonmealy ones. There were no differences between mealy and non‐mealy varieties in the arrangement of the cells or ‘cell condition’, of the raw tubers. However, the cells of the cooked tubers were held less cohesively, ie there was more ‘cell disorganisation’, in mealy varieties than in non‐mealy ones.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Saidou, A., Kuyper, T. W., Kossou, D. K., Tossou, R., Richards, P.",2004,Sustainable soil fertility management in Benin: learning from farmers,NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences,52,03-Apr,10.1016/S1573-5214(04)80021-6,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15600/,"The perception of farmers from the Atacora and Save regions of Benin was studied about the causes and consequences of land degradation and corrective actions for sustaining soil fertility. Research methods in this diagnostic study included group discussions, using non-standardized unstructured interviews and participant observations. Farmland degradation leading to declining yields, and land tenure arrangements were identified as the main constraints on the sustain ability of agriculture. In both regions the farmers stated that climatic changes (less and more irregular rainfall), run off, erosion, and overexploitation of farmlands caused land degradation. Soil fertility status was assessed on the basis of dicotyledonous weeds, soil texture and colour, and soil fauna (earthworm casting activity). Farmers have adapted their cropping systems to the local environment by developing traditional and new strategies and activities that could contribute to maintain or enhance crop productivity. These strategies include animal manure, inorganic fertilizer, crop rotation, a five-year fallow, extensive cropping systems with cassava or egusi melon, and emigration. Land tenure arrangements between landlords and migrants affect strategies that can be applied to maintain soil fertility. The importance of building mutual trust and the need to experiment with different land tenure arrangements are indicated. A framework for interactive research where knowledge is collectively generated is proposed in order to test the effectiveness and applicability of some of these local innovations not yet well understood by conventional science.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Saint, W. S.",1983,"Man and Manihot, Vol 1 - Box,L, Doorman,F",Sociologia Ruralis,23,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15606/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Saint, W. S.",1983,"Man and Manihot, Vol 2 - Boxlasocki,Bd",Sociologia Ruralis,23,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15607/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sajeev, Moothandassery S., Sreekumar, Janardhanan, Moorthy, Subramoney N., Suja, Girija, Shanavas, Salim",2008,Texture analysis of raw and cooked tubers of short-duration lines of cassava by multivariate and fractional conversion techniques,Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,88,4,10.1002/jsfa.3055,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15615/,"BACKGROUND Cassava tubers are mainly consumed after boiling in water. Their cooking quality depends on the variety, maturity, growing conditions and physicochemical and starch properties. In this study the textural and gelatinisation characteristics of ten short-duration lines of cassava were assessed. Textural changes due to cooking were modelled by fractional conversion techniques and correlated with gelatinisation and physicochemical properties by principal component analysis. RESULTS There was a significant variation (P < 0.05) in the textural properties of tubers and the thermal and pasting properties of flours among varieties. The degree of cooking and relative firmness of tubers were modelled by a linear equation. The thermal softening behaviour was modelled by a dual-mechanism first-order kinetic model with rate constant values ranging from 0.106 to 0.190 min. About 69.21% of the total variation in texture profile, gelatinisation and physicochemical parameters could be explained by the first three principal components. CONCLUSION The results indicated that the textural and gelatinisation properties varied considerably among different varieties. However, the interaction between the components of the tubers and the structural make-up of the tuber tissues played a more important role than the physicochemical and functional properties.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Sajise, G.E. Jr.",1983,Effect of intercropping and tillage practices in crop productivity and soil conservation,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15618/,"Assessment of the effect of test factors on the parameters evaluated reveals that crops significantly influenced calorie yield, soil, water and nutrient losses. Cassava produced the highest calorie yield of 56.48 M calories per hectare while also effectively reducing soil, water and nutrient losses. Among tillage practices, furrow tillage significantly reduced soil and nutrient losses while conventional tillage resulted to less runoff. Intercropping significantly increased the land equivalent ratio while significantly reducing soil, water and nutrient losses. Among the interaction effects on productivity, only crop by cropping pattern interaction resulted to a significant variation in calorie yield with monocrop cassava producing the highest calorie value of 58.78 M per hectare. The soil and nutrient losses were affected significantly by all interaction effect. The most profitable treatment having resulted to highest net return of P7,220.20 per hectare was cassava-intercrop-furrow tillage combination",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sajise, C.E.",1985,Post production aflatoxin contamination in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in the Philippines,"MsC thesis University of the Philippines at Los Baños.College Laguna, PH.1985.81 p.",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15619/,"No aflatoxin was obtained at different stages of maturity (from 7 to 14 months old cassava roots) and at 24 to 48 hrs. of sundrying. During storage, however, trace amounts of aflatoxin B1 were observed in stored cubes but not in stored chips and unprocessed roots. When dried adequately (12.0% moisture content), cassava chips had better keeping qualities than cassava cubes not only because of reduced microbial contamination but also due to the absence of aflatoxin. In the absence of competing fungi fresh cassava roots proved to be a good substrate for the growth of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus but not for aflatoxin production. A fluorescent compound behaving like aflatoxin B1 was observed in samples exhibiting vascular discoloration. The confirmatory test conducted proved these compounds were not aflatoxin",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sajise, G.E. Jr., Tuazon, A.M.",1998,Performance of promising cassava cultivars grown at UPLBCA [University of the Philippines at Los Banos College of Agriculture] La Granja during the 1997-1998 cropping season,LGARDC [La Granja Agricultural Research and Development Center] Bulletin (Philippines),v. 9,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15620/,"Ten cassava entries including two check varieties were evaluated at UPLBCA [University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College of Agriculture, College, Laguna, Philippines] La Granja Station last 1997-1998 cropping season. The performance of the materials is presented. Two promising cultivars performed better than the two check varieties. These are CG87-22-13 and SM 814-3 which had root yields of 38.0 and 37.2 t/ha compared to 32.8 and 33.9 t/ha of Lakan 1 and VC 5, respectively. The percent dry matter content of CGG 87-2-13 and SM 814-3 was also comparatively higher than that of VC 5 but lower than Lakan 1 which so far had the highest dry matter and starch content among cassava varieties. The HCN content of CG 87-2-13 is considered low and good for table purposes while SM 814-3 had medium level HCN suitable for processing",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Saka, J. D. K., Mhone, A. R. K., Mkambira, J., Brimer, L., Bokanga, M., Mahungu, N. M., Chiwona-Karltun, L., Rosling, H.",1998,Correlation between cyanogenic glucoside content and taste of fresh cassava roots,Tropical Agriculture,75,01-Feb,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15623/,"Two roots were collected from each of 246 plants of the 10 most commonly-grown cassava cultivars in a farming community in Nkhata Bay District, Malawi. Each of the 492 roots was split longitudinally, and cyanogenic glucoside levels were determined in one half of each root and the degree of bitterness in taste was graded for the other half, by a trained taste panel of 12 persons. The mean taste scores obtained by the taste panel for each root correlated with the glucoside levels (r = 0.77), and even stronger with the log values of glucoside levels in each root (r = 0.87). The mean levels of glucosides for all roots from each cultivar correlated much more strongly with the average taste score of all roots from each cultivar (r = 0.98). It seems plausible that the bitter taste in cassava roots may be due to the presence of the cyanogenic glucosides and the results confirm farmers' statement that toxicity can be predicted by tasting fresh cassava roots.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Aya, F.O., Fayemi, A.A.A.",1982,"The effects of certain weed control treatments on young oil palms and the weed spectrum in the field [Nigeria, herbicides]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1565/,"The field trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of the various weed control measures on both the oil palm crop and the weed spectrum. Fernine 7, a 2, 4-D based herbicide, reduced the reference Eupatorium odoratum stands to 0.9% of their original density within the first year of the treatments. The herbicide however drastically dwarfed the surviving oil palms and significantly reduced both female inflorescences and early bunch yields. Three other herbicides, Roundup, Klinopalm and diuron/paraquat mixture also reduced the E. odoratum stands to 1.5%, 8.2% and 28.7% respectively of their original density by the end of the 30-month duration of the treatments but showed no significant ill-effects on the subsequent growth and the early yields of the palms. Asulox 40, another herbicide, was singular in reducing the E. odoratum stands to 1.0% of their original density while significantly increasing oil palm female inflorescence production, sex ratio and early bunch yields. A cultural treatment involving the use of cassava (Manihot utilissima) as an intercrop showed the greatest enhancement of the oil palm growth and early bunch yields while reducing the reference weed stand to 16.2% of their original density",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Salami, A. T., Jimoh, M. A., Muoghalu, J. I.",2003,Impact of gold mining on vegetation and soil in Southwestern Nigeria,International Journal of Environmental Studies,60,4,10.1080/00207230304731,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15651/,"This paper describes the current status of vegetation and determines the trace element concentration, of plant species and soil in the Ilesa goldfields of Southwestern Nigeria. The results show that there is a drastic reduction in the vegetal cover in the area as a result of mining activities. There is also an appreciable level of contamination of soil and plant species of the mined sites compared with unmined areas. For instance, the Pb content in cassava and oil palm grown on the mined sites are much higher than the FAO/WHO guideline. The results of this study underscore the need for close monitoring of mining operations in Southwestern Nigeria.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Salami, A. O., Osonubi, O.",2004,Growth and yield of maize and cassava cultivars as affected by mycorrhizal inoculation and alley cropping regime,Tropical agriculture,81,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15653/,"Effect of mycorrhizal inoculation and two pruning regimes in experimental alley cropping treatments on the leaf biomass and nutrient yield of sole and mixed Gliricidia sepium (a nodulating plant) and Senna siamea (a non-nodulating plant) were investigated both in the greenhouse and in the field. The impact of the mixtures of these legumes as hedgerows on maize and one cultivar of cassava was also studied in the field. Gliricidia sepium prunnings were found to have high nutrient yields, notably 358.4 kg ha-1 of N and 14.7 kg ha-1 of P as well as fast decomposition and nutrient release. In both Gliricidia and Senna, there were similar leaf dry matter values in sole and mixed inoculated or non-inoculated trees for either of the pruning regime and for most of the pruning harvests, although significant differences occurred between inoculated and non-inoculated mixed or sole trees. There was no difference between the total leaf dry matter of the 2- and 3-month pruning regimes in G. sepium. However, in contrast to G. sepium, the total leaf dry matter of the 2-month pruning regime of S. siamea was lower than its 3-month pruning regime, except for sole non-inoculated trees. Generally, inoculation and mixing of trees in the same hedgerows significantly increased the total N and P yield in G. sepium and S. siamea with greater values in the former than the latter. In G. sepium and except for mixed inoculated trees, while total N yield in the leaf was higher in 3-monthly pruned than 2-monthly pruned trees, the converse was the case for P. For S. siamea, the total N and P yields were higher in 3-monthly than 2-monthly pruned trees. Mycorrhizal inoculations consistently increased the yield of the cassava root tuber and maize grain over their non-inoculated counterparts.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Salami, A. O., Akintokun, A. K.",2008,Post-harvest enzymatic activities of healthy and infected cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) tubers,Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture,20,1,10.9755/ejfa.v12i1.5177,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15656/,"Post-harvest rot of tubers of three cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars namely TMS 4(2)1425 (hybrid cultivar); and 2 local cultivars Oko-Iyawo and Odongbo) were surveyed in Southwestern Nigeria. A total of ten fungal organisms were isolated from rotted cassava tubers collected from eight towns in four states in Southwestern Nigeria. The most frequently isolated and pathogenic ones which were used in this study as the test pathogens are Lasiodiplodia theobromae; Macrophomina phaseolina; Rhizopus stolonifer; and Fusarium pallidoroseum,. Their cell wall degrading enzymes which are cellulase; amylase; polygalacturonase (PG); and pectin methyl esterase (PME) were also assayed. In all the three cultivars inoculated with each of the test pathogens, enzyme activities were found to increase with the incubation period between 6 and 8 days of inoculation and declined at day 10. The peak of enzyme activities declined at different periods for all the cultivars used. PME and PG activities were found highest in cultivar TMS 4(2) 1425 and least in Odongbo cultivar.Test pathogens also behaved differently when inoculated with the culture filtrates of the different enzyme activities. M. Phaseolina was found highest while F. pallidoroseum was the least in all the enzyme activities cultured except in pectin methyl esterase where Lasiodiplodia theobromae had the highest activity. Mycelia dry weight of the test pathogens were also found to increase with incubation period with F. pallidoroseum having the highest mycelia mats while L. theobromae had the least. Enzyme production and activities of the test pathogens in the utilization of the carbon sources varied with the different carbon sources and the test pathogens. All the test pathogens produced enzymes and had activity but at different levels.Generally, enzyme activities showed the rate of maceration of tissues and the extent of rot disease of cassava tubers as well as the aggressiveness and pathogenic abilities of the test pathogens.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Salas Dominguez, Sonia, Guzman, Yolanda, Aquino, Sabina",1996,Producing cassava flour in Peru and its prospects for development,Cassava Flour and Starch: Progress in Research and Development,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15657/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Salcedo, I. H., Tiessen, H., Sampaio, Evsb",1997,Nutrient availability in soil samples from shifting cultivation sites in the semi-arid Caatinga of NE Brazil,Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,65,2,10.1016/S0167-8809(97)00073-X,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15673/,"Soil fertility differed substantially among three neighboring sites representing different stages of a shifting cultivation cycle on a deeply weathered Oxisol on the Chapada de Araripe in the semiarid region of NE Brazil. Samples taken from a native thorn forest area (Caatinga), from a recently slashed and burnt area (Burnt) and from a site abandoned after five years of manual cultivation to cassava (Abandoned), were compared using subtractive and additive fertilization greenhouse trials and incubations for C and N mineralization. The effect of burning was to increase soil nutrient content relative to the Caatinga area samples, followed by decreases of N and organic P by 20% available P by 70%, and exchangeable bases by 55%, on average, after abandonment. The unfertilized control of the missing-element trial gave the lowest dry matter (DM) yields, but still those of the Burnt were twice as large as those of the Abandoned area samples. The relative yield ratios were not changed by nutrient addition, although total yields were increased by a factor of 5. In all three areas, the most severe nutrient limitation was of P, followed by N. The N deficiency somewhat increased relative to P in the Abandoned samples. Addition of 25 mg P kg(-1) soil produced 4 to 5-fold dry matter increases in the Caatinga and 7 to 8-fold increases in the Burnt area samples. Further increasing P levels improved yields only marginally and only at high additions of N and K. In samples from the abandoned area, 25 mg P kg(-1) not even doubled the dry matter yield, and no additional effects were observed for higher N and K rates. Carbon mineralization during the 12 week incubation followed the order Caatinga > Abandoned > Burnt, whereas the order for N removed in 13 leachings was Caatinga > Burnt > Abandoned. Accordingly, organic matter mineralized from the abandoned soil had a higher CN ratio. In addition to the nutrient limitations of this Oxisol, samples from the Abandoned area exhibited further limitations resulting in yield reductions, which were not explained by any of the factors examined. This indicates that alternatives to long-fallow shifting cultivation will require further refinement of methodologies to measure and predict soil quality. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Salcedo, A., Sanchez, B., Ocasio, V., Del Valle, A., Ortiz, A., Marquez, P., Siritunga, D.",2009,Comparative Evaluation of Physiological Postharvest Root Deterioration of 25 Cassava Accessions: Hydroxycoumarin Fluorescent Accumulation Versus Visual Analysis,Hortscience,44,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15674/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is the most important root crop in the tropics and is consumed by 500 million people daily. Due to its drought tolerance, ability to grow in poor soils, and resistance to herbivory cassava is well suited for cultivation by subsistence farmers particularly in Africa. However its use and expansion is constrained by rapid physiological postharvest deterioration (PPD), which often starts within 24 hours after harvest, renders the root unpalatable and affects the crop’s economics value significantly. PPD is a complex process that involved changes in metabolic process and accumulation of secondary metabolites. Those metabolites include hydroxycoumarins, such as scopoletin, esculin and scopolin. The quantification of their emitted florescent has been proposal as an objective tool to evaluate PPD response in cassava. Traditionally, the evaluation of PPD has been performed by more subjective method based on the analysis of deterioration visually. Here we present data on the use of a standard visual methodology in comparison to an image analysis of hydroxycoumarins florescent accumulation. Ten month old storage roots from the Puerto Rican cassava germplasm which comprise of 25 accessions from Africa, Caribbean, Central America and South America, grown in ‘coto’ soil in the Northwest Puerto Rico were analyzed for PPD. After five days of storage at room temperature, six 0.2- to 0.5-mm transversal sections at 15%, 30%, 45%, 60%, 75%, and 90% of total length from the proximal end were cut and analyzed using the two methodologies. Our findings suggest that there was no correlation (r = 0.14) between the florescent accumulation of hydroxycoumarins and the visual symptoms five days after harvest. We concluded that the accumulation of hydroxycoumarins is not a reliable marker for evaluation of PPD response. Furthermore we were able to identify the accessions with high- and low-levels of PPD in the Puerto Rican cassava germplasm based on visual symptoms.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Salces, C.B., Salces, A.J., Malaran, M.G.",1997,Cassava defoliation and foliage in cattle feeding,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15678/,"A study was conducted on the utilization of cassava foliage (CSF) as feed to cattle without affecting cassava tuber yield as defoliation rate increases. It aims to determine the foliage and tuber production of cassava at different cutting frequencies, and the feeding value and performance of cattle fed with CSF. Three levels of percent defoliation 25, 50, and 75 were used in this study. Findings showed that an increased in foliage production was more apparent at 50 percent defoliation. An increased in percentage defoliation showed linear increase (P0.05) in tuber yield production. This indicates that cassava defoliation for cattle feeding does not have any adverse effect on tuber production. Cattle fed with CSF showed positive acceptability with an average daily gain of 51.7 percent. As base feed for cattle, CSF had a higher crude protein content (16.48 percent) compared with signal grass (7.8 percent). Dry matter digestibility was high at 62.95 percent",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Salces, A.J., Salces, C.B., Malaran, M., Supangco, E.P., Roxas, D.B.",1997,Cassava defoliation and utilization of cassava foliage in ruminant feeding,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15679/,"Three studies were conducted to determine the effect of cassava defoliation on agronomic, economic and nutritive viability of integrating livestock production under cassava based farming system. In study 1, effect of two cutting intervals, 5 and 7 months after planting (MAP) and 5 and 9 MAP and the effect of four defoliation percentage (0 percent, 25 percent, 50 percent, and 75 percent) on dry matter yield (DMY), protein yield and tuber yield were evaluated in a 2 x 3 factorial in RCBD. Total DMY (t/ha) was linearly increased (P0.01) with increasing percentage defoliation (Y0.05) with different defoliation percentage and cutting intervals. However, the increased DMY with increasing defoliation resulted a linear increased in total CP yield with increasing defoliation. In addition, tuber yield (t/ha) was linearly increased with increasing defoliation at Y = 25.42 + 0.07X. In study 2, feeding value of cassava foliage (CSF) was evaluated in cattle to determine the voluntary feed intake, dry matter digestibility (DMD) and growth performance. Average daily voluntary feed intake of fresh CSF was 33.68 kg/day and DMD at 62.95 percent which indicated acceptability of fresh CSF as ruminant feed. Two months comparative feeding of CSF and signal grass showed that animals fed with CSF had 51 percent higher ADG (0.71 kg/day) compared to animals fed with grasses (0.47 kg/day). In study 3, computer model was developed to simulate the agronomic, economic and nutritive aspect of integrating livestock production under cassava based farming system. Metabolic and growth simulation using values of Kearl (1982) resulted to metabolic and growth values close to the feeding trial. Comparative feeding with napier and levels of supplementation showed maximum growth and economic performance at 100 percent CSF feeding and 2 kg of high energy concentrate supplementation. Agronomic simulation showed that to maintain positive soil N balance and productivity at 5 tons DM/ha of defoliated cassava application of 60 kg N/ha/year is needed. The above production is sufficient to support 4 steers at 4 months fattening period at 100 percent CSF feeding. Results of the 3 studies indicated agronomic, nutritive and economic viability of integrating livestock production under cassava based farming system with defoliation",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Salces, C.B.",1999,Detoxification of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) foliage and its utilization as water buffalo (Bubalis bubalis L.) feed,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15680/,"Analysis showed that fresh cassava foliage contains hydrocyanic acid (HCN) ranging from 86-186 ppm (fresh basis). Processing by wilting or drying reduced (P0.01) HCN content below 80 ppm (dry basis) for low and medium HCN varieties but not for high HCN variety which was reduced only by ensiling. Silage pH (3.5-4.5) and physical appearances indicated that cassava foliage [CSF] is a good silage material. Feeding value evaluation revealed its potential as ruminant feed. In situ digestibility evaluation showed that total dry matter and protein disappearance were lower (P0.01) in dried compared to ensiled CSF. On the contrary, in vivo digestibility of protein was higher in dried compared to ensiled CSF. Buffaloes fed with different levels of cassava foliage showed that average daily gain (ADG) increased (P0.01) from 0.74 in control (0 percent CSF) to 0.86 with 50 percent CSF in roughage. Feeding CSF at 75 percent of roughage did not improve animal performance. Dry matter intake was highest at 25 percent CSF feeding with 2.36 percent of body weight. This reduced to 2.28 percent at 50 percent CSF and 2.14 percent at 75 percent CSF. Feed intake reduction at high CSF silage feeding could be attributed to increased HCN ingestion. Sulfur supplementation (2 grams/kg/CSF) as aid in thiocyanate formation during HCN detoxification process increased (P0.05) dry matter intake for animals fed 75 percent CSF but not for those fed 50 percent CSF. However, sulfur did not increase liveweight gain with ADG of 0.9-0.94 kg at 50 percent CSF feeding and 1.01-1.02 kg at 75 percent CSF feeding. Income analysis in CSF-based feeding showed that at 0 percent CSF, net income over feed cost was P18.22/kg weight gain. This increased to P20.41/kg for 25 percent CSF, P20.99 kg for 50 percent CSF and P22.19/kg weight gain for 75 percent CSF. Comparative income analysis of different cassava-based production system showed that income increased from P15,360 in cassava without defoliation to P22,160 in cassava with defoliation five months after planting and P36,775 for cassava with livestock integration",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Saldarriaga, J. A., Amezquita, M. C.",1978,Stochastic-Model for Cassava Hornworm Control,Biometrics,34,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15683/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Salick, J. (Ohio University, Athens, OH.), Cellinese, N., Knapp, S.",1997,"Indigenous diversity of Cassava generation, maintenance, use and loss among the Amuesha, Peruvian Upper Amazon",,v. 51,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15695/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Salm, P.",1991,Biotechnology and viral disease,BioVenture View,6,11,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15700/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Salomes, F.M., Nahul, A.A., Andalahao, P.M., Ambabang, P.L., Comamao, J.G., Comamao, J.J.",2012,Utilization of locally available farm wastes in the yield of cassava using the balanced fertilization strategy,Philippine Journal of Crop Science,37,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15705/,"Balanced Fertilization Strategy (BFS) is promoted under Presidential Proclamation No. 1071 to increase production and maintain soils fertility by combining organic and inorganic fertilizers. The study was conducted at Western Mindanao Horticultural Center (WMHC), Siari, Sindangan, Zamboanga del Norte in a clay-loam soil using a split plot design. The farm wastes were carbonized rice hull (CRH), decomposed animal manure (DAM), decomposed corn husk (DCH) and decomposed rice straw (DRS) as main treatments. The sub-treatments were 0, 0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 bags/ha of urea reduced in application and replaced with equivalent amount from farm wastes. Results revealed that soils fertility of the experimental site had depleted after cassava were harvested except to plots with reduction of urea application at the rates of 1 and 1.50 bags/ha and substituted from CRH in equal nutrient amounts of 4.86 and 7.29 t/ha, respectively and those replaced with DCH at 5.48 t/ha had maintain the soil pH 5.6 level. CRH application significantly produced more tuber over DCH and DRS. Among sub-treatments, reduction of 1.50 bags/ha and replaced with the same amounts from farm wastes were significantly unproductive. Further, farm wastes x rates of application did not significantly interacted in the yield performance of cassava except in the tubers circumference. Economically, CRH and DAM gave the highest net incomes and ROCs compared to other farm wastes. For the sub-treatments, highest ROC of 47.50% by plot with reduction of 1 bag of urea and replaced with the same amount from farm wastes. It is concluded that reduction of 1 bag of urea and substituted to CRH at 4.86 t/ha would maintain soil pH and fertilizer recommendation for the next cropping season and gave optimum tuber yield.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Samasoni, Aterina, Umar, Mohammed",2008,"South Pacific Agricultural News, February 2008",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15717/,"Themes covered in this issue include cassava, sweet potatoes, learning with farmers and ... biofuels",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Samways, M.",1979,Alcohol from Cassava in Brazil - Pests Threaten Yields,World Crops,31,5,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15733/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sanchez, T., Bedoya, J., Cayon, M., Verdier, Valerie, El-Sharkawy, Mabrouk A., Iglesias F., Carlos Ariel, Bonierbale, Merideth W.",1997,"Output 1.2. Agroecological, agronomic and genomic information assembled and integrated. 1.2.6. Evaluation of useful variability in cassava using trait-specific genetic stocks",Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. Project SB-2 : enhancing the understanding and use of agrobiodiversity through biotecnological methods : annual report 1996,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15742/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sanchez, T., Chavez, A.L., Ceballos, H., Rodriguez-Amaya, D.B., Nestel, P., Ishitani, M.",2006,Reduction or delay of post-harvest physiological deterioration in cassava roots with higher carotenoid content,,v. 86,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15747/,"Post-harvest physiological deterioration (PPD) is one of the most important constraints in cassava production and commercialization. It has been hypothesized that the antioxidant properties of carotenoids in yellow cassava roots may help reduce or delay PPD. The industrial sector prefers cassava with a high dry matter content. The latter has also been reported to have a positive correlation with PPD. The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between both the dry matter and total carotenoid contents and PPD in the roots of 101 cassava clones. PPD was positively but weakly associated with dry matter content (R2 = 0.100, P < 0.01), and inversely associated with the total carotenoid content in roots (R2 = 0.515, P < 0.01). In addition, total carotenoid content and color intensity were strongly and positively associated (R2 = 0.769, P < 0.01), suggesting that the roots of cassava clones with a relatively high total carotenoid content can be selected through a simple visual inspection of the color intensity in the parenchyma.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ayanru, D.K.G., Sharma, V.C.",1983,"Chlorophyll depletion in leaves of field-grown cassava clones infested by cassava green spider mites, Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) (Acarina: Tetranychidae)",Tropical Agriculture,60,2,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1576/,"Leaves of field-grown cassava clones Manihot esculenta infested by cassava green spider mites (CGM), were rated for density of pubescence and percentage chlorotic leaf area, and analysed for chlorophyll a and b (chl) concentrations. CGM-induced leaf chlorosis and chl reductions were not influenced by degree of pubescence. Early and late symptom-developing clones, as well as clones with significant and non-significant reductions in leaf chl contents, were recognized. The causes of the varied responses among the clones are discussed, and the suitability of selecting for high pubescence in cassava is questioned.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Ayanru, D. K. G., Sharma, V. C.",1983,"Chlorophyll depletion in leaves of field-grown cassava clones infested by cassava green spider mites, Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) (Acarina: Tetranychidae)",Tropical Agriculture,60,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1577/,"Leaves of field-grown cassava clones Manihot esculenta infested by cassava green spider mites (CGM), were rated for density of pubescence and percentage chlorotic leaf area, and analysed for chlorophyll a and b (chl) concentrations. CGM-induced leaf chlorosis and chl reductions were not influenced by degree of pubescence. Early and late symptom-developing clones, as well as clones with significant and non-significant reductions in leaf chl contents, were recognized. The causes of the varied responses among the clones are discussed, and the suitability of selecting for high pubescence in cassava is questioned.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Sangakkara, U.R.",1987,Yields of legumes in mixed cropping systems,"Food Legume Improvement for Asian Farming Systems: Proceedings of an international workshop held in Khon Kaen, Thailand, 1-5 September 1986",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15773/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Sangakkara, U.R.",1994,Effect of time of planting on growth and yields of cassava,Thai Journal of Agricultural Science,27,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15774/,"Growth and yield of cassava planted at different times and managed uniformly over 12 months was monitored in a replicated trial. The plantings were carried out at two monthly intervals, at the beginning and end of the wet and dry agricultural seasons and in interseasonal periods. All measured parameters were affected by the time of plantings and the results are discussed in relation to the prevalent climate over the period of study. The important climatic factors affecting the performance of cassava were considered to be rainfall and diurnal temperature differences, along with daylength. Planting at the onset of an agricultural season, especially in October produced the highest yields. Within a season, early planting produced greater yields than late planting. Interseasonal planting produced the lowest yields. The ability of cassava to produce a crop under dry conditions and its value as a useful smallholder crop is presented.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sangakkara, U. R., Nissanka, S. P.",2006,Yield parameters of cassava (Manihot esculenta) as affected by method of addition of organic matter in two consecutive minor seasons of Sri Lanka,Indian Journal of Agronomy,51,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15776/,"A study was carried out at the experimental farm, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, to evaluate the influence of 2 organic materials [rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw and Gliricidia leaves, applied as a surface mulch or incorporated at planting on soil moisture, growth and yields of cassava [Manihot esculenta (L.) Crantz] planted in 2 dry seasons (2002 and 2003) and the rainfall-utilization efficiency by this crop. Application of straw or Gliricidia leaves as a mulch increased the soil-moisture contents and enhanced vegetative growth, yield components, yields, harvest indices of cassava and rainfall-use efficiency in both seasons compared to incorporation of organic matter. The mean yield increment owing to the straw mulch were 46% and 54% in the 2 seasons and 25% due to Gliricidia in both seasons respectively. Incorporation of straw and Gliricidia reduced yields by 14-16% and 8%, respectively, compared with surface application. The benefit of rice straw was greater owing to its ability to maintain greater soil-moisture content in the minor dry season.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Ayanru, D. K. G., Sharma, V. C.",1983,"Chlorophyll Depletion in Leaves of Field-Grown Cassava Clones Infested by Cassava Green Spider Mites, Mononychellus-Tanajoa (Bondar) (Acarina, Tetranychidae)",Tropical Agriculture,60,2,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1578/,"Leaves of field-grown cassava clones Manihot esculenta infested by cassava green spider mites (CGM), were rated for density of pubescence and percentage chlorotic leaf area, and analysed for chlorophyll a and b (chl) concentrations. CGM-induced leaf chlorosis and chl reductions were not influenced by degree of pubescence. Early and late symptom-developing clones, as well as clones with significant and non-significant reductions in leaf chl contents, were recognized. The causes of the varied responses among the clones are discussed, and the suitability of selecting for high pubescence in cassava is questioned.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Sanico, R.L.T.",1988,Weeds of cassava and their control,PCARRD Crops State of the Art and Abstract Bibliography Series,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15799/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ayanru, D.K.G.",1985,Relations between mosaic disease infections and total cyanide levels in cassava leaves,Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad and Tobago),62,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1580/,"Lamina samples of four cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) clones - TMS/GP/B 4107, RP/B 5028, U 42046 and W 4488 - infected by the African cassava mosaic disease (ACMD) were assessed for total cyanide, 3-5 months after field propagation, using an enzymatic assay method. Cyanide content of leaves of varying ages from paired plants (with and without ACMD symptoms) and plants grouped into classes of symptom severity were compared. Contents varied considerably (500-3500 mg/kg fresh wt), and differences between means were significant (P 0.01). Depending on the level of infection, leaf age and cultivar susceptibility, HCN values increased, reduced or remained unchanged, thus it would be unwise to use leaf analysis to screen cultivars for low cyanide. The variations are explained on the basis of known effects of plant viruses on the biogenesis of cyanohydrins",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Sanico, R.T. (Philippine Root Crop Research, Training Center, Baybay, Leyte (Philippines))",1990,Status of integrated pest management in root crops,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15800/,"Root crop production is not exempted from the attack and damage of various pests, for example, insects, plant pathogens, weeds, vermin. The major arthropod pests, diseases and weeds which greatly damage root crops have been identified and their biology studied. The pest control recommendations are mostly discipline oriented and thus compartmentalized into specific pest problems. So far, there has been no real attempt to look into the pest complex of these crops as a whole or to integrate the management of pests. The primary concern of most researchers seems only to generate component technologies which are the necessary tools for an effective IPM program. At present, IPM [integrated pest management] is not practiced yet in the production of cassava, sweet potato and practically all root crops.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sanico, R.L.T.",1997,Some common weeds in root crops and their control,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15801/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Santha, K.K., Kurunakaran, K., Nair, N.R.",1988,Cassava varieties for 5-mo summer rice fallow in Kerala,International Rice Research Newsletter,13,5,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15844/,"Extensive rice areas in Kerala have a pattern of two rice crops- one medium-duration rice for rainy season- followed by a 5-mo summer fallow. Five cassava varieties were tested for summer fallow in a replicated yield trial during summer 1987. 75- x 75-cm spacings were used, 50-50-50 kg NPK/ha, a basal application of cattle manure at 12.5 t/ha, and irrigation every 2 wk. Varieties Co 2 (recently released from Tamil Nadu) and M4 (already popular in Kerala for a 9-10 mo season) are suited to the 5-mo summer rice fallow season under Kerala conditions.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Santiphop, T.",2000,The relevant population dynamics to land degradation in the northeast region,Warasan Prachakon Lae Sangkhom,8,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15848/,"This paper reviews the possible linkage between population factors such as population size/growth, in-migration/out-migration, and age/sex structures and land degradation in northeastern Thailand. Using both qualitative and quantitative methods, the feasible relationship between population factors and land degradation are analyzed. In addition, a review of the existing reforestation and population policy of the Thai government is presented. Analysis within sample units demonstrated a significant relationship between land degradation and population dynamics and economic factors. The sample analyses showed that the rate of change was influenced by environmental conditions, which play an important role in the man-forest interaction. Based on the findings, four concluding remarks are drawn. These include 1) population growth usually appears as the major cause for land degradation; 2) overgrazing, and especially cassava growing in the northeast, have destroyed vegetation which led to the loss of topsoil; 3) the promotion of mono-cash crops by the government increased land clearing for cultivation in the northeast both for the domestic market and for export; and 4) population factors are viewed as an intermediate variable; social variables such as agricultural technology, fertilizer, irrigation, economic factors are influenced by population growth which exacerbates the effect of these processes.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Santisopasri, V., Kurotjanawong, K., Petchalanuwat, C., Sriroth, K., Oates, C.G.(National Univ. of Singapore, (Singapore). Dept. of Biochemistry)",1997,Influence of high rainfall at the time of harvest on cassava starch properties,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15850/,"Five commercially important cultivars, Rayong 1, Rayong 5, Rayong 60, Rayong 90 and Kasetsart 50 were tested to determine the most suitable harvesting time from early (6 months) to late (16 months) harvest. Drought conditions prevailed during months 7 through to 11 with heavy precipitation in the remaining months of the trial. Starch structure characteristica, known to be correlated to rainfall in the four weeks prior to harvest, were evaluated. Starch extracted from cassava harvested in the late period, during the rainy season, was structurally different to that extracted prior to the onset of the rainy season. Common to starches from all cultivars, apparent size of amylose was larger in samples extracted during months 14 and 16, prior to this there was little variation in amylose size. The shift to apparently higher molecular weight amylose was most apparent in Rayong 60, a cultivar developed for early harvest. Apparent amylose content also changed with time of harvest, during the later months (14 and 16) the proportion of this macromolecule fraction was reduced. Despite and apparent lack of relationship between precipitation and granule crystallinity, as measured by enthalpy of gelatinisation, the nature of the crystalline material changed with harvest time. This was expressed by development of two populations of crystalline material in samples harvested during the final two months of the trial. Morphological changes in granule structure were also noted. These results may represent either the influence of moist conditions during harvest on accelerated deterioration post harvest, or as a consequences of starch mobilization post drought as the plant increases the surface foliage cover.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Santisopasri, V., Petchalanuwat, C., Kurotjanawong, K., Oates, C.G., Sriroth, K.(Kasetsart Univ., Bangkok (Thailand). Cassava, Starches Technology Research Unit)",1997,Structure-function relationahip of starches extracted from two cassava cultivars,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15851/,"Two genetically related cassava cultivars, KU 50 and Rayong 90, selected for similarities in starch yield, were grown under identical field conditions. Plants were harvested at times representing early harvest (6 months) to late harvest (16 months). The influences of harvest time and rainfall on structural and functional properties of extracted starch were determined. Properties of starch extracted from Rayong 90 were influenced by rainfall in the immediate four weeks prior to harvest. Amylose content, apparent amylose size and RVA initial paste temperature were highly correlated with amount of rainfall in the preceding four weeks (R20.84, p0.05). Rainfall during the harvest period is suggested as the key factor as cumulative predipitation for the preceding two months had little influence on starch properties. Properties of the starch extracted from KU 50 were less influenced by rainfall as only amylose size was significantly correlated. Time of harvest was not significantly correlated to any of the structural or functional properties. Apparent size of amylose was highly correlated with RVA paste temperature for both Rayong 90 and KU 50. Suggesting the influence of rainfall on pasting temperature was mediated through a sturctural characteristic as opposed to a direct influence on the functional property. Swelling power was also highly correlated to RVA paste viscosity. Genetic variability and time of harvest did not influence either gross granule morphology, as determined by scanning electron microscopy and size analysis, or amount of granule crystallinity, measured indirectly by thermal analysis and RVA paste temperature. Some properties were different between cultivars and time of harvest, for example, amylose content ranged between 18.5-21.5 percent for KU 50 and 20.5-24.5 percent for Rayong 90, apparent amylose size ranged between DP875-1150 for KU 50 and 775-1267 for Rayong 90. Intercultivar variation is suggested to be less of an influence than rainfall at harvest.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Aye, G. C., Haruna, R. F.",2017,"Effect of climate change on crop productivity and prices in Benue State, Nigeria: Implications for food security",Establishing Food Security and Alternatives to International Trade in Emerging Economies,,,10.4018/978-1-5225-2733-6.ch012,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1588/,"The chapter is aimed at assessing the effect of climate change on crop productivity and prices in Benue State, Nigeria. Time series data on selected output of crops (maize, rice, sorghum, yam, millet, groundnut, beans, and cassava), area planted, price, and climate variables such as rainfall, temperature, and sea level were used. Due to differing periods in data availability, this study used the time period 1995-2009 for analysis, in order to maintain a common period for all the series. First, the trend of productivity, prices, and climate change was analyzed using visual plots and results indicate some level of variability in these series over time. Second, a three stage least square regression was used to simultaneously analyze the effect of climate change on productivity and prices. Results show that climate change had significant impact on the productivity of millet, sorghum, cassava, and groundnut while it had significant impact only on the price of maize. These findings have important implications for food security situation in Benue State, Nigeria.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Sanusi, R. A., Akerele, D., Adegbite, T. T., Afolabi, O. I.",2017,"Managerial capacity and smallholder cassava-based farmers' production in Ogun State, Nigeria",Tropical Agriculture,94,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15890/,"Management is key in any production process, including agriculture; however, many studies on productivity and production efficiency often exclude consideration to farmers' managerial ability. Hence, this study examined the effect of managerial capacity on cassava-based farmers' production in Ogun State. A total of 120 farmers were selected with multi-stage sampling technique using a pre-tested questionnaire in obtaining data on socio-economic characteristics of the sampled farmers. The data were analyzed using Descriptive Statistics, Managerial Capacity Index and Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA). Results revealed that majority (93.3%) of the farmers were male with a mean age of 46.8 years. Furthermore, 36.7% of the farmers belonged to a farmers' association, 44.1% had a second occupation while 75.8% had farming as the major occupation with an above average (63%) farm managerial capacity. SFA showed that planting material, labor and land had an incremental effect on cassava-based farm output (p<0.01). Furthermore, SFA revealed that the farmers were relatively efficient (0.71) technically with the operation of the cassava farms (CFs) attributable to crop combination, type of planting material (p<0.1) and managerial capacity (p<0.05). Hence, farmers with the same planting materials, similar weather conditions and inputs may have different efficiency level due to managerial capacity. Therefore, stakeholders need help cassava-based farmers improve their managerial capability in the study area. 2017 Trop. Agric. (Trinidad).",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Sanz S, J.I., Amezquita, E., Ashby, J.A., Best, R., Friesen, D.K., Fujisaka, S., Gijsman, A.J., Iglesias F, C.A., Knapp, B., Kornegay, J.L., Lascano, C.E., Maass L, B., Muller, K., Smith, J., Thomas, R.J., Quiroz, C.A., Melendez, A.",1995,Interprogram project TI-01 prototype systems for ecologically sound intensification of production in the hillsides,Tropical Lowlands Program: Annual Report 1994,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/15894/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Sanz Scovino, Jose Ignacio, Amezquita Collazos, Edgar, Ashby, Jacqueline Anne, Best, Rupert, Friesen, Dennis Keith, Fujisaka, Sam, Gijsman, Arjan J., Iglesias F, Carlos Ariel, Knapp, E. Bronson, Kornegay, Julia L., Lascano, Carlos E., Maass, Brigitte L., Muller-Samann, Karl, Ravnborg, Helle Munk, Smith, Joyotee, Thomas, Richard J.",1994,"Project 3 Prototype systems for ecologically sound intensification of production in the hillsides (""Interprogram Project""). I. Prototype agrosilvopastoral systems for ecologically sound intensification of production in the hillsides",Mountain research and development,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15895/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Sanz, Jose Ignacio, Amezquita Collazos, Edgar, Ashby, Jacqueline Anne, Best, Rupert, Friesen, Dennis Keith, Fujisaka, Sam, Gijsman, Arjan J., Iglesias F., Carlos Ariel, Knapp, E. Bronson, Kornegay, Julia L., Lascano, Carlos E., Maass, Brigitte L., Muller-Samann, Karl M., Smith, Joyotee, Thomas, Richard J., Quiroz Torres, Carlos Arturo, Melendez, A.",1994,Interprogram project TI-01: Prototype systems for ecologically sound intensification of production in the hillsides,Tropical Lowlands Program: Annual Report 1994,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15896/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Sar, T. van der.",1979,Hand-operated cassava harvesters,AMA Agricultural Mechanization in Asia,10,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15901/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Saradamma, A.V.K., Nair, M.R.G.K.",1981,"On the use of some insecticide treatments for control of tapioca chips borer, Araecerus fasciculatus Deg","Post harvest technology of cassava : a seminar / organised by Association of Food Scientists and Technologists (India), Trivandrum Chapter ... [et al.] ; editoral committee, K. Rajaraman ... [et al.]",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15904/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ayensu, A.",1997,Dehydration of food crops using a solar dryer with convective heat flow,Solar Energy,59,04-Jun,10.1016/S0038-092X(96)00130-2,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1591/,"A solar drying system designed on the principles of convective heat flow was constructed from local materials (wood, metals and glass sheets) and used to dry food crops (cassava, pepper, okro, groundnuts, etc.). The solar collector could transfer 118 W m(-2) thermal power to the drying air. The thermal exchanges within the dryer were determined from a psychometric chart. Ambient air at 32 degrees C and 80% relative humidity (RH) could be heated to 45 degrees C at 40% RH for drying. The crops were dried to a final moisture content of <14% and were preserved for a period of one year without deterioration. The low-temperature drying system ensured the viability of the seeds for planting. The drying process can be represented by an empirical equation of the form M(t) = M-0 exp (-kt) or dM/dt = -kM, where M-0 is the initial moisture content, M(t) is the moisture content at time t, and k is the drying constant. Under identical conditions, a high value of k was correlated with a shorter drying period. The drying process takes place in two phases constant rate and falling rate periods, and the drying equation was solved to predict the total drying time. The mechanisms for the dehydration are the removal of unbound ''free'' water in the cell cavities and of ''bound'' water (water films) trapped within cells or chemically bound with solids as water of crystallization.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Sarakan, S.",1993,Genotype-environment interaction and stability analysis in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15910/,"The combined analysis of variance in most cases showed highly significant genotype x year x location interaction indicating that genotype performance were not the same under different environments. On the basis of stability parameters, regression coefficients and deviation from regression, several of the genotypes tested within the period were found to be stable for three parameters of yield i.e., fresh root yield, starch yield and dry matter yield. However, only two cassava genotypes, i.e. CMR 27-27-3 and CMR 25-33-105 were most desirable. Both genotypes were suited for short duration cropping (8 month harvest). Under unfavorable environmental, CMR 27-27-3 appeared to perform better especially during longer crop duration period (12 months). Another genotype, CMR 25-105-112 was noted having high fresh root yield across environments but its dry matter and starch yield expression were unstable. In cassava variety improvement work where starch yield potential is the emphasis, progress can be made if selection for starch content in fresh roots is done as this character show high correlation with the former parameter. In practice, this can be easily assessed using measurement of specific gravity of the fresh roots",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Saraswat, V.N., Chattiar, T.S.",1976,Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen on cassava (Manihot utilissima L.),Indian Agriculturalist,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15911/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Saravanan, R., Ravi, V., Stephen, R., Thajudhin, S., George, J.",2016,Post-harvest Physiological Deterioration of Cassava (Manihot esculenta) - A review,Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,86,11,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15915/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a valued root crop grown throughout the tropics for food, feed and biofuel and industrial uses. Fresh cassava roots have short shelf-life due to an endogenous phenomenon called Post-harvest Physiological Deterioration (PPD). The estimated losses fresh cassava roots due to PPD is nearly 1/3rd of total harvest world-wide. PPD symptom starts within 24 hr after harvest, initially as blue black discolouration in the storage parenchyma which quickly spread to entire root. The roots become unfit for consumption within 2-3 days after the harvest in most cases. Several lines of evidence suggest that the PPD of cassava roots is an enzymatic, endogenous oxidative process. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) have been shown to increase very early during PPD and strongly correlated with the symptoms and also evidenced by the active involvement of key ROS enzymes during PPD. Increase of phenolic compounds in freshly harvested roots (e.g. scopoletin), accumulation of H2O2 and other wound induced changes and inherently low protein content of roots tissue are also implicated for the rapid deterioration. Conventional PPD managements like waxing of fresh cassava roots and polybag storage with suitable fungicides are normally recommended and offer relief to certain extent. Efforts to breed delayed PPD in cassava had met with little success. Several attempts to manipulate the ROS metabolism through recombinant technologies proved little success at field level. Understanding the wound response of cassava roots and its signalling network is essential to evolve strategies to delay the PPD and prolong the shelf-life of fresh cassava roots.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Sargent, F.",1974,"Nutrition for Developing Countries, with Special Reference to Maize, Cassava, and Millet Areas of Africa - King,Mh, King,Fma, Morley,Dc, Burgess,Hjl and Burgess,Ap",Archives of Environmental Health,28,5,10.1080/00039896.1974.10666496,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15923/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Sarikaphuti, Y. (Ministry of Agriculture, Cooperatives, Bangkok (Thailand). Dept. of Agriculture)",1984,Subsidiary food crop (cassava yields and marketing) in Thailand,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15928/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sarma, J.S., Paulino, L.A.",1986,Trends in the production and use of cassava and other selected food crops in tropical Asia,"Cassava in Asia, its Potential and Research Development Needs. Proceedings of a Regional Workshop held in Bangkok, Thailand, 5-8 June, 1984",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15935/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Sarma, J.S., Kunchai, D.",1991,Trends and prospects for cassava in the developing world,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15936/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Sasidhar, V.K., Nair, V.R., Sadanandan, N.",1977,Effect of different methods of planting on the tuber yield of tapioca variety - Malayan-4,Journal of Root Crops,3,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15947/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sathyarajan, P.K., Chandrasekharan-Nair, M., Ramanatha-Menon, M.",1975,Alternaria leaf spot of Tapioca,Current Science,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15959/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Satjanata, S., Partohardjono, S. (Bogor Research Institute for Food Crops (Indonesia))",1985,Increasing the production of food crops in the upland areas in Indonesia,Indonesian Agricultural Research and Development Journal,v. 7,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15960/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sauerborn, J., Buschmann, H.",2002,Induced resistance as an effective component of plant protection in plant-plant interaction,12th Ewrs,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15970/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Saunders, J.L.",1978,Cassava production and vegetative growth related to control duration of shoot flies and fruit flies,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15972/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sauti, R. F. Nembozanga",1986,"Cassava and Sweet Potato Review, 1960-1985","Cassava and Sweet Potato Review, 1960-1985",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15982/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sayre, Richard, Beeching, John R., Cahoon, Edgar B., Egesi, Chiedozie, Fauquel, Claude, Fellman, John, Fregene, Martin, Gruissem, Wilhelm, Mallowa, Sally, Manary, Mark, Maziya-Dixon, Bussie, Mbanaso, Ada, Schachtman, Daniel P., Siritunga, Dimuth, Taylor, Nigel, Vanderschuren, Herve",2011,The BioCassava Plus Program: Biofortification of Cassava for Sub-Saharan Africa,Annual Review of Plant Biology,62,,10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/15994/,"More than 250 million Africans rely on the starchy root crop cassava (Manihot esculenta) as their staple source of calories. A typical cassava-based diet, however, provides less than 30% of the minimum daily requirement for protein and only 10%-20% of that for iron, zinc, and vitamin A. The BioCassava Plus (BC+) program has employed modern biotechnologies intended to improve the health of Africans through the development and delivery of genetically engineered cassava with increased nutrient (zinc, iron, protein, and vitamin A) levels. Additional traits addressed by BioCassava Plus include increased shelf life, reductions in toxic cyanogenic glycosides to safe levels, and resistance to viral disease. The program also provides incentives for the adoption of biofortified cassava. Proof of concept was achieved for each of the target traits. Results from field trials in Puerto Rico, the first confined field trials in Nigeria to use genetically engineered organisms, and ex ante impact analyses support the efficacy of using transgenic strategies for the biofortification of cassava.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Abraham, A.",1970,Breeding work on tapioca (cassava) and a few other Tropical tuber crops,"Tropical root and tuber crops tomorrow. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Tropical Root and Tuber Crops, August 23 to 30, 1970",1,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/160/,"H9/49 and H20/50 are two new hybrids of Manihot esculenta produced in an intervarietal hybridization programme. Interspecific hybrids developed from the male parent M. glaziovii with repeated back crossing to M. esculenta have a spreading tuber habit. Some triploids (3n = 54) have been produced from crosses of colchicine-induced tetraploids with diploids. Trials are in progress on 24 γ-irradiated mutants, including mutants from intervarietal hybrids. In the sweet potato and Colocasia esculenta some high-yielding hybrids have been produced by intervarietal hybridization and selection. In C. esculenta, triploid varieties (3n = 42) are more vigourous and have longer tubers than the diploids (2n = 28). In Amorphophallus campanulatus [Amorphophallus paeoniifolius] and in Dioscorea, high-yielding mutants have been obtained by γ irradiation of conn and tuber pieces.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ayodele, Olufemi J. (author), Salami, Ayodeji E. (author)",,Physiological response of two variants of egusi melon (Citrullus lanatus) to plant population density in a humid environment,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1600/,"Experiments were conducted between 1998 and 2000 in the Demonstration Farm of National Fertilizer Company of Nigeria, Onne, Rivers State, to determine effects of plant spacing, density and spatial arrangement on yield and yield components of two variants of egusi melon (Experiments were conducted between 1998 and 2000 in the Demonstration Farm of National Fertilizer Company of Nigeria, Onne, Rivers State, to determine effects of plant spacing, density and spatial arrangement on yield and yield components of two variants of egusi melon (Citrullus lanatus). The spacings consisted of 10 possible combinations derived from 1 m x 1 m to 4 m x 4 m. The highest population plot-1 from 1 m x 1 m spacing gave maximum fruit number and fruit yield, but better individual plant performance indices were responsible for best seed yields at 1 m x 3 m and 2 m x 3 m spacings. At about 5000 plants ha-1 attained by 1 m x 4 m and 2 m x 2 m spacing at 2 plants hill-1, the effects of spacing and population on fruit size and fruit number plant-1 appeared constant. However, below population density of 1,111 plants ha-1 there was marked reduction in most of the yield components. Correlation coefficient between population density and number of fruits ha-1 was positive and significant (0.83*), while it was negative between population density and number of fruits (-0.80**) and fruit yield plant-1 (-0.64*). Number of fruits and seed yield ha-1 increased to a maximum of 3 plants hill-1, while values at 4 plants hill-1 were least. The two variants Bara and Serewe produced slightly more fruits at 2 m x 2 m, which is preferred for sole cropping, in view of its rectangularity. The 1 m x 4 m spacing can be adopted for egusi planted as a component in yam or cassava established on 1m ridges. ). The spacings consisted of 10 possible combinations derived from 1 m x 1 m to 4 m x 4 m. The highest population plot-1 from 1 m x 1 m spacing gave maximum fruit number and fruit yield, but better individual plant performance indices were responsible for best seed yields at 1 m x 3 m and 2 m x 3 m spacings. At about 5000 plants ha-1 attained by 1 m x 4 m and 2 m x 2 m spacing at 2 plants hill-1, the effects of spacing and population on fruit size and fruit number plant-1 appeared constant. However, below population density of 1,111 plants ha-1 there was marked reduction in most of the yield components. Correlation coefficient between population density and number of fruits ha-1 was positive and significant (0.83*), while it was negative between population density and number of fruits (-0.80**) and fruit yield plant-1 (-0.64*). Number of fruits and seed yield ha-1 increased to a maximum of 3 plants hill-1, while values at 4 plants hill-1 were least. The two variants Bara and Serewe produced slightly more fruits at 2 m x 2 m, which is preferred for sole cropping, in view of its rectangularity. The 1 m x 4 m spacing can be adopted for egusi planted as a component in yam or cassava established on 1m ridges.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Scariot, C. A., Vilanova da Costa, N., Paulo Bosquese, E., Carlos de Andrade, D., Adriano Sontag, D.",2013,Selectivity and efficiency of pre-emergent herbicides on cassava crop,Pesquisa Agropecuaria Tropical,43,3,10.1590/S1983-40632013000300012,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16002/,"The chemical control of weeds stands out as an important tool for obtaining high yields in cassava crops. This study aimed at evaluating the selectivity and efficiency of pre-emergent herbicides on cassava ('Cascuda' cultivar) crop. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with ten treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of clomazone (900 g ha-1 and 1,080 g ha-1), flumioxazin (60 g ha-1), sulfentrazone (600 g ha-1), S-metolachlor (1,920 g ha-1), clomazone + flumioxazin (900 + 50 g ha-1), clomazone + sulfentrazone (900 + 500 g ha-1) and clomazone + S-metolachlor (900 + 1,440 g ha-1), as well as a weeded and a non-weeded control. The weed community was composed by 9 families and 12 species, with the Asteraceae and Poaceae families presenting the highest number of species. The pre-emergent herbicides were selective for 'Cascuda' cultivar cassava plants. The herbicides were effective in controlling weeds, with flumioxazin (60 g ha-1), sulfentrazone (600 g ha-1), S-metolachlor (1,920 g ha-1) and the mixtures of clomazone + flumioxazin (900 + 50 g ha-1), clomazone + sulfentrazone (900 + 500 g ha-1) and clomazone + S-metolachlor (900 + 1,440 g ha-1) presenting the highest residual effect.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Schaab, R.P., Zeddies, J.",1997,"Economics and ecology of biological control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihot (Mat.-Ferr.) (Hom.,Pseudococcidae) in Africa",Food security and innovations: successes and lessons learned: international symposium 1996,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16005/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Schery, R. W.",1947,Manioc-A tropical staff of life,Economic Botany,1,1,10.1007/BF03161456,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16014/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Schilde-Rentschler, L., Roca, W.M.",1986,Virus elimination in potato and cassava,"Global Workshop on Root and Tuber Crops Propagation: Proceedings of a Regional Workshop held in Cali, Colombia, 13-16 September, 1983",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16016/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Schlenker, W., Lobell, D. B.",2010,Robust negative impacts of climate change on African agriculture,Environmental Research Letters,5,1,10.1088/1748-9326/5/1/014010,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16023/,"There is widespread interest in the impacts of climate change on agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and on the most effective investments to assist adaptation to these changes, yet the scientific basis for estimating production risks and prioritizing investments has been quite limited. Here we show that by combining historical crop production and weather data into a panel analysis, a robust model of yield response to climate change emerges for several key African crops. By mid-century, the mean estimates of aggregate production changes in SSA under our preferred model specification are - 22, - 17, - 17, - 18, and - 8% for maize, sorghum, millet, groundnut, and cassava, respectively. In all cases except cassava, there is a 95% probability that damages exceed 7%, and a 5% probability that they exceed 27%. Moreover, countries with the highest average yields have the largest projected yield losses, suggesting that well-fertilized modern seed varieties are more susceptible to heat related losses. 2010 IOP Publishing Ltd.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Schlnvoigt, A., Beer, J.",2001,Initial growth of pioneer timber tree species in a Taungya system in the humid lowlands of Costa Rica,Agroforestry Systems,51,2,10.1023/A1010674402907,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16024/,"The temporary association of annual crops in juvenile tree plantations (Taungya system) can reduce or offset the initial costs of reforestation and hence provide incentives for tree planting on private farms. A replicated systematic spacing design, derived from a Nelder-fan design, was used to study the effects of tree-crop distance on growth and development of the timber species salmwood (Cordia alliodora) or eucalyptus (Eucalyptus deglupta), associated with maize (Zea mays) or cassava (Manihot esculenta), during the first year after transplanting the trees on two sites on alluvial soils in the humid lowlands of Costa Rica. Association with maize did not affect mean tree growth. However, mean eucalyptus and salmwood heights of 7-8 m and 3-4 m, respectively, after one year in pure plantation or associated with maize, were only 4.7 m and 1.4 m, respectively, when associated with cassava. Wider tree - crop spacings were more important for initial salmwood growth than for eucalyptus. It was concluded that the shoot growth characteristics (continuous or episodical growth) of the timber species is a very important consideration when selecting associated agricultural crop species and tree-crop distances.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Schlnvoigt, A., Beerauthor, J.",2015,Initial growth of pioneer timber tree species in a Taungya system in the humid lowlands of Costa Rica,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16025/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Schmidt, D.R., Casler, M.D., Saefuddin, A.",1990,Crop response to lime and phosphorus on new bench terraces in the tropics,Agronomy Journal,82,2,10.2134/agronj1990.00021962008200020032x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16027/,"Population growth in many tropical areas has led to the cultivation of steeply sloped hillsides. Soil disturbance from construction of conservation terraces to reduce land degradation in humid tropical areas often intensifies P deficiency and problems related to acidity. This trial measured the response of food crops to lime and P application for 2.5 yr following construction of bench terraces. Factorial combinations of 0, 2, and 4 Mg ha-1 lime and 0, 10, 20 and 40 kg P ha-1 were applied on a deep, well-drained clay of volcanic origin (Typic Haplumbrept) at Andapraja, West Java, Indonesia. A pretrial soil test indicated pH of 5.0, available P (Bray 1) of 5.9 mg kg-1 and exchangeable Al saturation of 17%. Upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) responded strongly to P application. Three crops averaged 0.35, 2.45, 2.89 and 3.46 Mg ha-1 of unmilled grain from respective applications of 0, 10, 20 and 40 kg P ha-1. Lime had no effect on rice yield. Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) responded to both lime and P but yields were low because of disease. Mean lime and no-lime yields were 0.48 and 0.62 Mg ha-1 for soybean. Cowpea yields were maximum (0.15 Mg ha-1) at the 2 Mg ha-1 lime rate. Mean P and no-P yields were 0.13 and 0.64 Mg ha-1 for soybean and 0.01 and 0.13 Mg ha-1 for cowpea. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) root yield response to P was less pronounced than the response by rice and the legumes, and was the only crop to show a lime X P interaction. This was attributed to limited response to P when lime was applied, significant response to P with zero lime and marked response to lime with zero P. The efficiency of return from applied P indicated that the 10 kg P ha-1 rate applied to rice, soybean or cassava had the highest efficiency, producing yields 70 to 80% of the 40 kg P ha-1 rate.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Ayres, J.C.",1972,Manioc; the potential exists for increased use of this tropical plant and its products. [Cassava],,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1604/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Schoonhoven, A. V., Peña, J. E.",1976,Estimation of Yield Losses in Cassava Following Attack from Thrips,Journal of Economic Entomology,69,4,10.1093/jee/69.4.514,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16045/,"Yield losses in cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz, from thrips Corynothrips stenopterus Williams and Frankliniella williamsi Hood were estimated by using the difference in yield increase following insecticidal application between thrips resistant and thrips susceptible cultivars. In the absence of a dry season, yield loss from thrips for susceptible cultivars was estimated at 8%. When exposed to a dry season yield losses were 11 and 15.4% for intermediate-resistant and susceptible cultivars, respectively. Losses of susceptible cultivars, with and without insecticidal protection, were estimated at 17.2%, however this may be an overestimate as other insects than thrips may have contributed to this yield loss.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Schoonhoven, A. V., Peña, J. E.",1976,Estimation of yield losses in cassava following attack from thrips,Journal of Economic Entomology,69,4,10.1093/jee/69.4.514,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16046/,"Yield losses in cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz, from thrips Corynothrips stenopterus Williams and Frankliniella williamsi Hood were estimated by using the difference in yield increase following insecticidal application between thrips resistant and thrips susceptible cultivars. In the absence of a dry season, yield loss from thrips for susceptible cultivars was estimated at 8%. When exposed to a dry season yield losses were 11 and 15.4% for intermediate-resistant and susceptible cultivars, respectively. Losses of susceptible cultivars, with and without insecticidal protection, were estimated at 17.2%, however this may be an overestimate as other insects than thrips may have contributed to this yield loss.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Schoonhoven, A. van",,Resistance to thrips damage in cassava,Journal of economic entomology,"Dec 1974, 67 (6)",,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16047/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Schopke, C., Chavarriaga A, P., Fauquet, C.M., Beachy, R.N.",1993,Cassava tissue culture and transformation improvement of culture media and the effect of different antibiotics on cassava,"International Scientific Meeting Cassava Biotechnology Network (1, 1992, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia). Proceedings.",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16048/,"The culture medium most often used for in vitro culture of cassava is based on that developed by Murashige and Skoog. In the published papers on cassava tissue culture this medium is usually modified by optimizing the concentration of its organic component (e.g., growth regulators, sucrose), but not of its mineral elements. In our experiments with shoot tip cultures, we found that raising the concentration of cupric sulfate in the MS-medium from 0.1 uM (original concentration) to 2.0 uM resulted in an increase in shoot length and fresh weight of about 50 percent. Using young leaf lobes for the induction of embryogenesis, 2.0 uM cupric sulfate increased the number of lobes producing embryos in three independent experiments from about 5-25 percent to about 20-70 percent. As selective marker for transformation experiments we had chosen the nptII gene, which confers resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics. Using kanamycin for the selection of Agrobacterium-treated somatic embryos (see abstract by Chavarriaga et al,) so far we have obtained chimeric embryos. The regeneration of plantlets or the induction of secondary embryogenesis starting from transformed tissues on media with kanamycin was not possible. For that reason we tested alternative antibiotics (glyphosate, phosphinotricin, and hygromycin) for their effects on non-transformed cassava embryo clumps. The results show that both glyphosate and hygromycin suppress embryogenesis at comparatively low concentrations, while permitting callus formation at higher concentrations. In contrast to that, phosphinotricin inhibits embryogenesis and formation of callus to a similar extent and therefore seems to be better suited for the selection of transformed tissues",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ayres, J. C.",1972,Manioc,Food Technology,26,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1605/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Schotman, C.Y.L.",1987,Diseases of root and tuber crops in the Caribbean of quarantine importance,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16053/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Schulthess, F., Baumgartner, J.U., Herren, H.R.",1987,Factors influencing the life table statistics of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti,Insect Science and Its Application,8,04/05/2006,10.1017/S1742758400023055,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16058/,"Detailed age-specific life table studies were carried out under controlled conditions to measure the effect of temperature, leaf quality ( = age), variety and plant drought stress on net production rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and generation time (G) of Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. in order to explain changes in population densities observed in the field. The developmental threshold calculated from our data and results published by various authors was 14.7°C. At 35°C all mealybugs died before reaching the adult stage. Mealybugs reared on leaves of different ages showed little differences in rm, and the higher occurrence of P. manihoti on plant tips and oldest leaves could not be explained with better nutritive value of these plant parts alone. Cassava varieties have a strong influence on the intrinsic rate of increase, which could explain differences in results published by other authors. Plant drought stress had little influence on the life table statistics, but rainfall is assumed to be a determinant factor in the dynamics of the mealybug.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ayres, J. C.",,Manioc; the potential exists for increased use of this tropical plant and its products,Food technology,"Apr 1972, 26 (4)",,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1606/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Scott, G., Suarez, V.",1992,Transforming traditional food crops: product development for roots and tubers,Product Development for Root and Tuber Crops,Volume III - Africa,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16079/,"Recent trends in production and utilization of roots and tubers point to a growing interest in new product development. This paper outlines the factors that have influenced the growing importance of product transformation of roots and tubers in developing countries over the last three decades. After a review of the agronomic and bio-chemical characteristics for cassava, potato and sweetpotato, the paper analyzes global and regional patterns for production and use of these commodities. Sharp increases in potato production for fresh consumption explosive growth in cassava processing in particular countries; and the use of sweetpotato for animal feed in China and Brazil are highlighted. Development trends including demography, income growth, and government polices are noted as key factors influencing future prospects for expanded processing.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Sealy, L.H., Rosales, J. (Ministry of Agriculture, Lands, Food Production, Centeno (Trinidad, Tobago). Central Experiment Station)",1985,An overview of root crop production in Trinidad and Tobago,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16086/,"The land area utilized for root crop production in Trinidad was 1,925 hectares (0.3 % of the arable land on the island) in 1984, expected to increase to 2,542 hectares in 1986 due mainly to increasing cassava cultivation. The main root crops grown were cassava, dasheen, sweet potatoes, yams and eddoes. A recommended cultivation method is described for each cro p. Weakness was found in the marketing sector, particularly in handling and storage of produce. Recommended storage practices are outlined",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sebiomo, A., Ogundero, V. W., Bankole, S. A.",2011,"Effect of four herbicides on microbial population, soil organic matter and dehydrogenase activity",African Journal of Biotechnology,10,5,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16093/,"The effect of four herbicides (atrazine, primeextra, paraquat and glyphosate) on soil microbial population, soil organic matter and dehydrogenase activity was assessed over a period of six weeks. Soil samples from cassava farms were treated with herbicides at company recommended rates. Soil dehydrogenase activity was measured at four-day sampling intervals up to the 20th day. Bacterial, fungal and actinomycetes populations decreased upon treatment with herbicides when compared to the control. There was significant reduction in percentage organic matter after the herbicides were applied to soils. Soil organic matter then increased after continuous application from the second to the sixth week of treatment. Herbicide treatment resulted in a significant drop in dehydrogenase activity when compared to the control soil samples. Obtained results indicated that soils treated with primeextra had the lowest dehydrogenase activity of 16.09 g (g-1min-1) after the sixth week of treatment, while soils treated with glyphosate had the highest dehydrogenase activity of 20.16 g (g-1min-1) when compared to other herbicides used for treatment. Dehydrogenase activity increased from the second to the sixth week of treatment. This study indicated significant response of soil microbial activity to herbicide treatment and increased adaptation of the microbial community to the stress caused by increase in concentration of the herbicides over weeks of treatment.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Secreto, A.C., Piamonte, B.C.",1980,System of continuous cropping for the sustained production of sweet potato and cassava [study conducted in the Philippines],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16096/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Seepaul, S., Birch, R. A., Ekwue, E.",2015,The design and field testing of a low priced cassava harvester for Trinidad soils,ASABE,6,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16098/,"Cassava has been identified as one of the four major staples in the Trinidad and Tobago Government's 2012- 2015 National Food Production Plan and it is expected that cassava production will increase to 18000 tonnes annually by the year 2015. Presently, most cassava is harvested manually. This is very labour intensive and results in rapid deterioration of this highly perishable crop, thus render low production outputs. Mechanisation is one method of improving the production capacity, hence, allowing the government agencies to meet their mandate. There has been some introduction of sophisticated foreign designed cassava harvesters to farmers. However, these are rather costly and are not very suited for Trinidad soils. Hence, a cassava harvester was designed and fabricated that would be low priced and effective in loosening the soil, such that the roots of the cassava are exposed and easily reaped. Field tests were performed to determine the implement's effectiveness in loosening the soil. Results showed that the harvester has an average field efficiency of 66% and the worked soil had an average coefficient of curvature (Cc) of 1.8 and an average coefficient of uniformity of 7.8.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Abraham, T.E., Raja, K.C.M., Sreedharan, V.P., Nathan, H.S.",1979,Some quality aspects of a few varieties of cassava,Journal of food science and technology,v. 16,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/161/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Azam, M. G., Zoebisch, M. A., Wickramarachchi, K. S.",2008,Effects of cropping systems on selected soil structural properties and crop yields in the Lam phra phloeng watershed-northeast Thailand,Journal of Agronomy,7,1,10.3923/ja.2008.56.62,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1610/,"We conducted this study in Northeast Thailand (UTM coordinates 0795295, 1601006) to identify the degree of influence of four popular cropping systems (maize-maize, mungbean-maize, cassava and maize-fallow) and two of their relevant husbandry practices (residue management and tillage direction) on the deterioration of selected soil structural properties and the ultimate effect on crop yields. A number of soil structural properties were measured in both top and sub soil. The status of selected properties was evaluated under each of the cropping systems as well as husbandry practices through in situ and laboratory soil assessments. Mungbean-maize and cassava systems were found to be superior to maize-fallow and maize-maize systems in structural quality of the topsoils. Mungbean-maize system reported to have the highest value for soil organic matter. Residue management and tillage direction significantly affected only root density and soil shrinkage respectively. None of selected subsoil structural properties were significantly influenced by any of the cropping systems. Mungbean-maize and maize-fallow systems have significantly higher average and second crop yields over the maize-maize system. 2008 Asian Network for Scientific Information.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Seesahai, A. (Ministry of Agriculture, Lands, Food Production, Centeno (Trinidad, Tobago). Central Experiment Station)",1983,Root crop research [Manihot esculenta] at Crop Research Station,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16104/,"Cassava research projects undertaken at Central Experiment Station from 1981 to 1983 are briefly presented. Main projects involved physiological factors controlling yield; effect of planting dates on yield components; rapid propagation; and the collection, identification and selection of local and imported cultivars. Problems affecting the programme were incidence of Cassava bacterial blight disease (Xanthomonas manihotis) and praedial larceny",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Seesahai, A., Gokool, J.",1988,"The effect of different planting dates on the yield and yield components of cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz.)",Annual Seminar on Agricultural Research,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16105/,"A field experiment was conducted on Piarco fine sand series to study the effect of different planting dates on the performance of the low yielding variety, White Stick. The cassava variety was planted in March, April, May and June. Tuber numbers and yields were recorded at harvests in the following December, January, February and March. The March planting of White Stick produced significantly higher yields. The highest yields were attained for the March planting when harvested at 10 months. This was reflected by a higher number of tubers but there was no significant difference between tuber numbers for all planting dates. The earlier planting of the low yielding variety gave a 60 % increase in yield",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Seif, A.A., Chogoo, P.",1976,Cassava in Kenya,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16122/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Seif, A. A.",1981,Transmission of Cassava Mosaic-Virus by Bemisia-Tabaci,Plant Disease,65,7,10.1094/PD-65-606,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16125/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Seif, A. A.",1982,Effect of Cassava Mosaic Virus on Yield of Cassava,Plant Disease,66,8,10.1094/PD-66-661,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16126/,Yield reductions of cassava infected with cassava mosaic virus under field conditions ranged from 24 to 75%. There was a strong correlation between disease severity and yield loss. Incorporation of yield loss assessments in evaluation of varieties for mosaic resistance would seem advisable in view of these results.,Excluded,Duplicate
"Sellgren, P., Svensson, C.",1997,Agroforestry for soil conservation in northern Vietnam,"Minor Field Studies - Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, International Office",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16130/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Selvan, M. M., Annamalai, S. J. K., Ravindran, C. S., Sheriff, J. T.",2015,Development of power weeder for mound-cassava in hilly terrain,Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,85,9,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16133/,"A power-weeder has been developed to address the weeding requirement of the cassava planted in mound pattern in hilly terrains. Although there are many commercial makes available for weeding of cassava planted in flat method as well as ridges and furrows method, it seems that there is no suitable weeder presently available in the country to address the weeding requirement of mound cassava of hilly terrains. The power weeder developed consists of petrolengine, main weeding rotor, offset weeding rotor, depth control lever, ground-wheels, transmission assembly, frame and handle. The main weeding rotor removes the weeds on the furrow while the offset weeding rotor removes the weeds on mounds without damaging the tuber grown under mounds. It is economically viable with fuel consumption limited to 27 L/ha. The machine proved its capability of weeding between the rows on both directions with acceptable weeding efficiency of 92.8% with negligible percentage (0.7) of damage to rhizome, field capacity of 0.16 ha/day, and field efficiency of 79.0%. It was also found that the operators did not observe any difficulty due to side thrust since the sideways thrust might have been transferred by the method of attaching the lateral rotor at 20mm ahead to the line joining central axis to the lateral axis. The power-weeder was recommended as an ideal machine for medium cassava farms of India.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Selvaraj, K.V., Kaliappa, R., Ramaswami, P.P.",1977,Response of tapioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) to water and nutrient levels,South Indian Horticulture,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16134/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Selvaraj, K.V., Ramaswami, P.P., Surendran, R.",1978,Influence of moisture regimes and nutrients on leaf yield and nutrient content of tapioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz.),South Indian horticulture,v. 26,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16135/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sengooba, T. (ed.) (Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry, Fisheries, Kampala (Uganda). Namulonge Research Station)",1992,Namulonge Research Station Annual Report 1991,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16156/,"The report on the activities of the research programmes at Namulonge Research Station during the year 1991, covering root crops, cereals, grain legumes, oil crops, cotton and livestock management.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Senior, L. J., Wright, C. L., Missenden, B., DeFaveri, S.",2017,Protein feeding of Queensland fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni and cucumber fly Zeugodacus cucumis (Diptera Tephritidae) on non-host vegetation effect of plant species and bait height,Austral Entomology,56,3,10.1111/aen.12231,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16159/,"Perimeter-baiting of non-crop vegetation using toxic protein baits was developed overseas as a technique for control of melon fly, Zeugodacus (Zeugodacus) cucurbitae (Coquillett) (formerly Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) cucurbitae), and evidence suggests that this technique may also be effective in Australia for control of local fruit fly species in vegetable crops. Using field cage trials and laboratory reared flies, primary data were generated to support this approach by testing fruit flies' feeding response to protein when applied to eight plant species (forage sorghum, grain sorghum, sweet corn, sugarcane, eggplant, cassava, lilly pilly and orange jessamine) and applied at three heights (1, 1.5 and 2 m). When compared across the plants, Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt), most commonly fed on protein bait applied to sugarcane and cassava, whereas more cucumber fly, Zeugodacus (Austrodacus) cucumis (French) (formerly Bactrocera (Austrodacus) cucumis), fed on bait applied to sweet corn and forage sorghum. When protein bait was applied at different heights, B. tryoni responded most to bait placed in the upper part of the plants (2 m), whereas Z. cucumis preferred bait placed lower on the plants (1 and 1.5 m). These results have implications for optimal placement of protein bait for best practice control of fruit flies in vegetable crops and suggest that the two species exhibit different foraging behaviours. 2016 State of Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Senjobi, B. A., Ogunkunle, O. A.",2010,"Effect of Land Use on Soil Degradation and Soil Productivity Decline on Alfisols and Ultisols in Ogun state in South Western, Nigeria",Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus,75,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16160/,"One of the critical factors influencing land degradation is land use. However, the extent to which land use influences land degradation has not been fully ascertained in the southwestern part of Nigeria (i.e. particularly in Ogun State). Thus, this study was designed to assess the extent to which land use influences crop productivity in Ogun State. Two major soil types identified at the site were Alfisols and Ultisols. Within these, three land use types (LUT) were identified: arable crop - Land Use 1, cash crop production - Land Use 2, and non-agricultural use – Land Use 3. Th ese were evaluated for three commonly cultivated crops in the area, namely: maize, cassava and oil palm, using the FAO framework for Land Sustainability Evaluation (LSE). Soil degradation levels were assessed under three LUTs using parametric approach. Descriptive statistics and rank ordered correlation were used for the data analysis. The results of the LSE showed that all the pedons were marginally suitable (S3) for maize, 60 % were of moderate (S 2) and 40 % of marginal (S 3) suitability for cassava respectively. However, for oil palm, 47 % of the lands were classified as being marginally suitable (S 3) while 53 % were not suitable (N). The major limitations identified were sub-optimal, poor soil (i.e. texture(s) and fertility), poor drainage/ wetness (w), steep topography (t), and sub-optimal climate (c) (i.e. annual rainfall, mean annual temperature and length of growing season). Parametric assessment revealed that chemical degradation was moderate within LUT 2, but ranged between slight to none in LUTs 1 and 3 respectively. Land uses 2 and 3 were slightly degraded physically, while 1 was moderate. Land use was found to be significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with land degradation (r = 0.47**) at all sites. The degradation level ranked from moderate to high due to inappropriate land uses. Thus, it is recommended that in all LUTs must be a careful choice of appropriate use of land in order to reduce degradation.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Senyonga, W.",1991,"Cassava in Buruli county, Luwero District (Uganda)",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16165/,"Cassava is one of the major crops grown in Buruli county (Uganda). It is intercropped with crops like ground nuts, beans, cotton, maize and to some extent millet. Cuttings 30 cm-50 cm long are grown in rough seedbeds which are deeply ploughed in the first rains. A spacing of 1.5 m x 2.2 m is used for short and long term varieties. Regular weeding is done during the early stages of growth. Cassava has many uses, its roots are used; as food, in brewing, in making starch and medicine and its stems as firewood. Cassava mosaic virus is the major disease causing mottling of leaves and reduction in yields. Cassava mite and cassava scale cause no economic damage.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Setter, T. L., Fregene, M. A.",2007,Recent advances in molecular breeding of cassava for improved drought stress tolerance,Advances in Molecular Breeding Toward Drought and Salt Tolerant Crops,,,10.1007/978-1-4020-5578-2_28,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16180/,"Cassava is an important tropical starchy root crop that is used extensively in drought prone tropical regions. It responds to water deficit with a dehydration avoidance and growth arrest syndrome. Carbohydrate is supplied from stems via remobilization. It is very limited in its use of osmotic adjustment, compatible solute synthesis, dehydrin accumulation and other tolerance mechanisms for low water potential. Given the difficulties of conventional breeding of cassava due to its long breeding cycle, heterozygousity, and difficulties in producing seed, an important recent development is the use of molecular markers and marker assisted selection (MAS). MAS is also contributing to the introgression of traits from wild relatives 2007 Springer.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Setyono, A., Damardjati, D.S., Malian, H.",1992,Sweetpotato and cassava development Present status and future prospects in Indonesia,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16184/,"Cassava is the third most important food crop in Indonesia. Sweetpotato is a secondary crop nationwide, but in Irian Jaya it is a staple food. This paper reviews recent trends in production and utilization for these two commodities. Regional differences in consumption and marketing are also noted and traditional processing techniques described. Based on low average yields in farmer fields relative to experimental plots, considerable potential for increased production of cassava and sweetpotato would appear possible in Indonesia. Realizing this potential, however, will depend in large part of expanding and diversifying current processing activities.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Shafshak, S.E., Oraby, F.T., El-Deepah, H.R.A., El-Fishawy, M.A.",1989,Evaluation of some cassava (Manihot esculenta grantz.) varieties introduced by tissue culture,"Annals of Agricultural Science, Moshtohor",27,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16196/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Abraham, T.E., Raja, K.C.M., Sreemula Nathan, H.",1981,Chemical and organoleptic evaluation of high yielding varieties of cassava,"Post harvest technology of cassava: a seminar organised by Association of Food Scientists and Technologists (India), Trivandrum Chapter",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/162/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Shakoor, A., Kiarie, A.W., Rutto, J.K., Githunguri, C.M., Gichuki, S.T., Abubaker, A., Omari, F.F., Ndolo, P.J.",1988,Improvement of root and tuber crops in Kenya,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16204/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Shanmugam, A., Selvaraj, P.",1974,Effect of ethrel on the cyano-glucoside content of tapioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) roots,Science and Culture,40,8,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16212/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Shanmugam, A., Thamburaj, S.",1975,Effect of planting systems on the yield of four tapioca clones (Manihot esculenta Crantz),South Indian Horticulture,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16213/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Shanmugam, A., Selvaraj, P.",1974,Effect of ethrel on the cyano-glucoside content of tapioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) roots,Science and Culture,40,8,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16214/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Shanmugavelu, K.G., Shanmugam, A., Selvaraj, P.",1973,Effect of certain growth regulants on tapioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz),South Indian Horticulture,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16216/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Shanmugavelu, K. G., Thamburaj, S., Shanmugam, A., Gopalaswamy, N.",1973,Effect of Time of Planting and Irrigation Frequencies on Yield of Tapioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,43,8,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16217/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Shanmugham, A., Srinivasan, C.",,Influence of number of shoots per plant on the growth and yield of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.),Farm Journal,"May 1973, 14 (7)",,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16218/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Shanthi, G., Maniyan, C. G., Allan Gnana Raj, G., Thampi Thanka Kumaran, J.",2009,Radioactivity in food crops from high-background radiation area in southwest India,Current Science,97,9,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16223/,"The study was carried out to evaluate radioactive concentration in food crops grown in naturally highbackground radiation areas in southwest India. Seventeen varieties of food crops were collected from different parts of Kanyakumari district. The gross alpha and beta activities of the collected samples were measured using alpha scintillation counter and low beta counter respectively. The alpha activity was maximum in tapioca (497 72 Bq kg-1) and the beta activity was maximum in paddy grain (10,946 583 Bq kg-1). The gamma activity of the food samples was studied by measuring the activity concentration of the radionuclides (226Ra, 228Th, 238U and 40K) in the food crops. The radioactivity content of the food crops from highbackground radiation area was higher when compared to similar samples collected from low-background radiation area. The daily radionuclide intake from the food crops grown and consumed by the public was 127.696 Bq and daily internal dose resulting from ingestion of radionuclides in food was 2.34 Sv.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Sharma, A.P.",1978,Studies on the mechanised harvesting of cassava in Fiji,AMA agricultural mechanization in Asia,v. 40,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16234/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sharma, A.P.",1978,Study on the mechanised digging of cassava [Equipment],,v. 49,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16235/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Sharma, B.R., Dhillon, G.S.",1983,Cassava comes to the north,Intensive Agriculture,21,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16237/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sharma, J. K., Sankaran, K. V.",1988,"Incidence and severity of Botryodiplodia die-back in plantations of Albizia falcataria in Kerala, India",Forest Ecology and Management,24,1,10.1016/0378-1127(88)90023-0,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16239/,"Botryodiplodia die-back of Albizia falcataria caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae is characterized by the development of a stem canker, gradual die-back of shoots and, finally, death of trees due to girdling of stems by progressing cankers. In pathogenicity tests of the isolate, only wound inoculation resulted in cankers similar to those observed in the field. Of the five plantations surveyed, die-back was recorded in four; the occurrence appeared to be closely associated with fire, debarking by animals, and cultivation of tapioca (Manihot utilissima) amongst trees in plantations. During the 2 years' observation, the initial incidence of about 50% declined to 13-25% while the severity, initially medium, then remained low throughout. Regular observations in a plot with moderately severe infection indicated that the high incidence of die-back occurred during the dry-warm period, but during or just after the monsoon it declined as some of the affected trees recouped partially or completely with the overall incidence gradually declining from 94.3% in June 1983 to 69.8% in May 1985. However, the percentage of mortality of the affected trees increased from 8.3% to 30.3% during the same period. This is the first record of large-scale mortality of A. falcataria due to parasitism by B. theobromae. The paper discusses the management implications of Botryodiplodia die-back in Albizia plantations in Kerala. 1988.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Sharma, B. M., Dairo, F. M.",1995,"Ecological studies on weeds associated with cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) at Ibadan, Nigeria",Discovery and Innovation,7,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16240/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sharma, H. K., Njintang, N. Y., Singhal, R. S., Kaushal, P.",2016,"Tropical Roots and Tubers: Production, Processing and Technology","Tropical Roots and Tubers: Production, Processing and Technology",,,10.1002/9781118992739,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16249/,"Roots and tubers are considered as the most important food crops after cereals and contribute significantly to sustainable development, income generation and food security especially in the tropical regions. The perishable nature of roots and tubers demands appropriate storage conditions at different stages starting from farmers to its final consumers. Because of their highly perishable nature, search for efficient and better methods of preservation/processing have been continuing alongside the developments in different arena. This book covers the processing and technological aspects of root and tuber foods, detailing the production and processing of roots and tubers such as taro, cassava, sweet potato, yam and elephant foot yam. Featuring chapters on anatomy, taxonomy and physiology, molecular and biochemical characterization, GAP, GMP, HACCP, Storage techniques, as well as the latest technological interventions in Taro, Cassava, Sweet potato, yam and Elephant foot Yam.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Sharma, A. P.",,Study on the mechanised digging of cassava,Allahabad farmer,Jan 1978. v. 49 (1),,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16250/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Shekhar, C.",2013,Hidden hunger: Addressing micronutrient deficiencies using improved crop varieties,Chemistry and Biology,20,11,10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.11.003,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16258/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Shepherd, D. N., Martin, D. P., Thomson, J. A.",2009,Transgenic strategies for developing crops resistant to geminiviruses,Plant Science,176,1,10.1016/j.plantsci.2008.08.011,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16267/,"Geminiviruses infect a wide range of economically important crop plants. This review covers genetic engineering approaches currently being evaluated for the development of crops resistant to geminiviruses. In the past, most of these have involved pathogen-derived resistance strategies such as the expression of mutant or truncated viral proteins that interfere with virus infection, or transcription of viral RNA sequences that silence the expression of virus genes. Recently, however, alternatives to pathogen-derived resistance have been investigated. These include the use of geminivirus-inducible toxic proteins to kill infected cells, and the expression of DNA binding proteins, peptide aptamers or GroEL homologues that either disrupt geminivirus infections or lessen their harmful effects. Despite moderate successes in the engineering of geminivirus resistance using many of these strategies, no comparative data are available either on the relative merits of different approaches, or on how well the various resistant transgenic plants that have been produced will fare in the field. We anticipate that high geminivirus mutation and recombination rates could seriously undermine the durability of most currently available resistance transgenes. It should, however, be possible to achieve robust transgenic geminivirus resistance either by using mixtures of genes targeting multiple virus processes via multiple mechanisms, or by using ""tolerance"" genes that alleviate symptoms but do not selectively favour resistance-breaking virus mutants.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Shewry, P.R., Clowes, A., Tatham, A.S., Beeching, J.",1993,Opportunities for manipulating the amount and composition of proteins in cassava tuberous roots,"Proceedings of the First International Scientific Meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology Network, Cartagena, Colombia, 25-28 August 1992",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16273/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Shi, T., Li, C.P., Li, J.F., Cai, J.M., Huang, G.X.",2010,First Report of Leaf Spot Caused by Bipolaris setariae on Cassava in China,,v. 94,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16276/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Shirato, Y., Paisancharoen, K., Sangtong, P., Nakviro, C., Yokozawa, M., Matsumoto, N.",2005,Testing the Rothamsted Carbon Model against data from long-term experiments on upland soils in Thailand,European Journal of Soil Science,56,2,10.1111/j.1365-2389.2004.00659.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16301/,"We tested the Rothamsted Carbon Model (RothC) against three long‐term (27–28 years) experimental sites on Thai upland soils in order to see how this widely used ‘temperate’ soil carbon turnover model performed in a typical farming region in the tropics. We were able to verify – over a much longer period than had been examined in previous studies – that RothC performs well in a tropical region in plots used for continuous cropping experiments of maize and cassava without organic matter application. However, the model overestimated soil organic carbon (SOC) in some plots to which large amounts of organic matter (rice straw or cassava stalks) were applied. This overestimate could not be attributed to errors in estimating either the amount of C input to the soil or the ratio of decomposable plant materials to resistant plant materials entering the soil. Among many factors affecting SOC dynamics (e.g. weather conditions, soil characteristics, etc.), which are different in tropical regions from temperate regions, we conclude that the activity of soil fauna might be a major factor which makes the performance of RothC worse where much organic matter was applied. We suggest that care should be taken when applying RothC to tropical soils with large amounts of added organic matter.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Shirima, E. J. M., Njau, F. B. C., Buza, T. J., Kyamanywa, R. S.",2002,"Cassava-Like Tree (Manihot glaziovii) in Combating Fodder, Vegetable and Fuel Wood Shortage in Rural Communities It's Potential Uses and Limitations in Semi-Arid Areas of Central Tanzania",Discovery and Innovation,14,SUPPL. 1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16302/,"An informal survey was done in two villages in Dodoma region, Central Tanzania to study the potential uses and limitations of the commonly grown cassava-like tree [CLT] (Manihot glaziovii). The survey was done in November 1998 which is the peak of the dry season in the area. This was followed by on-station establishment of the tree in the proceeding year under high (4 4 m) [HD], medium (4 8 m) [MD] and low (4 12 m) [LD] plant densities with maize integration to establish the optimal density of the trees with minimum effect on maize grain production. During the village survey, farmer's knowledge and attitudes on agroforestry practices using different Multi-Purpose Trees (MPTs) including CLT in the area were identified. Dry matter (DM) production, Proximate chemical composition, in vitro digestibility of leaves (IVDMD) and fibre determinations was done on-station throughout the year from the harvested leaves. The remaining components of vegetable and fuel wood were dried at 65C to determine their DM production. Maize grain production was determined on air-dried basis after manually shelling them. Among the 10 most used MPTs by villagers, CLT ranked the highest in fodder, vegetable, fuel wood and ornamental uses during the critical 7 months of the dry season. However, the same tree ranked the second to common cassava tree (M. esculenta) for the same uses during the wet season. The yield of vegetable was highest in HD (P<0.05) than MD and LD with an average of 260.4, 160.1 and 140.3 (kgDM/ha) in HD, MD and LD respectively during the dry season indicating that the tree was resistant to drought. On the other hand, fodder from leaves (0.56 DM ton/ha) and fuel wood (0.26 DM ton/ha) were obtained in the HD treatment as the surplus products. Maize grain and stover production was not affected (P>0.05) in all the treatments in the first year of this trial when CLT was grown in association with maize. The shade effect and planting spacing of the CLT in the first year could not be observed in the grain production which ranged from 1.85 to 2.0 ton/ha probably due to the frequent harvesting of fodder, vegetable and fuel wood. The leaves from CLT had higher nutrients ranging from 147.3 to 194.6 g CP/kgDM compared to stover with 35.3 g CP/kgDM harvested in the same season. The total harvest from the CLT leaves and stover from the same piece of land (HD) averaged to 3.76 DM ton/ha and could be used to supplement natural pasture, which are scarce during the dry season. The integration of CLT and maize plants under agroforestry practices is seen as a realistic approach to sustaining fodder, vegetable, fuel wood and maize grain production in the region basically in the dry seasons.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Shittu, T.A., Sanni, L.O., Awonorin, S.O., Maziya-Dixon, B., Dixon, A.",2007,Use of multivariate techniques in studying the flour making properties of some CMD resistant cassava clones,Food Chemistry,101,4,10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.04.017,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16306/,"High quality cassava flour (HQCF) is one of the primary products of raw cassava root that has continued to find wider food application in Nigeria. In this study, some 43 newly developed cassava mosaic disease (CMD) resistant clones of cassava were screened based on some physical (flour yield, bulk density, and tri-stimulus colour characteristics (L*, a*, b*, Chroma and Hue)), chemical (moisture, protein, ash, starch, amylose, sugar contents, TTA, pH, and cyanogenic potential), functional (water and oil absorption capacities, water solubility, swelling power, least gelation capacity, diastatic activity, percent damaged starch, and alkaline water retention), and pasting properties. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that all properties measured varied significantly (P < 0.001). The flours had a wider range of starch content (65-88%), amylose content (13-23%), water absorption capacity (136-224%), diastatic activity (128-354 mg maltose), peak viscosity (77-328 RVU), final viscosity (56-217 RVU), and trough (32-152). Due to the peculiarity of the experimental data generated, two protocols of applying multivariate statistical techniques were evaluated for discriminating the cassava clones. By first applying principal component analysis (PCA), followed by cluster analysis (CA) and finally, discriminant function analysis (DFA) of the experimental data, it was possible to achieve about 87% correct classification of the cassava clones. The final viscosity and diastatic activity of the flours were found to be the most important variables for classifying the cassava clones.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Harrison, B.D.",1982,Active resistance of plants to viruses,Active Defense Mechanisms in Plants,37,,10.1007/978-1-4615-8309-7_11,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1631/,"The aim of this contribution is to survey the range of phenomena that seem relevant to active resistance of plants to viruses and to provide some information that may serve as a background against which some of these phenomena can be examined in more detail by other contributors. However, a little thought soon leads to the realisation that viruses pose some conceptual problems that do not exist for fungal and bacterial pathogens, and these must first be discussed.",Excluded,Cannot Access
Sholihin,2013,Performance of promising clones of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz.) for early maturity on some locations over years in indonesia,Sabrao Journal of Breeding and Genetics,45,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16320/,"It is predicted that demand for cassava in Indonesia will increase markedly in the future. Therefore cassava production in Indonesia needs to increase. The aim of the experiment reported in this paper was to test the performance of promising clones of cassava for early maturity in different location over years. Mean square of standard deviation of CMM9904-100, SM 2361, MLG 10.312, Malang 1, Adira 1, and Adira 4 were not significantly different from zero, but the others were significantly different. The coefficient of regression (bi) of clones/varieties tested were not significantly different from 1. CMM9904-100, SM 2361, MLG 10.312, Malang 1, Adira 1, and Adira 4 were stable clones across environments, but the others were not stable. The mean of the fresh tuber yield of OMM 02048-6 over locations and years was the highest (32.67 t/ha, 67 % higher than Adira 1, equal to Rp 9.191.000/ha or around US $ 10132 (US$1 = Rp 9000). Society for the Advancement of Breeding Research in Asia and Oceania (SABRAO) 2013.",Excluded,Cannot Find
Sholihin,2015,Stability of Cassava Promising Clones Based on Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) Model,Energy Procedia,65,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16322/,"The aim of the study was to know the productivity and stability of cassava promising clones. The experiments were done in nine environments in Pati, Probolinggo, Malang, Lampung Timur, Lampung Tengah and Lampung Selatan from 2010 to 2012. The experiments were arranged in a randomized complete block design, three replications. The plot size was a 5 m x 5 m. Plants distance was 100 cm x 80 cm. Dosage of fertilizers was 93 kg . ha(-1) N + 36 kg . ha(-1) P2O5 + 60 kg . ha(-1) K2O. A total of nine clones were used. Parameter recorded was fresh tuber yield of seven months old plants. IRRISTAT program was used to analyze the variance based on AMMI model, IPCA score and IPCA biplot. The study showed that Clone BIC 180, BIC 556, BIC 280, CMM 03001-10, and BIC 499 were more stable than CMM 02048-6, CMM 03020-2, CMM 03013-11, and UJ3 based on AMMI models. Mean of fresh tuber yield in seven months of CMM 03001-10 over locations and years was the highest (31.75 t . ha(-1)), 11 % higher than UJ3, equal to Rp2 377 500 ha(-1), if the price of cassava tuber Rp750. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).",Excluded,Duplicate
"Shrestha, C.K. (Ministry of Agriculture, Rampur (Nepal). Inst. of Agriculture, Animal Science)",1983,"Response of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) to N, P, and K fertilizers [yield, Nepal]",Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science,v. 4,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16326/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Holmes, Edward",1978,Growth and development of six cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1633/,"Dry matter production and distribution, quantitative shoot and leaf ontogeny and tuber yield and yield components in single and multi-shoot plants of six cassava cultivars were evaluated. High and low economic yielding cultivars were identified, with high tuber yields being due to either high biological yields or high harvest indices. High yield variability was associated with low economic yields. Variability in mean tuber weight, rather than tuber number, was the more important immediate contributant to high yield variations. Dry matter production was a more important source of tuber yield variability than dry matter distribution. Cultivar differences were identified in leaf production and retention as well as individual leaf growth, at four stages of plant ontogeny. Differences in leaf production were due to variations in branch number, as rates of if production per branch and percentage leaf fall were similar in all cultivars. There were similar patterns of growth in single and multi- shoot plants of the six cultivars. Yield differences between cultivars in both crops were explained by variations in the leaf surface and net assimilation rates. High nitrogen concentrations increased leaf production and individual leaf areas, in later stages of plant ontogeny. Reductions in lamina nitrate reductase activities (in vivo) , during leaf and plant ontogeny, were described. These were related to changes in the pattern of dry matter distribution, after the onset of tuber bulking. Times to leaf fall and the proportion of dry matter in the tuber were significantly increased by stem apex removal. These results were discussed in relation to the performance of elite cultivars and the yield potential of the cassava species. A cultivar suitable for further field trials was identified and morphological and physiological characteristics for a cassava ideotype suggested.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Shu-Ren, Jin",1996,Cassava products for food and chemical industries China,Cassava Flour and Starch: Progress in Research and Development,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16330/,"Cassava is grown in China basically as a food security crop. But, in the last 20 years, yields have increased sharply in answer to demand from small-scale and, more recently, large-scale industries. Since the 1980s, China has seen rapid development in the commercial prospects of a wide range of cassava derivatives, including fructose-series products, sorbitol, maltol, fermentation products (such as alcohol, MSG, and citric acid), denatured starch, glucose, and glucose syrup. A hillside crop, cassava plays a key role in the economy and agroindustry of southern China. However, local economies and production in poorer rural areas urgently need modernizing if they are to fully benefit from these new developments. Recommendations are made regarding appropriate scale and technology, given the various constraints (e.g., transportation through hilly terrain and seasonal availability of fresh roots). Relevant economic factors are also reviewed. Through improved cultivars and farming practices, cassava yields can increase significantly. But, to encourage production, the value of cassava must also increase-most effectively by developing the range of its products through adopting and expanding secondary processing techniques",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Shuai, Yang, Xiang-Dong, Mei, Xiao-Fang, Zhang, Yao-Fa, Li, Dongmei, She, Tao, Zhang, Jun, Ning",2017,"Attraction of Coffee Bean Weevil, Araecerus fasciculatus, to Volatiles from the Industrial Yeast Kluyveromyces lactis",,v. 43 (2,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16331/,"The coffee bean weevil (CBW), Araecerus fasciculatus (De Geer, 1775) (Coleoptera Anthribidae) is an important pest of stored products such as grains, coffee beans, cassava, and traditional Chinese medicine materials. In China, CBW causes large losses of Daqu, a traditional Chinese liquor fermentation starter, and, unfortunately, the use of conventional insecticides against CBW is not suitable in Daqu storage. We found CBW to be highly attracted to fermenting yeast cultures, such as Kluyveromyces lactis. Eight volatile compounds, produced by fermenting cultures and not by sterile samples, were identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Five of these substances elicited significant responses in Y-tube behavioral bioassays. Field trapping experiments revealed 2-phenylethanol and 2-phenylethyl acetate to be crucial for attraction of CBW. Results show that yeast volatiles play an important role in host location, and that 2-phenylethanol and 2-phenylethyl acetate could be utilized as potential attractants in monitoring and control systems against this important pest.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Shukla, P.T.",1978,"Preliminary report on the green mite (Mononychellus tanajoa, Bonder) resistance in Tanzanian local cassava varieties",East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16334/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Sidhu, A. S., Sekhon, N. K., Thind, S. S., Hira, G. S.",2003,Residue management for sustainable crop production in summer moong-maize-wheat sequence,Journal of Sustainable Agriculture,22,2,10.1300/J064v22n02_04,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16350/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Sidorowicz, J.",1974,Rodents feeding on cassava Manihot esculenta Granz. in Zambia,Mammalia,38,2,10.1515/mamm.1974.38.2.344,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16351/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Siebert, S. F.",1990,"Hillside farming, soil erosion, and forest conversion in two Southeast Asian national parks",Mountain Research & Development,10,1,10.2307/3673539,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16353/,"Relationships between soil erosion on hillside farms and forest conversion to farmland in adjacent national parks were examined in the Bayhang watershed near Leyte Mountains National Park, Philippines, and the Sungai Ning watershed near Kerinci-Seblat National Park, Indonesia. A random sample of hillside farms revealed widespread evidence of accelerated soil erosion in both watersheds, including splash and sheet erosion, and rill and gully formation. Erosion under line transects and on enclosed runoff plots revealed mean soil losses of 422 t/ha during the first six months of cultivation on recently cleared farms in Bayhang and 3.8 t/ha during the cropping year on continuously cultivated farms in Sungai Ning. Soil erosion and land degradation were found to contribute to forest conversion in both national parks. The farmers' response to land degradation in Bayhang was to clear forest for new farms in the park, while farmers in Kerinci replaced nutrient-demanding crops with cassava, and also cleared forest for new farms in the park. Potentially sustainable and appropriate soil conservation and economic development activities for use in the two watersheds are reviewed.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Siegmund-Schultze, M., Rischkowsky, B., da Veiga, J. B., King, J. M.",2010,Valuing cattle on mixed smallholdings in the Eastern Amazon,Ecological Economics,69,4,10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.10.010,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16358/,"Cattle on smallholder farms are kept for socio-economic reasons, rather than physical production, which explains why farmers favour low input and discontinuous management. To find out how this form of livestock husbandry relates to the other main farming sub-systems, cattle-keeping was compared with cassava and black pepper production. Data was collected from 37 cattle-keeping, mixed smallholdings, during 15 visits, at monthly intervals. The three sub-systems were studied in terms of productive efficiency of resource use, socio-economic contribution, and ecosystem-friendliness, using cash flow, non-market output and non-parametric rankings. Their relative performances in each domain were ranked and put on an AMOEBA diagram, ""a general method of system description and assessment"". The markings connected across functions produced an outline of a polygon, reminding the shape of an amoeba. It was found that productive efficiency was lowest in cattle, benefitcost ratio was highest in cassava, while return to labour was especially strong in black pepper production. The highest status, lowest production risk, highest liquidity and ease of sale, related to cattle. Cattle and pastures ranked worst in terms of biodiversity, damage to and pollution of water courses. Nutrient losses were highest in cassava, due to the large amount harvested. The differences in function meant that the three polygons occupied different segments of the circular diagram. Nevertheless, together they formed a well-rounded shape. The amoeboid nature of these polygons can be used to predict the effect of a shift of activity on the farm, making the diagram a useful illustrative tool for planning and teaching.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Sieverding, E., Leihner, D. E.",1984,Effect of herbicides on population dynamics of VA-mycorrhiza with cassava,Angewandte Botanik,58,03-Apr,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16362/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Sieverding, E., Leihner, D.E.",1984,Effect of herbicides on population dynamics of VA-mycorrhiza with cassava,Angewandte Botanik,58,03-Apr,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16364/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sieverding, E.",1985,Influence of method of VA mycorrhizal inoculum placement on the spread of root infection in field-grown cassava,Zeitschrift fur Ackerund Pflanzenbau,v. 154,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16366/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sieverding, E.",1985,Yield response of cassava to field inoculation with VA-mycorrhiza in acidic soils,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16367/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sieverding, E. (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali (Colombia))",1986,"Influence of placement method of VA mycorrhizal inoculum on growth response of field grown cassava [Glomus manihotis, Entrophospora colombiana]","Gianinazzi-Pearson, V.; Gianinazzi, S. (eds.). European Symposium on Mycorrhizae (1, 1986, Paris, France). Physiological and genetical aspects of mycorrhizae: Proceedings = Aspects physiologiques et génétiques des mycorhizes: Actes",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16368/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sieverding, E. (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali (Colombia)), El-Sharkawy, M., Hernandez, A.P., Toro, S.",1986,Influence of water stress on growth and formation of VA mycorrhiza of 20 cassava cultivars,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16369/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sieverding, E.",1988,Effect of Soil Temperature on Performance of Different VA Mycorrhizal Isolates with Cassava,Angewandte Botanik,62,05-Jun,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16370/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sieverding, E., Galvez, L.",1988,Performance of Different Cassava Clones with Various Va-Mycorrhizal Fungi,Angewandte Botanik,62,05-Jun,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16371/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sieverding, E., Galvez, L.",1988,Soils and Phosphate Sources Affect Performance of Va-Mycorrhizal Fungi with Cassava,Angewandte Botanik,62,05-Jun,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16372/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sieverding, E., Toro, S.",1988,Influence of Soil-Water Regimes on Va Mycorrhiza .5. Performance of Different Vam Fungal Species with Cassava,Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science-Zeitschrift Fur Acker Und Pflanzenbau,161,5,10.1111/j.1439-037X.1988.tb00676.x,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16373/,"Two experiments to investigate the micronutrient requirements of cassava (cv Black Twig) on Malaysian peat soil are described. Cu was found to be the only essential micronutrient and Mn, Zn, Fe, Mo and B were not needed. Fertilizing with 20 kg/ha of copper sulphate approximately tripled tuber dry matter, and starch and Cu uptake, but applying 10 kg/ha of copper sulphate gave the same results. Each crop of cassava absorbed only about 2% of the applied Cu, giving a leaf Cu content of about 14 ppm compared with about 7 ppm in Cu-deficient plants. Cu deficiency symptoms were invariably observed in Cu-deficient plots and these are also described.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Sieverding, E.",,Influence of placement method of VA mycorrhizal inoculum on growth response of field grown cassava,Physiological and genetical aspects of mycorrhizae =,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16376/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Sieverding, E., Toro T, S.",1988,Influence of soil water regimes on VA mycorrhiza. V. Performance of different VAM fungal species with cassava,Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science,161,5,10.1111/j.1439-037X.1988.tb00676.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16377/,"A greenhouse trial was conducted with cassava inoculated with seven different VAM fungal species, i.e. Acaulospora longula, A. myriocarpa, Entrophospora colombiana, Glomus fasciculatum, G. manihotis, G. occultum and Scutellospora heterogama. A wet and a dry soil water regime was established to study the effect of water stress on performance of these fungi with a drought tolerant cassava clone. At harvest, N, P and K concentration was analysed in leaves, petioles, stems and roots.

In unstressed plants, five endophytes were effective whereas in stressed plants only three fungi improved growth beyond the non‐mycorrhizal control. These were E. colombiana, G. manihotis and G. occultum which were most effective for P uptake under stress. Differential effects of VAM fungal species on root length and K. uptake were found. A. myriocarpa caused the greatest increase in length of feeder roots and G. occultum was one of the most effective for K uptake under both water regimes even though these fungi were not the most effective for dry matter production. Under each water regime, the concentration of N, P and K in leaves, petioles, stems and roots was influenced by the fungal species. Mycorrhizal endophytes differed in tolerance to dry soil conditions as found by root infection ratings. From the results it can be concluded that in addition to the improved P nutrition the enhanced root length and K uptake by VAM fungi may be important for drought tolerance of cassava.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Rai, B.K.",1978,"Cassava: Pests in Guyana, insecticidal treatment of planting material and control of pests",Journal of Economic Entomology,71,1,10.1093/jee/71.1.152,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1638/,"Studies on soaking of planting material of cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz, in 9 different insecticides were carried out so as to make the sprouts toxic to insects. Soaking of planting material for 12 h in 0.3% monocrotophos was best, and up to 107 days after planting, plants from treated planting material were infested less with Vatiga illudens (Drake) and Corynothrips stenopteruse Williams than those from untreated planting material.

Studies on comparative persistence of residual toxicity of 34 insecticides on cassava plant against V. illudens revealed that monocrotophos was the best. Drift spray of 250 or 375 g AI monocrotophos in 20, 40, or 65 liters spray fluid/ha resulted in maximum residual toxicity at 375 g AI in 65 liters spray fluid/ha. Trichlorfon at 675 g or carbaryl at 950 g AI in 22 liters of spray/ha as drift spray gave complete control of larvae of Erinnyis ello (L.).",Excluded,Duplicate
"Nestel, B. L.",1974,Current Trends in Cassava Research,Current Trends in Cassava Research,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1639/,"Cassava, long a crop neglected by research workers, is now receiving attention at both national and international research centres, with the largest ever research program for this commodity being provided by the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) in Colombia. The significance of the crop in tropical agriculture and its growth potential, especially as an animal feed, have recently been widely recognized. The recent literature, and a substantial volume of unpublished ongoing work, are reviewed under the headings of cassava as human and animal food, enrichment and fortification, toxicity, industrial use, economics of production, genetic improvement, diseases and pests, factors affecting yield, and improved information systems. A multidisciplinary approach to cassava research and a greater research input are recommended.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Silpamaneephan, Wichit",1994,"Effect of land preparation on soil physical characteristics, germination and yield of cassava",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16395/,"Cassava growth and yield depend on the chemical as well as physical properties of the soil. The physical properties are determined by the inherent characteristics of the soil, but are also affected by tillage practices. This study was conducted to determine the effect of various land preparation techniques on cassava germination and yield in addition to its effect on soil physical characteristics. Cassava (Rayong 1) was planted in the early rainy season of 1991 in Sri Racha, Chonburi province and was harvested at 5, 7.5, 10 and 11 months. Six treatments consisted of (1) no-tillage; (2) plowing; (3) plowing and harrowing; (4) plowing and harrowing followed by soil compaction; (5) plowing and harrowing followed by ridging; and (6) subsoiling. There were three replications. No differences in germination percentage due to treatments were observed. But there were significant differences in top weight and root weight between the soil compaction and various other treatments, because of excessively high bulk density, high penetrometer resistance, low water infiltration rate and low hydraulic conductivity of the compacted soil at all (3, 6, 9 and 12 months) times of measurement, both at 10 and 30 cm depth. However, for this soil with loamy sand texture, the various tillage treatments had no significant effect on cassava root yield as compared with the no-tillage treatment due to their similar effects on soil physical properties. Soil compaction was the only treatment which significantly affected both the various soil physical characteristics as well as all cassava growth parameters.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Silva, K.P. de",1982,Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) - legume intercropping system: crop yield under varying spatial arrangement of legumes,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16397/,"Using two cassava varieties, the study observed marked reduction in root yield under intercropping compared to that of monoculture. This reduction in root yield was attributed to decreased expression in canopy characters namely, number of leaves produced over the crop period, leaf life, plant height, and canopy diameter all of which are related to the photosynthetic capacity of cassava. Reduction in character expression was found more pronounced in variety Lakan-1 relative to Datu-1. Increasing plant densities associated with spatial arrangements of legumes resulted in decreased expression in morphological characters as well as yield and yield components of cassava with the exception of the Datu-1 cowpea intercropping combination. Double-row planting pattern of the legume intercrop resulted in highest seed yield of the legume with minimal reduction in cassava root yield. Net profitability index, defined as net return per unit of investment was highest (0.557) in the double-row, cowpea-Datu-1 combination",Excluded,Cannot Find
"B.L., Parker, R.H., Booth",1979,Storage of cassava chips (Manihot esculenta) insect infestation and damage,,v. 15,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1640/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Silva, D. V., Santos, J. B., Carvalho, F. P., Ferreira, E. A., Frana, A. C., Fernandes, J. S. C., Gandini, E. M. M., Cunha, V. C.",2012,Selectivity of post-emergent herbicides for cassava crop,Planta Daninha,30,4,10.1590/S0100-83582012000400018,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16409/,"The cassava response to herbicide application varies from complete selectivity to full production loss due to the poisoning caused. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the selectivity of herbicides applied at post-emergence in cassava. An experiment was arranged in a randomized block design, under greenhouse conditions, including 23 treatments (22 herbicides + control) and four replications. The herbicides were applied 60 days after cassava shooting, when the plants displayed 15 completely-expanded leaves. Intoxication of cassava plants was evaluated weekly and 35 days after the plants were harvested for dry matter determination. The best visible symptoms of cassava intoxication occurred 21 days after planting for most tested products. At the end of the evaluation period, the cassava plants presented visual signals of recovery from the damage caused by the herbicides. Ametryn, ametryn + trifloxysulfuron-sodium, atrazine, diuron + hexazinone andsulfentrazone caused the greatest reductions of dry matter and the worst visible damage. Contrarily, bentazon,fluazifop-p-butil, mesotrione, and tembotrione were the least toxic to the culture. Cassava presents different levels of selectivity to the herbicides, and bentazon,fluazifopp- butyl, mesotrione, and tembotrione present a potential active principle for use in weed control management programs.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Silva, D. V., Santos, J. B., Ferreira, E. A., Silva, A. A., Frana, A. C., Sediyama, T.",2012,Weed management in cassava,Planta Daninha,30,4,10.1590/S0100-83582012000400025,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16410/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is grown in many countries, being of great importance as an energy source for food, generating jobs and income. Although this crop has been proved to have high yield potential in some studies, reaching values above 100 t ha-1 roots, its national productivity in Brazil is low, being largely attributed to inadequate weed management. The interference of weeds results in competition for essential resources, such as nutrients, water, and light. In addition, incorrectly performed control of weeds in cassava can complicate management and increase production costs. In this review, aspects related to weed management in the culture are described, detailing the main components of interference. The critical period of competition, in many situations, is also discussed. Finally, the main methods of control aimed at the use of integrated management as a sustainable way of controlling weeds in this crop are presented.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Silva, C. A. D., de Medeiros, E. V., Bezerra, C. B., Silva, W. M., de Barros, J. A., dos Santos, U. J.",2013,"Interference of incorporation of soil organic matter in control of cassava black root, caused by Scytalidium lignicola",Bioscience Journal,29,6,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16413/,"Cassava is of great relevance to countries in Southeast Asia, Africa and South America In Pernambuco the rot comesin ducing drop in production and reducing the area under cultivate o nover time. Thefight against this disease remainsa challenge because there is no fungi cideregistered for the control or prevention of disease, is a disease caused by pathogen present in the soil. A mongthe range o ffungi that causerotis Scytalidium lignicola causes black rot. Thisstudy aimed to verify the effectof doses and sources of organic matterin corporated into sandy soil sinoculated with Scytalidium lignicola on the black rotof cassava cv.Father Antonio. The experimentwas conducted withorganic materials, litter (CA) andgoat manure(EC) incorporated into thesandy soilconcentrations(10, 20 and 30%) (v / v). The variables analyzed were disease severity, soil basal respiration, microbial biomass carbonsamples, the chemical (pH, P, Na andK) and biochemical attribute sand alkaline phosphatase and urease. The suppressive treatments with greater powers to black rotof cassava were EC 10and 20%and CA20 and 30%. The dose and organic material that performed bettering the suppressiveness of cassava black root, caused by Scytalidium lignicola was EC 10 and 20%.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Silva, A. C. B., Teodoro, A. V., Oliveira, E. E., Rêgo, A. S., Silva, R. R.",2013,Toxicity of neem oil to the cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) (Acari: Tetranychidae),Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research,73,3,10.4067/S0718-58392013000300016,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16415/,"Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.)-derived pesticides have been used against a wide range of agricultural pests including tetranychid mites. Approaches combining lethal and sublethal toxicity studies of neem pesticides towards tetranychid mites are necessary to a comprehensive evaluation of such products. Here, we evaluated the lethal and sublethal toxicity of the neem oil Bioneem to the cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) by integrating lethal concentration (LC) with population growth and biological parameter studies. According to Probit analyses the concentration of neem oil Bioneem which kills 50% of the population (LC50) of M. tanajoa was 3.28 mu L cm(-2), which is roughly twice the field concentration recommended of this biopesticide to control pest mites (1.7 mu L cm(-2)). The growth rate of the cassava green mite steadily decreased with dosages of neem oil. Furthermore, sublethal concentrations of the neem oil corresponding to the LC50 reduced the periods of the immature stages of M. tanajoa resulting in a shorter developmental time. Similarly, the number of eggs per day and the number of eggs per female per day, a proxy for fecundity, were drastically reduced in M. tanajoa females exposed to the LC50 of neem oil. Based on our comprehensive approach we conclude that the neem oil showed lethal as well as sublethal toxicity on growth rate and biological parameters such as duration of immature stages and fecundity of the cassava green mite M. tanajoa and it could be used as an ecological alternative for the management of this pest.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Silva, A. S., Mota, T. A., Fernandes, M. G., Kassab, S. O.",2014,"Sequential sampling of Bemisia tuberculata (Bondar, 1923) (Hemiptera Aleyrodidae) on cassava crop",Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias,86,2,10.1590/0001-37652014117212,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16419/,"Estimate efficiently of the whitefly population (Bemisia tuberculata Bondar) in cassava, to assist in decision making of pest control is one of the advantages of sequential sampling plans. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine a sequential sampling plan according to two methods of pest management, using biological and/or chemical control. Samples were obtained in a commercial field of 2.500,00 m2, divided into 100 plots. The visualization method was used for sampling of the upper leaves by counting the number of adults. In total 15 samples were taken weekly from January to April 2012. The spatial distribution model which best fit to the behavior of B. tuberculata adults was the negative binomial distribution. Levels adapted for biological and chemical control were five and twenty adults per plant, respectively. Sampling plans resulted in two decisions for each proposed method. Thus, for population control the upper limit was defined as S1= 4.2056 + 2.1540n (biological) and S1= 20.219 + 10.4306n (chemical); and the lower limit where the pest control is not recommended was defined by S0= -4.2056 + 2.1540n (biological) and S0= -20.219 + 10.4306n (chemical). Sequential sampling estimated the maximum number of sample units necessary for decision-making of three samples with 1.34 adults for biological control and 3.85 sample units with 7.39 adult pests for chemical control.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Silva, R. M. G., Figueiredo, P. A., Peixoto, E. C. T. M., Silva, L. P.",2014,"Antioxidant activity and determination of total phenol contents, carotenoids, beta-carotene, lycopene and zinc in white, yellow and pinkish varieties of Manihot esculenta Crantz",Bioscience Journal,30,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16421/,"There are cassava varieties that present compounds as carotenoids, beta-carotene, lycopene and minerals important for human and animal health. The present study evaluated the antioxidant activity of the white, yellow and pinkish varieties of Manihot esculenta, by mean of the DPPH test and by the ferrous ion-chelating activity. Furthermore, the total phenols, carotenoids, beta-carotene, lycopene and zinc contents were also determined. Utilizing the DPPH test it was possible to find that extracts of boiled samples presented higher antioxidant activity (89.53% - pinkish) in comparison to the fresh samples (1.97% - white). For the ferrous ion-chelating test, the highest activity was found for the boiled pinkish variety extract (63.43%) and the lowest was for fresh yellow extract (17.34%) the white sample did not present activity. The highest concentration of total phenols and zinc content was obtained for the boiled pinkish variety extract 136.12 mg EAG/g of extract and 0,811ppm, respectively, in the concentration of 1000 g/mL. The pinkish variety presented also higher quantity of pigments, including carotenoid (29.40 g/g), beta-carotene (9.14 g/100g) and lycopene (68.92%). According to the results obtained in this study it was possible to conclude that the yellow and pinkish varieties of M. esculenta present quantity of phenolic compounds and minerals sufficient to attribute the antioxidant activity and may thus contribute to reduce oxidative damage and be used as nutraceuticals or directly ingested in the diet to maintain good health.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Silva, H. R. F., Lopes Melo, V., Dourado Pacheco, D., Muniz de Assis, Y. J., dos Reis Sales, H.",2014,Dry matter and micronutrients accumulation in cassava intercropped with banana tree,Pesquisa Agropecuaria Tropical,44,1,10.1590/S1983-40632014000100008,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16424/,"Cassava is an important intercropping plant. However, there is little information on its dry matter accumulation and partitioning, as well as micronutrient demand, when it is intercropped with fruit trees. The study was conducted in Januria, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, in 2010-2011, aiming at evaluating the dry matter and micronutrients accumulation in cassava intercropped with irrigated banana tree. A randomized blocks design, with four replications, was used, with treatments consisting of 14 sampling periods, from sowing to harvest. At each sampling period, plants were classified as shoots (stems and leaves) and roots, for determining their dry matter and contents of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. The dry matter and micronutrients accumulation fitted a sigmoidal growth pattern. The shoot dry matter accumulation increased up to 200 days after planting (DAP), stabilizing thereafter up to the end of the crop cycle. For roots, the dry matter accumulation was continuous up to the end of the cycle. From 250 DAP, roots became the main dry matter accumulation organ. Micronutrients accumulation in cassava plants occured in the following order Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu. It was concluded that the cultivation of cassava intercropped with banana tree is viable, provided there is a proper availability of micronutrients required by plants.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Silveira, H. M., Ferreira, E. A., Silva, D. V., Neto, M. D. C., Carvalho, F. P., Santos, J. B., Silva, A. A.",2013,Physiological characteristics of cassava cultivars after mesotrione application,Planta Daninha,31,2,10.1590/S0100-83582013000200018,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16440/,"Efficiency of the photosynthetic rate and water use was evaluated in cassava cultivars (Coimbra, Platina, IAC-12, Coqueiro, and Cacau-UFV), sprayed with five mesotrione rates (0, 72, 108, 144, and 216 g ha-1). CO2 consumed, internal carbon, photosynthetic rate, water vapor stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, leaf temperature, and water use efficiency were assessed 45 days after application of the herbicide. Platina cultivar was found to be less affected by mesotrione. Only in this cultivar, the applied rates of 144 and 216 g ha-1 did not alter the photosynthetic rate of the plants. The leaf temperature of the cassava cultivars was not affected by the herbicide, either; however, reduced water use efficiency was observed in the Coqueiro cultivar.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Simmons, Robert, Noble, Andrew D., Lefroy, R. D. B.",2001,"International Workshop on Nutrient Balances for Sustainable Agricultural Production and Natural Resource Management in Southeast Asia, Bangkok, Thailand, 20-22 February 2001 selected papers and presentations",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16449/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"B.M., Nestel, M., Graham",1977,"Cassava as animal feed. Proceedings of a workshop held at the University of Guelph, 18-20 April 1977",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1645/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Simoons, J.",1960,"Manioc in Africa - Jones,Wo",Geographical Review,50,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16455/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Simwambana, M.S.C. (Department of Agriculture, Mansa (Zambia). Luapula Regional Research Station)",1983,A preliminary survey of the cassava mealy-bug (coccids) infestation in Luapula Province (Zambia),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16458/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Simwambana, M.S.C., Ferguson, T.U., Osiru, D.S.O.",1992,The effects of time to first shoot removal on leaf vegetable quality in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,60,3,10.1002/jsfa.2740600308,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16459/,"A field trial was established on a sandy soil at IITA. Ibadan. Nigeria to investigate the effects of time to first shoot removal on cyanide content and chemical composition of leaves of two cassava clones: TMS 91934 and TMS 30572. Four different times to first shoot removal were imposed on each clone: 8. 14, 20 and 52 weeks after planting (WAP). Shoot removal was repeated at 8‐week intervals until harvesting at 52 WAP. Shoot removal (SR) involved removing the shoot tips just below the most fully expanded leaf. Early shoot removal during the crop growth period (SR at 8 weeks and SR at 14 weeks 14) produced significantly (P < 0.01) more fresh shoot yield than late shoot removal (SR20 and SR52 weeks). Concentrations of crude protein, iron, phosphorus and zinc were higher in the early harvested leaves but declined in concentration with increasing age of the crop (430–280 g kg−1, 680–85 mg kg−1, 88–42 g kg−1, 128–30 mg kg−1, respectively). Leaf HCN concentration was about three times that in tuberous roots (137 mg kg−1 fresh weight compared with 43 mg kg−1 fresh weight). The variation in leaf HCN concentration was not significant for all the treatments over the period.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Simwambana, M.S.C.",1993,Environmental factors modifying the growth and flowering behaviour of four cassava cultivars in Nigeria,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16460/,"Field experiments were conducted at two locations in Nigeria to assess the effects of time of planting, soil type and climatic factors on growth and flowering behaviour of four cassava cultivars. The locations were at IITA in Ibadan, Oyo State and Ubiaja in Edo State. The period of peak flowering occurred between August and October of each year for the four cassava cultivars. Peak flowering was observed to occur during conditions of high rainfall, high relative humidity, high available moisture, moderate temperature, high solar radiation and early planting. Early planted cassava (March) produced more flowers during the first season while the late planting (July) had more flowers in the following season than the early planting. Moisture stress at IITA seemed to inhibit flowering of cultivars TME1 and TME2 compared to Ubiaja. Shading of cassava delayed the first flowering and reduced the number of flowers produced per plant. High relative humidity promoted lower branching height and induced cultivar TMS 91934 to flower. No single environmental factor was responsible for promotion of flowering in these four cassava cultivars. It is recommended that effects of temperature, relative humidity, soil moisture and day length on flowering in cassava should be evaluated under simulated environmental conditions.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Simwambana, M.S.C., Ferguson, T.U., Osiru, D.S.O., Hahn, S.K.",1994,Effect of time to first shoot removal and the amount of shoots removed on the yield and quality of cassava leaves and tubers,Tropical Agriculture,71,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16461/,"The effect of time to first shoot removal and the amount of shoots removed on the yield and quality of cassava leaves and tubers were investigated in two experiments carried out at IITA, Nigeria using two cassava varieties, TMS 30572 and TMS 91934. Four different times to first shoot removal, 8, 14, 20, and 52 weeks after planting (WAP), i.e. SR8, SR14, SR20, and SR52, and five different amounts of shoot harvested no shoot removed, tip only, tip and two fully developed leaves, tip and five fully developed leaves, and plucking the youngest leaves, excluding the apical shoot (SR1, SR2, SR3, SR4, and SR5), were imposed at 8 WAP and repeated after every 8 weeks for 52 weeks. The time to first shoot removal and the amount of shoots removed did not affect the tuber yield of the two cassava varieties. Detopping starting at 14 WAP (SR14) and repeated at an interval of 8 weeks gave the highest fresh shoot for vegetable. Plucking of a high proportion of older leaves (SR5) had a higher HCN concentration than the other shoot removal treatments. Leaf Ca concentration increased with an increase in proportion of fully developed leaves harvested while the crude protein and P concentrations decreased.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Simwambana, M.S.C., Ekanayake, I.J., Ferguson, T.U.",1998,Growth and flowering behaviour of four cassava genotypes in two soil types and locations in southern Nigeria,Tropical Agriculture,75,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16462/,"Flower initiation in some plant species is associated with the physical and chemical soil characteristics such as the availability of certain mineral elements and soil moisture status. The objective was to examine the effects of soil physicochemical traits on the differential flowering and growth habits of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Three trials were established at two locations, Ibadan and Ubiaja in southern Nigeria, on two soil types, sandy loam (Ferric Luvisols, Ibadan) and loamy sand (Dystric Nitisol, Ubiaja) soils at different planting times. Four genotypes, local landraces and shy flowering, improved and profusely flowering, were compared. Plant growth, days to branching, branching events, days to flowering, and flowering events were better for all genotypes in Ubiaja soil than in Ibadan soil. Soil type alone did not explain the differential flowering behaviour of shy and profuse flowering genotypes. Flowering behaviour supported the multifactorial flower induction theory where soil characteristics were but one of the interacting modulating climatic factors determining flowering.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Singh, A. P., Nair, R. G.",1968,Pollen Abnormalities in Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz),Current Science,37,16,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16479/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Singh, J.R.P., Singh, K.P., Mishra, S.",1978,Performance of cassava clones in Bihar,South Indian horticulture,v. 26,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16481/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Singh, T.P.",1982,The mealybug problem and its control,"Root Crops in Eastern Africa: Proceedings of a workshop held in Kigali, Rwanda, 23-27 November 1980",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16486/,"Although only recently introduced to Africa, the mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) has been reported to cause yield reduction of 57-85%. It is a dry-season pest and proliferates rapidly at temperatures between 27 degrees and 29 degrees centigrade. It multiplies parthenogenetically, and a single female is sufficient to cause infestation. In the field, the pest is spread by wind and, over large distances, through the movement of infested planting material. Control of the pest is being investigated through both short-term (cultural and chemical) and long-term (biological and resistance-breeding) measures, and some progress has been made. For instance, studies on cultural control have revealed that early planting and mulching of the cassava crop can reduce the damage from the pest and that chemical treatment of planting material is desirable, although chemical control does not seem feasible in areas, such as Zaire, where the cassava leaves are eaten as a vegetable. Parasites and predators found in Zaire have been of little help in controlling the mealybug; therefore, biological control agents will have to come from outside the country. Resistance to mealybug has been identified both in wild and in cultivated cassava types. Some problems, however, have been encountered in the use of this resistance.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Singh, B.B., Larbi, A., Tabo, R., Dixon, A.G.O.",2004,Trends in development of crop varieties for improved crop-livestock systems in West Africa,"Sustainable crop-livestock production for improved livelihoods and natural resource management in West Africa: Proceedings of an international conference held at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Ibadan, Nigeria, 19-22 November 2001",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16493/,"High population growth and consequent pressure for food is driving agriculture towards greater intensification in West Africa. However, due to inadequate use/availability of farm manure and fertilisers, there is a continuous decline in soil fertility and overall crop productivity. This trend must be reversed. Accelerated crop-livestock integration and better manure and crop residue management will help increase productivity without affecting sustainability. With declining per capita availability of land and other farm resources in West Africa, farmers are unable to grow food and fodder separately and therefore crop residues must be the major source of feed if livestock are to be integrated into the farming system. Consequently, concerted efforts are being made by national and international agricultural research institutions to develop improved dual-purpose crop varieties with higher grain and fodder yields and enhanced nutritional attributes. Good genetic variability for grain and fodder yields, crude protein, dry matter digestibility, nitrogen retention and lignin and tannin contents have been observed in maize, sorghum, pearl millet, cowpea, groundnut, soybean, cassava and sweet potato, all crops that are major sources of food and fodder in West Africa. High-yielding dual purpose varieties have also been developed in several crops which are catalysing Development of improved crop-livestock systems through mufti-centre collaboration and holistic research approaches. This paper reviews the progress made.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"B.O., Njoku, W.O., Enwezor",1991,Differential response of four cassava cultivars (Manihot esculenta) to liming of two acid soils in pot and field experiments,,v. 28,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1650/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Singh, U., Praharaj, C. S., Singh, S. S., Singh, N. P.",2016,"Biofortification: Introduction, approaches, limitations, and challenges",Biofortification of Food Crops,,,10.1007/978-81-322-2716-8_1,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16502/,"Micronutrient malnutrition is known to affect more than half of the worlds population and considered to be among the most serious global challenges to humankind. Modern plant breeding has been historically oriented toward achieving high agronomic yields rather than nutritional quality, and other efforts related to alleviating the problem have been primarily through industrial fortification or pharmaceutical supplementation. Micronutrient malnutrition or the hidden hunger is very common among women and preschool children caused mainly by low dietary intake of micronutrients, especially Zn and Fe. Biofortification, the process of increasing the bioavailable concentrations of essential elements in edible portions of crop plants through agronomic intervention or genetic selection, may be the solution to malnutrition or hidden hunger mitigation. The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research has been investigating the genetic potential to increase bioavailable Fe and Zn in staple food crops such as rice, wheat, maize, common beans, and cassava.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Singh, T. P., Lutaladio, N. B.",1982,Zaire,"Root Crops in Eastern Africa: Proceedings of a workshop held in Kigali, Rwanda, 23-27 November 1980",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16504/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Sinha, S. K., Nair, T. V. R.",1968,Studies on Variability of Cyanogenic Glucoside Content in Cassava Tubers,Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,38,6,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16506/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sinha, S.K., Magoon, M.L., Indira, P.",1970,Note on the possibility of controlling increased cyanoglucoside content in cassava tubers caused by higher application of nitrogen,Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16507/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sinha, S.K., Nair, T.V.R.",1971,Leaf area during growth and yielding capacity of cassava,Indian J Genet Plant Breeding,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16508/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sinha, G.",2007,GM technology develops in the developing world,Science,315,5809,10.1126/science.315.5809.182,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16509/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"B.O., Ugwu, O., Ajobo, G., Orkwor",1993,"Cassava research, production and utilization in Nigeria",Product Development for Root and Tuber Crops: Volume III - Africa,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1651/,"Cassava is a major staple food crop in Nigeria supplying about 70 of the daily calorie intake of over 50 million Nigerians. Although cassva is cultivated in 19 states in Nigeria, the bulk of production is grown in only three. Cassava is mainly for human consumption. About 70 % of all cassava harvested is processed into gari. There is great potential for processed cassava products, including starch and as a carbohydrate base in poultry feed. Several research institutes in Nigeria do work on cassava. This includes development of new varieties, integrated pest management, agronomy, and processing.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Sinthuprama, Sophon",1978,Varietal improvement of cassava in Thailand,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16512/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sinthuprama, S., Tiraporn, C.",1986,Improving the productivity of cassava in Thailand,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16514/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Siregar, Masdjidin, Suryadi, Muhammad",2006,Enhancing sustainable development of diverse agriculture in Indonesia,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16527/,"This report is the outcome of the first phase of the AGRIDIV project (Identification of pulling factors for enhancing the sustainable development of diverse agriculture in selected Asian countries), which was carried out in 2003-2004. Based on the availability of secondary data, five major CGPRT crops grown in Indonesia are studied in detail to examine the sustainable development of diverse agriculture. The crops include maize, soybean, groundnut, cassava, potato and sweet potato. In addition, rice, as the major staple food in Indonesia, is included and rice-related policies affect resource allocation and therefore affect the development of CGPRT crops.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"B.S., Ghuman, R., Lal, W., Shearer",1991,Land clearing and use in the humid Nigerian tropics. I. Soil physical properties,,v. 55,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1654/,"Soil physical properties are affected by land clearing use. Long-range planning in the humid tropics requires monitoring of these effects for an extended period of time. The effects of two land-clearing methods and six land-use systems on soil physical properties of an Ultisol were studied for 4 yr in the humid coastal belt of Nigeria. The land-clearing methods were bulldozer clearing with a shear blade and manual clearing. The six land-use systems were comprised of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)-based cropping, oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)-based cropping, alley cropping, plantain (Musa spp.), pasture, and improved forestry, all under no-tillage. Soil physical properties were measured 90 d after clearing prior to planting, and at 2 and 4 yr after cropping. The soil texture of the 0-10 cm layer was not affected by clearing methods. Soil compaction increased to 30 cm with shear blade and 20 cm with manual clearing. With respect to the forested control, shear blade and manual clearing increased the bulk density in the 0- to 10-cm layer by 22 and 14%, respectively. The bulk density in the surface layer after 2 yr of cropping was significantly more for the pasture than the other systems. Three months after clearing, the steady infiltration rates were 89, 20 and 32 cm h-1 in the forested control and shear-blade and manually cleared plots, respectively. Infiltration rate increased to 47 and 51 cm h-1 in the shear-blade cleared and increased to 290 and then decreased to 156 cm h-1 in the manually cleared plots after 2 and 4 yr cropping, respectively.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Sison, J.A.",2008,ASA-IM SEA [American Soybean Association-International Marketing Southeast Asia] study tour a bountiful harvest of feed and animal health ideas from Thailand,Agriculture (Philippines),v. 12,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16549/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Boerboom, B.W.J.",1978,A model of dry matter distribution in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science,26,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1655/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Sison, J.A.",2008,Thailand's underground ally' the amazing cassava part 2 of three parts,,v. 12,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16552/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sitompul, S.M., Nurcahyani, Soemarjo, Pd.",1983,Effect of peanut plant population on the yield of peanut and cassava in an intercropping system,Agrivita,6,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16554/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sittibusaya, C., Tiraporn, C., Tongglum, A., Cenpukdee, U., Vichukit, V., Jantawat, S., Howeler, R.H.",1995,Recent progress in cassava agronomy research in Thailand,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy Research and Technology Transfer in Asia, Proceedings of the fourth regional workshop held in Trivandrum, Kerala, India, Nov 2-6, 1993",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16557/,"The paper reviews the available data and current activities on agronomic aspects of cassava in Thailand. These activities were carried out by various national research programs in collaboration with CIAT during 1990-1993. The review shows that the inherent fertility of cassava soils has been depleted due to long-term cassava monocropping without sufficient replacement of plant nutrients, and from degradative processes of soil erosion, root yields due to nutrient stress, water stress and top soil loss by erosion. Variability in production and income is a major characteristic of cassava cropping in Thailand. The challenge remains for research to take an integrated approach, involving all aspects of soil water, fertility and crop management in the program.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Sivan, P.",1977,Evaluation of local cassava varieties in Fiji,Fiji Agricultural Journal,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16562/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sivan, P.",1979,Postharvest durability of fresh roots of cassava varieties in Fiji and storage of roots in moist sawdust,Fiji Agricultural Journal,v. 41,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16563/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Skovgård, H., Tomkiewicz, J., Nachman, G., Münster-Swendsen, M.",1993,The effect of the cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa on the growth and yield of cassava Manihot esculenta in a seasonally dry area in Kenya,Experimental & Applied Acarology,17,01-Feb,10.1007/BF00156943,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16571/,"The effect of the cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa on the growth and yield of cassava Manihot esculenta was studied over a 10-month period in two field trials near Lake Victoria in Kenya. One plot was maintained free of mites by means of acaricide, while the other was artificially infested.

The highest population density of M. tanajoa occurred during the dry season. A maximum leaf area index (LAI) of about 2 was reached at the onset of the dry season. The total leaf area of mite infested plants was reduced compared with uninfested plants during the dry spell. During the following rainy season infested plants recovered and attained the same leaf area as uninfested plants. A multiple regression model predicting the leaf area showed that 58% of the seasonal variation could be explained by plant age, soil water, and leaf injury.

The net growth rate of infested plants was lower than that of uninfested plants. Maximum values of 21 (infested plants) and 49 (uninfested plants) g m-2 week-1 were attained at the onset of the second rainy season. No difference was found between uninfested and infested plants with respect to net assimilation rates per unit leaf area during the dry season. The net assimilation rates reached a maximum almost at the same time as the growth rates, but the infested plants peaked slightly earlier and at a lower level than the uninfested plants.

M. tanajoa did not affect the relative allocation of dry matter into stems and storage roots, but the absolute allocation of dry matter declined with increasing mite injury. Thus, after 10 months the dry matter of infested plants was reduced by 29% and 21% for storage roots and stems, respectively, compared with the uninfested plants.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Smith, B. G. C.",1970,Variety trials with Amani cassava in the Seychelles,East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal,35,3,10.1080/00128325.1970.11662414,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16580/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Smith, N.",1985,A plague on manioc,Geographical Magazine,v. 57,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16581/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Smith, L. (International Center of Tropical Agriculture, Cali, Colombia.), Cuellar, M.E., Melo, E.L.",1996,Evaluating prey preference by several phytoseiid predators for Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) and M. caribbeanae McGregor (Acari Tetranychidae) in cassava,,v. 7,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16589/,"Five phytoseiid predators from the dry regions of Colombia and Ecuador, which are candidate classical biological control agents of the cassava green mite, were evaluated for preference of the predominant indigenous prey, Mononychellus caribbeanae McGregor, and the target prey, Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar). Preference by adult female phytoseiids was measured in two-choice, split-leaf-disk experiments using four parameters consumption of prey eggs, consumption of prey immatures, location of phytoseiid eggs, and periodic observations of the location of the foraging adult female phytoseiid. None of the phytoseiid species showed any preference with respect to the consumption of prey tetranychid eggs. Galendromus helveolus Denmark, Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor), and Neoseiulus idaeus Denmark and Muma showed substantial preference for M. tanajoa. Typhlodromalus tenuiscutus McMurtry and Moraes was the only species that failed to show a preference for either tetranychid for any of the parameters. Typhlodromalus manihoti (Moraes) showed a preference only for M. tanajoa immatures. None of the phytoseiids exhibited a preference for M. caribbeanae in any of the assays, so they can all be considered suitable biological control candidates with respect to preference for these two prey species. The results are compared with results from previously published olfactometer studies",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Nestel, B., Cock, J.",1976,Cassava: The Development of an International Research Network,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1659/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Soares, M. A., Leite, G. L. D., Zanuncio, J. C., Ferreira, C. S., Rocha, S. L., de Sa, V. G. M.",2014,Assessment of Trichogramma species (Hymenoptera Trichogrammatidae) for biological control in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Acta Scientiarum-Agronomy,36,4,10.4025/actasciagron.v36i4.17744,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16604/,"Cassava is the sixth most important crop in the world, and it is attacked by many pests, such as Erinnyis ello (L.) (Lepidoptera Sphingidae). This lepidopteran pest has natural enemies that can efficiently control its population, such as Trichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera Trichogrammatidae). The objective of this research was to assess the flight capacity, parasitism and emergence of Trichogramma pretiosum, T. marandobai and T. demoraesi and to select the most efficient species among them for biological control programs. The flight capacity of these species was assessed in test units consisting of a plastic PVC cylinder with a rigid, transparent plastic circle on the upper portion of the cylinder and an extruded polystyrene disk to close the bottom of the cylinder. A tube was placed in each test unit containing a card with 300 Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera Pyralidae) eggs that had been parasitised by Trichogramma. These cards were later assessed to determine the parasitism rate and adult emergence of these natural enemies. Trichogramma pretiosum presented the highest flight capacity (68 +/- 5%), parasitism (74 +/- 2%) and percentage of adults emerged (91 +/- 3%) in the laboratory, making this species suitable for mass rearing and release in biological control programs.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Soares, P. F. C., Zuchello, F., dos Anjos, L. H. C., Pereira, M. G., de Oliveira, A. P. P.",2015,"Soil attributes and C and N variation in histosols under different agricultural usages in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil",Bioscience Journal,31,5,10.14393/BJ-v31n5a2015-26365,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16606/,"Histosols are a natural reservoir of C in the soil, and their drainage followed by other farming practices leads to subsidence and soil organic matter transformations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of use and management of Histosols, by means of characterizing chemical and physical properties, and the content of SOM and humic fractions; and quantifying C and N stocks. In addition, to obtain preliminary data on greenhouse gas emissions (CO<inf>2</inf>, N<inf>2</inf>O) in Histosol areas with different agricultural practices. Three areas were selected with similar soil and environment, two in Maca municipality, under pasture, and with bean annual crop rotation, and the third in Santa Cruz, Rio de Janeiro city, cultivated with cassava (Manihot esculenta). The attributes evaluated were physical - bulk density (BD), particle density (Dp), organic matter density (OMD), mineral matter (MM), mineral residue (MR), aggregate stability; and chemical - pH, exchangeable cations, soil organic matter (SOM), carbon in the humin (HUM-C), humic acid (HAF-C) and fulvic acid (FAF-C) fractions; stocks of C and N; and flux of CO<inf>2</inf> and N<inf>2</inf>O. In general, the area cultivated with cassava had the highest values for exchangeable cations, as a result of fertilizer and soil management practices. The cassava site showed the highest values of BD and Dp; total volume of pores; MM, MR and OMD and higher degree of transformation of SOM; indicating higher alteration of Histosols properties under this usage. In all sites, the C levels indicated dominance of humin fraction. The SOM and C and N stocks were highest in the pasture, indicating preservation of organic matter, with values from 115.92 to 99.35Mg ha-1 of C e 8.35 to 4.45 Mg ha-1 for N. The values of CO<inf>2</inf>-C flux were within the range proposed by the IPCC, where the highest emission was 0.09 Mg CO<inf>2</inf> ha-1 day-1 in the pasture site. The values of N<inf>2</inf>O-N flux were lower than proposed by the IPCC, with the highest value (270 g N<inf>2</inf>O-N m-2 day-1) in the area under beans (crop rotation). In general, the multivariate analyses discriminated the sites and the pasture was the usage that least affected the Histosols properties. 2015, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia. All rights reserved.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"B., Odongo, G.W., Otim Nape",1984,Control of the cassava green mite [Mononychellus tanajoa] in Uganda,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1662/,"Investigations were conducted at Serere Agricultural Research Station (eastern Uganda) to identify and promote resistance of cassava to Mononychellus tanajoa, the most destructive arthropod pest of cassava in the country. Six cassava families that were imported from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nigeria, as seeds and included in the breeding program exhibited different degrees of hairiness of leaf surface. When they were subjected to severe mite attack during the dry season, their resistance correlated with the number of hairs on the leaves. This information helped in selecting cassava varieties with high mite resistance.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Soenarjo, R.",1989,Characteristics of improved cassava clones,Sveriges Utsaedesfoerenings Tidskrift (Sweden),99,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16624/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"B., Mohankumar, S., Kabeerathumma, P.G., Nair",1984,"Soil fertility management of tuber crops [cassava, sweet potato, Colocasia, Dioscorea sp., India]",Indian Farming,v. 33,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1663/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sohsalam, P.",2011,Potential of six plant species for food processing wastewater treatment in wetland,Thai Journal of Agricultural Science,44,5,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16632/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Sokari, T.G.",1972,Improving the nutritional quality of ogi and gari,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16637/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Nambisan, B., Sundaresan, S., Padmaja, G.",1984,Tuber crops in human nutrition,Indian Farming,33,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1665/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ugwu, B.",1996,Increasing cassava production in Nigeria and prospects for sustaining the trend,Outlook on Agriculture,25,3,10.1177/003072709602500307,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1667/,"In terms of consumption, cassava is the most important root crop in Nigeria. It is also an important source of cash income, as about 45% of total output is marketed by the producer. Cassava production is increasing because purchased inputs are being used, processing and marketing infrastructures are available, and there is a market for cassava, mainly for human consumption. This market could be broadened to include non-food uses and export, and production could be expanded given the appropriate inputs and extension strategies. Another possibility is to improve upon the existing postharvest technology, making it more suitable for adoption by rural households. Market demand, an efficient input delivery system and the availability of appropriate postharvest and marketing infrastructures will help to sustain the trend of increasing cassava production in Nigeria.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Soni, Peeyush, Taewichit, Chakkrapong, Salokhe, Vilas M.",2013,Energy consumption and CO emissions in rainfed agricultural production systems of Northeast Thailand,Agricultural Systems,116,,10.1016/j.agsy.2012.12.006,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16685/,"Farm mechanization has been progressively increasing in Thailand for the past decades. Consumption and abuse of energy intensive inputs, machinery and agro-chemicals is increasingly propagated into agricultural production systems. Effects of energy intensive input utilization and farm technologies are directly associated especially with farm economic and atmospheric issues. This warrants the need of energy input–output analyses coupled with its environmental dimension. This paper presents the energy input–output analyses of different agricultural activities and fresh pond-culture (polyculture), for which data were collected from 46 rainfed integrated agricultural production systems (IAPSs) of 281 farm plots surveyed. Total energy consumption including non-renewable energy input (NREI), direct and indirect energy input, and system efficiency are calculated and compared for different crops. Resource-wise energy input utilization and energy consumed by farm operations are also discussed for different crops. Further, this study simultaneously relates energy consumption in agricultural production systems associated with their corresponding greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission – presented in terms of total carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e). Results reveal noticeable variations in energy consumption and CO2e emissions from various agricultural production activities. The study reveals that the maximum energy consumer is cassava (32.4 GJ ha−1). Major energy input consumption for all productions are indicated by fossil fuel (diesel oil) as fresh pond-culture depended on fish feed. Transplanted rice provides the highest CO2e emission (1112 kg CO2e ha−1) among crops, in which more than 50% is contributed by methane (CH4).",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Sopheap, U., Patanothai, A., Aye, T. M.",2012,Nutrient balances for cassava cultivation in Kampong Cham province in Northeast Cambodia,International Journal of Plant Production,6,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16700/,"In Cambodia, cassava is mostly grown with little or no fertilizer inputs, but the magnitudes of nutrient balances are not known. This study was conducted to assess nutrient balances for cassava cultivation in Kampong Cham province in Northeast Cambodia. Forty five households in four cassava production zones were interviewed in relation to their cultural practices and crop residue management, upon which sources of nutrient inputs and outputs were based. Chemical fertilizer, manure, planting materials and rainfall were the defined inputs, while cassava roots and stumps were the outputs. Crop cutting was undertaken in the cassava fields of the 45 households to obtain weights of roots and other plant parts. Nutrient balances were calculated for the individual fields based on nutrient contents of the component sources obtained from the literatures. The results showed negative balances for all the nutrients evaluated. The imbalances were most serious for N, K and Ca with the averages of -64.45 kg N, -52.83 kg K and -10.83 kg Ca ha -1, but were less serious for P and Mg with the averages of -2.85 kg P and -7.20 kg Mg ha -1. These negative balances were the consequence of low nutrient inputs in current practices where only a few farmers applied low rates of chemical fertilizer or manure. Continued use of current practices will threaten the sustainability of cassava production in Cambodia. For long term productivity of the crop, the application of organic manures together with lime and chemical fertilizers high in N and K is recommended.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Soselisa, Hermien L., Roy, Ellen",2013,"The Management of Cassava Toxicity and Its Changing Sociocultural Context in the Kei Islands, Eastern Indonesia",Ecology of Food and Nutrition,52,,10.1080/03670244.2012.751913,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16721/,"Over a period of 150 years the Kei Islands have undergone environmental change, from rainforest to dryland savanna woodland. This has been accompanied by a shift in starch staple from sago, tubers, and grain to cassava. We show how this has been an effective ecological adaptation with social ramifications, not least the adoption of bitter cassava as a cultural identity marker. One of the problems of bitter cassava diets where people have become dependent upon them in poor parts of the Old World tropics are the effects of toxicity. We show how through a combination of factors and strategies this has not been a major issue in the Kei Islands, and how through a government-assisted agricultural project, attempts are being made to build upon this successful transition. The viability of present trends are evaluated.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Soto Sedano, J., Mora Moreno, R. E., Calle, F., Lpez Carrascal, C. E.",2017,QTL identification for cassava bacterial blight resistance under natural infection conditions,Acta Biologica Colombiana,22,1,10.15446/abc.v22n1.57951,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16733/,"Cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz, represents the main food source for more than one billion people. Cassavas production is affected by several diseases, one of the most serious is cassava bacterial blight (CBB) caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (Xam). A quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis for CBB resistance was performed under natural infection conditions, using a mapping population of 99 full-sibs genotypes highly segregant and a SNP-based high dense genetic map. The phenotypic evaluation was carried out in Puerto Lpez, Meta, Colombia, during the rainy season in 2015. Both resistant and susceptible transgressive segregants were detected in the mapping population. Through a non-parametric interval mapping analysis, two QTL were detected, explaining 10.9 and 12.6 % of phenotypic variance of resistance to field CBB. After a bioinformatics exploration four genes were identified in the QTL intervals. This work represents a contribution to the elucidation of the molecular bases of quantitative cassava resistance to Xam. 2016, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. All rights reserved.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Souissi, R., LeRu, B.",1997,"Effect of host plants on fecundity and development of Apoanagyrus lopezi, an endoparasitoid of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti",Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata,82,2,10.1046/j.1570-7458.1997.00135.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16737/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Souissi, R., Le Ru, B.",1998,Influence of the host plant of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera Pseudococcidae) on biological characteristics of its parasitoid Apoanagyrus lopezi (Hymenoptera Encyrtidae),Bulletin of Entomological Research,88,1,10.1017/S0007485300041572,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16739/,"The influence of the host plant of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile Ferrero on the encyrtid parasitoid Apoanngyrus lopezi De Santis was studied in the laboratory. Four different host plants were used two cultivars of cassava, Manihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae), cv. Incoza and cv. MM79; Faux caoutchouc, a hybrid of M. esculenta x M glaziovii; and talinum Talinum triangularae (Portulacaceae), a common weed in cassava fields. Plants were selected for different levels of antibiotic resistance to P. manihoti. Mealybug mortality due to host feeding by the adult parasitoid and the percentage of mealybugs parasitized were significantly lower when mealybugs were reared on the Manihot cultivars and hybrid than when reared on talinum. However, the encapsulation rate was significantly lower in P. manihoti reared on talinum. The highest percentage parasitism and the lowest rate of emergence were recorded on cv. Incoza, the most resistant Manihot cultivar. The sex ratio did not vary significantly with the host plant used. The total developmental time and size of male and female progeny of A. lopezi differed significantly between P. manihoti reared on different host plants. Among Manihot plants, parasitoid size was positively correlated with development time and negatively with plant resistance. Results suggest that the parasitoid, A. lopezi, might perform better if cassava cultivars were selected for their strong antixenosis but low antibiotic characteristics.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Souissi, R., Nenon, J. P., Le Rü, B.",1998,"Tritrophic interactions between host plants, the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Horn., Pseudococcidae) and its parasitoid Apoanagyrus lopezi De Santis (Hym., Encyrtidae)",Journal of Applied Entomology,122,09-Oct,10.1111/j.1439-0418.1998.tb01545.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16740/,"The influence of the host plant on the parasitism of third instar Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero by Apoanagyrus (Epidinocarsis) lopezi De Santis, was investigated under laboratory conditions. Four different host plants were used two cassava varieties (Incoza and Zanaga, Manihot esculenta Crantz, Euphorbiaceae), the Faux caoutchouc (FC) (a hybrid of M. esculenta and Manihot glaziovii, Euphorbiaceae) and Talinum (Talinum triangularae Jack., Portulacaceae). The percentage of parasitism of P. manihoti by A. lopezi varied significantly between host plants and was 1.5 to 1.8 higher on Talinum than on the plants of the Manihot genus. The parasitism on Incoza did not differ from the one on Zanaga but was significantly higher than that on FC. The percentage of mummified hosts also differed among the four plants and was lower on FC (80.5%) than on the others. A significantly lower percentage of emerged parasitoids (69.5%) was recorded with the Incoza variety, which was the most resistant cassava plant. The total mealybug mortality due to parasitoid activity was significantly higher on Talinum than on the others. The results for the Manihot plants suggest that the probability of achieving successful augmentative biological control will be greater on the plants of the M. esculenta species despite lower A. lopezi survival on Incoza due to its high level of antibiosis resistance. Talinum would be a better host plant for a mass rearing of the host and the parasitoid in the laboratory.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Souissi, R., Le Ru, B.",1999,Behavioural responses of the endoparasitoid Apoanagyrus lopezi to odours of the host and host's cassava plants,Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata,90,2,10.1046/j.1570-7458.1999.00441.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16742/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"South West Region Agricultural Rehabilitation Project SWRARP, Mbarara (Uganda)",1993,South West Region Agricultural Rehabilitation Project semi annual report January - June 1993,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16750/,"During this period the major emphasis of the project was farmer training, project identification for income generation, on-station and on-farm trials for beans, chickpeas, cassava, sweet potatoes, maize, wheat, soya beans, groundnuts, bananas, alley farming and agroforestry on-station trials at Rubare and Kalengyere. There were 144 on-farm trials on the above crops and banana weevil control, chickpea demnstrations as well as farmer training which due to bureaucracy credit disbursement was delayed. Details are in the report",Excluded,Cannot Find
"South West Region Agricultural Rehabilitation Project SWRARP, Mbarara (Uganda)",1993,South West Region Agricultural Rehabilitation Project semi annual report July - December 1993,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16751/,"Activities of SWRARP during the period Jul-Dec are reported. The project goal of increasing food production and raising peoples standards of living were achieved. Techniques and good farming practices were recommended, 33 on-station and 203 on-farm trials were conducted. Main crops tested were Irish potatoes, cassava, beans, soya beans, chick peas, maize, wheat, finger millet and upland rice. Technology adoption was enhanced through farmers day courses, farm demonstrations, field tours and agricultural competitions. 32 community groups were formed, 757 beneficiaries received credit, 300 Km of feeder roads were improved. The detailed components of these items are in the report",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sparshott, F.",1982,'Manioc',Queens Quarterly,89,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16781/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Spencer, D.S.C. (International Inst. of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria))",1988,Resource and crop management program,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16786/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Splittstoesser, W.E., Tunya, G.O.",1992,Crop physiology of cassava,Horticultural Reviews,13,,10.1002/9780470650509.ch3,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16797/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ba, R., Alfa, T., Gbaguidi, F., Novidzro, K. M., Dotse, K., Koudouvo, K., Houngue, U., Hounsode, M. T. D., Koumaglo, K. H., Ameyapoh, Y., Baba-Moussa, L.",2017,Maize Fungal Growth Control with Scopoletin of Cassava Roots Produced in Benin,International Journal of Microbiology,2017,,10.1155/2017/5671942,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1680/,"The chemical contamination of food is among the main public health issues in developing countries. With a view to find new natural bioactive products against fungi responsible for chemical contamination of staple food such as maize, the antifungal activity tests of scopoletin extracted from different components of the cassava root produced in Benin were carried out. The dosage of scopoletin from parts of the root (first skin, second skin, whole root, and flesh) was done by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The scopoletin extract was used to assess the activity of 12 strains (11 strains of maize and a reference strain). The presence of scopoletin was revealed in all components of the cassava root. Scopoletin extracted from the first skin cassava root was the most active both as inhibition of sporulation (52.29 to 87.91%) and the mycelial growth (36.51-80.41%). Scopoletin extract from the cassava root skins showed significant inhibitory activity on the tested strains with fungicide concentration (MFC) between 0.0125 mg/mL and 0.1 mg/mL. The antifungal scopoletin extracted from the cassava root skins may be well beneficial for the fungal control of the storage of maize. 2017 Rafiatou Ba et al.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Sraphet, S., Boonchanawiwat, A., Thanyasiriwat, T., Thaikert, R., Whankaew, S., Smith, D. R., Boonseng, O., Lightfoot, D. A., Triwitayakorn, K.",2017,Quantitative trait loci underlying root yield and starch content in an F1 derived cassava population (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Journal of Agricultural Science,155,4,10.1017/S0021859616000678,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16804/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) root yield measured as fresh weight (hereafter root yield) is declining in much of Asia and Africa. The current study aimed to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying both root and starch fresh weights in F 1 cassava. Eight QTL were associated with root yield, underlying 129-400% of the phenotypic variation (PVE). Nine QTL were associated with starch content, underlying 113-273% of the PVE. Quantitative trait loci were identified from four different environments that encompassed two locations and 3 years. Consistent QTL for root yield, YLD5-R11 and YLD8-L09 on linkage group (LG) 16, were detected across years and locations. Quantitative trait loci for starch content, ST3-R09, ST6-R10 and ST7-R11 on LG 11, were found across 3 years. Co-localization of QTL for both traits with positive correlation was detected between YLD3-R10 and ST5-R10 on LG 9. Candidate genes within the QTL that were consistent across multiple environments were identified based on cassava genome sequences. Genes predicted to encode for glycosyl hydrolases, uridine 5'-diphospho-(UDP)-glucuronosyl transferases and UDP-glucosyl transferases were found among the 44 genes located within the region containing the QTL controlling starch content. Sixteen genes predicted to encode proteins that were possibly associated with root yield were identified. The QTL controlling root yield and starch content in the current study will be useful for molecular breeding of cassava through marker-assisted selection. The identification of candidate genes underlying both traits will be useful both as markers and for gene expression studies. 2016 Cambridge University Press.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Sreekumari, M.T., Abhraham, K., Jos, J.S.",1995,Triploids potential in cassava breeding: India research,Yuca Boletin Informativo,19,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16809/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sreekumari, M.T., Abraham, K. (Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Trivandrum (India))",1997,Recent progress in cassava improvement through triploidy,Journal of Root Crops,v. 23,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16811/,Studies on production and evaluation of triploids have indicated the scope of triploidy as a novel tool in cassava improvement. Adjacent plantings of diploids and induced tetraploids were found to yield tripolids through open pollination. Morphological markers were dependable in isolating triploids. Evaluation of progeny lines revealed that parental combinations differed in their ability to produce triploids and also influenced characters like cyanogen content and culinary quality.,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sreeramamurthy, V. V.",1945,Investigations on the nutritive value of tapioca (Manihot utilissima),The Indian Journal of Medical Research,33,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16814/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Srinivas, T., Anantharaman, M.",2000,"Status of cassava production, processing, and marketing in Andhra Pradesh",Technical Bulletin Series 31,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16838/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Srinivas, Tavva",2009,Impact of research investment on Cassava production technologies in India,,v. 53,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16841/,"The present study was an ex-post assessment done to validate past funding on cassava research, based on economic surplus approach. Though cassava was introduced as a food crop in Kerala, India from Brazil, it has changed its status to commercial crop at present in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh states. This was made possible due to intensive research and development efforts of different R&D organizations. Cassava technologies developed enabled in sustaining the crop in the country with the world's highest productivity. All the cassava production technologies considered in the study resulted in an economic surplus of Rs.3585.87 million in the target domain covering Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. Consumers and producers benefited to the tune of Rs.2090.64 million and Rs.1495.23 million respectively. Net present value of economic gains was estimated to be Rs.3548.76 million. Present value of research investment on cassava production technologies was Rs.37.11 million resulting in benefit cost ratio of 96.631 with a high internal rate of return of 104 per cent. Thus the study indicated that the research investments incurred on cassava production technologies development was highly economical and provided evidence to the policy makers that supporting the research investment on underground, under exploited tropical root crops like cassava is an economically viable proposition.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Sriroth, K., Piyachomkwan, K., Santisopasri, V., Oates, C. G.",2001,Environmental conditions during root development: Drought constraint on cassava starch quality,Euphytica,120,1,10.1023/A:1017511806128,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16853/,"Cassava has the reputation of being a drought tolerant crop, however, when deprived of water, plant and root development are affected. This ultimately will translate to an altered starch synthesis expressed by variation of starch quality. The magnitude of which, is influenced by the severity of stress conditions and stage of plant maturity. During early plant development, water stress retards growth, which will only be resumed after the immature plant has received sufficient water. Despite of an increased starch yield, the effect of initial water stress on starch quality is still sustained. In mature plants, starch quality is affected by environmental conditions prior to root harvest, especially the onset of rain after a stress period as indicated by a reduced starch paste. This paper presents the argument for extending the scope of traditional breeding programs beyond selecting for plant growth under drought conditions, to strategies that place greater emphasis on stabilizing starch quality.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Sriroth, K., Piyachomkwan, K., Wanlapatit, S., Nivitchanyong, S.",2010,The promise of a technology revolution in cassava bioethanol: From Thai practice to the world practice,Fuel,89,7,10.1016/j.fuel.2009.12.008,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16855/,"The abundance of low-cost feedstock and the cost-effective technology are of great importance for reinforcing industrialization of bioethanol for fuel use as sustainably-sourced and eco-friendly energy. This paper describes improved techniques that increase the root productivity of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and its conversion to bioethanol by the energy-saving technology being developed in Thailand. The productivity of cassava roots can be significantly increased from 22 to 60 tons/ha simply by applying yield improved varieties and good cultivation practices; important ones are soil plowing, high stake quality, weed control, good planting and harvesting period, land conservation with organic fertilizers and water irrigation. Currently, the world production of cassava is around 220 million tons per annum with the average yield of 12 tons/ha and the total acreage of 18.5 million ha. If the root productivity increases, for instance, by 5 tons/ha, around 90 million tons of roots are produced which can be converted to 15,000 ML of ethanol by Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) process, a current production process of which cooked and enzymatically-liquefied cassava materials are subjected to saccharifying enzymes and yeasts in concert. The promising energy-saving technology for converting cassava chips to ethanol has also been introduced at a pilot scale by using a granular starch hydrolyzing enzyme in an uncooked process.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Srisupan, Adul, Konsilp, Chumpol",1996,Test on the use of vetiver grass with some soil conservation and improvement measures for sustainability in cassava-based cropping (sword bean),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16860/,Test on the use of vetiver grass with some soil conservation and improvement measures for sustainability in cassava based cropping was carried out on Nam Pong soil series at Mahasarakarm Province during 1993-1995. The treatments were (1) Cassava without any soil conservation or improvement measure (2) Cassava with sword bean as cover crop (3) Cassava with sword bean and vetiver grass without seedbed (4) Cassava with sword bean and vetiver grass with seedbed (5) Cassava with sword bean and mango in vetiver row without seedbed (6) Cassava with sword bean and mango in vetiver row with seedbed. The results indicated that treatment 3 and 4 which including soil conservation by vetiver grass and soil improvement by sword bean showed good result in reducing soil loss and increased the cassava's yield from 30-43 percent in the first year and 46-48 percent in the second year. There was a potential to plant mango in the system but termites had to be controlled.,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Srisupan, Adul, Konsilp, Chumpol",1996,Test on the use of vetiver grass with some soil conservation and improvement measures for sustainability in cassava-based cropping (Verano),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16861/,"Test of the use of vetiver grass with some soil conservation and improvement measures for sustainability in cassava-based cropping was carried out on Nam Pong Soil series at Mahasarakam Province during 1993-1995. The treatments were (1) Cassava without any soil conservation or improvement measure. (2) Cassava with verano as cover crop (3) Cassava with verano and vetiver grass without seedbed (4) Cassava with verano and vetiver grass with seedbed (5) Cassava with verano and mango in vetiver row without seedbed (6) cassava with verano and mango in vetiver row with seedbed. The result from the first year indicated that there were no significant differences among the treatments in cassava yield as the yield from every treatment ranging from 20-22 ton/ha but in the second year, the yields from improved technologies treatments gave higher yield than the farmers practice (T1)",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Srivastava, D. K., Gambhir, G., Sharma, P.",2014,Plant Cell and Tissue Culture Techniques in Crop Improvement,Biotechnology in Agriculture and Food Processing Opportunities and Challenges,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16869/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Ssemakula, G., Dixon, A.G.O., Maziya-Dixon, B.",2008,Stability of iron and zinc concentrations in selected genotypes of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) tuberous roots,"JOURNAL OF FOOD, AGRICULTURE & ENVIRONMENT",v. 6,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16877/,"Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn) concentrations in tuberous roots of twenty-five cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genotypes were determined over 2 years (2004/2005 and 2005/2006) at five locations representing distinct agroecologies in Nigeria. The objectives were to study the magnitude and nature of genotype by environment interaction (GEI) and stability of the micronutrients concentrations. Combined analyses of variance using the GLM procedure of SAS indicated that location (L), genotype (G), year (Y) and Y x L interaction were significant (P<0.001) for both micronutrients. G x L interaction was marginally significant for Zn only. There was no statistical evidence to suggest that any of GEI partitions (G x L, G x Y and G x L x Y) for Fe were significant albeit largest percentage contribution to total sum of squares by G x L and G x L x Y interactions. Contrastingly, the additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis revealed that the effects of GEI were statistically significant for both micronutrients. AMMI also revealed that many clones were stable for Fe and Zn. Similar to the GLM analysis, AMMI revealed a high contribution of GEI to total sum of squares for both Fe and Zn; it was more than double that of G. Clones 01/1368, 94/0330, 01/1442, 01/1412, 01/1413, 01/1610, 01/1115, 01/1663 and 01/1273 were the most stable for Fe concentration with levels above the overall mean; 01/1273 and 01/1404 were the most stable with above average concentrations of Zn. The results suggest that it is possible to breed cassava for high and stable levels of both micronutrients.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Sserunjogi, L., Tomkins, A.",1990,The use of fermented and germinated cereals and tubers for improved feeding of infants and children in Uganda,Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,84,3,10.1016/0035-9203(90)90356-J,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16880/,"Interviews with mothers in 4 ecologically separate regions of Uganda (Arua, Mukono, Kabale and Mbarara) revealed considerable differences in patterns of infant and child feeding in health and during diarrhoea. There was considerable enthusiasm for the use of fermentation and germination of cereals and tubers in some areas (Arua 87% and Kabale 90%). These household food processes were especially recommended for improving dietary intake during diarrhoea. However, these techniques were not used by mothers in Mukono or Mbarara. The advantages of these procedures and possible reasons for differences in their popularity are discussed. 1990, Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. All rights reserved.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Stanford, D.C. (Sugar Industry Research Institute, Mandeville (Jamaica). Production, Development Dept.)",1981,Agro-industrial crops with production potential on sugar estates [sugar cane],J.A.S.T. Journal (Jamaica),v. 42,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16896/,"Agro-industrial crops such as grain sorghum, sunflower, cassava, peanut and castor bean can be produced on marginal lands within the sugar industry. Production of these crops will help to reduce current levels of imports and more fully utilize existing idle capacity on sugar estates. The potential role of sweet sorghum is also discussed",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Stanley, J., Frischmuth, T., Ellwood, S. (John Innes Institute, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH (United Kingdom))",1992,Development of non-conventional resistance to a plant DNA virus,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16903/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"State., Dept. of, States, United, Division., Far Eastern",,Netherlands Indian cassava report,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16906/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Staver, C.",1989,Why farmers rotate fields in maize-cassava-plantain bush fallow agriculture in the wet Peruvian Amazon,Human Ecology,17,4,10.1007/BF00889498,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16907/,"The maize (Zea mays)-cassava (Manihot esculenta)-Musa relay-cropped sequence as practiced among 28 Yanesha families in the Palcazu Valley in Central Amazonian Peru was surveyed to determine why farmers rotate fields into bush fallow. Typically, this sequence is planted on alluvial Inceptisols after the clearing of 2–5 year tree and shrub growth. During the 18–30 months of cropping, fields showed a buildup of weeds and an increase in banana stem borer and nutrient deficiency symptoms. Farmers attributed the decline in Musa yields from the first to third harvests to stem borer, weeds, or soil infertility but were not unanimous. Any or all of these factors facilitate the decision to abandon a field. A 3-year record of fields cleared by each farm family indicated that field rotation stems from two independent decisions: selection of a fallowed field to clear for maize and vegetables, important for family nutrition, which are planted right after field clearing, and discontinuation of weeding in old fields as labor is used primarily on new fields, a decision leading to bush fallow recovery. Work with these families during 4 years suggests that the distribution of land and labor is based on a sense of relative labor productivity, on diverse dietary needs and preferences, and on the maintenance of a balance between areas in cropping and under fallow.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Steiner, K.G.",1991,A survey of cassava pests in the Central African Republic,Tropical Pest Management,37,3,10.1080/09670879109371582,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16911/,"In a survey of cassava pests in a Préfecture of the Central African Republic, incidence and severity of cassava mealybug was generally low. Pest abundance was greatly influenced by cultural practices. Abundance was highest on compound farms and cassava fields near larger towns, where cassava is intensively grown. Cassava green mite was omnipresent. The damage caused by mite attack varied greatly between varieties. Some react by loss of tissue, causing a rapid reduction in mite population, others react by proliferation. Yield losses were estimated in the absence of yield data: losses caused by mealybug and green mite were low and less important than those caused by bacterial blight, mosaic, or adverse cultural practices.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Sterk, A., Van Ginneken, P.",1987,"Cost-benefit analysis of forest plantations an approach for Phu Wiang, Khon Kaen Province, Northeastern Thailand",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16917/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Stewart-Jones, A., Hodges, R.J., Birkinshaw, L.A., Hall, D.R.",2004,"Responses of Teretrius nigrescens toward the dust and frass of its prey, Prostephanus truncatus",,v. 30,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16924/,"Teretrius nigrescens is considered to be a specialized predator of Prostephanus truncatus, a serious pest of stored maize and dried cassava roots. Using a bait-bag behavioral bioassay, this investigation found T. nigrescens to be strongly arrested by dust and frass produced by P. truncatus on maize, whereas responses to maize flour were weak. Attempts to increase the arrestiveness of flour by altering its physical properties (coarseness or particle size range) were unsuccessful. The arrestive property of dust/frass did not degrade with long-term storage nor did it volatilize or degrade with oven baking up to 150C. However, extraction with methanol and reapplication was successful in transferring the arrestive property from the dust/frass onto maize flour. The prey dust/frass also induced more oviposition than did maize flour, as judged by production of F1 offspring. The results provide strong evidence for the existence of a high boiling point compound(s) in P. truncatus dust/frass that acts as a contact kairomone for T. nigrescens. This, or another compound(s) also seems to act as an oviposition stimulant for female T. nigrescens.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Stifel, L.D. (International Inst. of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria))",1989,Transforming traditional agriculture,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16930/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Stoorvogel, J., Fresco, L.O.",1991,The identification of agro-ecological zones for cassava in Africa with particular emphasis on soils,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16932/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Storey, H. H., Nichols, R. F. W.",1938,STUDIES OF THE MOSAIC DISEASES OF CASSAVA,Annals of Applied Biology,25,4,10.1111/j.1744-7348.1938.tb02354.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16933/,"The symptoms of mosaic disease in cassava, although generally typical of the mosaic group, show wide variations, due in part to the varietal reaction of the plant, to its stage of development and to the environment. The most important cause of variations however is differences in the strains of the virus, of which we have recognized, through the study of symptoms, two groups of severe and mild strains. The viruses are transmitted across a graft, but we have failed to obtain mechanical transmission by needle or hypodermic injection. A Bemisia sp. can transmit both groups of strains. It can inoculate the plant only through immature leaves, less than about onequarter of their full length. The virus so inoculated does not pass out of the leaf until about 8 days have elapsed. On the basis of this knowledge a convenient and reliable singleleaf cage technique has been developed. After the virus has entered the stem it passes rapidly to the base of this stem, but odp slowly into side branches from it or into other stems arising from the same original cutting. Infection of a plant with a mild strain of virus failed entirely to confer immunity from infection by severe strains introduced by grafting. If the severe strains were inoculated by insects there was an indication of some conferred resistance but insufficient to make the procedure practically useful in control. Copyright 1938, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Suarez-C, C.",1993,Role of non-governmental organization in the identification of research constraints that may be solved through biotechnology,Working Document (CIAT),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16958/,"In several developing countries like Colombia, Brazil and Ecuador, to mention only those in Latin America, cassava is increasingly becoming a cash crop, overcoming those times when it was only a subsistence crop of secondary importance researchwise. The key factor of this transformation, specially in Colombia and Ecuador, has been the involvement of the farmers in an integrated project, which included the transformation of the end product, and the opening of new markets. As a consequence, there is now more and more willingness to adopt technology and demand for it because of the need to increase yield and for varieties with specific characteristics, to meet specific demands. On the other hand, official institutions, national and international had identified cassava as one of the subsistence crops which could help to solve the energy intake of a large and poor population, therefore National Cassava Programs were set up to do research addressing the usual constraints on yield (i.e. varieties, fertilization etc), and they were living the (as well common) frustration of not getting an impact within the farmers, and, like in Ecuador, even closing down the research program because the yield, without technology, was superior to the existing demand. Eventually the Program in Ecuador is relocated and is ironically trying to catch up with the actual needs of farmers. From this picture, clearly emerge two roads for the future of a cassava program on one side the need to identify new markets and new derived products will ensure its long term viablity; on the other side, research should adopt modern biotechnology to accelerate the process of solving many constraints which the above mentioned demand, is putting over the crop for farmers and research scientist alike. The farmer's organization, as a private NGO, naturally will take the first road and at the same time participate on institutions and research workers in charge of taking the right decision on the other road; in both cases, the linkage provided by an NGO like FUNDAGRO with its IEE philosophy, provides means to identify problems and alternatives to solve them",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Subekti, I., Khumaida, N., Ardie, S. W.",2017,Identification of potentially high yielding irradiated cassava 'Gajah' genotype with different geographic coordinates,IOP Conference Series-Earth and Environmental Science,54,,10.1088/1755-1315/54/1/012013,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/16963/,"Cassava is one of the main and important carbohydrate producing crops in Indonesia. Thus cassava production and its tuber quality need to be improved. 'Gajah' genotype is a local genotypes cassava from East Kalimantan, has high potential yield (&gt; 60 ton Ha-1). However, the harvest time of this genotype is quite long (&gt;= 12 months). The objective of this research was to identify the high yielding cassava mutants from the gamma rays irradiated 'Gajah' genotype at M1V3 population and potential yield at different location. Several putative cassava mutants (12 mutants) were planted in Cikabayan Experimental Field, IPB from March 2015 to March 2016 and the yields compared with the same genotype grown at different location by seeing its coordinates to observe the potential yield. Our result showed that the fresh tuber weight per plant of some putative mutants could reach more than 8 kg (yield potential of 64 ton Ha-1). The harvested tubers also had sweet flavor, although the tubers of some putative mutants were bitter. Based on previous research study, the different geographic coordinate has resulted variability on fresh tuber yield. It seems that it needs to observe the stability of 'Gajah'- irradiated mutants in several location in Java Island.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Subhash, N., Mohanan, C. N., Mallia, R. J., Muralidharan, V.",2004,Quantification of stress adaptation by laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy of plants exposed to engine exhaust emission and drought,Functional Plant Biology,31,7,10.1071/FP03253,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/16967/,"The effects of drought and petrol engine exhaust pollutants, such as SO2 and NO2 and suspended particulate matter (SPM), on the photosynthetic activity of colocasia [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott], kacholam (Kaempferia galanga L.) and tapioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) plants were studied from in vivo laser-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (LICF) spectra. An open-top chamber (OTC) of 2.5 m diameter and 3 m height incorporating an air-filtering unit was developed for this study. Plants grown inside the OTC were exposed to exhaust emissions from a two-stroke Birla Yamaha genset for 10 d, while a control group was maintained outside. Gaseous pollutants and SPM present inside the OTC during the exposure period were measured with a high-volume air sampler. The steady-state LICF spectra of the control and treated plants were recorded in the 650-750-nm region. Fluorescence induction kinetics (Kautsky effect) was also recorded during the stress period from dark-adapted intact plant leaves at the chlorophyll bands of 685 and 730 nm. The vitality indexes (Rfd-685 and Rfd-730) and stress adaptation index (Ap) derived from the induction kinetics were utilised along with the chlorophyll fluorescence intensity ratio (F685/F730) for evaluation of stress-induced changes in plants. It has been observed that F685/F730 ratio increased for all plants inside the OTC whereas the Rfd-685, Rfd-730 and Ap values showed a downward trend with increasing pollution stress. As compared to colocasia and tapioca, kacholam plants showed higher resistance to exhaust emission and water stress as well as better capacity to regain its photosynthetic functioning on removal of the stress. Results of this study demonstrate the capability of stress adaptation index for early quantification of the functional impairment of photosynthetic apparatus in different species of plants due to air pollution and drought stresses.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Babu, L., Nambisan, B.",1993,Is it cassava or cereals sweet-potato or carrot,Indian Horticulture,38,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1700/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
Suismono,1991,"Cassava roots: Characteristic, utilization and analysis methods",Changes of physico-chemical the cassava roots and products as affected by variety and plant age,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17025/,,Excluded,Duplicate
Suismono,1991,Study of comparison on the research of cassava postharvest by cassava utilization-CIAT and SURIF report,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17029/,"Cassava postharvest technology developed by CIAT for a pilot processing plant on Colombia's Atlantic Coast is compared with that developed by SURIF in Indonesia. Three activities are covered as follows (1) dried cassava for animal feed; (2) fresh cassava for human consumption; and (3) CF for human consumption. Data are provided on the processing of the different products, marketing channels, economic parameters, income-returns, production of wheat/cassava composite flours, production costs, labor, and fresh cassava storage, among others. Flow charts of CF processing in SURIF and on Colombia's Atlantic Coast are provided. Areas planted to cassava in Indonesia are smaller in size than in Colombia; in the latter country, more mechanization exists and production capacity is larger. Cassava chips produced using CIAT technology are larger than those produced with SURIF technology; likewise, product quality is better. CF produced with SURIF technology, however, is whiter since the product produced with CIAT technology contains peels. CIAT's technology is oriented toward local food and feed consumption in Colombia, whereas in Indonesia dried cassava and CF for human consumption are mainly for export to the EEC.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Suja, G., Susan John, K., Sreekumar, J.",2010,"Soil test based nutrient management for short-duration cassava (Manihot esculenta) Analysis of growth, biomass, yield, quality, nutrient uptake and soil nutrient status",Indian Journal of Agronomy,55,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17032/,"Short-duration (6-7 months) cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) enables better utilization of resources and crop diversification than the normal duration crop (9-10 months). Field experiments were conducted for three years (2004-2007) at Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, in a lowland situation akin to rice fallow to standardise nutrient management practices for short-duration cassava. Five short-duration cassava lines (Vellayani Hraswa, Kalpaka, Sree Jaya, Sree Vijaya and triploid 2-18) were evaluated under 4 levels of fertility (12.5 t FYM (100%)+ NPK, 75% FYM + NPK, 50% FYM + NPK and NPK fertilization based on soil test data) in split plot design with 3 replications. Triploid 2-18' yielded significantly higher fresh tubers (28.45 t/ha) than other four cultivars. The high yielders produced appreciably taller plants and more leaves, higher total and tuber biomass. Nutrient management based on soil test data for organic C, available P and K status along with 12.5 t/FYM, which resulted in the saving of full P, 10% N and 15% K by the third year, promoted plant height, leaf production and nutrient uptake, produced higher tuber yield (24.18 t/ha), tuber and total biomass, dry matter and starch content of tubers besides maintaining organic C, available N, P and K status of the soil, leading to positive nutrient balance.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Suja, G., John, K. S., Sreekumar, J.",2011,Impact of nutrient management based on soil test data on biomass production and partitioning and growth indices of short-duration cassava (Manihot esculenta),Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,81,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17033/,"Field experiments were conducted during 2004-07 at Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, in a lowland situation similar to rice fallow to standardize the nutrient management practices for short-duration cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). The phasic pattern of biomass production and partitioning and growth indices of 5 short-duration/early bulking cassava lines ('Vellayani Hraswa', 'Kalpaka', 'Sree Jaya', 'Sree Vijaya' and 'Triploid 2-18') was studied under four levels of fertility (full farmyard manure+ NPK, 75% farmyard manure + NPK, 50% farmyard manure + NPK and based on soil test data). 'Triploid 2-18' and 'Vellayani Hraswa' had appreciably higher total biomass (1371.5 and 1264.7 g/plant), tuber biomass (857.3 and 826.0 g/plant), crop growth rate (15.95 and 14.82 g/m2/day), tuber bulking rate (10.111 and 9.365 g/day), mean tuber bulking rate (4.763 and 4.590 g/day) and harvest index (0.63 and 0.65). Nutrient management based on soil test data promoted biomass production and partitioning to tubers, crop growth rate, tuber bulking rate and harvest index at par with that of full farmyard manure + NPK, saving the entire quantity of P, 10% N and 15% K (farmyard manure 12.5 tonnes/ha and NPK 90085 kg/ha) by the third year.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Suja, G., Sreekumar, J.",2015,Crop diversification with short-duration cassava (Manihot esculenta) in the humid tropics for agronomic and economic benefits,Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,85,12,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17035/,"Presently cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivation has shifted from the uplands to the lowlands, sequentially after main crop of rice, banana or vegetables and short-duration varieties (6-7 months) hold great promise. A three-year field experiment was carried out during 2007 to 2010 at Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram to develop feasible short-duration cassava-legume system in lowland situation akin to rice fallow. Two short-duration cassava varieties, Vellayani Hraswa and Sree Vijaya were evaluated in two cropping systems (sequential cropping and intercropping) involving two types of cowpea (vegetable (var. Pusa Komal) and grain types (var. C 152)) under two fertility levels based on soil testing (full and reduced) in split plot design. Vellayani Hraswa (24.55 tonnes/ha) produced significantly higher yield over Sree Vijaya (21.46 tonnes/ha) in systems involving cowpea. But the tuber and total biomass, crop growth rate, tuber bulking rate, mean tuber bulking rate, relative growth rate and harvest index of the varieties was comparable. Sequential cropping proved superior to intercropping as indicated by the significantly higher fresh tuber yield of 26.07 tonnes/ha under sequential cropping over 19.94 tonnes/ha in intercropping) and dry matter production. Both vegetable cowpea and grain cowpea were equally compatible with short-duration cassava under both the systems. Entire P and half N for short-duration cassava (N: P2O5: K2O @ 50:0:100 kg/ha) could be saved in both the systems involving cowpea by the third year. Sequential cropping of vegetable cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] followed by short-duration cassava (under full N) proved to be a profitable production system generating the highest net return (Rs. 97398/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.15).",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Sukra, A.B.",1986,A simple tool for harvesting cassava roots,Teknologi Pelbagai Tanaman (Malaysia),2,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17049/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Suleiman, A.M.",1990,Introduction of the parasite Epidinocarsis lopezi for control of the cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) in Zanzibar,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17053/,"After the first detection of cassava mealybug in Unguja January 1988, biological control was attempted by release of the exotic parasite Epidinorcarsis lopezi in September and November 1988. About one year following these releases, a survey covering all regions of Unguja was done in order to assess the activity of the introduced natural enemy. The survey sampled a total of 260 fields with an acreage of 112.8 and the average acreage per field was 0.4. Survey results indicate that of the 260 fields (112.8 acres), 109 (55.5 acres) showed Cassava mealybug damage symptoms. Also the natural enemy E. lopezi has been recovered in all surveyed sites. The Cassava mealybug infestation level in most of the release sites has been found to be low. This indicates that though improvement has been noticed, there is still a notable damage and yield loss due to Cassava mealybug especially in non-release sites. In 1989 Cassava mealybug was also reported in Pemba and this was followed by introduction of the parasite which later on has been found to have already established itself",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sullivan, D.J., Neuenschwander, P.",1988,"Melanization of eggs and larvae of the parasitoid, Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera Encyrtidae), by the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Homoptera Pseudococcidae)",,120,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17060/,"The encyrtid wasp Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) has been introduced into Africa as a biological control agent against the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero. This host has a defense reaction against the immature parasitoid that involves encapsulation and melanization. Under laboratory conditions, 37.5% of once-stung cassava mealybugs had been parasitized, as indicated by eggs and larvae of the parasitoid in dissected hosts. Of these parasitized cassava mealybugs, 89.6% contained melanized particles (egg, partially melanized larva, internal host tissues, exoskeleton wound scars). Some of the parasitoid larvae were only partially melanized, and either freed themselves from the melanized capsule or else shed it at the next molt. By the 3rd day of their development only 12.5% were completely melanized. In cassava mealybugs with melanized host tissue but no living parasitoid, the survival of the host was not affected by the melanization. The mealybug itself sometimes shed black particles at the next molt and these were found attached to the cast skins. When superparasitized in the laboratory, 68.6% of twice-stung cassava mealybugs contained parasitoids. Mummies collected from a field experiment showed that melanization rates of mummies increased with increasing parasitization rates. Thus, melanization in the cassava mealybug was commonly triggered when E. lopezi oviposited, but this defense reaction was mostly ineffective, permitting the introduced parasitoid to be a successful biological control agent in Africa against the cassava mealybug, a major pest on this important food crop.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Bacusmo, J.L.",1982,Breeding methods in cassava,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1707/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Badegana, A.M. (Universite de Dschang (Cameroon). Faculte d'Agronomie et des Sciences agricoles. Dept. de protection des vegetaux), Mborohoul, J.B., Alzouma, I.",2001,Sensibility to Mononychellus tanajoa Bondar (Acari Tetranychidae) of some cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars and effect of damage on yield loss in the Cameroonian Western highlands,,v. 19,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1709/,"The study of the sensibility to the green mite Mononychellus tanajoa Bondar of some cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars and the assessment of the effect of damage on the yield losses was carried out in the Western highlands of Cameroon. Four cassava cultivars were used two local (Dschang and Njombe) and two improved varieties (IITA 8017 and IITA 82516). The results showed that the density (mites number per square centimenter of leaf area) was low during the rainy season and high during the dry season, which means that rains reduce the mite population by washing or lead the mites to death. The highest mean density (3.40 mites per square centimenter of leaf area) was obtained on the local Njombe cultivar which is consequently the most sensitive. On the contrary, the local Dschang cultivar, with the lowest mite density (1.40 mites per square centimenter of leaf area) was the most resistant followed by the IITA 8017 cultivar (1.74 mites per square centimenter). The IITA 82516 cultivar had a mean density of 2.65 mites per square centimenter. Yield losses ranged from 36.90 / for IITA 8017 (1.74 mites per square centimenter and damages level of 2.75) to 58.70 / for local Dschang (3.40 mites per square centimenter and damages level of 3.84). Local Dschang cultivar (1.40 mites per square centimenter and damage level of 2.96) and IITA 82516 (2.65 mites per square centimenter and damage level of 2.96) had a yield losse of 38.10 / and 41.80 /. The results showed that higher the mite density and damage level are, higher is the yield loss, unless the cultivar is tolerant.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Sunarminto, B.H., Martani, E., Handayani, S. (Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta (Indonesia). Fakultas Pertanian)",2002,"Physical characteristics changemen of Central Kalimantan peat as a result of fertilization by NPK, liming and paraquat application",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17091/,"The tropical peatland area of Pangkoh Subdistrict of Kapuas Regency in Central Kalimantan is utilized especially for growing corn, besides rice, cassava, and groundnut. Fertilization, liming, and herbicide are commonly applied which can disturb the original characteristics of peatland as a medium of plant growth. A study of physical characteristic changes on saptic, hemic and fibric peat materials was accomplished with and without treatments of fertilization (350 kg/ha urea, 150 kg/ha phosphate, 175 kg/ha KCl, liming (40 ton/ha lime), herbicide application (20 ppm of paraquat), with 3 replications. All pots were incubated for 80 days. The analysis of physical characteristics was carried out on peat samples before and after treatment. The results of this experiment can be used as a reference for sustainable utilization of tropical peatland. The results showed that characteristics of field capacity, apparent density and particle density were not influenced by the treatments; the total porosity of fibric peat was increased by a single treatment of fertilization, liming, and paraquat application; the total and disturbed fibre content of sapric peat were decreased by treatment of a single and combination of fertilization and or paraquat application; the organic matter content of sapric peat was reduced and, on the contrary, the ash content of sapric peat was increased by a single application of and combination of liming treatment",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Sundarapandian, S., Swamy, P.",1998,Variation in fine-root biomass and net primary productivity due to conversion of tropical forests into plantation crops and agroecosystems,Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences,82,,10.1007/978-94-011-5270-9_30,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17095/,"The changes in fine-root biomass and net primary productivity (NPP) following conversion of tropical forests (evergreen and deciduous) into forest plantations (teak, Acacia, Albizzia, rubber) and agroecosystems (banana, pepper, cassava, areca-nut) were studied at Kodayar in Western Ghats, South India. Very fine (less than or equal to 1 mm) and fine (> 1 - less than or equal to -3 mm) root biomass and NPP were significantly altered in man-modified ecosystems such as forest plantations and agroecosystems. Very fine-root biomass and NPP were significantly (P < 0.01) greater in natural ecosystems (biomass 245 and 263 g/m(2); NPP 476 and 527 g/m(2)/year) when compared to monoculture plantations (172, 113, 125 g/m(2); 368, 293, 320 g/m(2)/year respectively) and agroecosystems (88, 104, 97, 156 g/m(2); 227, 301, 295, 376 g/m(2)/year, respectively) except in teak plantations (230 g/m(2); 463 g/m(2)/year, respectively). A similar trend was observed in the case of fine-root biomass. This could be attributed to tree density and basal area along with greater litter accumulation. The lower biomass and NPP in man-modified ecosystems could be attributed to species composition, low organic matter, and soil fertility. Recurrence of annual fire could lead to reoccupation of the land by grass cover. This may be the reason for greater below-ground biomass and NPP in deciduous forests and teak plantations. The present study reveals that fine-root biomass and NPP are significantly altered by anthropogenic perturbation of natural forest ecosystems. Fine roots generally comprise only a small proportion of the total root biomass in an ecosystem, but fine roots are a more accurate indicator of root function than large roots (Berish, 1982). Fine roots located in surface soil layers also are important in nutrient cycling (Medina and Cuevas, 1989) and undergo rapid change in response to perturbations (Hendrick and Pregitzer, 1993).",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Sundaresan, S., Sudhakaran, P. R.",1995,Water stress‐induced alterations in the proline metabolism of drought‐susceptible and ‐tolerant cassava (Manihot esculenta) cultivars,Physiologia Plantarum,94,4,10.1111/j.1399-3054.1995.tb00978.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17097/,"The free proline levels and activities of ornithine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.13) and proline oxidase (EC 1.5.2.2), two of the enzymes involved in proline metabolism were studied during the induction of water stress in a drought susceptible (M‐4) and a drought tolerant (S‐1315) cultivar of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Water stress induced by polyethylene glycol (MW 6000, osmotic potential — 1.65 MPa) caused a ca 25‐fold increase in proline in young excised leaves of the susceptible cultivar (M‐4) while the increase was about 9‐fold in the tolerant cultivar (S‐1315). The activity of ornithine aminotransferase (OAT), a key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of proline, was found to increase 3‐fold in water stressed leaves of M‐4 and about 2‐fold in those of S‐1315. The activity of proline oxidase, which is involved in the degradation of proline to pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate, was reduced by 50% in M‐4 and nearly 25% in S‐1315 on water stress. Comparison of the kinetic properties of OAT showed that the enzyme from water‐stressed leaves is more stable to heat inactivation compared to that of control. These results indicate that during water stress there are alterations in the metabolism of proline in cassava, and the extent of alteration varies between drought‐susceptible and ‐tolerant cultivars.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Sundaresan, S., Sudhakaran, P. R.",1996,Effect of water deficit stress on proline accumulation in two varieties of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) differing in their tolerance to drought,Indian Journal of Experimental Biology,34,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17098/,"Changes in free proline levels, relative water content (RWC) and water potential were studied in the leaves of a drought susceptible (Var. M-4) and a tolerant (Var. S-1315) cassava (M. esculenta) subjected to water deficit stress. The susceptible variety appeared to accumulate more proline compared to the tolerant one. The young leaves of the susceptible variety accumulated nearly 5-fold proline after 3-day stress while the corresponding increase was about 3-fold in tolerant variety. During the same period of stress the old leaves of the susceptible variety had an increase of 10-fold proline compared to 6-fold increase in tolerant one. The onset of water stress caused a decrease in RWC and water potential of the leaves; a more rapid drop was observed in older leaves. The pattern of decrease in RWC and water potential were found to be almost similar in both the varieties. The proline levels during stress recovery period showed a faster rate of mobilization in susceptible variety compared to that in tolerant one, and the enhanced proline levels returned to normal state in both the varieties within 72 hr of rewatering of stressed plants.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Badejo, M.A., Lasebikan, B.A.",1988,"Comparative studies of the acarine populations of a secondary regrowth forest and a cassava plantation in Ile-Ife, Nigeria",Pedobiologia,32,01-Feb,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1710/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sungthongwises, K.",2016,Diversity of phosphate solubilizing bacteria under rubber intercropping,Asian Journal of Plant Sciences,15,03-Apr,10.3923/ajps.2016.75.80,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17100/,"Background and Objective Microorganic services like Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) has been shown to enhance the solubilization of insoluble P compounds and produce IAA hormone. There are widely factors effected on phosphatases activities such as the microbial in the soil, soil temperature, soil moisture, the diversity of bacteria associated, the development of the crop, the root system of the plant and the location ectomycorrhiza. The purpose of this study is to address the influence of different intercropping with rubber plantation practices on Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB). Methodology The present study was to characterization and estimate the variability of specific PSB isolates from banana, cassava and Mucuna bracteata under rubber plantations, in order to make the suggestions regarding fertility management in the poor sandy soils of the region. Results The results of the present study showed that four pure isolates encodes PSB-M-01, PSB-M-02, PSB-B-01 and PSB-C-01 were obtained after intercropping with rubber trees and it was observed that PSB isolate from Mucuna bracteata (PSB-M-01) best solubilised Ca3(PO4)2 and AlPO4 by releasing inorganic phosphate of approximately 1,050.90 and 561.32 mg P L-1, respectively. Finally, the IAA production was analysed, the results showed that bacterium 5-2 (2013) isolates from root rhizosheres of M bracteata produced a significantly (p0.01) higher amount of IAA hormone (962.53 mg L-1) over the other PSB isolates. Conclusion These results highlight variability of specific PSB isolates from different rhizospheres of intercropping under rubber tree plantation and could be good bio-fertilizers for improving phosphorus plant nutrition.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Supriyadi, S.",2014,"Impact of watershed restoration based agroforestry on soil quality in the sub-watershed Keduang, Wonogiri, Indonesia",Journal of Sustainable Development,7,6,10.5539/jsd.v7n6p223,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17110/,"The upper Solo Wonogiri Watersheed size of the catchment is 135,000 hectares. It is divided into six sub watershed, i.e. the Keduang, Temon, Alang, Wuryantoro, Wiroko, and Upper Solo. The fact that occur in areas upper Solo watershed the zone of distric Wonogiri Central of Java, is currently large (> 90%) is the cultivation of seasonal crops with crops such as cassava, peanuts and not cultivation techniques cropping (Supriyadi, 2007). The implementation of restoration in subwatershed is one of several of cultivation system method that consider the importance of land sustainability. The objective of this research was to identify appropriate indicators for assessing the impact of longterm agroforestry systems on soil quality in areas upper Solo watershed the zone of distric Wonogiri Central of Java, Indonesia. The research was based on descriptive explorative through land surveys, while to know the value of the soil quality in Keduang subwatershed takes the point sample deliberately (purposive sampling). The Soil Quality Index (SQI) is determined by collecting data on indicators that have been selected for each soil function or Minimum Data Set (MDS). Assessment of soil quality using a scoring method data on every indicator. Soil quality index for the retoration in Keduang sub-watershed were 26,67-27,78 for native forest; 24,44-25,56 for agroforestry; and 23,33-26,67 for dry land. The average value of soil quality index in native forest is 27,04; in agroforestry is 24,81 and dry land is 24,07. In native forest value of soil quality is the highest than agroforestry and dry land. The result showed that according to soil quality index, the types of management of landuse could improve soil quality. The better the soil quality, the higher the SQI. Land utiliser foe native forest had better soil quality than agroforestry and dry land, while land utilised for dry land had significant different compossed to the agroforestry system.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Suresh, S., Suriyavathana, M., Aranganathan, J., Naveenbabu, B.",2009,Comparative evaluation of antioxidant properties of Cassava varieties (CO5 and H226),Biomedicine (India),29,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17115/,"Theprcsent Study is aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activities of Cassava varieties (CO5 and H226). Cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) is a major source of dietary energy for human and domestic animals in many tropical countries. It's starchy staple roots are very rich in carbohydrates. Cassava plants have anti-cancer properties. In the present study we have explored the importance of cassava varieties (CO5 and 11226). Since Free radicals and related species have attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. Free radicals can ad versely alter lipids, proteins and DNA and have been implicated in aging and a number of human diseases. The antioxidants were estimated (SOD, CAT, GPx, GST, Glu-6 phos dhase, Vit-E, Vit-C, GSH) in the Ethanolic extract of cassava varieties (CO5 and H226) using standard protocol. Among the two varieties CO5 have good store of antioxidants than H226.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Susan John, K., George, J., Shanida Beegum, S. U., Shivay, Y. S.",2016,Soil fertility and nutrient management in tropical tuber crops - An overview,Indian Journal of Agronomy,61,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17128/,"Tuber crops are the most important land-grown food crops after cereals and grain legumes. They are either the staple or subsidiary food for about one-fifth of the human population, mostly in the developing countries of the tropics. Tropical tuber crops like cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.), sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.], yams (Discorea spp.), aroids and minor tubers deserve special recognition owing to their higher biological efficiency (250 kcal/ha/day), ability to sustain under marginal environmental conditions, less incidence of insect-pests and diseases, high starch content (1535%) and their excellent physico-chemical and biochemical properties in the preparation of several value-added products. Though tuber crops especially cassava grow under marginally fertile soil conditions, our experience under a long-term fertilizer experiment revealed their very high and positive response to manures and fertilizers. This review encompasses the research work undertaken in the soil fertility and nutrient management of tropical tuber crops covering aspects on nutrient uptake/ utilization, fertilizer-cum-manurial recommendations, critical nutrient concentrations, nutritional disorders, and their correction. 2017, Indian Society of Agronomy. All rights reserved.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Badejo, M. A.",1995,"Acarine populations of forest and fallow plots in Ile-Ife, Nigeria",Pedobiologia,39,6,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1713/,Soil acarine populations of a forest fallow plot were sampled six months after cassava cultivation ceased and at twelve monthly intervals thereafter for 3 years. The final sampling was carried out when the fallow plot was 48 months old. Population densities were largely restored to values for undisturbed forest by 18 months after the start of the fallow period. The species complement of the mite community was also restored by this time but Annectacarus sp. and Rhodacarus sp. increased in dominance. It is concluded that complete restoration of the structure and functioning of the acarine community may not occur until the fallow plot has developed into secondary forest.,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sushama, P.K., Pillai, G.R., George, T.P., Mathew, J.",1982,Effect of leaf area on tuber yield of irrigated tapioca,Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala,20,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17134/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Suthipradit, Sumalee, Mongkolsawat, Charat, Katawetin, Roengsak",1978,"Studies on soil microvariability [a preliminary investigation on the effects of organic matter and fertilizer on growth of sorghum in the soil from poor spot and study on performance of crop species (kenaf, mungbean, soybean, cowpea, peanut, sorghum, corn and cassava) across variability gradient at Khon Kaen in Thailand]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17137/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Badejo, M. A., Lasebikan, B. A.",1996,"Effect of habitat disturbances on the collembolan populations of a cassava plantation in ILE-IFE, Nigeria",Fresenius Environmental Bulletin,5,05-Jun,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1714/,"Soil and litter-inhabiting collembolan populations were monitored in a secondary regrowth forest and the adjoining plot that was manually cleared, burned and cultivated with cassava for a period of 12 months. These habitat disturbances were deleterious to all soil-inhabiting Collembola but most litter-inhabiting collembolan genera adapted to the new conditions in the disturbed plot. Songhaica sp. increased significantly in numbers while Ceratrimeria sp. decreased significantly in numbers.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Suyat, M.N., Lacson, R.T., Bayot, A.J.",1992,Adaptability of different field crops under lahar laden soils,Philippine Journal of Plant Industry,57,03-Apr,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17153/,"Seventeen different annual field crops namely; sweet potato, cassava, upland gabi, arrowroot, yam bean, peanut, mungbean, soybean, cowpea, pigeon pea, corn, sorghum, roselle, sesame, hot pepper, leguminous covercrops and tororo-aoi were tested on a formerly lowland rice irrigated area totally covered with lahar at a depth of 1.5 to 2.0 meters primarily to determine and identify which crops can be grown suitably and successfully after the rainy season wherein the danger of lahar flow is extremely low. This study was conducted at Barangay San Antonio, Bacolor, Pampanga [Philippines] from November, 1991 to July, 1992. The agronomic and yield responses of the test crops were the parameters used as basis in assessing their adaptability to lahar. After 3 to 8 months of growth, results showed that plant growth and yield depend largely on the kind of crops and cultural and management inputs given. Stunted growth was very evident on all test crops grown without fertilizer due to the inadequacy of nutrients present in the lahar that is necessary for the sustenance for a normal growth. Laboratory analysis of the lahar deposits in the test site revealed that it contained 0.12% total N, 0.13% total P2O5, 0.38% total K2O, 0.09 S, 0.30% total Fe and 7.96 pH value. However, when applied with the recommended rate of complete fertilizer (14-14-14), there was a great manifestation that some crops could thrive and performs well in lahar. Among the initially tested crops, sweet potato, cassava, mungbean, peanut, cowpea, pigeon pea, corn, sorghum, soybean, sesame and leguminous cover crops appear to be the most suitable for lahar.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Suzuki, K., Kanke, Y., Goto, S., Kondo, N.",1983,"The effect of root crops on nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium utilization [Taro root, sweet potato, cassava]",,v. 27,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17025/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Suzuki, K., Kanke, Y., Goto, S., Kondo, N.",1983,"The effect of root crops on nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium utilization",Nutrition Reports International,27,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17162/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sivoli, L. J., Ciarfella, A. T., Perez, E. E.",2014,Functional and nutritional characterization of cassava flours for industrial applications,"Cassava: Production, Nutritional Properties and Health Effects",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17168/,"Since, cassava root in its composition have not proteins forming gluten, the functional properties of cassava flour are not sufficient for elaboration of dough for baked goods, bread and pasta. However, if this raw flour is thermal and enzymatically modified, its properties could be adequate in order to develop different products. The goals of the study were to evaluate the nutritional and functional profiles of cassava flours that were elaborated from the edible portion of five clones of cassava a germplasm bank Three sweets (50ppm cyanide) and two bitters (>50 ppm cyanide), and modify one of this flour by using thermal and enzymatic treatments, with and without addition of stearoyl-2-lactylate (SSL). Cassava flour produced by dehydration (60 C x 24 hours) was modified by boiling and autoclaving, in aqueous solutions of flours of 10% (with 2% NaCl), and 33 %, respectively, and dextrinizated with Termamyl(r). The results showed differences in crude protein and ash contents in the different varieties of cassava flours assayed. They are also showed that the yield was less for the bitter variety than in the sweet cassava variety. The contents of moisture, crude protein, crude fat, ash, and dietary fiber was not function of the type of roots, varying from 8.1 to 10.6%; 1.3 to 3.5%, 0.4 to 1.1%, 2.0 to 2.6%, and 2.3 to 6.1%, for sweet and bitter varieties, respectively. Carbohydrate content was similar in all flour, exceeding the 80% in all of them. The color profile has also varies with cassava variety. Data are showing that the use of SSL, NaCl and the dextrinization treatment affect the moisture and ash contents significantly (p 0.05). The use of SSL decreased the dehydration effect on the flours during the drying; the NaCl use and dextrinization treatment increased the ash content. The flours modified thermically and enzimatically were darker than the raw flour. The particle sizes were also affected by the treatment and SSL addition, showing a granular size varying from 125 to over 250 microns. The combination of dextrinization and SSL increased the granular size beyond 125 microns. Except for the dextrinizated flours (with and without SSL), which have not developed an amylographic profile, the addition of SSL have also decreased the overall viscosity, measured by using the amylograph. The boiling and retorting treatment have produced a type IV farinogram-curve. The SSL addition changed drastically this curves to those of type I, and the enzymatic treatment to the type II. These flours could be used for baked goods manufacture and could also be blended with type IV flour to the bread making. The NaCl addition showed poor effects in the farinographic profile. The modified flours showed total granular disaggregation when were analyzed by SEM, indicative of total gelatinization. As conclusion, it suggest the feasibility to use these flours for the production of numerous baked goods, bread, and pastas gluten-free, since, they showed a wide spectrum of nutritional and functional properties by effect of additive and the treatments applied.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Swadija, O. K., Jayapal, A., Padmanabhan, V. B.",2016,Tropical tuber crops,Abiotic Stress Physiology of Horticultural Crops,,,10.1007/978-81-322-2725-0_19,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17171/,"Tuber crops are the third most important food crops, after cereals and grain legumes. The important tropical tuber crops are cassava, sweet potato, yams, aroids and a few minor tuber crops. There is a wide difference between potential yield and actual yield of tuber crops obtained in farmers fields which may be due to genetic as well as soil and environmental factors. Photoperiod, light intensity, temperature and moisture availability are the most important abiotic factors governing the onset of tuber differentiation and rate of tuber bulking. It is necessary to understand the effect of abiotic stress factors on growth and productivity of tuber crops to identify/develop crops/varieties and to evolve appropriate management practices to sustain productivity especially in the context of climate change. Hence, the influence of abiotic stress factors such as solar radiation extremes, temperature extremes, drought, flooding/waterlogging, elevated CO2 concentration and salinity on the tropical tuber crops is dealt with in this chapter.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Swaminathan, K.R., Venkatanarayanan, S., Vijayaraghavan, N.C., Murugesan, V.",1981,"Post harvest technology for tapioca [Processing, India]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17181/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Swift, J. F.",1984,Agro-forestry garden in Morobe Province: agronomic results and observations after five years of continuous cultivation,Science in New Guinea,11,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17191/,The Wau Ecology Institute in Papua New Guinea has completed 5yr of continuous cultivation. Grain legumes formed an essential part of the intercropping system but many of the fruit trees planted to give variety of food were considered to compete with the ground crops. Labour requirements were much greater than for a traditional shifting garden in the region. Two fungal pathogens (Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes and Rhizoctonia solani) and one insect pest (Papuana sp.) were the most serious problems for cassava and taro crops. Marigolds were incorporated into the intercropping system to control nematode infections of tomatoes.,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Swindale, L.D.",1997,The globalization of agricultural research: a case study of the control of the cassava mealybug in Africa,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17192/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sykes, J.T., Harney, P.M.",1972,Rapid clonal multiplication of manioc from shoot and leaf-bud cuttings. [Cassava],Roy Hort Soc J,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17195/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sykes, J. T., Harney, P. M.",,Rapid clonal multiplication of manioc from shoot and leaf-bud cuttings,,"Dec 1972, 97 (12)",,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17196/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Szabados, L., Hoyos, R., Roca, W.",1987,Invitro Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant-Regeneration of Cassava,Plant Cell Reports,6,3,10.1007/BF00268492,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17198/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Andag, T.G.",1994,Coconut-based farming systems in Region 12,PCARRD Book Series,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17208/,"Maguindanao [Philippines] led all other provinces in Region 12 in terms of areas planted to coconut. The regional average production of copra per year, however, was considerably low because the coconuts being grown are already old and low-yielder, as well as because of lack of proper cultural management practices. Application of fertilizer and chemical inputs was done only in newly grown PCA-introduced coconut varieties. Farmers intercropped potential cash crops or raised cattle, carabao, or goat. Several cropping patterns under young coconut were practiced. Research on CBFS [coconut-based farming systems] in Region 12 was minimal. Only on-farm verification trials on several crops were conducted in Lanao del Norte. The DA-Region 12 intends to strengthen its work on cropping system with emphasis on crop-livestock integration demonstration trials, and documentation process.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"T.H., Thomas, R.W., Willis, Sangkul, Suntud",1990,Assessing the economic potential of agroforestry systems: a case study of Eucalyptus and cassava in north-eastern Thailand,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17210/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"T.R., Gottwald",1982,"Influence of humidity, red-infrared radiation and vibration on spore discharge by the pecan scab organism Cladosporium caryigenum",Proceedings of the Annual Convention Southeast Pecan Growers Association,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17216/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ikotun, T., Ogunbiyi, B.",1979,The effect of lime and potassium fertilizer on severity of cassava bacterial blight disease (Nigeria),Nigerian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,1,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17218/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"T., Ikotun",1982,The survival of Xanthomonas manihotis (Arthaud-Berther) Starr in the soil,,7,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17219/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Ramanujam, T., Indira, P.",1983,Canopy structure effect on growth and development of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Turrialba,33,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17220/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ramanujam, T., Indira, P., Nair, G. M.",1984,Productivity of cassava under shade,Indian Farming,33,12,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17221/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Tadele, Z.",2017,Raising crop productivity in Africa through intensification,Agronomy,7,1,10.3390/agronomy7010022,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17235/,"The population of Africa will double in the next 33 years to reach 2.5 billion by 2050. Although roughly 60% of the continent's population is engaged in agriculture, the produce from this sector cannot feed its citizens. Hence, in 2013 alone, Africa imported 56.5 million tons of wheat, maize, and soybean at the cost of 18.8 billion USD. Although crops cultivated in Africa play a vital role in their contribution to Food Security, they produce inferior yields compared to those in other parts of the world. For instance, the average cereal yield in Africa is only 1.6 t-ha-1 compared to the global 3.9 t-ha-1. Low productivity in Africa is also related to poor soil fertility and scarce moisture, as well as a variety of insect pests, diseases, and weeds. While moisture scarcity is responsible for up to 60% of yield losses in some African staple cereals, insect pests inflict annually substantial crop losses. In order to devise a strategy towards boosting crop productivity on the continent where food insecurity is most prevalent, these production constraints should be investigated and properly addressed. This review focuses on conventional (also known as genetic) intensification in which crop productivity is raised through breeding for cultivars with high yield-potential and those that thrive well under diverse and extreme environmental conditions. Improved crop varieties alone do not boost crop productivity unless supplemented with optimum soil, water, and plant management practices as well as the promotion of policies pertaining to inputs, credit, extension, and marketing. Studies in Kenya and Uganda have shown that the yield of cassava can be increased by 140% in farmers' fields using improved varieties and management practices. In addition to traditional organic and inorganic fertilizers, biochar and African Dark Earths have been found to improve soil properties and to enhance productivity, although their availability and affordability to African farmers remains to be explored. The concept of Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM) has been successfully implemented in some African countries in the Great Lake Region. Other innovative technologies favorably accepted by farmers are the ""Push-pull System"" (an elegant method of controlling a devastating insect pest and a parasitic weed) and NERICA (New Rice for Africa, in which rice varieties with desirable nutritional and agronomic properties were developed by crossing Asian and African rice). This review calls for African governments and institutions not only to provide conducive environments but also to abide by the Maputo 2003 Declaration where they agreed to invest 10% of their national budget to agricultural research and development as the outcome has a positive impact on productivity and ultimately improves the livelihood of farmers. 2017 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Tadu, G.L.",2009,Tissue culture techniques for rapid propagation of selected cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) genotypes,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17238/,"This study was conducted in the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC) during 2005 to 2008 to develop in vitro propagation techniques for cassava genotypes. The effects of different nutrient media formulations (Gamborg et aI., 1968 called B5; Murashige and Skoog, 1962 called MS and Schenk and Hildebrandt, 1968 called SH) on micropropagation were tested. Murashige and Skoog was the best medium for propagation of cassava and the cassava genotype Abili had the best shoot morphogenesis. Different ratios of wheat flour and agar (70g flour, 70g/2g, 60g/3g, 40g/4g and 8g/l agar) as nutrient media supporting gelling agent were tested on four cassava genotypes. The best shoot induction from nodal explants of selected cassava genotypes was found on MS medium gelled with 60g and 40g/l wheat flour mixed with 3g and 4g/l agar, respectively. Shoot morphogenesis of cassava genotype Abili was significantly better than all other genotypes. The effects of three cytokinins i.e. BAP, kinetin and 2ip each at 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5mg/l on in vitro propagation of nodal explants of cassava genotypes Movondo, Mape, Ziraa and Abili were tested. Significant effects of different concentrations and types of cytokinins were found on all parameters. The percentage of explants with shoots, number of shoots, and number of nodes per explant and height of plantlets were significantly higher on MS medium supplemented with 0.25mg/l and 0.5mg/l BAP. The cassava genotypes Abili and Movondo produced significantly higher number of shoots than Mape and Ziraa. However, cassava genotypes were comparable in numbers of shoots induced per nodal explant, except Mape and Abili, which were the least in terms of number of shoots produced on MS medium supplemented with kinetin and 2ip, respectively. Shoot induction was also tested on MS media supplemented with three auxins (IAA, NAA and IBA) each at 0.0, 0.02, 0.04 and 0.06mg/1 combined with 0.25 and 0.5mg/l BAP using nodal explants of four selected cassava genotypes. The MS medium without auxins was the best in induction of shoot morphogenesis. The effects of IAA and IBA each at 0.0, 0.02, 0.04 and 0.06 mg/l on in vitro root induction of plantlets regenerated from 4 selected cassava genotypes were examined. Significant differences between the different concentrations of the auxins were observed in the number of roots per explant. IAA at 0.02mg/l was the best for cassava genotypes Movondo and Abili, whereas IBA at 0.04 was the best concentration for rooting of short maturing cassava genotypes, Ziraa and Abili and 0.06mg/l IBA was the best for long maturing genotypes, Movondo and Mape. Callus induction was investigated with 2,4-D at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.511, and three types of explants (internodes, leaf petioles and mid-leaf veins slices). Concentrations of 2,4-D were significantly variable in percentages of callus induced per explant. Concentrations 1.5m and 2.0mg/l2,4-D were the best and low percentages of embryogenic callus were induced from it. The effect of explant type was not significant on percentages of the callus induced. However, leaf petioles and mid-leaf veins slices induced medium to large, friable, and grey callus, which was the best characteristic. Effects of growth media substrates i.e. peat moss, riverian (silt)/sand (11) and silt soil on in vivo survival of plantlets were tested. There were significant differences in the effects of growth medium substrates on survival and peat moss was the best. Plantlets were transplanted on peat moss and tested under two different conditions (plastic sheet covered and open buckets) and the best survival percentages were found on covered plantlets. The survival of plantlets regenerated on MS medium supplemented with charcoal was significantly higher than those regenerated on MS medium without charcoal",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Tafur, N., Forsythe, W.",1985,"The effect of several methods of land preparation on soil resistance to penetration and yield of corn (Zea mays L.), cassava (Manihot esculenta Cranz) and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) in association, 2: Effect on yield",Turrialba,35,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17243/,"The response of maize, sweet potato and cassava to the various forms of soil preparation was characteristic for each crop. In general, maize yield negatively responded to soil moisture during the development of the crop when there was a large positive water balance (rain-evaporation from tank A) and as a consequence high soil moisture. The response occurred during the first two months of growth. Soil prepared during the dry season had lower moisture and therefore higher corn yields. Under these climatic conditions, soil resistance did not vary enough to significantly influence maize yields. The sweet potato responded during the first two months of growth to a discontinuity of the resistance in the soil and not to the resistance itself, which did not vary enough to affect the yield. During this period there was a significant negative response from the yield to the maximum positive resistance change per 0.1m, the discontinuity index in the ce layer 0-0.2m. During the drying season before harvesting, there was a significant positive correlation between surface resistance and yield and this is attributed to the reduction in tuber output to the surface where insolation and pest attacks are experienced. Cassava did not respond significantly to soil preparation treatments and there was there was a significant positive correlation between surface resistance and yield and this is attributed to the reduction in tuber output to the surface where insolation and pest attacks are experienced.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Tafur, N., Forsythe, W.",1985,"The Effect of Various Methods of Land Preparation on Soil Resistance to Penetration and Yield of Corn (Zea-Mays L), Cassava (Manihot-Esculenta Crantz) and Sweet-Potato (Ipomoea-Batatas L) in Association .2. Effect on Yield",Turrialba,35,4,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17244/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Tafur, N., Forsythe, W.",1986,"effect of various methods of land preparation on soil resistance to penetration and yield of corn (Zea mays L.), cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) in association. II. Effect on yield",Turrialba,v. 35,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17245/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Takyi, S. K.",1972,"Effects of potassium, lime and spacing on yields of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)",Ghana Journal of Agriculture Science,5 (1),,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17274/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Takyi, S.K.",1974,"Fertilizer, planting date and growth period effects on yields of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in three ecological zones in Ghana",Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science,7,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17276/,"In forest, forest-savanna and coastal savanna-thicket zones, the first planting of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz, cv. Ankra) at the beginning of the rains (15 March 1969) gave very significantly higher yields than the second planting (15 April 1969), which in turn gave very significantly higher yields than the last planting (15 May 1969). Yields were higher with longer growth periods (crops were harvested after 9,12 and 15months), and there was a close relationship between yield and total rainfall in the forest and forest-savanna zones. Fertilizer increased yields to varying degrees in the three zones.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Talatala, R.L.",1982,Weed control in root crops,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17278/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Baena L, M.",1992,Cassava: new alternatives for the scapegoat of hillside erosion,CIAT International,11,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1728/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Talsma, E. F., Brouwer, I. D., Mwangi, A. M., Zimmermann, M. B., Verhoef, J. C. M., Melse-Boonstra, A.",2013,A Randomized Controlled Feeding Study with Provitamin A Rich Cassava Improves Total Carotenoid Intake in Primary School Children in Kenya,Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism,63,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17288/,"Background and objectives: Biofortified pro-vitamin A
rich cassava could potentially contribute to reduce vitamin A
deficiency (VAD) in Africa. Efficacy in improving vitamin A
(VA) status in humans has not been proven. We aimed to measure the effect of daily consumption of biofortified cassava on
VA intake in children aged 5-13 years in Kenya.
Methods: Children (n=342) with VAD (serum retinol-binding protein concentration (RBP) 4.5 ng/ml, sd 0.75) were randomly allocated to 1) biofortified cassava and placebo capsule;
2) white cassava and placebo capsule; or 3) white cassava and a
capsule (1, 400 µg âcarotene). Cassava was cooked and mashed
with salt and 4 g /oil per portion; portion size was 325 and 375 g per child depending on age given daily for 6 days/week for
18.5 weeks. Nine different varieties of biofortified cassava were
locally grown and harvested daily during intervention. Participants and staff were blinded to capsule contents but not to
cassava type. Cassava intake was measured daily and cooked
cassava was sampled daily for carotenoid analyses with HPLC.
Results: Complete data were collected for 337 children.
Mean duration of intervention was 112 days. At baseline,
groups were similar regarding age, sex and RBP. Compliance to
cassava feeding was 100% with no differences between groups.
Mean cassava intake per day was 365.6 g (sd 24.5) for white cassava and 360.6 g (sd 25.8) for biofortified cassava. Mean carotenoid concentration of biofortified cassava was 394.20 µg (sd
75.3) per 100 g (fresh weight). Daily mean carotenoid intake
from biofortified cassava was 200 µg RAE. Conclusions Daily
consumption of biofortified cassava improved the vitamin A
intake to 50% of the EAR. Acknowledegments The project was
realized in the framework of INSTAPA Project, funded by EU:
FP7/2007-2013 nr 211484.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Talsma, E. F., Melse-Boonstra, A., de Kok, B. P. H., Mbera, G. N. K., Mwangi, A. M., Brouwer, I. D.",2013,Biofortified Cassava with Pro-Vitamin A Is Sensory and Culturally Acceptable for Consumption by Primary School Children in Kenya,PLoS ONE,8,8,10.1371/journal.pone.0073433,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17289/,"Background
Biofortification of cassava with pro-vitamin A can potentially reduce vitamin A deficiency in low-income countries. However, little is known about consumer acceptance of this deep yellow variety of cassava compared to the commonly available white varieties. We aimed to determine the sensory and cultural acceptability of the consumption of pro-vitamin A rich cassava in order to identify key factors predicting the intention to consume pro-vitamin A rich cassava by families with school-aged children in Eastern Kenya.

Methods
Sensory acceptability was measured by replicated discrimination tests and paired preference tests among 30 children (7–12 yr) and 30 caretakers (18–45 yr) in three primary schools. Cultural acceptability was assessed with a questionnaire based on the combined model of The Theory of Planned Behavior and The Health Belief Model in one primary school among 140 caretakers of children aged 6 to 12 years. Correlations and multivariate analyses were used to determine associations between summed scores for model constructs.

Results
Caretakers and children perceived a significant difference in taste between white and pro-vitamin A rich cassava. Both preferred pro-vitamin A rich cassava over white cassava because of its soft texture, sweet taste and attractive color. Knowledge about pro-vitamin A rich cassava and it's relation to health (‘Knowledge’ ((β = 0.29, P = <.01)) was a strong predictor of ‘Health behavior identity’. Worries related to bitter taste and color (‘Perceived barriers 1’ (β = −0.21, P = .02)), the belief of the caretaker about having control to prepare cassava (‘Control beliefs’ (β = 0.18, P = .02)) and activities like information sessions about pro-vitamin A rich cassava and recommendations from health workers (‘Cues to action’(β = 0.51, P = <.01)) were the best predictors of intention to consume pro-vitamin A rich cassava.

Conclusions
Pro-vitamin A rich cassava is well accepted by school children in our study population.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Baena, M.",1992,"CIAT's gene bank: witness to our past, guardian of our future",CIAT International,11,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1729/,,Excluded,Language Barrier
"Tamai, M.A., Moraes, G.J. de, Silva, C.A.D. da, Nunes, A.M. (CPATSA-EMBRAPA/IITA, 56300-000 Petrolina-PE (Brazil))",1997,"Suitability of Brevipalpus obovatus as prey to Neoseiulus idaeus (Acari Tenuipalpidae, Phytoseiidae) on cassava",,v. 2,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17293/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Tamin, M.S. bin M.",1975,Towards production of virus free manioc plants (Cassava esculenta Crantz),Proceedings of the National Plant Tissue Culture Symposium,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17294/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Tamin, Mohamed Senawi bin Mohamed",1975,Towards production of virus-free manio plants (Cassava esculenta Crantz),,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17295/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Tamu, G. F., Modder, W. W. D.",1997,Soil conditions in oviposition sites of zonocerus variegatus (l.) in cassava plots in a sub-humid tropical environment,Insect Science and its Application,17,03-Apr,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17298/,"The temperature, pH, moisture, carbon and nitrogen contents of soils at oviposition sites of Zonocerus variegatus (L.) (Orthoptera Pyrgomorphidae) located around cassava farms at Aiyepe, southwestern Nigeria, were compared with those of soils at non-oviposition sites (control) during different months. Although oviposition site soils did not differ in particle composition from control soils, their temperatures were, generally, significantly lower. Soils at oviposition sites lost significantly less organic carbon to oxidation and nitrogen to leaching. They also contained significantly more moisture than soils at control sites during February-April when oviposition occurred and newly deposited eggs, lacking the serosal cuticle, would be prone to desiccation in dry soils. Conditions at oviposition sites are a key factor in the selection of egg deposition by gravid Z. variegatus. 1997 ICIPE.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Tan, S.L.",1984,"G x E interactions, heritability estimates and varietal adaptability in important agronomic characters of cassava",MARDI Research Bulletin,12,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17304/,"The combined analyses of variance on a series of six trials testing 16 germplasm varieties of cassava at five locations resulted in highly significant G x E interactions for all important agronomic traits. Hoever, relative to the genotype variance component, the G x E componentwas only important in determining germination, root yield, harvest index, commercial root number and starch yield. Broadsense heritability estimates derived from from variance components suggest that characters which showed a smaller G x E interaction as well as a small environment variance component were more highly heritable than not. By this definition, total root number and starch content were highly heritable traits. Stability analyses on varietal performance identified Bangkok 1 as the most stable variety among the top five starch yielders. All other high-yielding varieties were rated unstable, whereas Buluh, a low-yielder, proved most stable. The results suggest that, in conjunction with stability parameters, overall mean yield (over environments) is still an important criterion in the selection for adaptability of cassava varieties. Most varieties with high starch contents in their roots were stable for this trait.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Tan, S.L., Thiagarajan, S.",1986,Promising new cassava clones for mineral and peat soils,Teknologi Pelbagai Tanaman (Malaysia),2,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17305/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Tan, S.L.",1987,CM 982-7: A new cassava clone recommended for cultivation on peat,Teknologi Pelbagai Tanaman,3,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17307/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Tan, S. L., Chan, S. K.",1989,Nutrient-Requirements of Cassava for Continuous Cropping on Tropical Peat,International Symposium on Peat/Peatland Characteristics and Uses,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17310/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Tan, S.L.",1994,Cassava genetic resources programmes in Asia,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17314/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Baguma, Y., Osiru, D.S.O.",1994,Identification of stable indices for assessing biological efficiency of a cassava maize intercropping system,African Crop Science Conference Proceedings (Uganda),1,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1733/,"Shoot and root biomass, leaf area index, harvest index, competitive ratio, land equivalent ratio (LER) were used to study biological efficiency of cassave maize intercropping system. Root biomass and harvest index were stable indices for identifying cassava clones for intercropping with maize, while competitive ratio and land equivalent ratio were better measurement of competition levels and magnitude of recovery in the post-competition period",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Tanaka, Y., Data, E.S., Lape, V.G.",1984,Effect of pruning treatment on physiological deterioration and related biochemical changes in cassava roots,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17338/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) roots easily deteriorate soon after harvest. Pruning treatment for 2 weeks before harvest delays occurrence of the deterioration in cassava roots. Activities of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, peroxidase and acid invertase developed during incubation in all root parts of 1.5 cm thick tissue blocks prepared from the pruned and unpruned plants, though were from the pruned plant were lower than in tissue blocks from the pruned plant and were less than in the intact root from the unpruned plant. A similar pattern was observed in the production of coumarins as in the development of the activities of these enzymes between the tissue blocks or intact roots from the pruned and unpruned plants",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Tanaka, Y., Data, E.S., Lape, V.G., Villegas, C.D., Gorgonio, M., Hirose, S., Uritani, I.",1984,Effect of pruning treatment on physiological deterioration in cassava roots,Agricultural and Biological Chemistry,48,3,10.1080/00021369.1984.10866211,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17339/,"Cassava roots easily deteriorate after harvest. Pruning treatment (all leaves and stems are cut away except for about 30-cm-high stems and the stems and roots are left for 2 weeks or more before harvest) delays occurrence of the deterioration. Activities of l-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, peroxidase, and acid invertase and coumarin content developed during incubation in all parts of 1.5 cm thick root tissue blocks prepared from the pruned and unpruned plants, but were lower in the former. Activities of the enzymes and coumarin content in the intact root from the pruned plant were lower than in the tissue block from the pruned plant and were less than in the intact root from the unpruned plant. In the latter case, the level of activities was highest in the intervening parts of the root, in which physiological deterioration was induced.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Tanaka, Y., Data, E.S., Lape, V.G., Villegas, C.D., Gorgonio, M.",1984,Effect of pruning treatment on physiological deterioration in cassava roots [Manihot esculenta],Agricultural and Biological Chemistry,48,3,10.1080/00021369.1984.10866211,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17340/,"Cassava roots easily deteriorate after harvest. Pruning treatment (all leaves and stems are cut away except for about 30-cm-high stems and the stems and roots are left for 2 weeks or more before harvest) delays occurrence of the deterioration. Activities of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, peroxidase, and acid invertase and coumarin content developed during incubation in all parts of 1.5 cm thick root tissue blocks prepared from the pruned and unpruned plants, but were lower in the former. Activities of the enzymes and coumarin content in the intact root from the pruned plant were lower than in the tissue block from the pruned plant and were less than in the intact root from the unpruned plant. In the latter case, the level of activities was highest in the intervening parts of the root, in which physiological deterioration was induced.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Tanaka, Y.",1992,Report of training materials on the week of cassava production,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17341/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Tanaka, Y.",1992,"Review of current agronomic practices and constraints regarding cropping systems based on major food crops (rice, cassava, maize, legumes) in selected sub-Saharan African countries. Report",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17342/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Tanaka, Y.",1993,Report of Training Materials on Basic Course on Field Crops Production. v. 3 Report of training materials on the week of cassava production,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17343/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Tanee, F. B. G., Albert, E.",2011,Biostimulation potential of sawdust on soil parameters and cassava (Manihot esculenta; crantz) yields in crude oil polluted tropical soil,Advances in Environmental Biology,5,5,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17346/,"The biostimulation potential of sawdust on soil parameters and yield of Manihot esculenta; Crantz in a crude oil polluted tropical soil were investigated. 5kg of soil polluted with 200ml of crude oil was remediated with 50g of sawdust alongside a control (polluted but no remediation) and double control (no pollution and no remediation). The biostimulated soil was allowed for 8 weeks before cassava planting. Composite soil analyses for nitrate, phosphate, total hydrocarbon content (THC), total organic carbon (TOC), pH, and conductivity; and cassava yield parameters were done at every 8 weeks and 4 weeks interval respectively. Result showed that addition of sawdust increased the soil nutrient status as well as the yield of the two cassava varieties. Nitrate increase from 12.4 - 34.89mg/kg as against 16.30mg/kg in the control while THC decreased from 675 to 150 mg/kg. pH showed no significant difference between and within treatments. Soil conductivity recorded was in the order double control (243 s/cm) >control (112 s/cm) > biostimulation (55 s/cm). These invariably led to improvement in the yield of cassava varieties with increase in shoot length (36.61.24 and 29.0 0.74); above -ground fresh weight (40.12 0.12 and 27.26 0.2); below-ground fresh weight (24.06 0.05 and 20.000.09); above-ground dry weight (9.64 0.12 and 7.75 0.03); below-ground dry weight (8.40 0.10 and 9.20 0.18); and total dry weight (18.04 0.10 and 17.010.2) for var. NR 8082 and var. TMS 30572 respectively. These values were significantly (p=0.05) higher than their respective controls. Therefore, sawdust has the potential to biostimulate crude oil polluted tropical soil for cassava cultivation especially in the Niger-Delta region of Nigeria where crude oil pollution is inevitable.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Tangtham, Nipon, Boonyawat, Samakkee, Kanokporn Buchaboon (Kasetsart Univ., Bangkok (Thailand). Faculty of Forestry. Dept. Conservation)",1998,Impacts of land-use evolution and reservoir development on water balance and flow regimes of the Chi river basin,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17366/,"Historical data of annual rainfall, seasonal and annual flow during 1951 to 1994 collected by Royal Irrigation Department (RID) and Electric Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) corresponding to land use changes derived from the landsat imageries during 1973 to 1995 interpreted by Royal Forest Department, Faculty of Forestry, land Development Department (LDD) and Office of Agricultural Statistics were employed to analysed relationships between land-use changes and water balance and flow regime of 9 sub-watersheds in the Chi river basin. It was found that during the past 23 years forest area in the main basin decreased from 35 percent to 14 percent while the mixed crop land increasced from about 1.2 to 32 percent, upland agriculture (maize, cassava, sugar cane) fluctuated from more than 36 percent in 1973 to 12 percent in 1995 with a remakably droped of cassava from 30 percent to 9.6 percent. The paddy increased from 21 percent to 37.8 percent in 1995 while urban and water resources were ranged in 0.12-0.88 percent and 0.97 to 1.44 percent respectively. Although, the annual rainfall of all sub-basins tended to decrease, there was insignificant relationship between land-use change, particular forest area depletion, on annual rainfall. Also insignificant relation between water budget components and land use changes was found with rather small effect on seasonal and annual flows of all studied sub-basins and the main basin. The land-use development during the past period, however, altered flow regime by shifting the quartile and half flow dates to occur earlier and shortening 5 percent flow interval but showed insignificant effect on high flow interval parameters. Rainfall amount prior to the designed flow dates and during the flow intervals showed higher roles on flow dates and flow intervals than that of the forest area.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Tanguiling, V.C.",1988,A comparison of the pressure chamber apparatus and Shardakov method in determining leaf water potential of cassava and soybean,Annals of Tropical Research,10,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17367/,The efficiency of the Shardakov or dye method in measuring the leaf water potentials of cassava (Manihot esculent Crantz var. Hawaiian 4) and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr. var. Clark 63) was evaluated and compared with that of the pressure chamber measurements were made on whole leaves while Shardakov method measurements were made on leaf discs. A regression analysis showed an agreement between the two methods. Results indicate the Shardakov or dye method is as useful as the pressure chamber apparatus in measuring the left water potentials of cassava and soybean.,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Tanigoshi, L.K. (Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA (USA). Dept. of Entomology), Megevand, B., Yaninek, J.S.",1993,Non-prey food for subsistence of Amblyseius idaeus (Acari Phytoseiidae) on cassava in Africa,,v. 17,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17371/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Taniguchi, T. (Nagoya Univ. (Japan). Faculty of Agriculture), Data, E.S., Burden, O.J., Uritani, I., Gorgonio, M., Umeres, E.",1984,The appearance of antifungal activity in cassava root tissues in response to physiological and microbial deteriorations,Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan (Japan),v. 50,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17372/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Tarafdar, J., Sarkar, M.A.",2006,"Managing sweetpotato weevil (Cylas formicarius Fabricius) in West Bengal, India, by some chemicals, bioproducts and sex pheromone traps",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17399/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Tawin Krutkun (Kasetsart Univ., Bangkok (Thailand). Faculty of Agriculture. Dept. of Soil Science)",1984,Effects of lead nitrate and lead oxide added to Map Bon sandy loam soil on growth of cassava [in Thailand],Kasetsart Journal,v. 18,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17423/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Taylor, Nigel, Gaitán-Solís, Eliana, Moll, Theodore, Trauterman, Brent, Jones, Tira, Pranjal, Amita, Trembley, Cindy, Abernathy, Vince, Corbin, David, Fauquet, Claude M.",2012,High-throughput Platform for the Production and Analysis of Transgenic Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Plants,Tropical Plant Biology,5,1,10.1007/s12042-012-9099-4,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17437/,"A platform for high-throughput production and analysis of transgenic cassava (Manihot esculenta) has been developed for the variety 60444 and implemented to generate plants expressing traits for nutritional enhancement, modified metabolism, promoter analysis and disease resistance. Over a three and a half year period this system has been utilized to produce more than 3500 independent transgenic plant lines from 50 different genetic constructs within a single laboratory. Plants recovered through this system have proven robust and efficacious for engineered traits under greenhouse conditions and within the first confined field trials of transgenic cassava carried out in Uganda, Kenya, Nigeria and Puerto Rico. Detailed procedures are described for the operation of this platform, including all steps in tissue culture, genetic transformation, copy number estimation, greenhouse establishment for shoot and storage root formation and systems for centralized quality control, transgenic plant tracking and regulatory compliance. In addition to providing reliable transgenic plant production for proof of concept studies in the variety 60444, the systems implemented and described here form the structure for high throughput production of transgenic farmer-preferred cultivars of cassava.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Taylor, N. J., Halsey, M., Gaitn-Sols, E., Anderson, P., Gichuki, S., Miano, D., Bua, A., Alicai, T., Fauquet, C. M.",2012,The VIRCA Project: Virus Resistant Cassava for Africa,GM Crops & Food,3,2,10.4161/gmcr.19144,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17439/,"The VIRCA (Virus Resistant Cassava for Africa) project is a collaborative program between the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, USA the National Crops Resources Research Institute, Uganda and the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Kenya. VIRCA is structured to include all aspects of the intellectual property, technology, regulatory, biosafety, quality control, communication and distribution components required for a GM crop development and delivery process. VIRCA's goal is to improve cassava for resistance to the viral diseases cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) and cassava mosaic disease (CMD) using pathogen-derived RNAi technology, and to field test, obtain regulatory approval for and deliver these products to small landholder farmers. During Phase I of the project, proof of concept was achieved by production and testing of virus resistant plants under greenhouse and confined field trials in East Africa. In VIRCA Phase II, two farmer-preferred varieties will be modified for resistance to CBSD and CMD, and lead events identified after molecular and field screening. In addition to delivery of royalty-free improved planting materials for farmers, VIRCA capacity building activities are enhancing indigenous capability for crop biotechnology in East Africa.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Taylor, N. J., Fauquet, C. M., Tohme, J.",2012,Overview of Cassava Special Issue,Tropical Plant Biology,5,1,10.1007/s12042-012-9098-5,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17441/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Taylor, N. J., Narayanan, N., Beyene, G., Chauhan, R. D., Gaitan-Solis, E., Siritunga, D., Grusak, M. A., Anderson, P.",2016,Iron and Zinc Biofortification of Cassava Storage Roots to Nutritionally Significant Levels,In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Animal,52,Supplement 1,10.1007/s11626-016-0034-0,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17443/,"Although an excellent source of carbohydrate, cassava storage roots provide consumers with insufficient levels of micronutrients for a healthy diet. Transgenic technologies offer potential for crop plant biofortification, but their application has proved challenging. Efforts to enhance iron and zinc concentrations in cassava storage roots were attempted by over expression of the Arabidopsis vacuolar iron transporter (AtVIT1). In greenhouse conditions, expression of AtVIT1 under control of the patatin promoter resulted in accumulation of 2-4 times higher iron concentration in storage roots compared with wild-type controls. When grown in the field, the same transgenic lines accumulated up to 10 times higher iron (110 mg/g vs 10 mg/g DW) in their storage roots, with no change in levels of zinc or other minerals. In a second approach, cassava was modified to co-express the Arabidopsis iron regulated transporter (AtIRT1) and Ferritin (AtFER). In the greenhouse, plants expressing AtIRT1 + AtFER produced storage roots with up to 5 times higher iron concentration and 5 times higher zinc concentration compared to the controls. Storage roots of AtIRT1 + AtFER co-expressing from field-grown plants harvested at 9 mo after planting showed 4-8 times higher iron (78 mg/g vs 9 mg/g DW), and 3-7 times higher zinc concentrations (81 mg/g vs 11 mg/g DW) compared to the non-transgenic controls. Both transgenic VIT1 and IRT1+FER plants have proved to have root yields equivalent to the non-modified controls under greenhouse and field conditions. Impact of food processing on mineral retention and bioavailability in Fe and Zn enhanced storage roots is ongoing. Data will be shown describing how the increased concentrations of Fe and Zn could provide significant improvements in % Estimated Average Requirement (% EAR) of these minerals for consumers who utilize cassava as a staple component of their diet.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Taylor, N. J., Beyene, G., Chauhan, R. D., Wagaba, H., Odipio, J., Moll, T., Alicai, T., Miano, D., Wilson, M., Wang, H. F., Fahlgren, N., Jacobsen, S., Carrington, J. C., Bart, R.",2016,Passage Through Somatic Embryogenesis Causes Loss of Resistance to Cassava Mosaic Disease in Regenerated Plants,In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Animal,52,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17444/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Tchuanyo, M., Huis, A. van, Lenteren, J.C. van",2000,"Distribution, incidence and abundance of the cassava brown root scale insect, Stictococcus vayssierei, in Cameroon",Tropical Science,40,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17445/,"A new scale insect, Stictococcus vayssierei, has been found attacking all the underground parts of cassava. From surveys in all the cassava-growing areas of Cameroon, the insect seems to be limited to the southern part of the country, where it is a major pest of cassava. This is the semi-humid zone with a bimodal rainfall pattern. Field populations of the pest vary within fields and regions. More than 200 insects were observed on a single plant in many fields. Seasons seem to influence field populations.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Fauquet, C., Fargette, D.",1988,African cassava mosaic disease and its control,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17448/,"At a workshop, held in the Ivory Coast in 1987, 40 papers were read dealing with all the aspects of the African cassava mosaic virus and its control. The subjects were grouped in 8 sections, including a review of the actual situation, description of the vectors epidemiology, prophylactic control measures, breeding of tolerant and resistant cassava varieties and control strategies. This mosaic virus, detected in 1894, is restricted to Africa only, where it causes yield reductions varying between 20 and 80%. The virus is transmitted either by the white fly (Bemisia tabaci) or by infected cuttings.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Teerawatsakul, Maneesa",1992,Weed problems and their control in cassava,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17454/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Teles, F. F. F., Oliveira, J. S., Silveira, A. J., Batista, C. M., Stull, J. W.",1985,"Fatty-Acids, Carbohydrates and Crude Protein in 20 Cassava Cultivars (Manihot-Esculenta-Crantz)",Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society,62,4,10.1007/BF03028734,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17466/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Belehu, Terefe",1982,Ethiopia,"Root Crops in Eastern Africa: Proceedings of a workshop held in Kigali, Rwanda, 23-27 November 1980",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17483/,"Several million people in Ethiopia depend on root and tuber crops as a staple food; therefore, a national effort has been directed toward developing acceptable cultivars and appropriate cultural practices so that improved yields and better quality products can be obtained. The root and tuber crops given priority in this program are potato, sweet potato, enset, yam, taro, anchote, and cassava.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Teri, J.M., Thurston, H.D., Lozano, J.C.",1980,Effect of brown leaf spot and Cercospora leaf blight on cassava productivity,Tropical Agriculture,57,3,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17484/,"The cassava lines which included different levels of resistance and susceptibility to the two diseases were planted in split-plot experiments in Colombia. They were observed under natural epidemics with half the plots being protected by spraying with benomyl. While the diseases had no significant effects on plant height or number of nodes per plant, they had significant adverse effects on fresh and dry matter root yields. Root sugar content and starch content were only lightly reduced in diseased plants.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Teri, J. M., Thurston, H. D., Lozano, J. C.",1980,Effect of brown leaf spot and Cercospora leaf blight on cassava productivity,Tropical Agriculture,57,3,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17485/,"The cassava lines which included different levels of resistance and susceptibility to the two diseases were planted in split-plot experiments in Colombia. They were observed under natural epidemics with half the plots being protected by spraying with benomyl. While the diseases had no significant effects on plant height or number of nodes per plant, they had significant adverse effects on fresh and dry matter root yields. Root sugar content and starch content were only lightly reduced in diseased plants.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Terry, E.",1975,"Cassava germ plasm resources, disease incidence and phytosanitary constraints at IITA, Nigeria","The International Exchange and Testing of Cassava Germ Plasm: Proceedings of an interdisciplinary workshop held at CIAT, Palmira, Colombia, 4-6 February 1975",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17492/,No abstract,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Terry, E.R., MacIntyre, R.",1976,The international exchange and testing of cassava germ plasm in Africa,"The International Exchange and Testing of Cassava Germ Plasm in Africa: Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Workshop held at IITA, lbadan, Nigeria, 17-21 November 1975",,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17494/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Terry, E. R., Persley, G. J., Cook, Sheila C. A.",1979,"report of an interdisciplinary workshop held at IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 26-30 June 1978",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17498/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Terry, E.R., Caveness, F., Oduro, K.A.",1981,Tropical Root Crops: Research Strategies for the 1980s,Tropical Root Crops: Research Strategies for the 1980s,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17501/,"Problems which limit the improvement of all root crops in Africa include restrictions on the transfer of germ plasm from researchers in one country to those in another; production costs; and personnel shortages. To realize the full potential of root crop cultivars, researchers need to study the broad effects of the interaction of genotypes and the environment based on agroecological zones. The income elasticity of demand for various root crops must also be improved so that it compares favourably with that for other food crops, especially cereals. The strategy, therefore, is to develop technologies for processing, packaging, storing, and marketing root crops within countries as well as for trade among countries. The existing training programs must also be intensified to produce the required capability for research, extension, and production of root crops. Specific recommendations for the improvement and increased production of the four major root crops - cassava, yams, sweet potatoes, and cocoyams - pertain to plant breeding for disease and pest control, and research on intercropping, harvesting and post-harvesting practices",Excluded,Duplicate
"Terry, E.R., Perreaux, D.",1984,"Cassava diseases, their spread and control",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17502/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Terry, E.R., Doku, E.V., Arene, O.B., Mahungu, N.M.",1984,Tropical Root Crops: Production and Uses in Africa,"Proceedings of the second Triennial Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops - Africa Branch held in Douala, Cameroon. 14-19 August 1983",,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17503/,"A mixture of original research, updates on procedures, literature reviews, and survey reports, this document resulted from the second symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, Africa Branch, with 77 participants from 16 countries. The focus was cassava, yams, cocoyams, and sweet potatoes, from the perspectives of breeders, agronomists, soil specialists, plant pathologists, entomologists, nutritionists, food technologists, etc. Learning from past successes and failures, many of the researchers directed their efforts toward problems obstructing progress in reaching improved production and use of root crops and attempted to view, realistically, the context in which their results would be applied.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Tetteh, J.P., Omenyo, E.L., Dankwa, A.",1997,Tuberization and effect of age of seedlings at transplant on yield of seed-propagated cassava,Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science,30,1,10.4314/gjas.v30i1.1972,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17520/,"Two experiments were carried out firstly to study the processes of development and tuber initiation in cassava seedlings, and secondly, to determine the appropriate age at which cassava seedlings should be transplanted to ensure optimum field establishment and higher yield. In the first experiment, nursed seedlings were uprooted at weekly intervals from time of emergence for 9 weeks, and observed for root and shoot development. Transverse sections of roots were examined for the presence of starch grains. In the second experiment, seedlings at 27, 34, 41 and 48 days old were transplanted (naked root) to the field and observed tor survival and tuber yield after 10 months of growth. Most seeds germinated within 7-16 days after sowing but a few germinated after 70 days. During the first 9 weeks of seedling growth, an average of three leaves unfolded every week on the main stem. Stem elongation occurred at a fairly constant rate of 5. I mm /day while tap root elongation was 8.6 mm/day for the first week, and 2.4 mm/ day over the next 6 weeks. Lateral root elongation was high, averaging about 9.3 mm/day over the first 6 weeks of growth. Starch grains were first observed in the tap root at 4 weeks and in the lateral root tissues at 5 weeks. ProliferatIOn of starch-filled cQrtical cells began in the tap and lateral roots at 5 and 9 weeks respectively. Percentage survival were 28. 63, 80, and 67 for seedlings transplanted at 27. 34. 41 and 48 days old respectively. Tuber yield ranged from 6525 kglha tor the 27 days old seedlings to 17 764 kglha for the 41 days old seedlings. It was concluded that the most appropriate age at which to transplant cassava seedlings to ensure optimum survival and yield was 41 days after sowing.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Tewe, O.",1994,Indices of cassava safety for livestock feeding,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17540/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Thakkar, S. K., Maziya-Dixon, B., Dixon, A. G. O., Failla, M. L.",2007,β-Carotene Micellarization during in Vitro Digestion and Uptake by Caco-2 Cells Is Directly Proportional to β-Carotene Content in Different Genotypes of Cassava,Journal of Nutrition,137,10,10.1093/jn/137.10.2229,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17544/,"Cassava, a staple food in sub-Saharan Africa, does not provide adequate amounts of pro-vitamin A (VA) carotenoids and has been targeted for biofortification (i.e. selectively breeding cultivars of increased nutrient density with agroeconomically acceptable characteristics). However, the accessibility of pro-VA carotenoids for absorption in different cultivars of cassava remains unknown. Here, we used the coupled in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell uptake model to screen the relative accessibility of beta-carotene (beta C) in 10 cultivars of cassava with varying concentrations of beta C. After cooking (boiled for 30 min), the beta C concentration in tubers from different cultivars ranged from less than detectable to 6.9 mu g beta C/g cassava. Samples were subjected to simulated oral, gastric, and small intestinal digestion to determine stability and micellarization of beta C. All-trans beta C, 9-cis beta C, and 13-cis beta C were the most abundant carotenoids in cooked cassava and recoveries after digestion exceeded 70%. Efficiency of micellarization of total PC was 30 +/- 2% for various cultivars with no significant difference in isomers and linearly proportional to concentration in cooked cassava (r = 0.87; P < 0.001). Accumulation of all-trans beta C by Caco-2 cells incubated with the diluted micelle fraction for 4 h was proportional (R-2 = 0.99; P < 0.001) to the quantity present in micelles. These results suggest that all-trans beta C content appears to provide the key selection marker for breeding cassava to improve VA status and that the more complicated screening procedure using in vitro digestion coupled to cell uptake does not provide additional information on potential bioavailability.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Thamburaj, S., Gunasekaran, G. R., Santharam, G.",1978,Effect of scales in the sets of tapioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) on sprouting,Prog Hortic,9,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17553/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Thamburaj, S., Muthukrishnan, C.R.",1976,Intercropping bellary onion with tapioca,Indian Horticulture,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17554/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Thamburaj, S., Muthukrishnan, C.R.",1977,Influence of multiple shoots on growth and yiled of tapioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz),South Indian horticulture,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17555/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Thamburaj, S., Muthukrishnan, C.R.",1977,Performance of tapioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) clones under Bhavanisagar conditions,South Indian horticulture,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17556/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Thamburaj, S., Muthukrishnan, C.R.",1977,Studies on intercropping in tapioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Madras agricultural journal,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17557/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Thamburaj, S., Muthukrishnan, C.R.",1977,Studies on topping and leaf removal in tapioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz),,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17558/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Thamburaj, S., Muthukrishnan, C.R.",1977,Studies on topping and leaf removal in tapioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) [Cassava],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17559/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Thamburaj, S., Palaniswamy, R., Muthukrishnan, C.R.",1978,Micronutrient content in leaves of certain cultivars of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),South Indian horticulture,v. 26,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17560/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Thamburaj, S., Muthukrishnan, C.R., Irulappan, I.",1985,Studies on sensitivity of cassava buds to gamma rays and EMS,South Indian Horticulture,33,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17561/,Single budded sets of Co 1 and H. 1687 varieties of cassava were treated with gamma rays and EMS separately. The results showed 1.5 to 2.0 kR of gamma rays and 12.5 to 25.0 mM EMS optimum doses,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Thampatti, K.C.M., Padmaja, P.",1987,Response of cassava to potassic fertilization in presence of urea blended with neem (Azadirachta indica) cake,Journal of Potassium Research,v. 3,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17563/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Baicha, W.",2016,Land use dynamics and land cover structure change in Thailand (as exemplified by mountainous Nan Province,Geography and Natural Resources,37,1,10.1134/S1875372816010121,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1758/,"Changes in the land use pattern and in the land cover structure for the time interval 19952012 in Thailand are considered by using, as an example, Nan Province located in the northern mountainous part of the country. Interpretation of satellite images and vector data that were provided by the Land Development Department (Thailand) revealed the main directions of change in the regions land use deforestation, expansion of areas under crops, transition from slash and burn cultivation to permanent cultivation, and intensive utilization of agrochemicals. In spite of a decrease in the deforestation rate across Thailand in general, it is shown that for the period under review the proportion of natural forests in Nan Province decreased by nearly one half. On the other hand, the agricultural lands increased for the same period by more than 50%. The highest deforestation rates were recorded during 20092012. It was found that the changes in the land use pattern disturbed the existing centuries-old balance of mannatural environment interaction within the framework of the traditional system of slash and burn agriculture which is well adapted to local conditions. The study revealed the chief causes for such changes an ineffective monitoring of forests; an unclear character of the boundaries separating lands of rural communities and protected territories, and possibilities for sales of commercial products (maize, cassava, etc.) cultivated in illegal fields. It is shown that rapid changes in land cover due to deforestation and plowing of mountainous areas for cultivation of commercial crops led to an intensification of slope processes (landslides and solifluction), an increase in overland runoff, and to an enhanced hazard of heavy floods during the monsoon season. To keep track of deforestation and deal with nature management conflicts requires a continuous monitoring of the land cover dynamics. 2016, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Thankappan, M., Nair, N. G., Nair, R. R.",1996,Degeneration of cassava planting materials due to CMD,"Tropical Tuber Crops: Problems, Prospects and Future Strategies",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17582/,"Information on the rate of degeneration of cassava planting materials due to cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and successive loss in tuber yield was gathered from field trials for three seasons (1989-1992) using three cassava cultivars, viz. Malayan-4, H 165 and H 226. Both primary and secondary spreads of CMD progressively increased in ail the varieties during the successive crops. The reduction in growth and tuber yield due to CMD progressively increased and was proportionate to the increase in disease spread and incidence. The rate of spread and degeneration of cassava varied among the varieties. H 226 was the most vulnerable to degeneration followed by H 165 and M4. The study suggests that selection of disease-free planting materials and rogueing of infected plants should be done every gear to contain the CMD to a reasonable level.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Theberge, R. L. (ed.)",1985,"Common African Pests and Diseases of Cassava, Yam, Sweet Potato and Cocoyam","Common African Pests and Diseases of Cassava, Yam, Sweet Potato and Cocoyam",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17591/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Thomas, R.J.",1994,Nitrogen recycling and fixation,Savannas program: Biennial report 1992-1993,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17620/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Thompson, W. M. O.",2000,"Development, morphometrics and other biological characteristics of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) on cassava",Insect Science and its Application,20,4,10.1017/S1742758400015605,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17629/,"The development and morphometrics of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) were studied on cassava and a description was made of the different nymphal instars and other biological characteristics. The nymphal instars were distinguished using easily recognisable morphological characteristics. Abnormally developing individuals were also easily recognised. Regression analysis was highly significant between the length and width of nymphal instars modelled collectively, indicating two-dimensional growth at least across three nymphal stadia. Males were smaller than females on the basis of body length, wing width and width of the abdomen. The insects showed better development on a Colombian cassava variety as compared to an African variety, Ebwanateraka from Uganda, and consistently showed a higher proportion of males than females (2.33: 1) for early-emerging individuals. Mean developmental period on both varieties was 22 days and the first instars accounted for the major part of the developmental period which ranged from 19 to 29 days. The mean number of eggs/female/day was 4.89. The actual events of first instar eclosion, which can last up to approximately five minutes, were described. The intervals of honeydew flow to the vasiform orifice lasted a minimum mean time of 20.8 seconds and a maximum mean time of 123 seconds.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Thompson, W. M. O.",2011,Interaction of Bemisia tabaci with East African cassava mosaic virus-Infected Plants,"The Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) Interaction with Geminivirus-Infected Host Plants",,,10.1007/978-94-007-1524-0_6,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17634/,"In examining the interaction of Bemisia tabaci with East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV) infected cassava plants, the number of eggs oviposited, developing nymphal instars and eclosed adults were not significantly different between uninfected and EACMV-infected plants. Highest mortality occurred on non-viruliferous first instars and on viruliferous fourth instars on infected plants. Highest mortality was also observed on fourth instars of both viruliferous and non-viruliferous whiteflies developing on uninfected plants. Development of non-viruliferous B. tabaci was 62% and 77% on uninfected and infected plants respectively and this was 56% and 59% respectively for viruliferous whiteflies. Developmental period of non-viruliferous whiteflies was 25 days on both uninfected and infected plants. Viruliferous whiteflies reflected a developmental period of 25 days on uninfected plants and 26 days on infected plants. Irrespective of the viruliferous nature of B. tabaci and infection status of plants, eclosed adults were always in a 11 ratio of females to males. Infected or uninfected plants colonized by B. tabaci for at least two generations reflected no significant differences in the number of eggs and subsequent developing juveniles. Subsequent studies revealed no interaction effect between plant health status and the viruliferous status of whiteflies in relation to oviposition and total number of eclosed adults. There were no significant differences in the total number of emerged adults between infected and uninfected plants, and between viruliferous and non-viruliferous whiteflies. The effect of EACMV on B. tabaci is neutral, in that the virus has not affected the vector through direct or indirect measures.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Thomson, J. A.",2006,Genetically modified crops - Playing a positive role in sustainable development in Africa,South African Medical Journal,96,6,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17640/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Thomson, J. A.",2008,The role of biotechnology for agricultural sustainability in Africa,Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences,363,1492,10.1098/rstb.2007.2191,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17641/,"Sub-Saharan Africa could have a shortfall of nearly 90Mt of cereals by the year 2025 if current agricultural practices are maintained. Biotechnology is one of the ways to improve agricultural production. Insect-resistant varieties of maize and cotton suitable for the subcontinent have been identified as already having a significant impact. Virus-resistant crops are under development. These include maize resistant to the African endemic maize streak virus and cassava resistant to African cassava mosaic virus. Parasitic weeds such as Striga attack the roots of crops such as maize, millet, sorghum and upland rice. Field trials in Kenya using a variety of maize resistant to a herbicide have proven very successful. Drought-tolerant crops are also under development as are improved varieties of local African crops such as bananas, cassava, sorghum and sweet potatoes.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Thomson, Jennifer A.",2015,Prospects for the utilization of genetically modified crops in Africa,,v. 37,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17642/,"Plant diseases not found in many other parts of the world can be found in Africa. These diseases severely hinder crop production, potentially resulting in a lack of food security. Many of the disease problems are amenable to both classical and modern breeding solutions. However, some are challenging diseases that require the use of genetic modification. This paper discusses some of the diseases whereby genetically modified crops (GMO) can provide a solution. They include maize resistant to the endemic African Maize streak virus , cassava resistant to Cassava mosaic virus , and bananas resistant to bacterial wilt. In addition, other traits of value to farmers in Africa may include maize resistant to insects, post-harvest fungi and to weeds, drought-tolerant maize and vitamin-enriched crops. Consideration is given to some of the concerns preventing governments from approving the commercialization of these crops, including food and safety issues.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Thorpe, W.R., Mullins, G., Reynolds, L. (ILCA, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia)), Maloo, S.H., Muinga, R.W., Mureithi, J.G., Njuni, M., Ramadhan, A. (Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Mombasa (Kenya))",1993,Research on smallholder dairy production in coastal lowland Kenya,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17654/,"This paper describes the origins and subsequent development of a collaborative programme of research on smallholder dairy production between KARI, ILCA and other cooperating institutions. The programme conducted research within a farming systems framework in peri-urban areas of coastal lowland Kenya. The integrated programme of on-farm and on-station research covers farming systems description and constraint identification, and technology development and testing. Major research areas centre on studies of milk consumption and marketing, smallholder resource management, disease risk to dairy cattle, feeding systems development and dairy cattle breeding. Results to date have confirmed the large milk deficit. East Coast Fever has been shown to cause major losses in smallholder dairy cattle. The seasonal feed shortages and inadequate nutrient concentrations in milk production diets are being adressed through integrating crops and livestock by intercropping fodder grasses, maize and cassava with shrub and herbaceous legumes and the application of cattle manure. Rotational crossbreeding has been shown to be an efficient breeding system for smallholder milk production. Studies of current farming systems and the assessment of resource levels indicate that for the majority of households, agricultural change will be a sequential intensification through the adoption of individual technological components rather than through the adoption of a multi-component package, such as the National Dairy Development Project's zero-grazing package.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Thottappilly, G.",1992,Plant-Virus Diseases of Importance of African Agriculture,Journal of Phytopathology-Phytopathologische Zeitschrift,134,4,10.1111/j.1439-0434.1992.tb01236.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17656/,"In subsistence agriculture of the tropics, yields of crops are often low due to pests and diseases. Among other pathogens, several viruses have been associated with the poor yields. This paper reviews present knowledge on viruses of importance to African agriculture. A number of viruses identified in crops in Africa are listed, and few important ones are discussed in detail. Virus diseases constitute a major threat to the large-scale production of crops in several African countries. The geographical distribution of several viruses is not yet accurately determined, and many virus diseases are yet to be accurately identified. Control of virus diseases has been largely concentrated on the identification and development of resistant materials to suit the subsistence farming systems that prevail in the continent.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Thresh, J.M., Fishpool, L.D.C., Otim-Nape, G.W., Fargette, D.",1994,African cassava mosaic virus disease an under-estimated and unsolved problem,Tropical Science,34,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17659/,"A brief history is presented of research on African cassava mosaic disease, which is caused by a whitefly-borne geminivirus. Particular attention is given to epidemiology, control and effects on yield. It is estimated that mosaic disease in Africa causes crop losses of 28-40% totalling 28-49 million tonnes per annum. Attention is drawn to the opportunity for considerable increases in production by using virus-resistant varieties mid sanitation, although it will be difficult to ensure the adoption of these control measures on a sufficiently wide scale.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Thresh, J.M., Otim-Nape, G.W. (Natural Resources Institute, Chatham Maritime ME4-4TB (United Kingdom))",1994,Strategies for controlling African cassava mosaic geminivirus,Advances in Disease Vector Research,v. 10,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17661/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Thresh, J. M., Otim-Nape, G. W., Fargette, D.",1998,The components and deployment of resistance to cassava mosaic virus disease,Integrated Pest Management Reviews,3,4,10.1023/A:1009626806156,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17662/,"Cassava mosaic virus disease (CMD) is prevalent and causes serious losses in cassava (Manihot esculenta) in southern India and in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. The disease is caused by viruses of the Geminiviridae that are transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci and disseminated in the stem cuttings used routinely for propagation. The main approach to control is through the use of virus-resistant varieties, but suitable ones are not always available and susceptible varieties are still widely grown. This explains why CMD continues to be a problem in many areas. CMD-resistant varieties have several features which are considered in this review- They are not readily infected, even when exposed to large amounts of vector-borne inoculum. When infected they develop symptoms that tend to be inconspicuous and not associated with obvious deleterious effects on growth or yield. Moreover, the symptoms become even less conspicuous as growth proceeds and plants may eventually recover and become symptomless. Infected plants support a low virus content and they are likely to be a poor source of inoculum from which further spread can occur. Virus is not fully systemic within infected plants which can be a source of uninfected planting material when stem cuttings are collected for further propagation. This phenomenon is referred to as 'reversion' and it has an important 'cleansing effect' in restricting or preventing the progressive deterioration in health status that would otherwise occur during successive cycles of vegetative propagation. The available information on the different components of resistance is discussed and it is concluded that they are inter-related features of the same basic mechanism that restricts virus entry, replication and movement within the host. It is argued that the effectiveness and durability of virus-resistant varieties are likely to be influenced by the way in which they are deployed. However, this topic has received little attention from researchers and there is continuing uncertainty on the effects of CMD on the yield of resistant varieties and on the role of phytosanitation. This involves the use of virus-free planting material and the removal (roguing) of any additional diseased plants that occur. Some consider that these procedures complement the use of virus-resistant varieties and should be adopted, whereas others argue that they are unnecessary and inappropriate. It is concluded that there is considerable scope for utilizing resistant varieties more widely and more effectively than at present, but in doing so it is important to avoid eroding the genetic diversity that is currently such a marked feature of cassava cultivation in Africa.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Thresh, J.M., Cooter, R.J.",2005,Strategies for controlling cassava mosaic virus disease in Africa,,v. 54,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17663/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Thresh, J. M.",2006,Control of tropical plant virus diseases,Plant Virus Epidemiology,67,,10.1016/S0065-3527(06)67007-3,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17664/,"This chapter considers the main approaches to control of tropical plant virus diseases, with the emphasis on virus diseases of tropical crops. There are many different approaches to controlling plant virus diseases and many of those causing serious losses in the tropics could be controlled through the application of existing knowledge. Cacao swollen shoot, maize streak, rice tungro, groundnut rosette, and cassava mosaic are prime examples of some of the few tropical virus diseases that have been studied intensively and yet it is apparent from the four case histories that many uncertainties remain concerning their control and they continue to cause serious losses. In developing and deploying control measures in the tropics, it is essential to consider the requirements and capacity of the farmers involved and their ability to access and utilize research findings. It is difficult to generalize because of the many different agroecologies that are exploited and the wide range of crops and cropping systems adopted.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Thro, A.M., Roca, W.M., Henry, G.",1994,The Cassava Biotechnology Network: objectives and accomplishments in biotechnology for a small farmer crop,The Cassava Biotechnology Network: objectives and accomplishments in biotechnology for a small farmer crop,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17666/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Thro, A. M.",1996,Cassava R&D: A public investment,Nature Biotechnology,14,8,10.1038/nbt0896-929,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17671/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Thro, Ann Marie",1997,The cassava biotechnology network (CBN) fostering cassava biotechnology impact for national programs and small-scale farmers considerations as CBN members begin planning participatory research projects with cassava farmers and processors,"New frontiers in participatory research and gender analysis: Proceedings of the International Seminar on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis for Technology Development, September 9-14, 1996",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17674/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Thro, Ann Marie",1998,Cassava biotechnology network,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Farmer Participatory Research in Asia: Proceedings of the Fifth Regional Workshop held in Danzhou, Hainan, China, Nov 3-8, 1996",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17677/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Thro, A.M., Roca, W.M., Restrepo, J., Caballero, H., Poats, S., Escobar, R., Mafla, G., Hernandez, C.",1999,Can in vitro biology have farm-level impact for small-scale cassava farmers in Latin America?,In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant,35,5,10.1007/s11627-999-0051-8,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17679/,"Cassava is uniquely suited for food security and economic development in unfavored areas of the tropics. Development research for cassava is an urgent need. In 1998, the Cassava Biotechnology Network (CBN) convened a workshop of cassava stakeholder groups in Latin America. After hearing an opening statement from representatives of small-scale cassava producers and processors, stakeholders formulated a consensus set of research and development (R&D) priorities. An adequate supply of good-quality planting material of desired varieties was clearly the most urgent, followed by R&D on market-value traits; yield losses due to pests, diseases, and drought; and cropping system flexibility.

Two new projects are using in vitro techniques to address priorities of small-scale cassava farmers in Latin America. One project in Colombia combines a nongovernmental organization, a local farmers’ association, and the international research center, CIAT, to explore affordable micropropagation. Findings to date show that most culture medium components can be replaced with local products, and a rustic growth room permits good culture growth without electricity or air conditioning. Low-costs system(s) developed will be assessed as a local microenterprise.

A second project, in Ecuador, couples local cassava germplasm (with oral histories and an in vitro back-up collection) and elite clones (introduced in vitro) with new concepts in agribusiness development, to restart local farmers’ cooperatives after the disastrous 1998–99 el Niño floods. The project was developed through group planning by the cooperatives, the local technical university, the national agricultural research program, and CIAT.

Research to improve in vitro tools focuses on safe and stable conservation and exchange of cassava genetic resources, long-term, less expensive conservation, rapid clonal propagation, and ultimately, genetic transformation technologies to add desired traits to useful cassava varieties.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Thro, A. M.",2001,Linking small-scale farmers and upstream research in the cassava biotechnology network A case of cooperation for food security and poverty alleviation,Asa Special Publication,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17681/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Tian, G., Olimah, J. A., Adeoye, G. O., Kang, B. T.",2000,Regeneration of earthworm populations in a degraded soil by natural and planted fallows under humid tropical conditions,Soil Science Society of America Journal,64,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17695/,"Earthworm populations (predominantly Hyperiodrilus africanus and Eudrilus eugeniae) were sampled monthly for 1 yr during 1994 and 1995 in natural regrowth vegetation fallow (dominated by the natural fallow shrub Chromolaena odorata L.), planted fallow (the woody species Senna siamea Lam., Leucaena leucocephala Lam., and Acacia leptocarpa), and intercropped maize (Zea mays L.)-cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) established in 1989 in a degraded Alfisol (Oxic poleustalf) in southwestern Nigeria. Compared to leaves of Chromolaena (3.3% N), N concentrations were lower in those of Senna and Acacia, and higher in Leucaena. Acacia and Leucaena had higher polyphenol relative to the natural fallow (2%). The lignin was lower in Leucaena than the natural fallow leaves (14%). For 65% of the sampling dates, earthworm numbers under all follows were significantly higher than under continuous maize-cassava. The mean earthworm numbers (no. m-2) during the rainy season (April-October) decreased in the following order Chromolaena (147), Senna (131), Leucaena (92), Acacia (80), and maize-cassava (14). Earthworm fresh weights in fallow plots were higher than in the maize-cassava plot, though this was significant for only 4 out of 11 sampling dates. Higher earthworm numbers and biomass in fallow plots were attributed to higher litterfall, lower soil temperature, and higher soil moisture. The mean earthworm numbers were directly correlated with the mean soil moistures (r2 = 0.80, P &lt; 0.05) in fallow plots and N/polyphenol ratios of fallow litterfall (r2 = 0.95, P &lt; 0.05). Increase in earthworm population by follows led to an increase in leaf-litter decomposition, soil organic matter, available P, and extractable cations and pH; and a decrease in soil bulk density and penetrometer resistance in the fallow plots.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Abruna-Rodriguez, F., Vicente-Chandler, J., Rivera, E., Rodriguez, J.",1982,Effect of soil acidity factors on yields and foliar composition of tropical root crops,Soil Science Society of America Journal,46,5,10.2136/sssaj1982.03615995004600050023x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/177/,"Tropical root crops, a major source of food for subsistence farmers, varied in their sensitivity to soil acidity factors. Tolerance to soil acidity is an important characteristic of crops for the humid tropics where soils are often very acid and lime-scarce and expensive. Experiments on two Ultisols and an Oxisol showed that three tropical root crops differed markedly in sensitivity to soil acidity factors. Yams (Dioscorea alata L.) were very sensitive to soil acidity with yields on a Ultisol decreasing from 70% of maximum when Al saturation of the effective cation exchange capacity of the soil was 10 to 25% of maximum when Al saturation was 40%. On the other hand, Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) was very tolerant to high levels of soil acidity, yielding about 85% of maximum with 60% Al saturation. Taniers (Xanthosoma sp.) were intermediate between yams and cassava in their tolerance to soil acidity yielding about 60% of maximum with 50% Al saturation of the soil. Foliar composition of cassava was not affected by soil acidity levels and that of yams and taniers was also unaffected except for Ca content which decreased with decreasing soil pH and increasing Al saturation. Response of these tropical root crops to soil acidity components was far more striking on Ultisols than on the Oxisol. For yams, soils should be limed to about pH 5.5 with essentially no exchangeable Al3+ present whereas high yields of taniers can be obtained at about pH 4.8 with 20% exchangeable Al3+ and of cassava at pH as low as 4.5 with 60% exchangeable Al3+.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Tiendrbogo, F., Lefeuvre, P., Hoareau, M., Traor, V.S.E., Barro, N., Reynaud, B., Traor, A.S., Konat, G., Traor, O., Lett, J.-M.",2009,Occurrence of East African cassava mosaic virus-Uganda (EACMV-UG) in Burkina Faso,,v. 58,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17711/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Tilburg, A. van, Goossens, F.",1997,Cassava production and marketing in Zaire: the market of Kinshasa,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17719/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Titapiwatanakun, B.",1980,Maize and cassava marketing in Thailand,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17741/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Tohme M., Joseph, Roca, William M., Angel, Fernando, Lentini, Zaida, Mejia, A., Fregene, M.A., Bonierbale, Merideth W., Iglesias F., Carlos Ariel, Beebe, Stephen, Miles, John W., Martinez Racines, Cesar P., Correa Victoria, Fernando J., Bellotti, Anthony C.",1997,"Output 3.1. Availability of genes, genetic stocks, genomic maps, probes, cell cultures/lines. 3.1.2. Development of collections of genetic-molecular-cell material at CIAT",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17762/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Toko, M., Oneil, R. J., Yaninek, J. S.",1996,"Development, reproduction and survival of Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) (Acari: Tetranychidae) on cassava grown under soils of different levels of nitrogen",Experimental & Applied Acarology,20,7,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17765/,"The effect of different levels of nitrogen on the development and reproduction of Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) (Acari: Tetranychidae) was evaluated in greenhouse and laboratory studies using a range of soils with different levels of nitrogen concentration. The effect was evaluated for M. tanajoa reared for up to three generations. Experimental treatments included cassava leaves from plants grown in soils from three representative field sites in southern Benin and cassava leaves from plants grown in soil fertilized with different rates of nitrogen in the form of urea (46% nitrogen). There were no significant changes in relation to soil and, thus, to leaf nitrogen in developmental rates, pre-oviposition periods, longevity and egg production of M. tanajoa reared in either group of soils (untreated and fertilized) after three generations. However, M. tanajoa population densities were significantly more abundant on leaves of plants grown in soils with moderate levels of added nitrogen fertilizer compared to plants with either no or a high levels of added nitrogen fertilizer during this same period. Our results are compared to those predicted by a simulation model of M. tanajoa population dynamics in relation to soil and leaf nitrogen and discussed in terms of the rates of nitrogen applied, differences in host-plant conditions between greenhouse and laboratory and field studies and in terms of relationships between nitrogen and other nutrients.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Tongglum, Anuchit",1988,Productivity of some cassava cultivars intercropping with mungbean and peanut,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17791/,"Cassava fresh yield when intercropped with mungbean and peanut, were reduced approximately 15 % and 29 %, compared with those in monoculture. Cassava root dry matter content was not affected by intercropping. Mungbean yield was reduced by 31 % and peanut yield was reduced by 39 % by intercropping with cassava. Cassava-mungbean combination consistently gave higher land equivalent ratio than cassava-peanut combination regardless of cassava cultivar or planting season. Yields were not significantly affected by different cassava clones.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Tonka, N., Fagbola, O., Sanginga, N.",2001,Field seasonal response of 10 cassava cultivars to indigenous mycorrhizal infection in two ecoregions of Nigeria,Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars,22,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17795/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Tonmanee, N., Wada, H.",2001,Water quality of a reservoir as affected by agriculture in the east of Thailand: A preliminary study,Water Science and Technology,44,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17796/,"A preliminary study on the water quality of a reservoir, affected by agriculture, in the east of Thailand was conducted during 1996-1997. Monitoring water quality of a reservoir is important because the sloping lands surrounding the reservoirs are mainly utilized for cultivating cash crops (pineapple, cassava, etc). A lot of fertilizers and agrochemicals were applied to soil and crops which can polluted the water. The results from the preliminary studied will be applied for the monitoring of the water quality in other reservoirs in the 16 pilot areas.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Tonye, J., Duguma, B., Tiki-Manga, T.",1994,Stepwise approach to alley cropping technology development and transfer in the forest zone of Cameroon,Agroforestry Systems,28,3,10.1007/BF00704760,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17805/,"Two projects on alley cropping research and development have been implemented in the Forest zone of Cameroon (FZC) since 1988. Their goal was to identify the main agricultural constraints in the FZC and to introduce alley cropping in the farming systems to improve soil fertility and crop yields. The first step in the implementation process was the participatory surveys which revealed that (a) the main agricultural constraint in the FZC is low soil fertility; (b) alley cropping is an agroforestry technology which may solve the problem; (c) alley cropping should be first targetted to farmers who own inherited or purchased lands. The second step was the on-station tree screening activity from which Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium, Calliandra calothyrsus and Paraserianthes falcataria were identified as promising tree species. The third activity was to test alley cropping with three promising tree species (Leucaena, Gliricidia and Calliandra) on farmers' fields. Results from the first year testing on farmers' fields showed that (1) the direct seeding method used was ineffective seedling emergence rate was 45% for Leucaena and 52% for Gliricidia; (2) Cassava suppressed the growth of Leucaena and Gliricidia by 57 and 45%, respectively; (3) three-month-old Calliandra seedlings planted 1 m away from cassava plants had 96% survival rate. Based on these third step findings, all new farms were established with Calliandra seedlings using maize as a test-crop in the year of establishment and the subsequent year. After two years of cropping, maize grain yield in alley plots was 52% higher than maize grown on no-tree plots. In 1993, 52 farmers who had witnessed the alley farm maize growth in 1992 requested to join the project. This sudden interest of farmers to start their own alley farms was considered as a positive sign for adoption and therefore a success in alley cropping (AC) introduction in the zone. 1994 Kluwer Academic Publishers.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Topoliantz, S., Ponge, J.F., Ballof, S.",2005,Manioc peel and charcoal a potential organic amendment for sustainable soil fertility in the tropics,,v. 41,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17809/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Topper, C.P., Pearce, M., Grunshaw, J., Anthony, J. (Oakwood, Hawthorne Lane, Farnham Common, Bucks, SL2 3SW (United Kingdom))",1998,Preliminary observations on the role of common intercrops in the population dynamics of Helopeltis and damage to cashew,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17810/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Toro M, J.C., Atlee, C.B.",1980,Agronomic practices for cassava production: a literature review,"Cassava cultural practices: proceedings of a workshop held in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 18-21 March 1980",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17820/,"This paper reviews the main agronomic practices for cassava. Cassava production requires good soil preparation, and, specifically, soil drainage must be adequate. The stakes must be fresh and come from mature healthy plants from which the most lignified part of the basal stem is preferred. The stakes' quality and size are of fundamental importance if high yields are expected. Stakes with signs of cankers, galls, tumours, galleries, or insect infestations should be eliminated, and 30-cm stakes are highly recommended. Planting on the flat can only be done in areas where root rot is not a serious risk. The vertical planting position is generally recommended, especially in regions with erratic rainfall because it ensures better contact with available moisure, thus provoking faster sprouting. It also gives better and more uniform distribution of roots, and, hence, better anchorage and protection against lodging. The most recommended planting time is the beginning of the rainy season, but in areas where plant diseases are prevalent, planting is usually done at the end of the rainy season. In general, poor soils show good response to plant population increases, but in rich soils the response to increases in plant population depends on the growing habits of the varieties. For most cassava production, 10 000 plants/ha is recommended unless local research indicates otherwise. Proper selection and treatment of planting material will ensure a sprouting percentage so high that no replanting is needed. Good weed control, either manually or chemically, is probably the most important factor in obtaining high cassava yields. There are about 19 selective herbicides recommended for cassava. Because of its exceptional ability to extract nutrients from the soil, cassava is usually the last crop to be planted in a rotation scheme. It is advisable to leave the land fallow or rotate following the second or third consecutive harvest, especially in medium-to-poor fertility soils. It is concluded that the most important cultural practices for cassava production are the selection of healthy and mature 30-cm stakes and good weed control. These practices apply everywhere.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Toro M., J. C.",1979,Three years of cassava technology evaluation in Colombia,Field Crops Research,2,3,10.1016/0378-4290(79)90030-3,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/17821/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), a crop of increasing importance, is a basic food for more than 300 million people in the tropics. CIAT, the International Center for Tropical Agriculture, and IITA, the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, are engaged in intensive research on the crop. In 1974, a regional trial network was established in Colombia to evaluate varietal performance of selected and improved cassava varieties over a wide range of edaphic and climatic conditions.

The basic improved technology used was based on low inputs and adequate soil preparation. Cuttings were selected and treated with a mixture of Dithane M-45 and Manzate-80 and the crop was kept clean during the growing cycle. There was no irrigation or control of insects and diseases in any trial. Only at Carimagua, a site of extremely acid and infertile Oxisols, was fertilizer applied: 0.5 ton/ha of lime and 1 ton/ha of 10–20-20 fertilizer. At all sites the prevalent local variety was used as a control.

Trials were planted on farmers' fields in cassava-producing areas and experimental stations over 3 consecutive years. Nine trials were planted in the first 2 years and 10 in the third year. A total of 38 promising varieties and 10 local ones were evaluated over 3 years. The overall sprouting mean of promising and local varieties over 3 years was 94%. The three best selected varieties at each site averaged more than 34 tons/ha, or four times the national average of 8 tons/ha, in the final year's trials. Cultivar MPan-70 yielded the most with 54.3 tons/ha at the Caicedonia site, an excellent cassava-growing area with fertile soil, ideal climatic conditions and with relatively mild disease and pest attack.

The overall mean of the best local varieties for the 3 years was 23.8 tons/ha. Thus with simple inexpensive technology it was possible to double the yield of both local and improved varieties.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Torregroza-Espinosa, A. M., Montes-Montes, E. J., vila-Gmez, A. E., Remolina-Lpez, J. F.",2014,Kinetic modelling of drying of three varieties of yucca industrial,DYNA (Colombia),81,186,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17823/,"Drying of three varieties of cassava, was conducted in a tunnel type dryer; the effect of temperature, variety and velocity of drying air on the drying time, using a completely randomized design in factorial arrangement with three factors temperature (45, 55 and 70C), speed drying air (1, 3 and 4 m/s) and range (Corpoica Tai, Gines and Veronica), performing three replicates per treatment, resulting in a decrease in drying time to the temperature of 70 C for the three varieties. The results obtained were built drying curves, in which it was found that this process took place in the period decreasing. Drying curves were fitted to mathematical models, determining by the R2 and the sum of squared errors (SSE), that page is the model that best describes the drying process. The authors; licensee Universidad Nacional de Colombia.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Baker, G.R., Fukai, S., Wilson, G.L. (Queensland Univ., St Lucia (Australia). Dept. of Agriculture)",1989,The response of cassava to water deficits at various stages of growth in the subtropics [yield reduction],,v. 40,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/1784/,"Field experiments, covering 10-month growth durations from planting in spring to harvesting in winter, showed that water stress occurring in summer or winter had small effects, but in autumn severely reduced the final yield. Similarly, in a glasshouse experiment, plants recovered rapidly during early stages of growth, but when stress occurred later leaf area was reduced greatly, and recovery after its termination was poor. In all experiments, water deficits affected yield of storage organs but not the pattern of assimilate distribution, resulting in similar harvest indices among the plants of different watering treatments. It is concluded that the reduction in cassava yield is caused by the reduction in total biomass production, and that stress occurring later in the season is most detrimental to yield because of the additional effect of reduced ability of old plants to recover leaf area after the stress is relieved.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Baker, G. R., Fukai, S., Wilson, G. L.",1989,The response of cassava to water deficits at various stages of growth in the subtropics,Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,40,3,10.1071/AR9890517,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1785/,"Cassava is a potential tuber crop for northern Australia where water stress is likely to occur during some stages of growth. Field and glasshouse experiments were conducted to examine the response of cassava to soil water deficits which developed at various stages. The field experiments, covering 10-month growth durations from planting in spring to harvesting in winter, showed that water stress occurring in summer or winter had small effects, but in autumn severely reduced the final yield. Autumn was the time of maximum bulking of underground storage organs in well-watered plants, and water stress which reduced assimilate production also reduced bulking. Temperature at this time was suboptimal for canopy development, and leaf area which was reduced during the stress did not increase after its relief, affecting further the growth of storage organs. Similarly, in the glasshouse experiment, plants recovered rapidly during early stages of growth, but when stress occurred later leaf area was reduced greatly, and recovery after its termination was poor. In all experiments, water deficits affected yield of storage organs but not the pattern of assimilate distribution, resulting in similar harvest indices among the plants of different watering treatments. It is concluded that the reduction in cassava yield (cv. M Aus 7) is caused by the reduction in total biomass production, and that stress occurring later in the season is most detrimental to yield because of the additional effect of reduced ability of old plants to recover leaf area after the stress is relieved.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Trakooyingcharoen, P., Gilkes, R. J., Sangkhasila, K.",2012,"Effects of land use on some physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics of Thai Oxisols",ScienceAsia,38,1,10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2012.38.082,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17858/,"Thai Oxisols in land subjected to various use with two types of soil moisture regimes were analysed for some chemical properties such as pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), carbon concentration, and content of Fe, Al, and Mn oxides in crystalline, noncrystalline, and organic form. We also determined clay content, bulk density (BD), aggregate size distribution, mean weight diameter (MWD), water stable aggregate, and strength in large (LMA; > 2000 m) and small macroaggregates (SMA; 250-2000 m). Type and amount of minerals including kaolin crystal size were also evaluated. Soil samples of surface (0-5 cm) and subsurface (5-20 cm) layers were collected from the perennial crops durian (Durio zibethinus) and rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) plantation; and annual crops maize (Zea mays), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), and cassava (Manihot esculenta) plantation. Two sites in each land use were chosen in this study. Clay content did not differ significantly for all soils. BD was significantly higher for annual crops. Mean pH ranged from 3.95-5.48 and 3.99-5.49, and mean CEC ranged from 8.1-13.4 cmol/kg and 3.9-7.1 cmol/kg for surface and subsurface, respectively. Carbon concentration was 2.37-4.09 and 1.15-1.36% for surface and subsurface, respectively. The values were lower for annual crops than for perennial crops for both surface and subsurface layers. All forms and contents of Fe, Al, and Mn oxides were significantly higher for perennial crops than for annual crops except for content of crystalline Fe which was not statistically different. These oxide contents correlated positively to MWD, carbon concentration, and LMA strength with r > 0.70. The perennial crop soils had higher average MWD (0.92-1.31 nm), amount of LMA (17.0-41.2%), LMA strength (5.8-9.0 N), and SMA strength (2.2-3.2 N) than those of the annual crop soils. Microaggregates (28.2-39.2%) were more abundant for annual crops. Amount of SMA (41.3-49.1%) did not differ significantly between land uses. The amount of LMA and MWD depended largely on the concentration of carbon with r = 0.96 and 0.94, respectively. Kaolin crystal size was significantly smaller for perennial crops (82.0-114.5 nm) than for annual crops (140.0-163.0 nm). Kaolin crystal size of both types of land use were negatively correlated to aggregation, carbon, and oxides content with r <-0.70.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Tran, Van Son",1996,Technology transfer strategy in Vietnam,"A Benchmark Study on Cassava Production, Processing and Marketing in Vietnam: Proceedings of a Workshop held in Hanoi, Vietnam Oct 29-31, 1992",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17863/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Tran, X. M., Lei, G. P.",2017,Sustainable Use and Management of Sloping Fields in the Mountainous Area of Vietnam Present Situation and Solution,AEBMR-Advances in Economics Business and Management Research,32,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17871/,"Vietnam has a total natural area of 33,096,700 hectares. Of which, agricultural land is 26,822,900 ha, including agricultural land of 10,231,700 hectares and forest land of 15,845,200 hectares; unused hill and mountainous land of 1,987,400 hectares. According to the recent survey data on sloping fields, the upland areas of ethnic minorities in upland provinces is currently about 1.2 million hectares and are distributed at altitudes of 300m or more, including 597,920 hectares of rotational sloping fields at altitudes of 300-700m; 293,680 hectares of upland area at elevations of 700-000m; 267,710 hectares of upland area at elevations of 1000-1700m; 40,390 hectares of upland area from 1,700m or more. Cultivation method of upland is mainly extensive cultivation, forest burning, cuttings and seedlings. Crop productivity depends entirely on nature and land. Crop structure in slope cultivation remains rarely changed the area of food crops such hilly rice, cassava, corn and sweet potato accounts for 70-75% of cultivated area. Area of other crops such as squash, vegetables, beans, industrial plants, local specialties accounts for 25-30%. Production is self-demand-self supply for the daily demand, fragmented, small, with little or no ability to produce goods. Solutions are such as planning and stable and long term upland allocation; Promotion of advocacy and strengthening agricultural and forestry extension; In terms of policies and mechanisms; Scientific and technological solutions; Strengthening guidance, inspection and supervision; ... will solve the problems is that besides maintaining the practice of shifting cultivation, but not large forest destruction; Sustainable slope cultivation on the basis of ecological environment protection; Ensuring the friendliness of economic development to improve living standards and protection of forest resources and natural environment.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Trench, T.N., Martin, M.M., Hemmes, E.A.",1985,An assessment of cassava of African mosaic disease in South Africa and Swaziland,South African Journal of Plant and Soil,2,,10.1080/02571862.1985.10634163,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17879/,"A preliminary assessment of the distribution of African mosaic disease (AMD) in cassava in Natal, Transvaal and Swaziland suggests that at present the threat to commercial plantings in Natal has been contained through (i) commercial establishment of cassava in an area where AMD is almost absent from nearby subsistence plantings, and (ii) the wholesale eradication elsewhere of AMD-suspect commercial cassava.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Bakker, F. M., Klein, M. E.",1992,Transtrophic interactions in cassava,Experimental & Applied Acarology,14,03-Apr,10.1007/BF01200569,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1788/,"Cassava plants exude phloem saps at the base of the petioles of the youngest leaves. The effect of these nutrient-rich droplets on the interaction between the predatory mite Typhlodromalus limonicus and the herbivorous mite Mononychellus tanajoa was investigated in a semi-field setting. These two organisms were chosen as a model system due to their strong association with cassava. The hypothesis that exudate production can be considered in terms of extrinsic defense was tested experimentally. Because non-producing clones could not be found exudate production was mimicked (or not) by applying honey droplets on the petioles of plants from which exuding plant parts were aborted. The experiments indicated that (1) The presence of exudate on otherwise clean plants does not prevent extinction of the predator population, but the rate of population decrease is consistently lower than when no exudate is present. (2) When a second food source enables the predators to reproduce, higher population densities are always attained when the sugar source is also present. (3) Higher predator numbers invariably coincide with lower herbivore abundance. (4) Lower prey abundance does not lead to a reduction in egg production when honey is present. (5) Presence of honey leads to enhanced juvenile/adult survival or reduced emigration and thus to a higher number of female predators. In interpreting the results careful attention was paid to the effect of cassava mildew because spores of this fungus were shown to be an adequate food alternative for the predator under study. The presence of this mildew (Oidium manihoti) hampered straightforward interpretation of some experiments but left the main conclusions unaltered.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Trench, T. N., Martin, M. M., Hemmes, E. A.",1985,An assessment of cassava African mosaic disease in South Africa and Swaziland,South African Journal of Plant and Soil,2,3,10.1080/02571862.1985.10634163,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17880/,"A preliminary assessment of the distribution of African mosaic disease (AMD) in cassava in Natal, Transvaal and Swaziland suggests that at present the threat to commercial plantings in Natal has been contained through (i) commercial establishment of cassava in an area where AMD is almost absent from nearby subsistence plantings, and (ii) the wholesale eradication elsewhere of AMD-suspect commercial cassava.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Trigo, D.M.",1982,"Maintenance of germplasm collection [of Manihot esculenta, Ipomoea batatas, Colocasia esculenta and Dioscorea alata] and rapid propagation technique [on cassava; in the Philippines]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17884/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Bakker, F.M., Klein, M.E.",1992,How cassava plants enhance the efficacy of their phytoseiid bodyguards,Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Insect-Plant Relationships,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1789/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Bakker, F.M. (Amsterdam Univ. (Netherlands). Dept. of Pure, Applied Ecology), Klein, M.E., Mesa, N.C., Braun, A.R.",1993,Saturation deficit tolerance spectra of phytophagous mites and their phytoseiid predators on cassava,,v. 17,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1790/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Tropical, Centro Internacional de Agricultura",1972,Notes and observations [of the] CIAT Cassava Program Review Conference,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17900/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
CIAT,1989,"Report on the founding workshop for the avanced cassava research network, held at Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, September 6-9, 1988, Cali-Colombia",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17901/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Tropical, Centro Internacional de Agricultura",1992,Soil conservation in smallholder farming systems,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17902/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Tropical, Centro Internacional de Agricultura",1993,"Cassava program report, 1987-1989","Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, AA 6713, Cali, Colombia, Working document No. 91",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17903/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Tropical, Centro Internacional de Agricultura",1996,Whiteflies in cassava and beans,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17905/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Tropical, Centro Internacional de Agricultura",1998,CIAT impact highlights 1998,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17906/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Truong, P.",1993,"Report on the International Vetiver Grass Field Workshop, Kuala Lumpur",Australian Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,6,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17917/,"The various applications and effectiveness of Vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) hedges were reviewed and discussed at the International Vetiver Grass Field Workshop in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from 13 to 16 April 1992. In India, land protected by vetiver hedges produced the highest grain yield, and the lowest runoff and soil loss compared with land protected by other soil conservation measures. Similarly, cassava yield was greatly improved and soil loss was much reduced under the vetiver hedge system in Colombia. In Australia, vetiver grass was found to be salt-tolerant and could be established on a highly alkaline and sodic soil. Vetiver hedges are shown to be superior to other vegetative barriers in stablising steep slopes in rubber and oil palm plantations in Malaysia. Other uses in Malaysia include the stabilisation of road embankments, fish pond and irrigation channel embankments, tin mine rehabilitation and mulch for tree crops. Other applications elsewhere include filter strip and weed barriers. Potential applications of vetiver hedges in Queensland and other tropical and subtropical regions of Australia are discussed.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Balagopalan, C.",1988,"Cassava in Food, Feed, and Industry","Cassava in Food, Feed, and Industry",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1792/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Tshibaka, Tshikala B., Kamanda, Lumpungu",1989,Trends and Prospects for Cassava in Zaire,Trends and Prospects for Cassava in Zaire,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17936/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Tshiunza, M.",1996,Agricultural intensification and labor needs in the cassava-producing zones of Sub-Saharan Africa,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17937/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Tsujimoto, Y., Homma, K., Matsuyama, H., Shiraiwa, T.",2012,Land-use strategies of farmers in responding to rising land-use pressures in the southeastern forest region of madagascar A comparative study between lowland households and hillside households,Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly,46,3,10.6090/jarq.46.249,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17941/,"An alternative production system to slash-and-burn cultivation is urgently required to satisfy both increasing subsistence needs and environmental conservation objectives in the rainforest region of Madagascar. This paper investigates the current land-use management practices of smallholder farmers that have faced tight land-use pressures due to rapid population growth and stricter forest protection laws. Spatio-temporal patterns of land use were analyzed for lowland and hillside households by using data obtained from a ground survey of 316 fields. Both household groups retained longer fallowing periods for upland rice cultivation (lasting 5.4 to 6.8 years) than those previously reported (of 3 to 5 years). Recent dynamic changes in the agricultural systems included bottomland saturation with irrigated paddies and a rapid transition of coffee-growing areas into slash-and-burn and terraced paddy areas, in order to meet subsistence needs. A shift in dependence from slash-andburn cultivation to lowland paddies was particularly significant among lowland households due to the expansion of terraced paddies and adoption of a double-cropping system in the irrigated lowlands. The hillside households intensified cassava cultivation in short-term fallowing periods, as also reflected by their high dependence on cassava for caloric consumption. The difference in countermeasures adopted by both household groups to deal with land-use pressures was partly due to the accessibility to extension services. The results suggest that such intervention to promote intensification in lowland paddies was apparently an effective approach to reduce dependence on slash-and-burn cultivation. Given the limited land areas in which to further expand paddy fields, higher crop productivity is needed in the future to achieve a smooth transition to an agricultural system not dependent on slash-and-burn practices.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Balagopal, C., Maini, S.B., Potty, V.P., Padmaja, G.",1981,"Microbial rotting of cassava roots [Rhizopus oryzae, post-harvest diseases]","Post harvest technology of cassava: a seminar organised by Association of Food Scientists and Technology (India), Trivandrum Chapter",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1797/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Balagopal, C., Maini, S. B., Potty, V. P., Padmaja, G.",,Microbial rotting of cassava roots,"Post harvest technology of cassava a seminar / organised by Association of Food Scientists and Technologists (India), Trivandrum Chapter ... [et al.] ; editoral committee, K. Rajaraman ... [et al",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1798/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Tung, P.X.",1986,Bacterial wilt in Vietnam,Bacterial Wilt Disease in Asia and the South Pacific,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17983/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Balagopalan, C., Padmaja, G. (Central Tuber Crops Research Inst., Trivandrum (India))",1984,Storage of tuber crops [cassava],,v. 33,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1799/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Twum, A., Agric. Engineering Dept., Knust, Kumasi",1999,Studies of mechanized tillage systems for maize and cassava in different soils and ecological zones in Ghana,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/17997/,"The objectives of the research reported here was to study and demonstrate the relative impacts of eight alternative pre-planting cultivation systems on the yield and economics for continuous mechanised production of maize and cassava on different soils and ecological zones in Ghana. The information coming out of the study would be useful for farmers who produce continuous crops under mechanised farming system in the Regions, and would offer other tillage implement alternatives to the popular disc plough and disc harrow.Two series of experiments were conducted at Atebubu in the forest savanna tine harrow in eight combinations. Transition zone, and Anwomaso-Kumasi in the semi-deciduous forest zone of Ghana in 1997 and 1998, using maize and cassava as test crops, and six tractor mounted implements of disc plough, chisel plough, sub-soiler, rotovator, disc harrow and a tine harrow in eight combinations.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Balagopalan, C., Padmaja, G., George, M.",1992,Improving the nutritional value of cassava products using microbial techniques,FAO Animal Production and Health Paper (FAO),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1800/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Balagopalan, C., Padmaja, G., Kurup, G.T.",1992,"Processing, marketing and utilization of cassava and sweetpotato in India",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1801/,"Area planted and production of cassava and sweetpotato in India started declining recently, while the per acre production of cassava has increased. A large variation in cassava and sweetpotato consumption exists between urban and rural areas. Information on consumption patterns for sweetpotato indicate that the bulk of production goes for human consumption. It is estimated that 70 of the total cassava production in Kerala is used for food; whereas in Tamil Nadu only 25 is used for human consumption. The bulk of the production in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh goes for industrial utilization. Approximately 17 of the country's total cassava production goes for animal feed. In industry, cassava is used as a raw material for a number of processed products such as syrup. Research has been done to develop technology for the storage of fresh and dried cassava. Sweetpotato could be stored without sprouting and weevil infestation in sand, saw dust, wood ash, earth, and waste carbon paper in earthen pots. A hand-operated and a pedal-operated chipping machine, and artificial drying and peeling machines have also been developed. Protein enriched food and feed preparations based on cassava were developed by blending cassava with protein sources and using solid state fermentation. Pregelatinized and modified starches were also made. Technology for production of ethanol from starch and thippi was perfected. Current processing techniques of cassava and sweetpotato are described in detail. Research priorities for cassava and sweetpotato are storage techniques, waste recycling, fermented and non-fermented food products, animal and fish feeds, modernization of starch extraction units, and improved technology for the extraction of starch from sweetpotato.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Tylleskar, T., Banea, M., Rosling, H.",1995,"Konzo, an upper motoneuron disease associated to cassava and agro-ecological collapse in Africa",Developments in Neurology,10,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18015/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"U.R., Sangakkara",1994,Influence of rate and application ratios of potassium on growth and yield of cassava,Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen. Universiteit Gent,v. 59,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18020/,"A field study was initiated to examine the effects of rates of potassium (KCl) and ratios of application (basaltop dressing) on growth and yields of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), with uniform nitrogen and phosphorus levels. Potassium was required for higher plant establishment, better vegetative growth and greater yield components, yields and harvest indices. The interactions between rates and ratios of application were significant, except in plant establishment. While potassium was required both as a basal and top dressing, an equal ratio of 5050 (basal top dressing) produced better growth and higher yields and harvest indices at lower rates of fertilizer. At higher rates, applications in the ratios of 7525 or 5050 (basal top dressing) produced similar results. The results clearly illustrated the requirement of potassium throughout the growth cycle of cassava for enhancing yields, and the ability of achieving fertilizer use efficiency through proper ratios of distribution.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ubalua, A. O., Oti, E.",2007,Antagonistic properties of Trichoderma viride on post harvest cassava root rot pathogens,African Journal of Biotechnology,6,21,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18029/,"The effective in vitro screening tests of Trichoderma viride for antagonism against post harvest pathogens of cassava roots (Manihot esculenta Crantz) rot together with its competitive and mycoparasitic abilities informs its selection as the most promising candidate for the biocontrol of post harvest cassava root rot pathogens. While the percentage germination of the spores were observed to increase with increasing dilution of the culture filtrate (100, 50, 25, and 10%) at a concentration of 20,000 spores/ml, the percentage rot recorded amongst the untreated cassava roots ranged from 4% (Rhizopus oryzae) to 44% (Aspergillus flavus). Treatment with the antagonist and the subsequent storage resulted in a remarkable reduction in the frequency of occurrence of the normal root surface mycoflora and the pathogens over a 3 weeks storage period. Botryodiplodia theobromae and R. oryzae were isolated only in the first week of storage and at a frequency of 3 and 2% rot, respectively, after treatment whereas A. flavus and Fusarium solani persisted throughout the whole storage period with 2 and 3% rot on the third week, respectively. The observed results suggest that T. viride is root surface competent and highly antagonistic. 2007 Academic Journals.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ubalua, A. O., Kalyaeva, M., Fauquet, C., Taylor, N.",2010,Genetic Transformation of Cassava (Nwibibi)—a Farmer Preferred Cultivar in Nigeria,In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Animal,46,Supplement 1,10.1007/s11626-010-9339-6,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18032/,"Cassava is an important food security crop in the tropics and subtropics. Nutritionally, the low protein, vitamin, and essential mineral content of cassava are a source of concern for people whose diet is based mainly on this plant. In addition, the crop is susceptible to viral and bacterial pathogens that limit yield through sub-Saharan Africa. Biotechnology offers a powerful tool to overcome these limitations and complements efforts to improve this outcrossing vegetatively propagated plant via traditional breeding. In an effort to develop genetic transformation protocols for Nigerian farmer-preferred cultivars, the bacterial strain LBA4404 containing a pCAMBIA2300- based binary vector carrying the nptII gene as selectable marker and the green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a visual marker were used to transform friable embryogenic callus (FEC) of the cultivar Nwibibi. Subsequently, selection of transformed tissues on medium supplemented with cefotaxime and paramomycin resulted in the recovery of 169 GFPexpressing lines of FEC from which embryos and their subsequent 15 plants were regenerated. Comparatively, cv. 60444 embryos/plants were more robust in appearance and growth than those of Nwibibi cv. that exhibited slow growth with moderate establishment. Such a breakthrough signals the possibilities for the modification of the cultivar for enhanced resistance to disease and to biofortification through biotechnological methods.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Udchachon, S., Tangpoonpol, S. (Khon Kaen Animal Nutrition Research Center, Tha Phra, Khon Kaen 40260 (Thailand))",1995,Research methodology for root crop-based crop-animal systems,IRRI Discussion Paper Series (Philippines),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18040/,"Research on crop-animal farming systems with a root crop was conducted in low rainfall and poor soil fertility areas at Tambon Phon Phek, Amphoe Mancha Khiri, and Khon Kaen provinces. The major cash income of the farmers was from cassava valued at 49% of the total cash income. Study of the existing crop-animal farming system revealed two major problems, the lack of ruminant feeds especially in the dry season and low yield of the main-crop cassava and rice. Several technologies expected to solve these problems were tested. The introduction of fodder trees, the supplemental feeding of cassava leaves to animals, planting cassava rotated with forage crops, and intercropping of upland rice with a leguminous crop were tested. Results were collected in terms of agronomic parameters and the adoption rate of farmers",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Udoh, A. J., Ndaeyo, N. U.",2000,Crop productivity and land use efficiency in cassava-maize system as influenced by cowpea and melon populations,Tropical Agriculture,77,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18052/,"A three-year (1989-91) field study was conducted to assess the effect of cowpea-melon populations on crop productivity and land equivalent ratios (LERs) in a cassava-maize system in Uyo, south-eastern Nigeria. A split-plot design replicated thrice was used. Cropping systems constituted the main plot and crop populations the sub-plots. Cassava and maize were planted at populations of 10 x 103 plants and 20 x 103 plants ha-1, respectively, cowpea at 20, 33, and 50 x 103 plants ha-1, and melon at 5, 10, and 15 x 103 plants ha-1. A higher number of cassava storage roots per plant and fresh root yield, number of maize grain seed per cob, and grain yield in the intercrop were produced at the low cowpea population (20 x 103 plants ha-1) than at the higher populations. However, cowpea and melon populations showed no significant effect on cassava and maize harvest indices irrespective of the season of planting. Intercropping generally reduced the number of cowpea pods by 35% and also the number of seeds per pod. Melon pod number per plant and seed number per pod were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by intercropping. Cowpea grain and melon seed yields increased with increase in populations. As in cassava and maize, cowpea and melon indices were not affected by cowpea and melon populations. Grain yield and seed yield components of cowpea and melon were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the sole crop due to the absence of competition from companion crops. The cassava + maize + cowpea + melon system resulted in the highest LERs of 2.29, 2.62, and 3.12 in 1989, 1990, and 1991, respectively, due to the low population combination of 20 000 cowpea plants with 5000-10000 melon plants ha-1. The lowest LERs (2.19, 2.12, and 2.31 for the three respective years) were obtained from the highest population combinations of 50 000 cowpea plants and 15 000 melon plants ha-1. This suggested an effectively-balanced competition among the crop species leading to 37-63%, 41-49%, and 26-70% greater LER for 1989, 1990, and 1991, respectively, than if the crops were grown sole. This LER is of utmost significance for the study area where the available arable land is seriously being threatened by rapid urbanization and increased production density.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Udom, B. E., Benwari, A. O., Osaro, E. T.",2015,"Organic carbon and nitrogen distribution in particle-size fractions of soils under cassava, plantain and rubber based land use",International Journal of Soil Science,10,4,10.3923/ijss.2015.166.176,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18055/,"Protection of Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) from losses is important in evaluation and maintenance of soil fertility and environmental quality. Uncertainties exist concerning the distribution of SOC pool and N in primary particle size fractions under land use types. A study was carried out to determine the distributions of SOC and N in sand, silt and clay fractions of a sandy soil under cassava, plantain and rubber land use types in southern Nigeria. Results showed that cassava had the highest amounts of SOC in whole soil and the particle size fractions. Clay particles had significantly higher SOC across all the land use types at 0-15 cm soils (p&gt;0.05). Total N was significantly higher in silt and clay particles of cassava and plantain soils. Coarse sands showed low amounts of SOC and total N in all the soils. Bulk densities ranged from 1.38 g cm-3 in cassava soil to 1.5 g cm-3 in rubber soil at the 0-15 cm depth. Total porosity was inconsistent in all the soils. Macro-aggregate fractions were more stable in cassava and plantain soils. Therefore, land use practices that lead to loss of clay and silt particles in large amount may deplete large reserve of the soil organic carbon and nitrogen. 2015 Academic Journals Inc.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ugwu, K. E., Ukoha, P. O.",2016,Analysis and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil and Plant Samples of a Coal Mining Area in Nigeria,Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,96,3,10.1007/s00128-016-1727-5,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18087/,"This study analysed coal, plant and soil samples collected from the vicinity of Okobo coal mine in Nigeria for Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and evaluated the sources of the PAH contamination in the environmental samples. The environmental samples were extracted by sonication using a ternary solvent system and analysed for 16 PAHs by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results of the analysis of the samples identified some of the target PAHs. The ranges of total concentrations (in mg/kg) of PAHs in the coal, plant and soil samples were, 0.00-0.04, 0.00-0.16 and 0.00-0.01 respectively. The evaluation of the results of the PAH analysis of the environmental samples using diagnostic ratios revealed that the PAHs in the soil samples were mainly of petrogenic origin, while those in plant samples indicated mixture of petrogenic and pyrolytic origins.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Uhl, C. (Georgia Univ., Athens, Georgia (USA). Inst. of Ecology), Murphy, P. (Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, Michigan (USA). Dept. of Botany, Plant Pathology)",1981,A comparison of productivities and energy values between slash and burn agriculture and secondary succession in the upper Rio Negro region of the Amazon Basin [Venezuela],,v. 7,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18090/,"An analysis of the energy inputs and outputs for conuco agriculture (i.e., shifting cultivation) and a comparison of productivity between conuco crops and successional vegetation was undertaken near the town of San Carlos de Rio Negro in southern Venezuela. The main crop, yuca (Manihot esculenta, Crantz), yielded (m.t. = metric tonnes) 4.31 m.t./ha wet weight in year one; production declined to 2.81 m.t./ha in the second year. The infertile soils of the region are the major cause of these low yields. Although relatively unproductive, conuco agriculture is much more energy efficient than mechanized agriculture. The ratio of energy output, in the form of processed food, to energy input in the form of human labor, averaged 13.91 over two cropping periods. Slightly more energy was devoted to field activities than to processing activities. The conuco crops were more productive than the adjacent succession site vegetation (532 vs. 109 g m('-2) dry weight) during the first year after cutting and burning; but in the second year the successional vegetation was more than twice as productive as the conuco crops (1446 vs. 529 g m('-2) dry weight). This difference in second year production was attributable to greater resource allocation to leaves and longer leaf retention time for the successional vegetation",Excluded,Duplicate
"Umeh, E.-D. N. N.",1982,"Biological studies on Hyperaspis marmottani Fairm. (Col., Coccinellidae), a predator of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat‐Ferr. (Hom., Pseudococcidae)",Journal of Applied Entomology,94,01-May,10.1111/j.1439-0418.1982.tb02600.x,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18118/,"Hyperaspis marmottani Fairm., occurring widely in the south eastern Nigeria is a potentially effective predator of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat‐Ferr. It took about 28 days for H. marmottani to complete development at 28 °C, passing through the egg, four larval, a prepupal and pupal instars. The duration of the larva, prepupa, and pupa was 11.9, 2.0 and 9.1 days, respectively. All the larval instars as well as the adult fed actively on the different stages of the mealybug. H. marmottani controls cassava mealybug by 2 methods: by mechanically injuring and killing them and by predation. The larvae and adults are secretive, hiding under the egg masses, cracks and curled up leaves.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Umeh, V. C., Ivbijaro, M. F.",1999,Effects of termite damage to maize of seed extracts of Azadirachta indica and Piper guineense in farmers' fields,Journal of Agricultural Science,133,4,10.1017/S002185969900670X,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18123/,"The efficacy of insecticides derived from two local plants was tested on termites infesting maize in maize-cassava-'Egusi' melon intercrops in two farmers' fields in south-western Nigeria during the 1989/90 and 1990/91 cropping seasons. The intercrops consisted of 40000, 20000, and 10000 maize plants/ha, with a fixed population of 10000 plants/ha of both cassava and melon. The insecticides were aqueous extracts of ripe seeds of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) and the crude seed oil of Piper guineense Schum And Thonn, each at 10% concentration at the rate of 390 litres/ha and 18 litres/ha, respectively. On the plots treated with these natural insecticides, damage by termites [Microtermes spp., Macrotermes bellicosus Smeathman = nigeriensis Sjostedt and M. subhyalinus Rambur (Isoptera Termitidae)] was significantly lower and maize yields higher than on the control plots. The mean percentage of maize stems attacked by termites (considering all categories of termite damage) in untreated plots during the trials ranged between 0-22% in 1989 and 2-46% in 1990. Planting densities did not significantly influence termite attack on maize. Cassava and melon plants or cassava tubers were not attacked by termites in any of the trials and their yields were not affected by insecticide treatments or planting density of maize.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Umeh, Joseph Chinedu, Asogwa, B.C.",2005,Farm Management Dividends in a Friendly Policy Environment The Case of Cassava Industry in Nigeria,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18124/,"Following the radical reorientation of agricultural policy during the SAP years, beginning in the mid-1980's, cassava emerged as an important crop in the national effort to replace imported foods with domestic production. The policy direction of the Nigerian government has encouraged cassava development leading to a new orientation in research-extension-farmers linkage, especially in the IFAD-assisted Cassava Multiplication Programme (CMP). This study evaluated farm management dividends in a friendly policy environment the case of cassava industry in Nigeria. Data were collected from randomly sampled 360 cassava farmers in Benue State, Nigeria using a structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using the stochastic frontier production function. The findings of the study indicated that the elasticity of mean value of cassava output with respect to farm size (1.39) was of increasing function while labour cost (0.19), family labour (0.90), cassava stems (0.95) and fertilized (0.01) were of decreasing function. Moreover, the coefficients on the variables labour cost, X1(-0.19), farm size, X3 (1.39), cassava stems, X4 (0.95) and fertilizer, X5 (0.01) were statistically significant at the 1% level while family labour,X2 (-0.09) was not significant. The sum of the coefficients on the significant variables of the stochastic frontier production model (2.63) was higher than unity. The estimated coefficient of cassava variety planted (-0.18) and the estimated coefficient of processing technology available (-0.1) were negative and significant at 1% level, suggesting that technical inefficiency effects declined with the planting of improved cassava varieties and the use of improved cassava processing technology. The estimated sigma squared, 2 (0.16), was significantly different from zero at 1% level. This indicates a good fit and the correctness of the specified distributional assumption of the composite error term. In addition the magnitude of the variance ratio, was estimated to be high at 0.96, suggesting that the systematic influences that are unexplained by the production function are the dominant sources of errors. Thus, given the specifications of the Cobb-Douglas frontier production function, the Cobb-Douglas frontier is an adequate representation of the model for the farm data collected on the cassava farmers in Benue State of Nigeria. Majority of the respondents (63.61%) operated closer to their frontier production function while predicted technical efficiencies varied widely among farms, ranging between 31% and 100%, and a mean technical efficiency of 89%. It is recommended that adequate financial assistance and credit facilities should be made available to the farmers to enable them increase their production. Since there are potentials for cassava growth in the study area, the cassava farmers in Benue State should expand their production because they would obtain more output in the long run. Technical efficiency in cassava production in Benue State could be increased through better use of available resources via improved farm-specific factors, which include access to improved cassava planting material, access to improved cassava processing technology, access to available cassava markets and access to improved extension services.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Umeh, E.-D. N. N.",1982,"Biological studies on Hyperaspis marmottani Fairm. (Col., Coccinellidae), a predator of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat‐Ferr. (Hom., Pseudococcidae)",Journal of Applied Entomology,95,4,10.1111/j.1439-0418.1982.tb02600.x,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18128/,"Hyperaspis marmottani Fairm., occurring widely in the south eastern Nigeria is a potentially effective predator of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat‐Ferr. It took about 28 days for H. marmottani to complete development at 28 °C, passing through the egg, four larval, a prepupal and pupal instars. The duration of the larva, prepupa, and pupa was 11.9, 2.0 and 9.1 days, respectively. All the larval instars as well as the adult fed actively on the different stages of the mealybug. H. marmottani controls cassava mealybug by 2 methods: by mechanically injuring and killing them and by predation. The larvae and adults are secretive, hiding under the egg masses, cracks and curled up leaves.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Umemura, Y., Kawano, K.",1983,Field assessment and inheritance of resistance to cassava bacterial blight,Crop Science,23,6,10.2135/cropsci1983.0011183X002300060025x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18129/,"Cassava bacterial blight (CBB), caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. manihotis (Berthet and Boudar) Dye, caused 18 to 92% yield reduction on susceptible cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) clones relative to resistant clones depending on location, planting time, and level of simultaneous infection by superelongation disease caused by Elsinoe brasiliensis. Root dry matter content of susceptible clones was much lower than that of resistant clones. Susceptible clones did not produce planting stakes for next planting. No cassava clone under study was immune to CBB. Cultivar order of resistance was stable over years. The CBB on leaves of resistant clones spread slowly while on susceptible clones it spread rapidly causing defoliation and death of stem. Resistance appeared to be a quantitatively inherited trait (h2 = 0.63) largely controlled by additive genetic factors and was not negatively correlated with yielding ability per se. Cassava resistance to CBB is highly effective in minimizing damage caused by CBB, and use of resistant parents in hybridizations combined with simple phenotypic field selection under high natural disease pressure should effectively improve resistance of cassava cultivars.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Umemura, Y., Kawano, K.",1983,Field Assessment and Inheritance of Resistance to Cassava Bacterial-Blight,Crop Science,23,6,10.2135/cropsci1983.0011183X002300060025x,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18130/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Unamma, R.P.A., Ene, L.S.O., Odurukwe, S.O., Enyinnia, T.",1986,Integrated weed management for cassava intercropped with maize,Weed Research,26,1,10.1111/j.1365-3180.1986.tb00671.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18141/,"Trials were conducted in the tropical rainforest zone of Nigeria from 1982 to 1984 to compare manual weeding with chemical and integrated weed control systems in cassava (Manihot esculenta Krantz)/maize (Zea mays L) intercrop. Uncontrolled weeds reduced cassava and maize component yields by 2‐year averages of 49 and 62% respectively; and their combined energy yield by 53% compared with 30 572 kcal ha−1 obtained from the control plots hand‐hoed at 3 and 8 weeks after planting.

Highest economic returns were obtained from using cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) or Egusi melon (Colocynthis citrullus (L.) O. Ktze) which gave 2‐year average net returns of N2843 ha−1 and 2944 ha−1 compared with N1598 ha−1 generated from the control that received two hand‐hoeings. Integrated use of cowpea and pre‐emergence application of alachlor at 2.0 or chloremben at 3.4 kg ai ha−1 and pre‐emergence application of either fluometuron or chloramben at 2.5 and 3.4 kg ai ha−1 respectively or their mixture gave more economic net returns than two hand‐hoeings. Under similar management level, intercropping cassava and maize resulted in 36–43% more land being made available to the farmer for other uses than sole cropping them.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Unamma, R.P.A., Udealor, A., Anuebunwa, F.O. (National Root Crops Research Inst., Umudike, Umuahia (Nigeria))",1988,Effects of fertilizer and time of introducing cassava on the performance of yam-maize-cassava intercrop 2. Land use maximization and monetary yield performance of yam-maize-cassava mixture,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18142/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Unamma, R.P.A., Ezulike, T.O., Udealor, A. (National Root Crops Research Inst., Umudike, Umuahia (Nigeria))",1988,Effects of fertilizer and time of introducing cassava on the performance of yam-maize-cassava intercrop evaluation of the biological yields of the component crops,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18143/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
,1975,Clamp-down on Cassava,New Scientist,65,938,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18147/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Uritani, I. (Nagoya Women's Univ. (Japan)), Takeuchi, W., Kojima, Y., Sasaki, M., Naito, S., Nagata, K., Garcia, V.V.",1992,Some properties of proteins in taro corms and cassava roots,,v. 39,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18162/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Utomo, W.H., Suyamto, Santoso, H., Sinaga, A.",1998,Farmer participatory research in soil management in Indonesia,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Farmer Participatory Research in Asia, Proceedings of the Fifth Regional Workshop Held in Danzhou, Hainan, China",,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18181/,"Soil degradation, both due to soil erosion and nutrient removal, is a major problem in cassava fields. Most of the existing management technologies that have been developed have had little success in adoption. Some of the reasons are that the technology developed is technically oriented, based on experiment station research with very little farmer involvement. Research on ""Farmer's participation in developing management technologies for cassavabased cropping systems"" was carried out in farmers' fields in Wates and Dampit subdistricts of Blitar and Malang districts of East Java, respectively. The research is planned for five years, with the first year activities of : (a) Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) and diagnostic surveys for identification of the problems encountered by cassava farmers, and (b) establishment of demonstration plots to test and to show to farmers the management technologies that have been identified and selected by the collaborating farmers. Activities planned for the second and following years include the testing of the most attractive technology options on farmers' fields by farmers themselves. In general, most farmers had already been aware of the problem of soil degradation in their fields, and had tried some management technologies for overcoming this problem. However, since the technology is too complicated, laborious and costly, they were unwilling to adopt. In fact, most farmers were very keen to adopt any attractive new technology, if the technology is simple, does not imply a lot of extra costs, and is easy to be adopted. This was indicated by the number of farmers willing to participate in the second year to test some technologies in their own fields.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Utsumi, Y., Tanaka, M., Morosawa, T., Kurotani, A., Yoshida, T., Mochida, K., Matsui, A., Umemura, Y., Ishitani, M., Shinozaki, K., Sakurai, T., Seki, M.",2012,Transcriptome analysis using a high-density oligomicroarray under drought stress in various genotypes of cassava An important tropical crop,DNA Research,19,4,10.1093/dnares/dss016,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18183/,"Cassava is an important crop that provides food security and income generation in many tropical countries and is known for its adaptability to various environmental conditions. Despite its global importance, the development of cassava microarray tools has not been well established. Here, we describe the development of a 60-mer oligonucleotide Agilent microarray representing 20 000 cassava genes and how it can be applied to expression profiling under drought stress using three cassava genotypes (MTAI16, MECU72 and MPER417-003). Our results identified about 1300 drought stress up-regulated genes in cassava and indicated that cassava has similar mechanisms for drought stress response and tolerance as other plant species. These results demonstrate that our microarray is a useful tool for analysing the cassava transcriptome and that it is applicable for various cassava genotypes.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"V.K., Sasidhar, V.R., Nair, N., Sadanandan",1977,"Effect of different methods of planting on the tuber yield of tapioca variety - Malayan-4 [cassava, India]. Note",,v. 3,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18204/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"V.P., Potty",1984,"Plant microbe inter-relationship in tuber crops [cassava, sweet potato, Coleus]",Indian Farming,v. 33,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18206/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Coronel, V.P., Reyes, R., Vergara, B.S., de Dote, P.",1991,Crop growth on volcanic mudflow,Philippine Journal of Crop Science,16,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18207/,"Volcanic mudflow or lahar has inundated thousands of hectares of agricultural areas in Zambales, Pampanga and Tarlac [Philippines]. Impelled by the monsoon rains, lahar deposits of over 2 meters thick have changed the topography and rendered irrigation systems inoperable. Growth of agricultural crops on lahar has become a critical question. A field study on crop growth on lahar was conducted in the wet season of 1991. The lahar in Bacolor, Pampanga is acidic with a pH of 4.3 and consists mainly of sand (79 percent) and only 3 percent clay. Twenty-nine different cultivars of corn, okra, cowpea, mungbean, sweet potato, cassava, kangkong and legumes for green manure were sown or planted in 10-meter plots. Seed germination ranged from 50 to 90 percent. After 2 weeks, chlorosis was apparent in corn, cowpea, and mungbean. Sweet potato and kangkong showed vigorous growth. The preliminary study indicates that common crops can germinate and thrive on lahar. However, the crops may require intensive nutrient management due to the low nutrient holding capacity of the sandy soil. Kangkong and root crops can be productive for several weeks after planting in lahar without added fertilizer.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Bhatnagar, V. S., Ndoye, M., Pierrard, G.",1982,"Current status of entomological studies on cassava in Senegal, likely future developments and suggested collaborative research and developmental needs",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18210/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"V.V., Radhakrishnan, K., Gopakumar",1984,Correlation between yield and its components in tapioca [Manihot esculenta],,v. 54,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18211/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Narasimhan, V., Arjunan, G.",1976,Effect of plant density and cultivation method on the incidence of mosaic disease of cassava,Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology,6,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18212/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Narasimhan, V., Arjunan, G.",1976,Whitefly population in relation to the incidence of mosaic in cassava varieties at Salem,Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology,6,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18213/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"V., Narasimhan, G., Arjunan",1977,Mosaic disease of cassava loss in yield in tuber splitting,Indian phytopathology,v. 29,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18214/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Mohanraj, V., Narayanasamy, P.",1981,Hastening symptom expression for early defection of cassava mosaic virus infection,Indian Phytopathology,34,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18216/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ravindran, V.",1995,Processing of cassava and sweet potatoes for animal feeding,Processing of Cassava and Sweet Potatoes for Animal Feeding,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18220/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Valderde, S. C., Bandy, D. E.",1982,Production of annual food crops in the Amazon,Amazonia. Agriculture and land use research,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18229/,"Based on information provided by INIA, UEPAE at Manaus, Brazil and North Carolina State University, the shifting agriculture system most widely used in the humid tropics of S.America on low fertility, weathered soils is described and the possibility of changing to continuous agriculture is discussed. Effects of forest clearing on yield of upland rice, maize, soyabeans, cassava, and Guinea grass in Peru are outlined and adaptation of these crops, groundnuts, and cowpea by the use of intercropping, relay, or sequential systems is reviewed.-from Field Crop Abstracts",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Valdez, J.G. Jr.",1987,"Cropping systems for rolling areas of Magalang and Arayat, Pampanga",PAC Research Journal,10,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18234/,"Findings of the study showed that among the cash crops (corn, squash, mungo, and cassava) evaluated based on their performance to control erosion in sloping areas, cassava was found to be the best, more so when planted with mungo. This crop planted alone permitted a total soil loss of 0.07147 tons/ha per year but when planted with mungo it permitted only 0.0132 tons/ha of soil loss per year. Squash was another cash crop that was found comparable to cassava in controlling erosion. Among these cash crops, corn permitted the largest amount of erosion which is believed to be the result of intensive cultivation on the crop area as required by its growth. Between ipil-ipil and mungo, ipil-ipil proved to be better than mungo in controlling the loss of soil thru erosion. Ipil-ipil also gave an estimated income of P38,640.45 per hectare after four years.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ballesil, B.R., Gapuz, L.G., Baga, M.C.",1994,Influence of spatial arrangement on the productivity of winged bean grown with corn and cassava in upland areas (Trial II),Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University Research and Extension Journal (Bacnotan Campus),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1824/,"This study aimed to determine the following (a) the effects of different spatial arrangement of the performance of winged bean grown with corn and cassava, (b) the spatial arrangement that could give the best yield, and (c) cost and return analysis of intercropping winged bean with corn and cassava. Based on the results of the study, the 11 winged bean-corn combination improved the yield and enhanced the maturity of winged bean. Spatial arrangement 22 winged bean-corn produced longer ears of corn. However, the spatial arrangement of the crops did not significantly influence the performance of the cassava.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Valentin, C., Boonsaner, A., Janeau, J. L., Jouquet, P., Des Tureaux, T. H., Huon, S., Latsachack, K., Le Troquer, Y., Maeght, J. L., Orange, D., Rinh, P. D., Pierret, A., Podwojewski, P., Ribolzi, O., De Rouw, A., Sengtaheuanghoung, O., Silvera, N., Robain, H., Soulileuth, B., Thothong, W., Duc Toan, T., Hai, T. S.",2014,Lessons from long-term monitoring of soil erosion in three southeast Asian agricultural catchments undergoing rapid land-use changes C3 - IAHS-AISH Proceedings and Reports,"Hydrology in a Changing World: Environmental and Human Dimensions Proceedings of FRIEND-Water 2014, Montpellier, France, October 2014",363,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18246/,"While soil erosion is reasonably well documented at the plot scale, data remain scarce at the catchment scale and predominantly stem from short-term studies. In this context, the ""Management of Soil Erosion Consortium"" network, which recently became the Multi-Scale Environmental Changes observatory (MSEC3, http//www.msec3.net/portal/), was established in the late 1990s in three upland catchments of Laos, Thailand and Vietnam. New land management options, introduced in consultation with farmers, were tested in terms of runoff and erosion. These included tree plantations, planted fodder, and no-till cover systems. The MSEC demonstrated that converting land from shifting cultivation systems to short rotations, or permanent cropping of species such as maize, cassava or teak, can result in increased erosion far beyond any tolerable rate of soil loss. Fodder and no-till cover systems are efficient means of controlling soil losses, yet several socio-economical obstacles can limit their adoption. Copyright 2014 IAHS Press.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Valentin, C., Boonsaner, A., Janeau, J. L., Jouquet, P., des Tureaux, T. H., Huon, S., Latsachack, K., Le Troquer, Y., Maeght, J. L., Orange, D., Rinh, P. D., Pierret, A., Podwojewski, P., Ribolzi, O., de Rouw, A., Sengtaheuanghoung, O., Silvera, N., Robain, H., Soulileuth, B., Thothong, W., Toan, T. D., Hai, T. S.",2014,Lessons from long-term monitoring of soil erosion in three southeast Asian agricultural catchments undergoing rapid land-use changes,IAHS Publication,363,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18247/,"While soil erosion is reasonably well documented at the plot scale, data remain scarce at the catchment scale and predominantly stem from short-term studies. In this context, the ""Management of Soil Erosion Consortium"" network, which recently became the Multi-Scale Environmental Changes observatory (MSEC3, http//www.msec3.net/portal/), was established in the late 1990s in three upland catchments of Laos, Thailand and Vietnam. New land management options, introduced in consultation with farmers, were tested in terms of runoff and erosion. These included tree plantations, planted fodder, and no-till cover systems. The MSEC demonstrated that converting land from shifting cultivation systems to short rotations, or permanent cropping of species such as maize, cassava or teak, can result in increased erosion far beyond any tolerable rate of soil loss. Fodder and no-till cover systems are efficient means of controlling soil losses, yet several socio-economical obstacles can limit their adoption.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Valenzuela, H.R., DeFrank, J.",1995,Agroecology of tropical underground crops for small-scale agriculture,Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences,14,3,10.1080/07352689509701927,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18250/,"The important tropical root and tuberous crops cassava (Manihot esculenta), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), yams (Dioscorea spp.), and the aroids (especially Xanthosoma and Colocasia spp.) represent an important source of relatively inexpensive carbohydrates to large sectors of the population in tropical areas. One or more tropical root crops are normally a staple in rural communities and are typically grown on small-scale subsistence farms. The current status of the agroecology research on these crops, including productivity under polyculture systems, resource (water, nutrients, light, space) utilization, tolerance to environmental stress, pest dynamics response to habitat manipulation, and alternative cultural practices, is reviewed in this paper as they relate to the performance of these crops in small-scale tropical agricultural systems. The development of technological recommendations to improve the productivity of tropical root crops in the tropics is dependent on an understanding of important underlying agroecological principles. The objective of background ecophysiological work is to develop crop-specific technological packages appropriate to low-input subsistence farming, and to match specific crops with a cropping system that will result in adequate yields and in ecological and socioeconomical sustainability. Because of the close relationship between crops and humans in small-scale farms of the tropics, it is imperative that agroecology research be holistic, multidisciplinary, and cognizant of the many socioeconomic and cultural factors that will determine whether improved technologies will be adopted in any given location.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Van Cooten, D. E., Borrell, A. K.",1999,Enhancing food security in semi-arid eastern Indonesia through permanent raised-bed cropping: A review,Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture,39,8,10.1071/EA99054,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18259/,"Much of south-eastern Indonesia is mountainous and characterised by a semi-arid tropical environment. Soil erosion is a significant environmental problem facing the region, affecting both productivity of the land and water quality. The challenge for the region is to secure year-round food production in such a fragile environment. More than 90% of rain falls in a distinct wet season between November and April. Therefore, cropping in this region is dependent on matching crop growth with water supply. In particular, crop production depends on the efficient use of rainfall during the wet season, including avoidance of waterlogging, and efficient use of stored soil water during the dry season. This paper summarises the results of a series of experiments undertaken in West Timor, Indonesia, between 1993 and 1999 aimed at developing a raised-bed cropping system. The objective of these studies was to better utilise the more fertile alluvial soils that are often susceptible to waterlogging during the wet season, allowing a range of crops to be grown in addition to rice. Raised beds of height 0.2 m and width 1.5 m were constructed either manually or with an 8.5 hp two-wheeled hand tractor. A range of crops including soybeans, sorghum, maize, pigeon pea, yam bean and cassava were successfully grown on raised beds in the wet season in addition to rice, indicating that raised-bed technology overcomes the constraints of waterlogging in the wet season. Soybeans grew particularly well on raised beds, with December-sown crops producing almost twice the yield of January-sown crops (2.6 v. 1.4 t/ha). For rice and soybeans, early sown crops were better able to match growth with water supply, thereby avoiding end-of-season drought. Early sowing and harvesting of wet season crops enables a drought-resistant crop such as sorghum to be planted in late March or early April, utilising the stored soil moisture for grain production and also maintaining ground cover in the dry season. It is argued that cropping systems based on permanent raised beds can reduce erosion in 2 ways. First, raised beds are a permanent structure and, with the inter-cropping and relay-cropping proposed, crops can provide all-year ground cover in lowland areas. Second, if sufficient food and cash crops are grown on raised beds to meet the basic needs of subsistence farmers, then upland cropping on steep slopes can be replaced by a variety of tree species, providing additional food, fodder, firewood and medicines. Together, these strategies have the capacity to enhance food production and security in the semi-arid areas of eastern Indonesia.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Balley, J. (Carder Oueme, Porto Novo (Benin)), Vine, P.N.",1995,"Maize intercrop effects on cassava development, dry matter production and dry matter distribution",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1826/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Van Dijk, A. I. J. M., Bruijnzeel, L. A., Schellekens, J.",2004,"Micrometeorology and water use of mixed crops in upland West Java, Indonesia",Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,124,01-Feb,10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.01.006,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18275/,"The scarcity of information on the micrometeorology and water use of rain-fed humid tropical crops leads to uncertainty about the effects of land cover change on streamflow and atmospheric circulation. We made micrometeorological measurements during five wet season months in a rain-fed cropping system with maize (Zea mays L.) and cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) on a bench-terraced hillside in upland West Java, Indonesia. Reflection coefficients varied between 0.07 for moist bare soil and 0.22 for mature cassava with surface mulching. Fluxes of heat and vapour were estimated by the temperature variance method from wet- and dry-bulb temperature fluctuations measured with fast-responding thermocouples. Sensible heat fluxes were 24% larger when determined from Bowen ratios rather than directly, but latent heat fluxes inferred from the two estimates agreed within 10%. The difference was largely attributed to the greater effect of high-frequency losses on directly calculated fluxes. The Penman-Monteith model with optimised values for surface conductance (12.7 mm s-1), roughness length (0.03 times crop height) and displacement length (0.64 times crop height) was used to estimate dry canopy evaporation (Et) for a full year, allowing for the effect of reduced soil water availability during the dry season. Rainfall interception losses (Ei) were estimated with an adapted version of the Gash model calibrated with local measurements of throughfall and stemflow. Simulations with a soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer model reported elsewhere demonstrated that modelled evaporation rates were consistent with soil hydrological measurements. Total water use was 1228 mm, divided between 1030 mm crop transpiration and soil evaporation and 198 mm rainfall interception losses. 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Van Driesche, R.G., Bellotti, A., Herrera, C.J., Castillo, J.A.",1986,Encapsulation rates of two encyrtid parasitoids by two Phenacoccus spp. of cassava mealybugs in Colombia,Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,42,,10.1111/j.1570-7458.1986.tb02190.x,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18277/,"Between 3 and 15% of all parasitized cassava mealybugs of the species Phenacoccus herreni Cox & Williams successfully defeated the parasitoid Epidinocarsis diversicornis (Howard) through encapsulation. Adult mealybugs were less successful at encapsulating all parasitoids than were nymphs in the second stadium. Encapsulation rates were higher at 25 °C than 30 °C in both nymphs and adults. No encapsulation of E. diversicornis was observed in Phenacoccus gossypii Townsend & Cockerell. No significant encapsulation of another encyrtid, Acerophagus coccois Smith, was observed in either species of mealybug.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Van Driesche, R.G., Bellotti, A., Herrera, C.J., Castello, J.A.",1987,"Host feeding and ovipositor insertion as sources of mortality in the mealybug Phenacoccus herreni caused by two encyrtids, Epidinocarsis diversicornis and Acerophagus coccois",Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,44,1,10.1111/j.1570-7458.1987.tb02247.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18278/,"Females of Epidinocarsis diversicornis (Howard) killed cassava mealybugs, Phenacoccus herreni Cox & Williams, through host feeding and ‘piercing’ (i.e. ovipositor insertion and its consequences). Parasitoids fed on 9% of 592 hosts in which ovipositor insertion was achieved. For hosts which were attacked but not fed on, mortality in the first 72 h was significantly greater than that of controls and was highest in the first nymphal instar. No host feeding by Acerophagus coccois Smith was observed in 494 attacks. Mortality due to piercing was significantly greater than control values, but did not differ between host life stages.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Van Noordwijk, M., Hairiah, K., Partoharjono, S., Labios, R. V., Garrity, D. P.",1996,Food-crop-based production systems as sustainable alternatives for Imperata grasslands?,Agroforestry Systems,36,01-Mar,10.1007/BF00142867,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18288/,"Purely annual crop-based production systems have limited scope to be sustainable under upland conditions prone to infestation by Imperata cylindrica if animal or mechanical tillage is not available. Farmers who must rely on manual cultivation of grassland soils can achieve some success in suppressing Imperata for a number of years using intensive relay and intercropping systems that maintain a dense soil cover throughout the year, especially where leguminous cover crops are included in the crop cycle. However, labour investment increases and returns to labour tend to decrease in successive years as weed pressure intensifies and soil quality declines. Continuous crop production has been sustained in many Imperata-infested areas where farmers have access to animal or tractor draft power. Imperata control is not a major problem in such situations. Draft power drastically reduces the labour requirements in weed control. Sustained crop production is then dependent more solely upon soil fertility management. Mixed farming systems that include cattle may also benefit from manure application to the cropped area, and the use of non-cropped fallow areas for grazing. In extensive systems where Imperata infestation is tolerated, cassava or sugarcane are often the crops with the longest period of viable production as the land degrades. On sloping lmperata lands, conservation farming practices are necessary to sustain annual cropping. Pruned tree hedgerows have often been recommended for these situations. On soils that are not strongly acidic they may consistently improve yields. But labour is the scarcest resource on small farms and tree-pruning is usually too labour-intensive to be practical. Buffer strip systems that provide excellent soil conservation but minimize labour have proven much more popular with farmers. Prominent among these are natural vegetative strips, or strips of introduced fodder grasses. The value of Imperata to restore soil fertility is low, particularly compared with woody secondary growth or Compositae species such as Chromolaena odorata or Tithonia diversifolia. Therefore, fallow-rotation systems where farmers can intervene to shift the fallow vegetation toward such naturally-occurring species, or can manage introduced cover crop species such as Mucuna utilis cv. cochinchinensis, enable substantial gains in yields and sustainability. Tree fallows are used successfully to achieve sustained cropping by some upland communities. A variation of this is rotational hedgerow intercropping, where a period of cropping is followed by one or more years of tree growth to generate nutrient-rich biomass, rehabilitate the soil, and suppress Imperata. These options, which suit farmers in quite resource-poor situations, should receive more attention.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Van der Bijl, G.",1987,"Farming systems in a changing policy environment: a study of the cassava (Manihot esculenta) and maize (Zea mays) agricultural economy in Kaoma district, Western Province (Zambia)",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18296/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Van der Geest, L. P. S., Elliot, S. L., Breeuwer, J. A. J., Beerling, E. A. M.",2000,Diseases of mites,Experimental and Applied Acarology,24,7,10.1023/A:1026518418163,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18298/,"An overview is given of studies on diseases of mites. Knowledge of diseases of mites is still fragmentary but in recent years more attention has been paid to acaropathogens, often because of the economic importance of many mite species. Most research on mite pathogens concerns studies on fungal pathogens of eriophyoids and spider mites especially. These fungi often play an important role in the regulation of natural mite populations and are sometimes able to decimate populations of phytophagous mites. Studies are being conducted to develop some of these fungi as commercial acaricides. Virus diseases are known in only a few mites, namely, the citrus red mite and the European red mite. In both cases, non-occluded viruses play an important role in the regulation of mite populations in citrus and peach orchards, respectively, but application of these viruses as biological control agents does not seem feasible. A putative iridovirus has been observed in association with Varroa mites in moribund honeybee colonies. The virus is probably also pathogenic for honeybees and may be transmitted to them through this parasitic mite. Few bacteria have been reported as pathogens of the Acari but in recent years research has been concentrated on intracellular organisms such as Wolbachia that may cause distorted sex ratios in offspring and incompatibility between populations. The role of these organisms in natural populations of spider mites is in particular discussed. The effect of Bacillus thuringiensis on mites is also treated in this review, although its mode of action in arthropods is mainly due to the presence of toxins and it is, therefore, not considered to be a pathogen in the true sense of the word. Microsporidia have been observed in several mite species especially in oribatid mites, although other groups of mites may also be affected. In recent years, Microsporidia infections in Phytoseiidae have received considerable attention, as they are often found in mass rearings of beneficial arthropods. They affect the efficacy of these predators as biological control agent of insect and mite pests. Microsporidia do not seem to have potential for biological control of mites.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Van der Kruijs, A.C.B.M., Kang, B.T., Austin, P.",1988,Alley cropping on ultisol in high rainfall zone,IITA Resource and Crop Management Program. Annual Report 1986,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18299/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Van der Kruijs, A.C.B.M., Kang, B.T.",1988,Intercropping maize and cassava with leguminous shrubs on ultisol,IITA Resource and Crop Management Program Annual Report 1986,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18300/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"van den Meiracker, R. A. F., Hammond, W. N. O., van Alphen, J. J. M.",1988,"The role of kairomones in prey finding in the coccinellids Diomus sp. and Exochomus sp., predators of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti","International Symposium on Crop Protection, Proceedings",40,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18308/,"The searching behaviour of the coccinellid Diomus sp., introduced to Africa as a biological control agent of the pseudococcid Phenacoccus manihoti, was studied in the laboratory at 25°C on cassava leaves. Exochomus sp., an African predator of P. manihoti, was also studied. Females of Diomus sp. and Exochomus sp. spent more time searching on cassava leaves previously infested with P. manihoti than on clean leaves. Both species were also arrested by wax and honeydew of another pseudococcid, Planococcus citri. When offered a choice between excretions of pseudococcids, only experienced individuals of Diomus sp. (reared on Phenococcus manihoti) showed a clear preference for excretions of this prey. The separate influences of wax and honeydew were tested. Wax from P. manihoti exuviae acted as an arrestment stimulus for both coccinellids. Honeydew produced by P. manihoti arrested Exochomus sp. and inexperienced Diomus sp.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Vander Pereira, A., Vencovsky, R., Cruz, C. D.",1992,Selection of botanical and agronomical descriptors for the characterization of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) germplasm,Revista Brasileira de Genetica,15,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18309/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Vander Zaag, P., Fox, R.L., De la Pena, R.S., Yost, R.S.",1979,"P nutrition of cassava, including mycorrhizal effects on P,K, S, Zn and Ca [Manihot esculenta, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium] uptake",,v. 2,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18310/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Vander, Zaag P., R.L., Fox, R.S., De la Pena, R.S., Yost",1979,"P [phosphorus] nutrition of cassava, including mycorrhizal effects on P, K, S, Zn and Ca uptake [phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, zinc and calcium]",,v. 2,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18312/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Vanderschuren, H., Akbergenov, R., Pooggin, M. M., Hohn, T., Gruissem, W., Zhang, P.",2007,RNA-mediated resistance to cassava geminiviruses in transgenic cassava,Biotechnology and Sustainable Agriculture 2006 and Beyond,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18315/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Vanderschuren, Herv, Alder, Adrian, Zhang, Peng, Gruissem, Wilhelm",2009,Dose-dependent RNAi-mediated geminivirus resistance in the tropical root crop cassava,,v. 70,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18317/,"Cassava mosaic disease is a major constraint for cassava production in Africa, resulting in significant economic losses. We have engineered transgenic cassava with resistance to African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), by expressing ACMV AC1-homologous hairpin double-strand RNAs. Transgenic cassava lines with high levels of AC1-homologous small RNAs have ACMV immunity with increasing viral load and different inoculation methods. We report a correlation between the expression of the AC1-homologous small RNAs and the ACMV resistance of the transgenic cassava lines. Characterization of the small RNAs revealed that only some of the hairpin-derived small RNAs fall into currently known small interfering RNA classes in plants. The method is scalable to stacking by targeting multiple virus isolates with additional hairpins.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Vandriesche, R. G., Bellotti, A., Herrera, C. J., Castillo, J. A.",1986,Encapsulation Rates of 2 Encyrtid Parasitoids by 2 Phenacoccus Spp of Cassava Mealybugs in Colombia,Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata,42,1,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18324/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Balogun, O. L., Akinyemi, B. E.",2017,"Land fragmentation effects on technical efficiency of cassava farmers in South-West geopolitical zone, Nigeria",Cogent Social Sciences,3,1,10.1080/23311886.2017.1387983,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1833/,"This paper provides regional effects of land fragmentation on technical efficiency of 462 cassava farmers selected through a multitage sampling technique from South-West geopolitical zone of Nigeria. The analysis was based on cassava farmers' 2015/2016 production season data, using the stochastic production frontier model. Mean farm holdings and plots size per farmer in the study area were 2.37 and 1.075 ha respectively. Results show that quantity of labour used, land size and quantity of planting material are influential determinants of technical efficiency of cassava farmers. The result further revealed that fragmentation index and distance between farm and farmstead are the only significant technical inefficiency variables. The study found that substantial technical inefficiency exists in cassava farming. The study recommends land reforms that directly targeted at cassava farmers in form of enhancement progamme to increase their production efficiency.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Vanlauwe, B., van Asten, P., Blomme, G.",2013,Agro-ecological intensification of agricultural systems in the African highlands,Agro-Ecological Intensification of Agricultural Systems in the African Highlands,,,10.4324/9780203114742,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18334/,"There is an urgent need to increase agricultural productivity in sub-Saharan Africa in a sustainable and economically-viable manner. Transforming risk-averse smallholders into business-oriented producers that invest in producing surplus food for sale provides a formidable challenge, both from a technological and socio-political perspective. This book addresses the issue of agricultural intensification in the humid highland areas of Africa - regions with relatively good agricultural potential, but where the scarce land resources are increasingly under pressure from the growing population and from climate change. In addition to introductory and synthesis chapters, the book focuses on four themes system components required for agricultural intensification; the integration of components at the system level; drivers for adoption of technologies towards intensification; and the dissemination of complex knowledge. It provides case studies of improved crop and soil management for staple crops such as cassava and bananas, as well as examples of how the livelihoods of rural people can be improved. The book provides a valuable resource for researchers, development actors, students and policy makers in agricultural systems and economics and in international development. It highlights and addresses key challenges and opportunities that exist for sustainable agricultural intensification in the humid highlands of sub-Saharan Africa. 2013 Selection and editorial matter, Bernard Vanlauwe, Piet van Asten and Guy Blomme; individual chapters, the contributors. All rights reserved.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Vargas de West, M.",1986,Cassava research in Africa,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18347/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Varma, A.",1993,Integrated Management of Plant Viral Diseases,Ciba Foundation Symposia,177,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18351/,"Viral diseases of plants cause enormous economic losses particularly in the tropics and semitropics which provide ideal conditions for the perpetuation of viruses and their vectors. Intensive agricultural practices necessitated by the ever-increasing demands of the rapidly growing population and the introduction of new genotypes, cropping patterns and crops have further aggravated the problem of viral diseases. Many diverse approaches have been tried to minimize the losses caused by these diseases. The approaches are mainly based on avoidance of sources of infection; avoidance or control of vectors; modification of cultural practices; use of resistant varieties obtained though conventional breeding procedures; cross protection; systemic acquired resistance; and use of transgenic plants containing alien genes that impart resistance to viruses. Although the use of resistant varieties has been found to be the most economical and practical, for effective management of viral diseases an integrated approach is essential in sustainable agriculture. Development of integrated management practices also requires correct identification of the causative viruses, because symptoms can be misleading, and adequate understanding of the ecology of viruses and their vectors.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Varma, S. P., Pranothkumar, P.",1996,Evaluation of short duration lines of cassava,"Tropical Tuber Crops: Problems, Prospects and Future Strategies",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18352/,"Six short duration lines (treatments of cassava (combined analysis of the data on tuber yield) were evaluated at the four Centres of the AICRP on tuber crops. Data of three years on tuber yield were combined for analysis. Barlett's test of homogenity revealed significant heterogeneous experimental errors (x(2) 46.559). Interaction between treatments and places was significant at 0.05 probability. Treatment differences were non-significant at 0.05 probability. At the Coimbatore Centre, all lines, except H-165, gave high average tuber yield. At Kalyani and Jorhat Centres H-165 gave high yields. Overall, the genotype S-856 gave the highest average yield of 22.57 t(-1)ha followed by H-119 (21-39 t(-1)ha) and CI (19.81 t(-1)ha). Among the Centres, the highest average tuber yield of 26.88 t(-1)ha was recorded at Coimbatore and the lowest average tuber yield of 12.31 t(-1)ha at Rajendranagar.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Vasil, I. K.",1996,Milestones in crop biotechnology - Transgenic cassava and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of maize,Nature Biotechnology,14,6,10.1038/nbt0696-702,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18366/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Vasquez, E. A., Platino, M. G.",1991,Dioscorea hispida: Potential botanical for the control of cassava scale insect,Philippine Journal of Crop Science,16,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18369/,"Crude extracts were prepared from several plant species previously reported as having pesticidal activities. They were used in the preplanting treatment of cassava cuttings to substitute commercial pesticides used against Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, the scale insect attacking cassava stem. Among the plant extracts evaluated and bioassayed, the water-based crude extract of Asiatic bitter yam, Dioscorea hispida, was found most effective against cassava scale insect at 5.0 percent concentration and 12-24 hours soaking period. Field evaluation of the effectiveness of D. hispida extract against known commercial insecticides like malathion and dimethoate in controlling scale insect infestation showed comparable results. The treated plants were kept scale-free within 6 months after planting (MAP) while the untreated ones became infested as early as 1 MAP. Germination of chemically-treated cassava especially those treated with malathion was significantly lower than the D. hispida - treated and untreated ones. Although not much significant difference was observed between yields in both treatments, those treated with D. hispida gave higher cost and return values",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Vasquez, E.A., Gonzales, P.L. Jr.",1994,"Biology of cassava red spider mite, Tetranychus kanzawai and predatory mite, Amblyseius longispinosus on Hawaiian 5",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18370/,"On the average, it took only 9.5 and 10.09 days for Tetranychus kanzawai to complete its development on Hawaiian 5 and MCol 1684, respectively. The fecundity, eclosion rate and survival rate were higher on Hawaiian 5 than on MCol 1684. On the other hand, the trial development period of Amblyseius longispinosus was slightly longer on Hawaiian 5 (3.98 days) than on MCol 1684 (3.66 days). However, higher fecundity, eclosion rate and survival rate were observed on the former than on the latter. Based on the biological data, it is possible to have 2 1/2 overlapping generations of the predatory mite for a generation of the red spider mite",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Vasudevan, K., Sheela, M. N.",1996,Radiosensitivity and suitable in vivo techniques to enhance mutation recovery in tropical tuber crops,"Tropical Tuber Crops Problems, Prospects and Future Strategies",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18372/,"Mutation breeding has played only a small role in the improvement of cassava, probably due to the unsatisfactory in vivo methods of induction and detection of mutation. Stem cuttings of cassava cultivar Malayan-4 were irradiated with 1-4 kR gamma rays. Planting single node cuttings and pruning MV1 plants led to the recovery of more mutations, up to 30 per cent more than stake planting. Six out of the 50 morphologically stable mutants showed increase in yield (20-30 per cent), high photosynthetic rate and greater frequency of amphistomatous condition than control plants. One of the mutants showed somatic pairing and early starch deposition. In different in vivo techniques used in sweet potato gamma-irradiated vine cuttings-were propagated as single node, two node and vine cuttings (4-5 nodes). Mutants were recovered for increased yield (20-25 per cent) and carotene content (3,650 IU) as compared to the control plants (1555 IU). Mutants were also isolated for tuber colour including white, unifoliate leaf and semi-erect plant type. In aroids recovery of mutants was more when the gamma irradiated tuber was propagated as small slices. Mutants were obtained with increased yield (15-20 per cent) and better tuber storability after the harvest. In Chinese potato mutants were isolated with desirable characters like semi-erect type, photoinsensitive nature and various other phenotypically stable characters. Gamma ray treatment effect measured in terms of LD 50 dose in various crops showed that the aroids were relatively more radiosusceptible than the other tuber crops.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Vaz, C.R. de, Silva, K.P.U. de, Gunaratna, L.H.P.",1982,Agronomic and economic studies of cassava-legume intercropping systems,Tropical Agriculturist,138,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18378/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Veasey, E. A., Bressan, E. A., Siqueira, Mvbm, Borges, A., Queiroz-Silva, J. R., Pereira, K. J. C., Recchia, G. H., Ming, L. C.",2012,Genetic Characterization of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and Yam (Dioscorea trifida L.) Landraces in Swidden Agriculture Systems in Brazil,"Biodiversity in Agriculture Domestication, Evolution, and Sustainability",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18381/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Vergara, N. T., Nair, P. K. R.",1985,Agroforestry in the South Pacific region — an overview,Agroforestry Systems,3,4,10.1007/BF00055718,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18423/,"The developing countries of the Pacific Region consist of 27 countries and territories with a total land area of 542 000 km 2 and over 5 million inhabitants. Though highly variable in physical characteristics and land-use pattern, these countries, in general, give a higher priority for production of export crops over other agricultural crops, so that they are net importers of food. Natural forests of the region are luxuriant and floristically rich, but the level of their commercial exploitation is low. Swidden cultivation is the mainstay of subsistence livelihood, but with the increase in population, the system is now causing severe environmental and land-use problems. The major agroforestry systems and practices in the region include various forms of combination of tree crops such as coffee, coconut and cacao with nitrogen fixing trees such as Casuarina, Gliricidia and Leucaena, and food crops (mostly tubers) such as cassava, taro, sweet potato and yams. Additionally, some improvements to swidden (shifting) cultivation are also being tried in several places, the most common being the use of Casuarina oligodon before abandoning the swidden as in PNG highlands, and intercropping food crops in tree crop stands. Land tenure system in most of the countries is the traditional clan of extended family control over land. This can have either positive or negative influence on the adoption of agroforestry practices depending on the extent and duration of 'tenancy' tenure enjoyed by the assignees of land. Several governments of the region are now promoting the agroforestry approach. In hilly areas with poor access, farmers are forced to produce most of their basic necessities locally. On the other hand, the lack of roads and communication facilities can pose a problem in marketing any surplus products they have. The immediate opportunity in agroforestry in the region lies in making better use of the unexplored potential of a large number of locally available trees and agricultural crops. Intercropping in tree crop stands and the taungya system seem to be promising methods for the Pacific region.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Vezina, K., Bonn, F., Van, C. P.",2006,Agricultural land-use patterns and soil erosion vulnerability of watershed units in Vietnam's northern highlands,Landscape Ecology,21,8,10.1007/s10980-006-0023-x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18430/,"Since the mid eighties, agricultural development and increased population growth in Vietnam's northern highlands have modified land use patterns and thus, increased the runoff process and soil degradation induced by water erosion. In the last decade, Vietnamese literature has focused on the computation of soil losses over large areas. Most of these spatial and quantitative soil erosion studies do not consider the impact of agricultural land use diversity (spatial heterogeneity), particularly at the watershed scale, and the annual variability of seasonal landscape factors on soil erosion vulnerability and hence, landscape dynamics. We present an integrated approach combining field measurements and observations, GIS and modeling to determine the spatial and temporal dynamics of soil erosion vulnerability according to watershed units and hence, the impact of physical environment components and agricultural land use patterns on landscape evolution. Tables and graphics showing the cropping systems, the periods within a year, and the watershed units that are most vulnerable are presented. The double cultivation cycles for paddy rice fields not only imply two periods of land preparation and establishment that expose the soil surface to raindrop impacts, but also increased soil management practices that decrease the soil's resistance to detachment. Despite the low levels of soil management practices for the shifting cultivation system, the near absence of soil conservation practices clearly increases their vulnerability. Hence, rainfed cropping systems, mainly soya and cassava, cultivated on sloping lands (hills and mountains) where soil erosion vulnerability is the highest represent the watershed units which are the most prone to soil loss. 2006 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Viana, E. T., Batista, M. A., Tormena, C. A., da Costa, A. C. S., Inoue, T. T.",2011,Physical properties and organic carbon of an Oxisol affected by different land use and soil management systems,Revista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo,35,6,10.1590/S0100-06832011000600025,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18432/,"Understanding and quantifying the impact of land use and soil management on soil organic carbon (SOC) levels and physical properties is essential for the development of a sustainable agriculture. The purpose of this study was to evaluate some physical properties and SOC of an Oxisol in the Northwest of the state of Paran, under different use and soil management systems, i.e., under native forest, pasture, cassava, and sugarcane. Disturbed soil samples were collected for particle size, particle density, proctor and organic carbon analyses and undisturbed samples (rings) to determine bulk density (Ds) and soil porosity. Results indicated that the land use and management systems induced changes in the soil physical properties in comparison to native forest. This was inferred from the higher values of soil Ds, maximum bulk density, and relative bulk density, and the lower values of macroporosity, total porosity, SOC and soil carbon stock, in the following growing order pasture, cassava and sugarcane. However, the areas are not considered physically degraded.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Vieira, Clibas",1998,Growing beans in favorable environments and in associations with crops of high social or economic value,An Ecoregional Framework for Bean Germplasm Development and Natural Resources Research,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18439/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Vietmeyer, N. (National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC (USA))",1985,In praise of shrubs,Review on Agriculture & Development,18,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18450/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Vijaykumar, K.R., Thomas, P.K., Unni, P.N.",1984,Effect of different water table depths and moisture regimes on the growth and yield of cassava Manihot esculenta Cranz,Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala,22,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18460/,Effect of two water table depths and three moisture regimes on the growth and yield of cassava were studied. Irrigation resulted in significant increase in growth and yield. There was also significant interaction between water table depth and irrigation in causing yield difference. Irrigation was found to relieve the yield inhibition due to high water table,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Villacarlos, L.T., Vasquez, E.A.",1988,Anthropod pests of cassava and their control,Crops State of the Art and Abstract Bibliography Series,15,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18465/,"This review on arthropod pests of cassava in the Philippines and their control is arranged in sections on the major pests (mainly Tetranychus kanzawai), minor pests and the various control measures (cultural, chemical and biological control and use of resistant varieties).",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Villachica, J. H., Lopez, C. E., Sanchez, P. A.",1976,Continuous cropping experiment,Agronomic Economic Research on Tropical Soils: Annual Report North Carolina State University,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18466/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Villamayor, F.G. Jr.",1982,Botany of the cassava plant,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18470/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Villamayor, F.G. Jr.",1983,Root and stake production of cassava at different populations and subsequent yield evaluation of stakes,Philippine journal of crop science,v. 8,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18472/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Villamayor, F.G. Jr., Destriza, T. ",1985,Moisture stress and its effect on cassava yield,Radix (Philippines),v. 7,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18473/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Villamayor, F.G. Jr., Eronico, C.A., Euldan, N.",1987,Agronomic survey of cassava farms in Leyte,,12,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18474/,"Interviews and actual yield sampling were conducted in 100 farms in Leyte [Philippines]. Most (84%) have low phosphorus content (5 ppm). Golden Yellow (58.5%) and Kadabao (34.5%) were the major variety grown. Stagger harvesting (91%) was the dominant practice. Majority of the farmers (82.5%) made low yield estimates (0.1-4t/ha). Actual yield sampling showed yields between 6-12t/ha (59%), 12 t/ha (27%) and 6 t/ha (14%). Based on the cultural management practices employed, yield can be greatly improved by fertilizer application and use of higher population density (710,000 plants/ha).",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Villamayor, F.G. Jr.",1988,Agronomy of cassava,PCARRD Book Series,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18476/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Villamayor, F.J. Jr.",1988,Ecological requirement and cultural management of cassava,PCARRD Crops State of the Art and Abstract Bibliography Series,,15,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18477/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Villamayor, F.G. Jr., Reoma, V.L.",1991,Effect of pruning on the yield and eating quality of cassava,Philippine Journal of Crop Science,16,Supplement 1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18478/,"Cassava was pruned 30 cm above ground at 6, 8, and 10 months. Yield eating quality, dry matter, starch and sugar content were determined monthly until the third and fifth month for the first and second trial, respectively. During the first trial yield of older plants was higher than the younger plants at all months regardless of pruning treatments. Yield of the pruned plants was significantly higher than the unpruned only during the third month after pruning (MAP). More rotten roots were observed in the unpruned than the pruned plants. Eating quality, sugar, starch and dry matter contents were not affected by pruning while age at pruning significantly affected only the sugar content at one and two MAP. In the second trial yield of the older plants was significantly higher only initially and during the first MAP. Pruned plants had significantly lower yields than the pruned from the third to the fifth MAP. Starch contents and eating quality were not affected by the treatments. The pruning treatments significantly affected the dry matter and sugar contents of the roots in some of the sampling period",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Villamayor, F.G. Jr. (Visayas State Coll. of Agriculture, Baybay, Leyte (Philippines). Philippine Root Crops Research)",1991,Status and production potential of cassava and sweet potato in Leyte (Philippines),PCARRD Book Series (Philippines),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18479/,"This paper discusses the status and production potential of cassava and sweet potato in Leyte (Philippines) with reference to area under cultivation; volume of production and yield level; characteristics of the farm; tenurial status, farmers utilization and income from root crops, production constraints; and potential demand as animal feed and flour component. Also discussed are the methods on how the demands could be met either by increasing the area cultivated or the yield levels. Suggested effective policies are presented to realize the root crops potential demand.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Villamayor, F.G. Jr.",1993,Within row intercropping of corn in cassava,Philippine Journal of Crop Science,18,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18480/,"Two cultivars of corn were intercropped with cassava (cv. Golden Yellow). The treatments were as follows A-cassava alone, B-corn alone (VM2), C-corn alone (VM6), D-cassava + VM2 (2 plants/hill), E-cassava + VM6 (2 plants/hill, F-cassava + VM2 (1 plant/hill) and G-cassava + VM6 (1 plant/hill). The spacing for pure corn was 75 cm x 50 cm with 2 plants/hill and for pure cassava 75 cm x 100 cm. For treatments D and E there was one hill with two corn plants midway between cassava plants while for treatment F and G there were two hills of one corn plant each 25 cm away from cassava or a population half of corn planted alone. Corn planted alone had significantly higher yield than intercropped corn. No significant yield differences were observed between corn varieties and among intercropped corn. There was also no yield differences observed among the cassava. The corn grain yield and total cassava root yield in t/ha are as follows A-17.1; B-5.5; C-5.0; D-2.8; 18.6; E-2.7, 16.6; F-3.6, 16.3; and G-3.2, 19.3",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Villanueva, M.R., Villamayor, F.G., Evangelio, F.A.",1980,"Germplasm collection, hybridization and selection of improved cassava varieties",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18482/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Vince, G.",2010,"From one farmer, hope-and reason for worry",Science,327,5967,10.1126/science.327.5967.798,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18495/,"Analysts estimate that nearly 2 million of Uganda's 31 million people experience food insecurity due to supply problems or rising prices. Nearly 80% of the people in some regions depend on food aid to survive. Such problems could worsen as Uganda's population, which has been increasing at more than 3% per year, surges to an estimated 100 million by 2050. To keep pace, Uganda's farmers will need to at least triple current harvests. Scientists can play an important role in boosting yields by helping farmers get the most from fundamental resources, such as water (see p. 800), soil (see p. 801), and seeds (see p. 802). But complex social, economic, and psychological challenges are raised by food insecurity; science alone won't transform fields from brown to green.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Abubaker, A.S., Githunguri, C.M., Gitonga, W.",1989,Evaluation of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) for the coast of Kenya,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/185/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Bandyopadhyay, R., Leslie, J., Mwangi, M.",2005,Fusarium spp. that are involved in the cassava root rot complex in tropical Africa,Phytopathology,95,6,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1850/,"Fusarium spp. are a significant component of the set of fungi associated with cassava root rot. Yield losses average 0.5-1 ton/ha but losses >3 ton/ha, an equivalent of 15-20% yield, often occur. In Cameroon, 30% of rotted tubers were infected by Fusarium spp. 12 months after planting (MAP) and represented 25% of all the fungal isolates recovered. Other commonly recovered fungi were Botryodiplodia theobromae and Armillaria spp. In three different agro-ecological zones in Nigeria, 10-87% of the rotted tubers were infected by Fusarium spp. that repressented 23-92% of the isolates recovered per location. When plants were sampled at three Nigerian sites 3, 6, 9 and 12 MAP, F. solani dominated at all except the high rainfall site, where B. theobromae and F. oxysporum were more frequently islated. Fusarium spp. also cause seedling blight of cassava and can be recovered from the stems of infected plants up to 1 m above the ground, suggesting that the pathogen could be spread with stems cut as planting material. Fusarium spp. also can colonize Chromolaena odorata, the dominant weed in short fallows, which could further complicate management efforts by serving as an alternate host for strains that colonize cassava. Improved cassava clones less susceptible to F. solani have been identified.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Viriyawattana, N., Surachat, S.",2014,Biodegradation of paraquat by the novel bacterial strain aeromonas Veronii NK67 from cassava fields in Thailand,"Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences",16,1,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18502/,"The herbicide paraquat residues in Cassava field have been shown to cause adverse human health effects and soil degradation, leading to decreased crop productivity. Bioremediation is the effective way to solve this problem. This study focused on selecting soil bacteria that are capable to degrade paraquai The 283 soil samples were collected from Cassava field in Nakhon Ratcha Sima provinces, because of paraquat is one of the most widely used chemical herbicides in this area. All 112 isolates have been isolated. Among them, there were 6 isolates tolerance to paraquat concentration 1 mM, including 4 and 2 strains of Clostridium spp. and Aeromonas spp., respectively. The isolates were further tested for their efficacy to degrade paraquat. The results showed that only two strains of Aeromonas spp. (strain NK 66 and MC 67) were able to degrade paraquat. It was found that levels of paraquat decreased to 4.9 ppm (24.36%) and 10.68 ppm (53.4%) after exposed to Aeromonas spp. Strain MC 66 and MC 67, respectively. Molecular Methods to Identify Aeromonas spp. strain NK 67 using PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes sequencing were employed. Nucleotide sequence of 16S rRNA from Aeromonas spp. strain NK 67 was compared with nucleotide sequences from GenBank database by using BLAST program. The results showed that 99% similar to 16S rRNA from A. veronii strain ATCC 35624, according to the results of classification by Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bactedology Then it can be conclude that this bacteria is A. veronii N1C67 (JN880412). This is the first report that A. veronii exhibited high efficiency to degrade paraquat which can be further applied for remediation of paraquat in contaminated areas and going for commercial production. Global Science Publications.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Visayas State Coll. of Agriculture, Baybay, Leyte (Philippines). Philippine Root Crop Research, Training Center",1988,Philippine Root Crop Research and Training Center annual report 1987,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18509/,"The Philippine Root Crop Research and Training Center (PRCRTC) [Baybay, Leyte, Philippines] continues to pursue in improving the root crop industry in the country. For the year 1987, the main research and development thrusts of PRCRTC include the development of high yielding, good quality and pest resistant sweet potato and cassava varieties, improvement of existing native varieties preferred by farmers for food, piloting of the substitution of wheat flour with cassava or sweet potato flour in selected bakery products and soy sauce; pilot production of delicious SP [sweet potato] and other new products; development of other commercial processed products from root crops; assessment of farmers' reaction to the seedboard recommended root crop varieties; and field verification of technologies developed at PRCRTC-ViSCA. In order to realize these thrusts, PRCRTC in cooperation with the centers/departments of ViSCA and the different research cooperating stations situated in the different regions of the country, conducted researches dealing with the different aspects of root crop production, processing and utilization. Of the 73 PRCRTC-funded root crop researches, 14 were completed during the year while 59 were carried over in 1988. In addition to these, root crops researches funded by ViSCA and the other agencies such as PCARRD [Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forest and Natural Resources Research and Development, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines] and IDRC [International Development and Research Center] are being conducted by some of the staff of PRCRTC and other College units.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Visser, R.G.F., Raemakers, C.J.J.M., Jacobsen, E., Bergervoet-van Deelen, J.H.M.",1996,"Methods for producing protoplasts from cassava or closely related species, methods for transforming said protoplasts and plants obtainable by said methods",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18512/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Vissoh, P. V., Gbehounou, G., Ahanchede, A., Kuyper, T. W., Roling, N. G.",2004,Weeds as agricultural constraint to farmers in Benin: results of a diagnostic study,NJAS-Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences,52,03-Apr,10.1016/S1573-5214(04)80019-8,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18513/,"Weeds are an emerging constraint on crop production, as a result of population pressure and more intensive use of cultivated land. A diagnostic study was carried out from June through August 2002 in the five agro-ecological zones of Benin (i) to identify the relative importance of weeds among major production constraints, (2) to better understand farmers' perceptions of weed problems, and (3) to take cognizance of their reactions and the different actors involved in weed management technology development. The study also aimed at suggesting the development of weed management strategies that work and are acceptable under small-scale farmers' conditions. Data were collected through semi-structured and unstructured group and/or individual interviews, and through participant observation, transect studies and weed identification during field visits. The results show considerable diversity in biophysical constraints and socio-economic conditions. Population density has led to high pressure on arable land, resulting in land degradation and weed problems. in all situations, pernicious (Imperata cylindrica, Cyperus spp., Commelina spp.) and parasitic (Striga spp.) weeds are difficult to eradicate, causing substantial food crop yield losses and threatening the livelihood of people. Land and labour shortage, low commodity prices and lack of credit were the main constraints hindering weed management. Causes, effects and consequences were analysed, taking into account the socio-economic context. The study's findings with respect to weed management measures, and their adaptation and constraints in using them, suggest that effective and acceptable weed management strategies should be developed, taking into account both biological and social science perspectives with a focus on adding value to indigenous knowledge. Promising strategies for discovery learning about weed management were identified, in order to foster sustainable crop production in Benin.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Vissoh, P. V., Kuyper, T. W., Gbehounou, G., Hounkonnou, D., Ahanchede, A., Roling, N. G.",2008,Improving local technologies to manage speargrass (Imperata cylindrica) in southern Benin,International Journal of Pest Management,54,1,10.1080/09670870701414266,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18514/,"Speargrass (Imperata cylindrica) is difficult to control in the tropics. Farmers allocate most of their time and labour to weeding speargrass. We investigated in a joint experiment concluded with farmers, how effectively grain legumes suppress speargrass, and the relationships between speargrass suppression, legume grain yield, and subsequent maize yield. Without management, speargrass shoots and rhizomes increased with 31 and 17% per month, respectively. The integration of deep ridging, deep hoe weeding and shading suppressed speargrass more effectively than farmers' practices. Creeping varieties of cowpea that produced most biomass were most successful in suppressing speargrass and in enhancing subsequent maize yields, but erect cowpea cultivars produced more grain. Farmers traded off cowpea yield against speargrass suppression to bridge the hungry gap. They preferred the erect cowpea cultivar wan. The need to forego a harvest and the fact that pigeonpea is not consumed in the area makes pigeonpea presently unsuitable for integration into the cropping system.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Vityakon, P.",2007,Degradation and restoration of sandy soils under different agricultural land uses in northeast Thailand: a review,Land Degradation & Development,18,5,10.1002/ldr.798,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18526/,"Conversion of natural forest to agricultural land use has significantly lowered the soil organic matter (SOM) content in sandy soils of northeast Thailand. This paper reviews the findings of comparative studies on contents of SOM pools (labile, i.e. microbial biomass and particulate organic matter—POM and stable, i.e. humic substance) and related soil aggregate formation, in natural forest plots and cultivated fields (monocrops of cassava, sugarcane and rice) in sites representative of northeast Thailand from the viewpoints of terrain (i.e. undulating), soils (sandy) and land use and discusses the restoration of SOM and fertility (nitrogen) in these degraded soils. Monocultural agriculture brings about the degradation of all SOM pools and associated soil aggregation as compared to the forest system because of decreased organic inputs and more frequent soil disturbance. The build‐up of SOM was achieved through the continuous recycling of organic residues produced within the system. Low‐quality residues contributed the largest SOM build‐up in whole and fractionated SOM pools, including POM and humic substance. However, to restore N fertility, high quality residues, (i.e. with low C/N ratios, lignin and polyphenols) were also needed. Timing of N release to meet crop demand was achieved by employing a mixture of high and low quality residues. Selection of appropriate residues for N sources was affected by environmental factors, notably soil moisture regimes, which differed in upland field and lowland paddy subsystems.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Von Platen, H., Rodriguez, P. G., Lagemann, J.",1982,Farming systems in Acosta-Puriscal Costa Rica,"CATIE, Technical Series, Technical Report",30,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18542/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Vongkasem, Wilawan, Klakhaeng, Kaival, Srakaew, Kitti, Sevatasai, Ratana, Watananonta, Watana, Howeler, Reinhardt H.",2007,Farmer participatory extension (FPE) methodologies used in the cassava project in Thailand,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18544/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Vreysen, M. J. B., Robinson, A. S.",2011,Ionising radiation and area-wide management of insect pests to promote sustainable agriculture. A review,Agronomy for Sustainable Development,31,1,10.1051/agro/2010009,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18553/,"Despite the liberal use of broad-spectrum insecticides to keep many insect pests of agricultural and veterinary importance at bay, food losses, both pre- and post-harvest, due to these insect pests contribute significantly to the high prevalence of undernourishment in the world. New, innovative pest control tactics and strategies are therefore needed that are both effective and not detrimental to the environment. As part of the arsenal of environmentally-friendly control tactics, the sterile insect technique (SIT) has proven to be a very effective tool against selected insect pests when used as part of an area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) approach. Likewise, the use of natural enemies for augmentative or inundative biological control is now a major component of pest control in many parts of the world. Both control tactics are complementary and even synergistic under certain circumstances, but their combined use has so far not been applied on an operational scale. Ionising radiation can be readily employed to effectively and safely induce sexual sterility in insects. Although the sterile insect technique has often been associated with an eradication strategy, major advances in rearing efficiency, and improved handling and release methods, have made the use of sterile insects economically feasible for insect pest suppression, prevention or containment. Recently, more emphasis has been placed on the quality of the sterile insect once released in the field rather than mainly assessing quality in the rearing facility. This combined with other innovations such as the development of genetic sexing strains, better understanding the impact of radiation on radio-resistant species such as Lepidoptera and the development of the F(1) sterility concept, advances in monitoring the induced sterility, etc. have significantly increased the efficiency of the sterile insect technique for several insect species. The action of sterile insects is inversely dependent on the density of the target population, and sterile insects have the intrinsic capacity to actively search for and mate with the last individuals of a pest population. These two characteristics make them ideal to deal with outbreaks of invasive insect pests. The use of sterile insects presents no threat to the environment, but aspects such as diet and waste disposal in large rearing facilities or bio-security in cases where the rearing facility is located in an area that is already free of the pest require the necessary attention. Ionising radiation can also be applied to greatly improve the efficiency of mass-rearing, handling and shipment of insect parasitoids and predators. Area-wide integrated pest management programmes that use sterile insects or natural enemies are complex and management-intensive, and require a management structure that is exclusively dedicated to the programme. Past and current examples have shown the enormous benefit-cost ratios that these programmes can generate and their importance for enhanced agriculture is increasing in significance.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Vreysen, M. J. B., Robinson, A. S.",2011,Ionising radiation and area-wide management of insect pests to promote sustainable agriculture. A review,Agronomy for Sustainable Development,31,1,10.1051/agro/2010009,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18554/,"Despite the liberal use of broad-spectrum insecticides to keep many insect pests of agricultural and veterinary importance at bay, food losses, both preand post-harvest, due to these insect pests contribute significantly to the high prevalence of undernourishment in the world. New, innovative pest control tactics and strategies are therefore needed that are both effective and not detrimental to the environment. As part of the arsenal of environmentally-friendly control tactics, the sterile insect technique (SIT) has proven to be a very effective tool against selected insect pests when used as part of an area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) approach. Likewise, the use of natural enemies for augmentative or inundative biological control is now a major component of pest control in many parts of the world. Both control tactics are complementary and even synergistic under certain circumstances, but their combined use has so far not been applied on an operational scale. Ionising radiation can be readily employed to effectively and safely induce sexual sterility in insects. Although the sterile insect technique has often been associated with an eradication strategy, major advances in rearing efficiency, and improved handling and release methods, have made the use of sterile insects economically feasible for insect pest suppression, prevention or containment. Recently, more emphasis has been placed on the quality of the sterile insect once released in the field rather than mainly assessing quality in the rearing facility. This combined with other innovations such as the development of genetic sexing strains, better understanding the impact of radiation on radio-resistant species such as Lepidoptera and the development of the F1 sterility concept, advances in monitoring the induced sterility, etc. have significantly increased the efficiency of the sterile insect technique for several insect species. The action of sterile insects is inversely dependent on the density of the target population, and sterile insects have the intrinsic capacity to actively search for and mate with the last individuals of a pest population. These two characteristics make them ideal to deal with outbreaks of invasive insect pests. The use of sterile insects presents no threat to the environment, but aspects such as diet and waste disposal in large rearing facilities or bio-security in cases where the rearing facility is located in an area that is already free of the pest require the necessary attention. Ionising radiation can also be applied to greatly improve the efficiency of mass-rearing, handling and shipment of insect parasitoids and predators. Area-wide integrated pest management programmes that use sterile insects or natural enemies are complex and management-intensive, and require a management structure that is exclusively dedicated to the programme. Past and current examples have shown the enormous benefit-cost ratios that these programmes can generate and their importance for enhanced agriculture is increasing in significance.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"de Vries, C.A.",1980,Harvesting of cassava roots,Abstracts on Tropical Agriculture,6,6,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18555/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Vyas, S.C., Joshi, L.K.",1975,A note on leaf blight of cassava (Manihot stilissima),Indian Phytopathology,27,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18569/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Reeves, W. H.",1976,A note on the IITA training program,"The International Exchange and Testing of Cassava Germ Plasm in Africa: Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Workshop held at IITA, lbadan, Nigeria, 17-21 November 1975",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18573/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Roca, W.M.",1979,Tissue culture at CIAT,Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter,39,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18575/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"W.M., Roca",1984,In vitro clonal propagation and elimination of diseases in crop plants,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18576/,"Important in crop plants which are asexually propagated because once infected, diseases are transmitted with the propagula with the result that severe crop yield and quality losses occur. Using data on cassava and potato, applications of shoot tip culture techniques to recover healthy clones are discussed in relation to the virus to be eliminated, size of explant taken, and therapy treatments. Dramatic yield increases in several casssava cultivars, due to the use of ""clean"" planting material, produced via in vitro techniques are reported. In addition, recent results showing changes in plant and leaf morphology that accompany yield increase, in a local cassava cultivar following in vitro propagation are discussed.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Roca, W.M., Thro A.M.",1993,Proceedings of the First International Scientific Meeting Cassava Biotechnology Network,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18577/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Forsythe, W.",1978,Use of climatic data in agricultural planning and evaluation and managing soil water resources in Guyana. National Grain Legume and Cassava Programme,Publicacion Miscelanea (IICA),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18579/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Forsythe, W., Tafur, N.",1985,"The effect of various methods of land preparation on soil resistance to penetration and yield of corn (Zea mays L.), cassava (Manihot esculenta Cranz) and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) in association, 1 Effect of cropping systems and land preparation on the soil",Turrialba,35,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18582/,"Soil resistance to penetration was measured when a Typic Dystropept soil was plowed during the dry season (April 1975) and the wet season (June), using a Caterpillar D4 60 kW (75 horsepower) crawler tractor for subsoiling and a tractor of Massey Ferguson 175S 50 kW tires (67 horses). In addition measurements were made when the soil was prepared by weeding and cleaning without using machinery. Each type of land preparation had sub-treatments such as bare ground, soil with dead sugarcane plant cover, soil planted with corn and a soil planted with cassava and sweet potato in association. The experiment was carried out in CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica, with an average annual rainfall of 2682mm and an average annual temperature of 23.3 degrees Celsius. The soil resistance was significantly reduced to 0.1 m deep plowing and up to 0.3 m subsoiling. The soil prepared during the dry season experienced a significantly lower humidity than that of the soil prepared during the wet season and the upper moisture was attributed to the puddling. These differences were remarkable up to 14 weeks after preparing the dry soil and weeks after preparing the wet soil. After these time limits, the effects were residual. During the development of the crops, the soil resistance increased due to: (1) The drying of the soil during the dry season that provoco an increase up to 5 times; (2) The human traffic that occurred in the maize, and cassava with sweet potato, up to 0.2 m deep; (3) The sedimentation time, as observed in the plots without human traffic during the wet season.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Waaijenberg, H.",1994,The effect of orientation of cassava cuttings on root geometry and on the force needed for manual harvest,Tropical Agriculture,71,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18585/,"Most studies on methods of planting cassava cuttings have focussed on the effect on tuber yield. Studies on root geometry have been done mostly with a view to mechanizing the harvest. The present study relates to the angle at which the cuttings were planted and the resulting geometry of the roots to the force needed for the manual harvest. Compared with planting cuttings obliquely, planting vertically resulted in a more symmetrical horizontal distribution of the roots and more vertically oriented roots at the tip of the cutting; also, more force was needed to loosen the plants (175 kg f compared with 106 kg f).",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Waal, D. de, Chinjinga, F.R., Johansson, L., Kanju, F.F., Nathaniels, N.",1997,Village-based cassava breeding in Tanzania,Farmers' research in practice: Lessons from the field,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18586/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Wahab, A.H.",1976,Yields and other agronomic characteristics of indigenous and introduced cultivars of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) grown on Guyana's peat and peaty clay,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18600/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Wahab, A.H., Hassan, I.",1977,Performance of Guyana's agriculturally marginal peats and peaty clays to twenty cultivars of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18603/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Wahab, A. H., Lugolopez, M. A.",1980,Yield Response of Cassava (Manihot-Esculenta-Crantz) to One and 2 Banded Fertilizer Applications on a Limed Guyana Peaty Clay Soil,Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico,64,2,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18605/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Wahua, T.A.T., Orubo, I.D.A.",1986,Cowpea intercropped with cassava in a humid rainforest of Nigeria,Tropical Grain Legume Bulletin,33,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18609/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Waithaka, Michael; Thomas, Timothy S.; Kyotalimye, Miriam; Nelson, Gerald C.",2015,Overview [in East African agriculture and climate change],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18613/,Book chapter,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Walangululu, M., Lema, K. M., Nsumbu, N.",1998,Mechanisms of resistance to the cassava green mite mononychellus tanajoa (bondar) on pubescent and non-pubescent cassava varieties,Insect Science and its Application,18,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18619/,"Cassava varieties resistant to the cassava green mite, Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) (AcariTetranychidae) have been reported in many parts of Africa where the pest has been introduced. However, the resistance mechanisms have not been identified. Laboratory studies on biology and feeding behaviour of cassava green mite were carried out at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), in order to determine whether this resistance is mainly due to pubescence. Cassava pubescence was found to have no antibiotic effect; both pubescent and non-pubescent varieties were preferred by the mite for ovipositton, food and shelter. In addition, pubescence does not afford a mechanical barrier to cassava against green mite infestation. 1998ICIPE.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Wall, G. C.",1987,"Cassava Blight Eradication Program at Inarajan Experiment Station, Guam",Phytopathology,77,12,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18632/,"After the recent discovery of cassava blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. manihotis), an island-wide survey revealed that the disease was too widespread for complete eradication. However, the Experiment Station at Inarajan and Guam's cassava collection (severely infected), were made free of blight by the following cultural and chemical control measures: 1) select healthiest individual plants from each cultivar 2) take cuttings from older wood (basal lm) 3) surface-sterilize pruning tools with 10% bleach 4) eliminate (burn) plant refuse 5) deep-plow field and rotate to non-host for two years 6) dip cuttings in 10% bleach for 1 min., rinse and plant in greenhouse, observing for two months 7) eliminate any plants developing blight symptoms 8) eliminate (herbicide) wild and volunteer cassava around station's perimeter 9) transplant healthy cuttings from greenhouse to new field.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Wallner, F.",2013,"Herbaceous Plants: Cultivation Methods, Grazing and Environmental Impacts","Herbaceous Plants: Cultivation Methods, Grazing and Environmental Impacts",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18638/,"In this book, the authors present current research in the study of herbaceous plants and nicotiana. Topics include the role of diversity of herbaceous feed items for shrubby rangeland management; the biosynthesis and regulation of tobacco alkaloids; hybrid lethality in nicotiana; tolerance of herbaceous plants to multiple contaminations in an industrial barren near a nickel-copper smelter; effects of abiotic factors on herbaceous plant community structure; and the environmental performance of three novel opportunity biofuels popular, brassica and cassava.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Bangwe, L.M., Rukandema, M.",1990,"Cassava production and utilization under traditional technology in North-Western Province, Zambia",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1864/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Walter, B., Ladeveze, I., Etienne, L., Fuchs, M. (I.N.R.A., 28 rue de Herrlisheim, BP 507, 68021 Colmar (France))",1989,Some properties of a previously undescribed virus from cassava cassava american latent virus,,v. 115,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18643/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Walters, P. R.",1983,Cassavas Markets - Where Next,World Crops,35,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18644/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Wanapat, M., Pimpa, O., Sripuek, W., Puramongkol, T., Petlum, A., Boontao, U., Wachirapakorn, C., Sommart, K.",2000,Cassava hay: an important on-farm feed for ruminants,Aciar Proceedings Series,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18654/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), an annual tropical/sub-tropical tuber crop, was nutritionally evaluated as a foliage for ruminants especially for dairy cattle. Cultivation of cassava biomass to produce hay at three months after planting and followed every one-two months thereafter until one year, produced a collective DM yield of 11 786 kg/ha. Intercropping of leguminous fodder in rows like Leucaena leucocephala would enrich soil fertility and provide additional fodder. Cassava hay contained 24.9% CP and with very minimal HCN content (0.348 mg%). Feeding trials with cattle revealed high levels of DM intake (11.2 kg/hd/d, 3.2% BW) and DM digestibility (71%). Ruminal protein degradation of cassava hay was relatively low (48.8%) since it contained tannin-protein complexes which would act as by-pass protein in the small intestine. Therefore, supplementation with cassava hay at 2-3 kg/hd/d or provision as a sole source of roughage in dairy cattle could remarkably reduce concentrate supplementation and increase the fat and protein content of milk. Moreover, cassava hay supplementation in dairy cattle will significantly increase milk thiocyanate which could possibly enhance milk quality and milk storage especially in small holder-dairy farming. Cassava hay was therefore an excellent source of supplemental protein (by-pass protein) for dairy cattle especially during the long dry season and has the potential to increase productivity and profitability.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Wanapat, M.",2003,Manipulation of cassava cultivation and utilization to improve protein to energy biomass for livestock feeding in the tropics,Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,16,3,10.5713/ajas.2003.463,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18660/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz), an annual tropical tuber crop, was nutritionally evaluated as a foliage forruminants, especially dairy cattle. Cultivation of cassava biomass to produce hay is based on a first harvest of the foliage at three monthsafter planting, followed every two months thereafter until one year. Inter-cropping of leguminous fodder as food-feed between rows of cassava, such as Leucaena leucocephala or cowpea (Vigna unculata), enriches soil fertility and provides additional fodder. Cassava haycontained 20 to 25% crude protein in the dry matter with good profile of amino acids. Feeding trials with cattle revealed high levels of DM intake (3.2% of BW) and high DM digestibility (71%). The hay contains tannin-protein complexes which could act as rumen by - pass protein for digestion in the small intestine. As cassava hay contains condensed tannins, it could have subsequent impact onchanging rumen ecology particularly changing rumen microbes population. Therefore, supplementation with cassava hay at 1-2 kg/hd/dto dairy cattle could markedly reduce concentrate requirements, and increase milk yield and composition. Moreover, cassava hay supplementation in dairy cattle could increase milk thiocyanate which could possibly enhance milk quality and milk storage, especially in small holder-dairy farming. Condensed tannins contained in cassava hay have also been shown to potentially reduce gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants and therefore could act as an anthelmintic agent. Cassava hay is therefore an excellent multi-nutrient source for animals, especially for dairy cattle during the long dry season, and has the potential to increase the productivity and profitability of sustainable livestock production systems in the tropics.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Wanapat, M., Petlum, A., Wongnen, N., Matarat, S., Khampa, S., Rowlinson, P.",2007,Improving crop-livestock production systems in rainfed areas of Northeast Thailand,Pakistan Journal of Nutrition,6,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18665/,"Crop-Animal Systems Research Network of Thailand (CASREN-Thailand) has been surveyed for general information on livestock-crops farming systems to find out the main problems encountered by smallholder farmers and to implement appropriate technologies to farmers in order to improve farm productivity. Using a farmer participatory approach, recommended technologies such as on-farm feed production and feeding strategies have been offered to farmers. Improving on-farm grass yield by using high production grass varieties such as Purple Guinea grass could increase both quantity and quality of roughage for animals. Cassava/legumes intercropping could provide protein sources for both animal and human (food-feed system), however, the role of legumes in improving soil fertility should be also considered. In addition, supplementation with cassava hay produced on-farm could improve animal productivity particularly milk quality such as milk fat. Moreover, production and utilization of home-made concentrate using local feed resources was key to decrease the cost of production. The overall activities under CASREN-Thailand are fulfilled by improving crop-livestock production systems in rainfed areas. Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Baniqued, C.A., Sajise, C.E.",1988,Diseases of cassava and their control,PCARRD Crops State of the Art and Abstract Bibliography Series,,15,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1867/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Wandelli, Elisa Vieira, Philip Martin FearnsideauthorInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaznia (INPA), Avenida Andre Araujo, 2936 Manaus, Amazonas CEP 69067-375, Brazil",2015,Secondary vegetation in central Amazonia Land-use history effects on aboveground biomass,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18679/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Banito, A., Kpemoua, K. E., Wydra, K., Rudolph, K.",2001,"Bacterial blight of cassava in Togo: Its importance, the virulence of the pathogen and the resistance of varieties",Plant Pathogenic Bacteria,,,10.1007/978-94-010-0003-1_60,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1868/,"Cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz, is one of the most important food crops in tropical Africa. It is the source of dietary food energy for the majority of people living in the lowland humid tropics of West and Central Africa (FAO, 1984; IITA, 1989). Cassava is also a major source of cash income for smallholder households and a low-cost carbohydrate source for low-income urban consumers (Nweke, 1994). In Togo, cassava is the second important crop after maize, and the area of production is more than 60,000 hectares (DESA, 1998). Among pests and diseases that reduce the production of both roots and planting material of cassava, bacterial blight (CBB), caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. manihotis (Xcm) (Berthet et Bondar) Dye is one of the major damaging diseases. Symptoms include angular leaf spots, blight, wilting and stem die-back after systemic infection. Yield losses range from 13% to 50% depending on the severity of infection (Wydra and Rudolph, 1999). The disease was reported for the first time in Togo in 1978 (Olympio, 1978). Later investigations showed that it was prevalent in the savanna and littoral ecozones and sporadically in the forest (Boher and Agbobli, 1992). Our studies aimed to survey the present status of the disease in the major ecological zones of Togo, the virulence of the pathogen and the resistance of cassava varieties.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Wang, X. F., Zhou, Q. X.",2005,Joint toxicity of methamidophos and cadmium acting on Abelmoschus manihot,Journal of Environmental Sciences,17,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18684/,"Joint toxicity of methamidophos and cadmium (Cd) on the ornamental Abelmoschus manihot was firstly examined and compared with single-factor effects of the two pollutants using ecotoxicological indexes including the inhibitory rate of seed germination, root elongation and inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50). The results indicated that methamidophos and Cd had unobvious (p &gt; 0.05) effects on seed germination of the ornamental. There were significant (p &lt; 0.05) inhibitory effects of Cd on root elongation of the tested plant. When the concentration of added Cd was low (&lt; 20 mg/L), significant antagonistic effects on root elongation were observed. And synergic effects were observed when Cd was added in high dose (&gt; 20 mg/L). However, the analysis of joint effects indicated that there were antagonistic effects between Cd and methamidophos under all the treatments. At the high concentration of Cd, joint toxicity of methamidophos and Cd was more dependent on concentration of Cd. 2005 Science Press. All rights reserved.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Wang, T., Yan, M., Li, M. L.",2017,Test of Shear Mechanical Properties of Cassava Stalks,AER-Advances in Engineering Research,128,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18760/,"The parameters of cassava mechanical properties are very important for the design, dynamic simulation and mathematical model of cassava harvester. In order to study the cassava stalks cutting force, stress, power indicators influencing factors, using WD-200B computer-controlled electronic universal testing machine, orthogonal experiments are conducted to test the cassava stalks cutting force, cutting angle is selected, cutting speed, and cassava cutting parts diameter as the impact factors, results of the research show that when the cutting angle is 60 degrees and the cutting speed is 250mm/min, roots as the cutting site, the diameter in the coarse time, the required cutting force, cutting stress and power reach the maximum capacity. For the same cutting speed case, the cutting force of the middle is the maximum, the root is the next, the cutting force of the tip is the minimum; the stress of central part is the maximum, the root is the next, the smallest is tip stress; the middle has the maximum power, the root is the next, followed by tip power. For the same parts of the stalks, with the thinner diameter from coarse cutting force decreased; gradual decline of power; unrelated stress magnitude and diameter size have nothing to do with the stalks parts in 2.5MPa fluctuate. With the angle changes, the cutting Force, stress, and power of the tip portion ate significantly lower than the central and root. The study results provide a theoretical basis for grinding cassava stalks harvester developed.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Wang, B., Guo, X., Zhao, P., Ruan, M., Yu, X., Zou, L., Yang, Y., Li, X., Deng, D., Xiao, J., Xiao, Y., Hu, C., Wang, X., Wang, X., Wang, W., Peng, M.",2017,"Molecular diversity analysis, drought related marker-traits association mapping and discovery of excellent alleles for 100-day old plants by EST-SSRs in cassava germplasms (Manihot esculenta Cranz)",PLoS ONE,12,5,10.1371/journal.pone.0177456,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18767/,"Cassava is the third largest food crop of the world and has strong ability of drought tolerance. In order to evaluate the molecular diversity and to discover novel alleles for drought tolerance in cassava germplasms, we examined a total of 107 abiotic stress related expressed sequence tags-simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers in 134 cassava genotypes coming from planting regions worldwide and performed drought related markertraits association mapping. As results, we successfully amplified 98 of 107 markers in 97 polymorphic loci and 279 alleles, with 2.87 alleles per locus, gene diversity of 0.48 and polymorphic information content (PIC) of 0.41 on average. The genetic coefficient between every two lines was 0.37 on average, ranging from 0.21 to 0.82. According to our population structure analysis, these samples could be divided into three sub-populations showing obvious gene flow between them. We also performed water stress experiments using 100-day old cassava plants in two years and calculated the drought tolerance coefficients (DTCs) and used them as phenotypes for marker-trait association mapping. We found that 53 markers were significantly associated with these drought-related traits, with a contribution rate for trait variation of 8.60% on average, ranging between 2.66 and 28.09%. Twenty-four of these 53 associated genes showed differential transcription or protein levels which were confirmed by qRT-PCR under drought stress when compared to the control conditions in cassava. Twelve of twenty-four genes were the same differential expression patterns in omics data and results of qRT-PCR. Out of 33 marker-traits combinations on 24 loci, 34 were positive and 53 negative alleles according to their phenotypic effects and we also obtained the typical materials which carried these elite alleles. We also found 23 positive average allele effects while 10 loci were negative according to their allele effects (AAEs). Our results on molecular diversity, locus association and differential expression under drought can prove beneficial to select excellent materials through marker assisted selection and for functional genes research in the future. Copyright 2017 Wang et al.This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Wargiono, J.",1983,Yield of cassava varieties at different plant spacings,Penelitian Pertanian,3,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18778/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Wargiono, J.",1985,"Effect of N, P and K fertilizer on yield of continuously cropped cassava",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18779/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Wargiono, J., Kushartoyo, Suyamto H., Guritno, Bambang",1998,Recent progress in cassava agronomy research in Indonesia,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18780/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Warham, E.",2002,Global whitefly research intiative,Appropriate Technology,29,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18781/,"As a global pest, whiteflies affect a wide range of agricultural and horticultural crops including cotton, tobacco, beans, cassava, tomato and sweet potato. Its spread is causing immense damage and tackling the pest requires concerted international action. Elizabeth Warham of the UK's Department for International Development (DFID) reports how the war is being waged.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Watanabe, H., Sahunalu, P., Khemnark, C.",1988,Combinations of trees and crops in the taungya method as applied in Thailand,Agroforestry Systems,6,1,10.1007/BF02220117,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18793/,"In Thailand the taungya reforestation method has been practiced primarily in order to rehabilitate wasteland, particularly under the Forest Village Programme. While various combinations of trees and crops are found in the taungya method on a minor scale, the major combinations are teak with upland rice in the north, fast-growing trees with cassava in the northeast, fast-growing trees with maize in the west, and para-rubber or fast-growing trees with fruit trees in the south. These combinations relate to the differences in climatic conditions, mainly the duration of the rainy season.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Watson, J.S.",1994,Soil organic matter management in thailand,Soil Science and Sustainable Land Management in the Tropics,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18804/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Watthanatum, Sumet, Preecha Popan(Khao Hin Sorn Royal Development Study Center, Chachoengsao (Thailand))",1999,Study on efficiency of vetiver grass in comparison with contour bund in alleviating soil erosion rate on Mabbon soil series,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18806/,"Study on the efficiency of vetiver grass in comparison with contour bund in alleviating soil erosion rate on Mabbon soil series was conducted in the Khao Hin Sorn Royal Development Study Centre, Phanomsarakram district, Chachoengsao province. The design was randomized complete block with 3 replications and 5 treatments. The treatments were (1) Ploughing up and down slope. (2) Ploughing across slope. (3) Ploughing across the slope with 2 contour bunds, the distance between contour bund was 24 m. (5) Ploughing across the slope with 3 rows of vetiver grass, the distance between row was 12 m. The result showed that treatments with vetiver grass for soil and water conservation system on Mabbon soil series with 5 percent slope were more effective in reducing soil loss and water run off. The treatment ploughing across the slope with 2 and 3 rows of vetiver grass the distance between row was 24 and 12 m respectively gave more efficiency of reducing soil loss and water run off about 6-17 percent compared with treatment 2 ploughing across slope without vetiver grass on the first year study. Treatment 5 ploughing across the slope with 3 rows of vetiver grass showed the result as well as treatment 4 but it had high efficiency in reducing soil loss and water run off from the first year. The results from the second and third year study indicated that the vetiver grass system with 3 rows, the distance between row was 12 m can reduce the soil loss and water run off lower than the 2 contour bunds with distance between contour bund 24 m about 10 percent. The crop yields among the treatment tested were not difference for three years study.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Webber, C. E., Sereivathana, T., Maltby, M. P., Lee, P. C.",2011,Elephant crop-raiding and human-elephant conflict in Cambodia Crop selection and seasonal timings of raids,Oryx,45,2,10.1017/S0030605310000335,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18810/,"Elephants are threatened globally by habitat loss, poaching and accelerating levels of human-elephant conflict. For Elephas maximus in Cambodia, crop raiding underlies this conflict. Understanding the timing of raids and selection of crops can help design locally appropriate mitigation and management strategies. This study, using a 4-year database of events, investigated the most frequently raided crops and patterns of raids, over time and seasons and by location. Damage frequency varied significantly by crop, with rice, banana, cassava, sugar cane and papaya most frequently raided. Considering raid events per unit crop area, banana, sugar cane and pineapple were raided more than would be expected based on their availability. There were differences in both crop-raiding events and crop-damage frequencies over study years and there was a peak raiding season in October-December. Nationally, significant differences were found among provinces but not between years. Rates of damage decreased after mitigation strategies such as observation towers, deterrents and fences were implemented. We suggest further mechanisms to improve human-elephant conflict monitoring in relation to crop choice and availability.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Weber, G.",1997,role of biotechnology in plant protection,Food security and innovations : successes and lessons learned : international symposium 1996,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18812/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Weerarathne, L. V. Y., Marambe, B. , Chauhan, B. S.",2017,Does intercropping play a role in alleviating weeds in cassava as a non-chemical tool of weed management? – A review,Crop Protection,95,,10.1016/j.cropro.2016.08.028,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18825/,"Cassava is an important root and tuber crop in the tropics which requires intensive weed management at its early growth stages. This review emphasizes the potential of exploiting the option of intercropping as a non-chemical tool of weed management in cassava. The appropriateness and the significance of including intercropping solely and as a component of an integrated weed management system in cassava are further discussed. Literature suggests that intercropping is a successful option in managing weeds when the spatial and temporal compatibility of intercrop combinations is being achieved. In widespread cassava-based intercropping systems, intercropping itself has proven its ability to alleviate weeds up to 30–60%, or even up to 100% with the selection of a better compatible crop mixture such as the cassava-pumpkin intercrop combination. A number of studies conducted to ascertain the appropriate spatial and temporal compatibility levels of many intercrop combinations have provided evidence of their weed suppressive ability in cassava-based intercropping systems. The focus of such studies towards the basic agronomic, physiological and biochemical determinants of crop-weed interactions seems rather constricted. In conclusion, intercropping is suggested to be exploited as an effective weed management tool in cassava preferably through further research, prior to endorsing it as a proper alternative to chemical weed control measures, especially for the resource–poor farmers who probably can neither afford herbicides nor labour-intensive cultural methods for weed management.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Weerarathne, L. V. Y., Marambe, B., Chauhan, B. S.",2017,Does intercropping play a role in alleviating weeds in cassava as a non-chemical tool of weed management? — A review,Crop Protection,95,,10.1016/j.cropro.2016.08.028,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18826/,"Cassava is an important root and tuber crop in the tropics which requires intensive weed management at its early growth stages. This review emphasizes the potential of exploiting the option of intercropping as a non-chemical tool of weed management in cassava. The appropriateness and the significance of including intercropping solely and as a component of an integrated weed management system in cassava are further discussed. Literature suggests that intercropping is a successful option in managing weeds when the spatial and temporal compatibility of intercrop combinations is being achieved. In widespread cassava-based intercropping systems, intercropping itself has proven its ability to alleviate weeds up to 30-60%, or even up to 100% with the selection of a better compatible crop mixture such as the cassava-pumpkin intercrop combination. A number of studies conducted to ascertain the appropriate spatial and temporal compatibility levels of many intercrop combinations have provided evidence of their weed suppressive ability in cassava-based intercropping systems. The focus of such studies towards the basic agronomic, physiological and biochemical determinants of crop-weed interactions seems rather constricted. In conclusion, intercropping is suggested to be exploited as an effective weed management tool in cassava preferably through further research, prior to endorsing it as a proper alternative to chemical weed control measures, especially for the resource poor farmers who probably can neither afford herbicides nor labour-intensive cultural methods for weed management.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Banlawe, N.V.",1985,The effect of continuous crop cover via multiple cropping on soil erosion in hilly areas,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1883/,"The result of the study show that crop cover significantly reduce runoff and soil loss. The effect of crop cover varied depending upon the growth stages of the crops and the extent of their foliage development. Cassava intercropped with peanut followed by corn were found effective in preventing soil erosion. Those treatments had an accumulative soil loss at 11.97 and 13.65 tons per hectare, respectively. Cassava height increment and final height were significantly reduced when intercropped with sweet potato. Peanut showed better performance than the other intercrops of cassava. Its dry weight and yield were not significantly affected whether planted at the same time or at the later stage of growth of the cassava. But it is not advisable to plant corn, rice and mungbean as intercrops at the later stage of growth of the cassava, especially when it is nearing dry season. The plants cannot tolerate the shading from the cassava plants. Among the cropping patterns tried in this study, cassava intercropped with peanut gave the highest production per unit land area and the highest net return per hectare",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Banlawe, N.V.",1986,Effects of continuous crop cover via multiple cropping on soil erosion in hilly areas,,v. 5,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1884/,"The results of the study showed that crop cover significantly reduce runoff and soil loss. However, the effect of crop varied depending upon the growth stages of the crops and the extent of their foliage development. Cassava intercropped with peanut followed by mungbean (T7) and cassava intercropped with peanut followed by corn (T10) were found effective in preventing soil erosion. These treatments had an accumulative soil loss of 11.97 and 13.65 t/ha, respectively. Treatments 7 and 10 were followed in decreasing order of effectiveness by the pure stand of rice (T5), cassava intercropped with sweet potato followed by peanut (T8), pure stand of mungbean (T3); pure stand of sweet potato (T4), cassava intercropped with peanut followed by rice (T9) and the pure stand of cassava (T1). Cassava's height increment and final height were significantly reduced when intercropped with sweet potato, though its yield was not markedly affected. Peanut showed better performance than the other intercrops of cassava when planted at the same time or at a later stage of growth of the cassava. Cassava intercropped with peanut gave the highest production per unit land area and the highest net return per hectare. Planting of corn, rice and mungbean as intercrops at the later stage of growth of the cassava is not recommended since the plants cannot tolerate the shading from the cassava plants.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Banlawe, N.V., Celestino, A.F. (Palawan National Agricultural Coll., Aborlan, Palawan (Philippines))",1994,Effects of continuous crop cover via multiple cropping on soil erosion in hilly areas,Philippine Journal of Crop Science,v. 19,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1885/,"A field experiment was conducted at Aborlan, Palawan [Philippines] to evaluate the effects of continuous crop cover via multiple cropping in minimizing soil erosion in hilly areas; the growth and yield performance of the individual crop component under each cropping pattern, and the productivity and profitability of each cropping pattern. Crop cover significantly reduced runoff and soil loss. Cassava intercropped with peanut followed by mungbean, and cassava intercropped with peanut followed by corn were found effective in preventing soil erosion. Peanut showed better performance than the other intercrops of cassava. Its dry weight and yield were not significantly affected whether planted at the same time or at later stage of growth of the cassava. Cassava intercropped with peanut gave the highest production per unit land area and the highest net return per hectare",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Wekesa, V. W., Hountondji, F. C. C., Dara, S. K.",2015,Mite Pathogens and Their Use in Biological Control,Progress in Biological Control,19,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18854/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Welch, Ross M.",2002,Breeding Strategies for Biofortified Staple Plant Foods to Reduce Micronutrient Malnutrition Globally,The Journal of Nutrition,132,3,10.1093/jn/132.3.495S,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18855/,"One sustainable agricultural approach to reducing micronutrient malnutrition among people at highest risk (i.e., resource-poor women, infants and children) globally is to enrich major staple food crops (e.g., rice, wheat, maize, beans and cassava) with micronutrients through plant-breeding strategies. These target groups are dependent on these staples for their sustenance. Available research has demonstrated that micronutrient-enrichment traits are available within the genomes of these major staple food crops that could allow for substantial increases in the levels of Fe, Zn and provitamin A carotenoids (as well as other nutrients and health-promoting factors) without negatively impacting crop yield. Furthermore, Fe- and Zn-dense seeds can increase crop yields when sowed to soils deficient in these nutrients ensuring their adoption by farmers in these regions once they are developed. Importantly, micronutrient bioavailability issues must be addressed when using a plant-breeding approach to eliminating micronutrient malnutrition. The reduction of antinutrient substances that inhibit micronutrient bioavailability or the increase in substances that promote micronutrient bioavailability from staple plant foods are both options that could be pursued in breeding programs, although care needs to be taken not to compromise agronomic performance and sufficient attention paid to possible beneficial roles of compounds which reduce the bioavailability of trace minerals. The time has come to invest in agricultural technologies to find sustainable solutions to micronutrient malnutrition. Plant breeding is one such technology that should be adopted by the worlds agricultural community and that should be supported by the worlds nutrition and health communities.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Welch, R. M., Graham, R. D.",2002,Breeding crops for enhanced micronutrient content,Plant and Soil,245,1,10.1023/A1020668100330,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18856/,"Micronutrient malnutrition (e.g. Fe, Zn and vitamin A deficiencies) now afflicts over 40% of the world's population and is increasing especially in many developing nations. Green revolution cropping systems may have inadvertently contributed to the growth in micronutrient deficiencies in resource-poor populations. Current interventions to eliminate these deficiencies that rely on supplementation and food fortification programs do not reach all those affected and have not proven to be sustainable. Sustainable solutions can only be developed through agricultural system approaches. One agricultural approach is to enrich major staple food crops (e.g. rice, wheat, maize, beans and cassava) in micronutrients through plant breeding strategies. Available research has demonstrated that micronutrient enrichment traits are available within the genomes of these major staple crops that could allow for substantial increases in Fe, Zn and provitamin A carotenoids without negatively impacting yield. Furthermore, micronutrient-dense seeds can increase crop yields when sowed to micronutrient-poor soils. The enrichment traits appear to be stable across various soil types and climatic environments. Further research is required to determine if increasing levels of micronutrients in staple foods can significantly improve the nutritional status of people suffering from micronutrient deficiencies.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Wenham, J.E.",1995,Post-harvest deterioration of cassava a biotechnology perspective,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18867/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Westby, A.",1999,Getting to the roots (and tubers) of development,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18882/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Whankaew, S., Sraphet, S., Smith, D. R., Triwitayakorn, K.",2016,Expression profiles of candidate genes associated with cyanogenic potential in cassava at different growth stages,Plant Cell Biotechnology and Molecular Biology,17,03-Apr,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18896/,"The cyanogenic potential (CN) of cassava causes significant concerns with regards to both individual health and the well being of the environment. In order to obtain a better understanding of the genes mediating CN, this project aimed to determine the expression of candidate genes related to CN using real-time PCR. Transcription profiles of eight genes selected from a previously identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) were analyzed in low and high CN cassava plants at 6, 9 and 12 months after planting (MAP). The results showed that the majority of differentially regulated transcripts were expressed at a higher level in high CN plants as compared with low CN plants, and that this difference was primarily observed at 9 MAP. One discordant transcript (spermidine synthase) was expressed at higher levels in low CN plants than in high CN plants, and this may be related to CN detoxification. Overall our results support the contention that these genes are associated with determining CN potential, and the results may assist in developing low CN cassava for consumption and industrial applications. Copyright International Knowledge Press. All rights reserved.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Wheatley, C., Gmez, G.",1985,Evaluation of some quality characteristics in cassava storage roots,Qualitas Plantarum Plant Foods for Human Nutrition,35,2,10.1007/BF01092127,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18901/,"The susceptibility to physiological deterioration and the hardness (penetration) of fresh peeled cassava roots as well as the cooking time, taste and texture of cooked roots of four (one local and three promising) cultivars at four plant ages (6, 8, 10 and 12 months) were evaluated. Variety or cultivar, plant age and their interactions significantly affected all these parameters. Roots produced by the local cultivar (M Col 113) had lower DM contents and susceptibility to physiological deterioration, a longer cooking time and higher penetration measurements than the promising cultivars. Physiological deterioration and penetration values tended to decrease, whereas cooking time increased as the plants became older. The variation in correlation coefficients between quality and chemical parameters among the different cultivars was substantial, with no correlation being significant in all four cultivars. The experimental results demonstrate the great variability among cassava cultivars in the root quality factors.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Wheatley, C.C., Izquierdo, D.A.",1991,Case study: fresh cassava storage,Integrated Cassava Projects,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18903/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"White, W.L.B., McMahon, J.M., Sayre, R.T.",1994,Regulation of cyanogenesis in cassava,Acta horticulturae,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18916/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"White, P. J., Broadley, M. R.",2011,Physiological limits to zinc biofortification of edible crops,Frontiers in Plant Science,2,NOV,10.3389/fpls.2011.00080,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18921/,"It has been estimated that one-third of the world's population lack sufficient Zn for adequate nutrition. This can be alleviated by increasing dietary Zn intakes through Zn biofortification of edible crops. Biofortification strategies include the application of Zn-fertilizers and the development of crop genotypes that acquire more Zn from the soil and accumulate it in edible portions. Zinc concentrations in roots, leaves, and stems can be increased through the application of Zn-fertilizers. Root Zn concentrations of up to 500-5000 mgkg-1 dry matter (DM), and leaf Zn concentrations of up to 100-700mgkg-1 DM, can be achieved without loss of yield when Zn-fertilizers are applied to the soil. It is possible that greater Zn concentrations in non-woody shoot tissues can be achieved using foliar Zn-fertilizers. By contrast, Zn concentrations in fruits, seeds, and tubers are severely limited by low Zn mobility in the phloem and Zn concentrations higher than 30-100mgkg-1 DM are rarely observed. However, genetically modified plants with improved abilities to translocate Zn in the phloem might be used to biofortify these phloem-fed tissues. In addition, genetically modified plants with increased tolerance to high tissue Zn concentrations could be used to increase Zn concentrations in all edible produce and, thereby, increase dietary Zn intakes. 2011 White and Broadley.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Wholey, D.W., Booth, R.H.",1979,Influence of variety and planting density on starch accumulation in cassava roots,Journal of the Science of the Food and Agriculture,v. 30,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18930/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Wholey, D. W., Cock, J. H.",1979,Rapid Field-Multiplication of Cassava,Tropical Agriculture,56,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18931/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Wickham, L., Wilson, L.A. (West Indies Univ., St. Augustine (Trinidad, Tobago). Faculty of Agriculture)",1981,Post harvest studies in root crops in the Commonwealth Caribbean region,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18939/,"Seasonal production and poor harvesting and post harvest handling of root crops result in considerable physical damage to the tubers and predispose them to storage rots. Losses due to physiological factors such as respiration, sprouting and vascular streaking, are also important. The objectives of current research investigations at UWI are to examine the causes and determine measures for control of losses due to physiological factors in the major cultivated root crops in the region, towards providing better financial returns to the small farmer and increased availability to the consumer. Research investigations into the causes and control of sprouting in yams and the aroids, and vascular streaking in cassava tubers have been undertaken",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Wickham, L.D., Wilson, L.A.",1988,Quality changes during long-term storage of cassava roots in moist media,Tropical science,v. 28,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18940/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Widiyanti, Wiwin, Dittmann, Andreas",2014,"Climate Change and Water Scarcity Adaptation Strategies in the Area of Pacitan, Java Indonesia",,v. 20,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18946/,"The Karst area in Indonesia consists of a total area of 154.000 km2 of which 15% is protected. Pacitan is a part of The Thousand Mountains (Gunung Sewu in Javanese language) karst area and located in Southern Coastal of Java Island. Gunung Sewu karst area ranges over 85km from west in Yogyakarta Special Province, to the east in East Java Province. Water scarcity is one of the issues in Pacitan due to the porous texture of the karst underground; most of the precipitation trickles immediately down into extensive system of sinkholes and caves. Thus, no surface water rivers, brooks or springs can be found in the area, especially during dry season where water supply, such as little lakes, called telaga, are depleted. Three sub-districts of Pacitan that include in Gunung Sewu karst area, i. e. Donorojo, Punung, and Pringkuku, suffer water shortage, especially during dry season, where the local communities need to walk up to 5 kilometers in order to take water for their domestic use. However, State-owned Water Company (Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum/PDAM) that has developed since 1992 in Pacitan, contributes in water supply in these areas and it has covered 70% in three kecamatan (sub-districts) by building IPA and is currently developing to cover the rest of the area by utilizing big water sources. PDAM and The Ministry of Public Work support the water treatment installation (Instalasi Pengolahan Air/IPA), especially in these three sub-districts. Furthermore, adaptive capacity has been developed in the local community of karst area in Pacitan, e.g. planting cultivars resistant to drought (cassava, maize, soybean, and groundnut) or doing multi cropping between those cultivars, and planting rainwater harvesting and artificial aquifer.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Wielemaker, W. G., Lansu, A. L. E.",,Land-use changes affecting classification of a Costa Rican soil,Soil Science Society of America journal,Nov/Dec 1991. v. 55 (6),,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18958/,"Effects of deforestation and ensuing land use were studied on an Andic Humitropept developed from fluvio-laharic deposits in the perhumid climatic zone of Costa Rica. Drastic changes in soil climate and land use after deforestation caused compaction and clay mobilization, particularly in the profiles under maize (Zea mays L.) and pasture. The latter process resulted in a change of classification at the order level from Inceptisol to Ultisol.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Wigg, D.",1993,The Quiet Revolutionaries: A Look at the Campaign by Agricultural Scientists to Fight Hunger (... and How the Much-Neglected Cassava Could Help),The Quiet Revolutionaries: A Look at the Campaign by Agricultural Scientists to Fight Hunger (... and How the Much-Neglected Cassava Could Help),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18959/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Wijanarko, A.",2015,EFFECT OF ORGANIC MATTER AND SOIL FERTILITY ON NITROGEN MINERALIZATION AND ITS UPTAKE BY CASSAVA (Manihot esculenta CRANTZ) IN A TYPIC HAPLUDULTS,Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences,3,3,10.18006/2015.3(3).232.240,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18960/,"Fertility of soil and crop biomass production are directly affected by organic matters present in soil. The availability of organic matter and its quality plays a key role in the soil, plants and environment sustainability. Present study was aimed to investigate the influence of organic matter and soil fertility on nitrogen mineralization and its uptake by cassava. To estimate the parameters of N mineralization potential (N0), rate of mineralization (k), and activation energy (Ea) incubation experiments were conducted in the laboratory, using a first order equation. While the relationship between the parameters of N mineralization and nutrient uptake were carried out in green house pot experiments. Value of N-0, k and Ea were reported 400 - 1156 mg/kg, 0.0056 - 0.098 per week and 10166 - 31478 J mol(-1) respectively. N mineralization was positively correlated with water soluble N, N-Particulate Organic Matter, N microbial biomass, C-Particulate Organic Matter, C microbial biomass, N-total plant dry weight, N concentration and N uptake of cassava plants, however it was negatively correlated with CN ratio. A higher N mineralization rate was found in soils with low CN ratio of organic matter and higher fertility, as indicated by the value of N0, k and N0. k, which were higher than that of high CN ratio of organic matter and low fertility of soil.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Wilaipon, B., Gutteridge, R.C., Pongskul, V., Chutikul, K.",1983,Undersowing upland crops with pastures legumes in Northeast Thailand,Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,9,01-Apr,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18962/,"Two experiments on undersowing cassava (Manihot esculenta) or kenaf (Hibiscus sabdariffa var altissima) with Verano stylo (Stylosanthes Mahata cv. Verano) were carried out in the field at Khon Kaen, Northeast Thailand. When Verano stylo and cassava were planted at the same time, there was a significant reduction in cassava yield compared to cassava planted alone. However, when Verano stylo was sown six weeks after cassava there was a minor insignificant reduction in cassava yield. Verano stylo yields were also insignificantly reduced by delayed sowing in cassava. In a second experiment kenaf yields when sown alone were 12.1 tonnes/ha 1 but when sown in combination with Verano stylo planted at the same time were reduced to 8.9 tonnes/ha 1. However, when Verano stylo was sown at either the first or second weeding, kenaf yields were only slightly reduced to 11.2 tonnes/ha 1. Verano stylo yields were reduced five-fold by delayed sowing in kenaf. Undersowing either cassava or kenaf could be adopted by village farmers in Northeast Thailand and elsewhere to increase the amount of good quality forage available to their livestock.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Willemen, Louise, Scheldeman, Xavier, Soto Cabellos, Vctor, Rafael Salazar, Simn, Guarino, Luigi",2007,Spatial patterns of diversity and genetic erosion of traditional cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in the Peruvian Amazon An evaluation of socio-economic and environmental indicators,,v. v. 54,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18964/,"This study evaluates quantitatively the suitability of the use of site-specific socio-economic and environmental data as indicators to rapidly assess patterns of diversity and genetic erosion risk in cassava. Socio-economic data as well as farmers' estimation of genetic erosion were collected in the study area, the Ucayali region of the Peruvian Amazon, through interviews with 285 cassava farmers in 50 communities, while diversity was assessed based on agromorphological characterization of 295 cassava accessions. Using multivariate regression analyses, 50 and 45% of the variation in respectively diversity and genetic erosion estimation could be explained by a selected set of socio-economic and environmental indicators. In both regression models four out of the total of 38 variables proved to contribute significantly (at p < 0.10 level). Additionally, the study revealed that farmers are a good direct source of information on the diversity present at community level, which can contribute to the development of methodologies to assess diversity more rapidly. The results of this study are valuable for the development of models to rapidly assess diversity dynamics in large areas.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Williams, R.J., Agboola, S.D., Schneider, R.W.",1973,Bacterial wilt of cassava in Nigeria,Plant Disease Reporter,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18971/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Williams, R. J.",1973,"Cassava Mosaic Workshop, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, December 1972",PANS Pest Articles and News Summaries,19,4,10.1080/09670877309411843,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18972/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Williams, D. J.",1985,"Pseudococcus-Mandio Sp-N (Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae) on Cassava Roots in Paraguay, Bolivia and Brazil",Bulletin of Entomological Research,75,3,10.1017/S0007485300014644,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18978/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Willison, T., Goulding, K., Powlson, D., Webster, C.",1995,"Farming, fertilizers and the greenhouse effect",Outlook on Agriculture,24,4,10.1177/003072709502400408,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18989/,"The atmospheric concentration of the greenhouse gas methane has more than doubled in the past 100 years as a result of increases in methane sources such as paddy cultivation, ruminant husbandry and fossil fuel combustion. Research at IACR-Rothamsted over the last three years has highlighted the importance of aerobic soils as a sink for methane. Our work has shown how land management and agricultural practices can be key to determining the soil sink strength for methane. This article describes the results and reasons for the interactions of farming, fertilizers and the greenhouse effect.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Wilson, G.F., Adeniran, M.O.",1976,Intercropping of cassava with vegetables,"Intercropping in semi-arid areas: report of a symposium held at the Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Science, University of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, Tanzania, 10-12 May 1976",,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/18991/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Wilson, G.F.",1982,Towards improved cropping systems for the humid tropics,"Proceedings of the Third Research Planning Conference on Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp.",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18995/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Wilson, J.",1988,Cassava and Cyanogens,Human Toxicology,7,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/18997/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Wahab, A.H.",1974,"Feasibility of commercial production of cassava on the extensive, deep, good drainage but relatively infertile organic soils of Guyana",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Wilson, W. M.",2003,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), Cyanogenic Potential, and Predation in Northwestern Amazonia: The Tukanoan Perspective",Human Ecology,31,3,10.1023/A:1025019805550,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19001/,"The Tukanoans of northwestern Amazonia cultivate high-cyanogenic potential cassava, which provides 80% of their dietary energy. In an effort to understand why the Tukanoans cultivate primarily high- rather than low-cyanogenic potential cassava, which requires far less processing before consumption, this paper seeks to determine whether the Tukanoans discern a difference in levels of predation on high- and low-cyanogenic potential cassava. Given the potential protection afforded by high-cyanogenic potential, it was hypothesized that the Tukanoans would report higher predation upon low-cyanogenic potential cassava in comparison to high-cyanogenic potential cassava. Both unstructured interviews and pile-sort exercises were conducted to address this question. The unstructured interviews provide some support for the hypothesis, while the pile-sort interviews did not support the hypothesis. These data demonstrate that while the Tukanoans are cognizant of differences in predation on different cassava cultivars, resistance to predation may not be a characteristic of paramount concern in cultivar selection.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Witthawatchutikul, P.",1988,"Watershed research at Rayong, Thailand",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19023/,"Rayong is a province in East Thailand. It has extensive areas of evergreen forest with rolling terrain and sandy soil. But the intrusion of local people to the forest resulted in the rapid deterioration of soil condition, incidence of erosion, flood, drought and changes in rainy season. Huag Hin Dard Watershed Research Station was established in 1975 to carry out studies on this watershed. Due to lack of financial input and manpower problem, the studies were made simple in approach. The main research areas were on water balance and land use, e.g. para rubber plantation, fruit trees and cassava field. Data on rainfall, interception, infiltration, movement of water in subsurface soil, groundwater fluctuation and streamflow characteristics were also gathered. Besides land use, other studies were carried out on the effect of road construction. The water system budget in mixed cropping area will be the target of future works.",Excluded,Cannot Find
,1970,Report of 1970 sweet cassava variety trial at Ebini [Guyana],Agricultural Research Guyana,v. 4,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19024/,"The trial was conducted with the long-range objective of developing cassava as a supplemental cattle feed. Planting stock of 10 promising varieties of sweet cassava obtained from CIAT and 2 varieties obtained from farmers near Ebini, were included in the non-replicated variety test carried out on Kasarama loamy sand. Results indicated that acceptable yields can be produced on the intermediate savannahs; over 5 tons of roots/acre were obtained from 2 varieties; optimum spacing and fertilization along with improved cultural practices should result in even greater yields. If harvesting is intended 10 months after planting, this would be an ideal situation for animal feeding",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Wodageneh, A.",1985,Cassava and cassava pests in Africa,FAO Plant Protection Bulletin,33,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19031/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Wodageneh, A.",1989,The African-wide biological control program,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19033/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Wohlsager, S., Clemens, J., Nguyet, P. T., Rechenburg, A., Arnold, U.",2010,Urine - A valuable fertilizer with low risk after storage in the tropics,Water Environment Research,82,9,10.2175/106143010X12609736967125,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19036/,"Urine contains a considerable amount of nutrients and potentially could be used as supplement commercial mineral fertilizer; however, it carries risk of contamination. The effect of urine storage as a simple treatment method was examined under tropical conditions. Initial concentrations of total coliforms (2.3 × 105 CFU/100 mL), E.coli (<1.0 × 104 CFU/100 mL), and Salmonella sp. were less than detection limit after four weeks. Open storage led to nitrogen losses of 90%, whereas closed storage containers retained 93% of total nitrogen. Under storage, the N:P ratio of 8:1 in fresh urine changed to 14:1 in the supernatant and to 1:12 in the precipitate, and 100% of magnesium and 96% of calcium was precipitated. A model showed that, depending on plant requirements, using the mixture of supernatant and precipitate as fertilizer for crops such as cassava was reasonable. To fertilize crops such as rice, however, additional P and K was needed. The nutrient-based flux of heavy metals to soils was negligible.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Barbier, E.B.",1990,The farm-level economics of soil conservation: the uplands of Java,Land Economics,66,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1904/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Wojtkowski, P.A., Cubbage, F.W.",1991,A bordered matrix approach to the bioeconomic modeling of agroforestry systems,Agroforestry Systems,14,1,10.1007/BF00141598,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19040/,A bordered matrix approach was developed as a technique designed to model multi-canopied agricultural or forestry production systems to find the optimal planting pattern and density meeting specified economic criteria. The approach uses monocultural production functions as a base from which to estimate polycultural production levels. A banana-cassava mixture is modeled to demonstrate how the technique can be applied.,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Wokoma, E. C.",2008,Studies on plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria isolated from Choba Rivers State Nigeria,"Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences",10,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19041/,"Forty-eight strains of Pseudomonas putida, P. fluorescens, P. aeruginosa and Bacillus were isolated from the rhizosphere, root washings, and root segments of corn, tomato cassava, fluted pumpkin, plantain, banana, waterleaf, and pawpaw, grown in Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria. Seventeen strains were identified as P. putida, eight as P. fluorescens, 17 as P. aeruginosa and six as Bacillus. Fourteen strains were selected and screened for their biocontrol potential by evaluating their ability to inhibit in vitro growth of Botryodiplodia theobromae, a common soil borne pathogen attacking several field crops in the region. Three strains of P. putida and three of P. aeruginosa were shown to have antifungal activity against B. theobromae by inhibiting biomass (mycelium dry weight) of the fungus. Analysis of results showed that the strains were significantly (p=0.05) more antagonistic than a known biocontrol strain of P. putida (W4P5) but were comparable in antifungal activity to P. fluorescens Pf-5, another known biocontrol agent. The plant growth promoting activity of test bacterial strains was assessed by bacterizing corn seeds before planting in potted soil and potted builders' sand. Bacterization of corn seeds improved emergence by 72%, three days after planting, and significantly enhanced seedling height five days after planting. These findings establish the biocontrol potential and plant growth-promoting ability of local strains of Pseudomonas. Global Science Publications.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Wolf, F. A., Lloyd, F. E.",1912,Oedema on manihot,Phytopathology,2,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19042/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Wong, L. C., Ambrsio, M. M. Q., de Souza, N. L.",2011,Survival of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Race 2 subjected to the solarization technique associated with cassava leaves amendment,Summa Phytopathologica,37,2,10.1590/S0100-54052011000200008,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19050/,"Soil solarization associated with organic matters provides an effective control of several soil-borne fungi, which are difficult to eliminate using other methods; in addition, this association shortens the treatment time. The aim of this study was to assess the control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Race 2 by combining the amendment of ""bitter"" cassava (Manihot utilisima) and ""sweet"" cassava (Manihot dulcis) leaves with soil solarization. A field experimental was carried out, 3Kg/m 2 of the two types of cassava leaves were separately amended. Six treatments were tested, (solarizated+ ""bitter"" cassava, solarizated+""sweet"" cassava, soil solarizated, soil, ""bitter""cassava and ""sweet""cassava). Fungus control was assessed based on the survival resistance structures on semiseletive Komada medium at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after the beginning of the experiment. Soil temperature values were monitored by a DataLogger Type CR23X (Campbell Scientific), and quantity of CO 2 and O 2 was monitored by a gas analyzer equipment (Testo 325-1). In solarizated treatments, soil temperature and trapping of CO 2 were higher than the control (soil) and treatments with organic material incorporated without solarization. The association of both ""bitter"" and ""sweet"" cassava amendment with soil solarization inatived the pathogen whereas the other treatments had no effect, allowing the survival of the fungus.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Wong, C. W., Angel Lee, P. L.",2014,Inhibitory effect of onion extract on cassava leaf (manihot esculenta crantz) polyphenol oxidase,International Food Research Journal,21,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19051/,"The inhibitory effect of onion extract on cassava leaf polyphenol oxidase was investigated. The polyphenol oxidase from cassava leaves was strongly inhibited by various anti-browning agents such as L-ascorbic acid and L-cysteine. The percentage of inhibition increased with the increased of anti-browning agents concentrations. The addition of heated onion extract exhibited a stronger inhibitory effect on cassava leaf polyphenol oxidase than the fresh onion extract. The highest percentage of inhibition was exhibited with heated onion extract in the presence of glucose and glycine, which was 87.18%. The onion extract inhibited the cassava leaf polyphenol oxidase non-competitively.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Wongwiwatchai, Chairoj",1985,"Effects of nitrogen and potassium on growth, yield and soluble carbohydrate content of cassava [Manihot esculenta, at Khon Kaen Univ., Khon Kaen, Thailand]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19061/,"The results up to 9 months of cassava showed that both N and K fertilizers affectingd top growth dry weight. K fertilizer induced root yield while N fertilizer had no effect. Root dry weights were related to total dry weight, top dry weight and slightly related to net assimilation rate (E) and leaf area duration (D). Plant tissue analysis showed that N content in leaf increased with increase in N level and so with the K level. The tissue N content in root decreased with increase in K level while N level increased tissue N content. The tissue K content in leaf and root increased with increase in both N and K levels. The soluble carbohydrate content in root increased slightly with increase in K level but decreased with increase in N level. Growth and development of cassava after 9 months stage was affected by leaf spot disease (Cercospora sp.) with greater damage to the fertilized plot. The results after 9 months of age showed that top growth was affected by N while K was slightly affecting both root dry weight and top growth dry weight",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Workshop To Develop An Agroforestry Technology Information Kit. Silang, Cavite (Philippines). 4-13 Nov 1989.",1989,Annual cropping system. Chapter 2,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19078/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Workshop on Research, Production of Tropical Root, Tuber Crops (1987  St. John's, Antigua)",1987,"TCP/RLA/6768 yams and cassava development, 29 August 1987, St. John's, Antigua",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19079/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Barceloux, D. G.",2009,"Cyanogenic Foods (Cassava, Fruit Kernels, and Cycad Seeds)",Disease-a-Month,55,6,10.1016/j.disamonth.2009.03.010,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1911/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Wutoh, J.",1988,"Root crop tissue culture work at the Institute of Agronomic Research, Cameroon","Biotechnology and the improvement of cassava, yams and plantain in Africa",,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19112/,"The tissue culture facility at the Institute of Agronomic Research (IRA), Cameroon, has just been established. The main objectives are disease elimination, rapid multiplication and germplasm conservation of root crops, cassava, yams, sweet potato and cocoyams. Work has started on testing different culture media suitable for culturing of these crops. After testing different media formulations, especially growth regulators, it was found that the best medium for cocoyam production was without growth substances.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Wyckhuys, K. A. G., Graziosi, I., Burra, D. D., Walter, A. J.",2017,Phytoplasma infection of a tropical root crop triggers bottom-up cascades by favoring generalist over specialist herbivores,PloS one,12,8,10.1371/journal.pone.0182766,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19116/,"Global interest on plant-microbe-insect interactions is rapidly growing, revealing the multiple ways in which microorganisms mediate plant-herbivore interactions. Phytopathogens regularly alter whole repertoires of plant phenotypic traits, and bring about shifts in key chemical or morphological characteristics of plant hosts. Pathogens can also cause cascading effects on higher trophic levels, and eventually shape entire plant-associated arthropod communities. We tested the hypothesis that a Candidatus Phytoplasma causing cassava witches' broom (CWB) on cassava (Manihot esculenta Grantz) is altering species composition of invasive herbivores and their associated parasitic hymenopterans. We conducted observational studies in cassava fields in eastern Cambodia to assess the effect of CWB infection on abundance of specialist and generalist mealybugs (Homoptera Pseudococcidae), and associated primary and hyper-parasitoid species. CWB infection positively affects overall mealybug abundance and species richness at a plant- and field-level, and disproportionately favors a generalist mealybug over a specialist feeder. CWB phytoplasma infection led to increased parasitoid richness and diversity, with richness of 'comparative' specialist taxa being the most significantly affected. Parasitism rate did not differ among infected and uninfected plants, and mealybug host suppression was not impacted. CWB phytoplasma modifies host plant quality for sap-feeding homopterans, differentially affects success rates of two invasive species, and generates niche opportunities for higher trophic orders. By doing so, a Candidatus phytoplasma affects broader food web structure and functioning, and assumes the role of an ecosystem engineer. Our work unveils key facets of phytoplasma ecology, and sheds light upon complex multi-trophic interactions mediated by an emerging phytopathogen. These findings have further implications for invasion ecology and management.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Wydra, K., Fanou, A., Sikirou, R., Zandjanakou, M., Zinsou, V., Rudolph, K.",2001,Integrated control of bacterial diseases of cassava and cowpea in west Africa,Plant Pathogenic Bacteria,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19118/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Wydra, K.",2002,"The concept of resistance, tolerance and latency in bacterial diseases examples from cassava and cowpea",Beitrage Zur Zuchtungsforschung,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19120/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Wyllie, D., Huxley, P. A.",1976,"Cassava research at the Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Science, Morogoro, Tanzania",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19122/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
CGIAR,2015,CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH): 2014 Annual Performance Monitoring Report,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19124/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
,1972,IDRC/IITA Cassava Mosaic Workshop,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19130/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"(China)), Lu Rongjun(Supply, Marketing Cooperative of Guangxi",2000,Need for an agricultural service system for the dissemination of improved cassava cultivars,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19131/,"Cassava has great potential for increased production in Guangxi province, where conditions suit the crop particularly well. Since the late 1980s, newly-introduced improved cultivars, such as Nanzhi 188 and SC124, have begun to produce results. In order to maximized the potential benefits from these high-yielding cultivars, it is important that the agricultural service system be improved and that efficient agronomic practices be developed in order to realize the high yield, high quality, high benefits and to strengthen the regional processing industries. In this way wealth will be created, thus contributing to the improvement of the economy of rural regions. Traditional ideas and production methods still prevail in the region. Farmers plant cassava, but because it produces lower profits than fruit trees, sugarcane, groundnuts, etc., it is viewed less favorably. In the existing farming system, each family cultivates small areas, which are difficult to manage efficiently, while remuneration in the responsibility system is now linked to outputs, this is incompatible with the requirements of modern agriculture for high yields, high quality and high-benefits. It also restricts the spread of improved cassava cultivars and the development of the cassava industry. The dissemination of improved cassava cultivars should be linked in an integral way to improved production practices, supply of inputs and marketing of products, resulting in an integration of production, processing and marketing. The key to developing the three highs is to link cassava production withs the market and the production base. Following the market trends, with economic benefits as the major objective, several extension service subsystems are developed, each to suit a particular need, but complementing each other to form a complete system. These include a subsystem for crops, a subsystem for management, a subsystem dedicated to cooperatives or specialized groups, an enterprise subsystem, etc.",Excluded,No PICO Component
IFPRI,1990,1989 IFPRI Annual Report,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19132/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"(India)., Central Tuber Crops Research Institute",1976,"Annual Report, 1973 [Includes reports on breeding high yielding, pest resistant tuber crops, cassava, root vegetables]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19134/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"(Nigeria), Raw Materials Research, Development Council",2004,Cassava,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19138/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"(Thailand)), Uthai Cenpukdee (Rayong Field Crops Research Center",1992,Agronomy research of cassava in Thailand,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19139/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"(Thailand)), Sophon Sinthuprama (Rayong Field Crops Research Center",1992,"General situation of cassava production, utilization and commercialization in Thailand",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19141/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Vargas de West, M.",1986,Cassava research in Africa: a bibliography,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19142/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"(ed.), Cock J.H.",1986,Root and tuber crops propagation [Manihot esculenta; potatoes; dioscorea]. Proceedings of a regional workshop,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19144/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Russell, N.C.",1989,"Ghana's tradition makers: changing patterns in food crops research, extension, and production",CIMMYT Today,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19145/,"This document presents an overview of Ghana's multiple cropping systems. Production systems involving such crops as maize, cassava, sorghum and cowpeas are described. The work also analyzes the effect of advanced technologies and extension activities on crop production and rural development, and the role played by the on-farm research program. The support efforts of several national and international organizations working in Ghana on staff development, professional training, maize and grain legume improvement, and crop management are described.",Excluded,No PICO Component
NA,1938,Seasonal transmission of cassava mosaic,Nature,142,3594,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19148/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
NA,1939,Mosaic disease of cassava,Nature,143,3623,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19149/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1970,Manihot bibliography,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19153/,"The Manihot Bibliography contains original bibliographic records and master computer list of bibliographic entries from 1970 for the genus Manihot. The name Dr. David J. Rogers, Taximetrics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80302 appears on a letter and the address is stamped on the computer printout. The bibliography may not have been published. --- In the General Collection at call no. QK474.5.A1F5 , there is a series called Flora Netotropica and Monograph 13 of that series contains the following publication David J. Rogers, David J. and S.G. Appan. Manihot and Manihotoides (Euphorbiaceae); A Computer Assisted Study, 1973. The object of study is Manihot esulenta Crantz. This crop, which lives in tropic areas, is grown primarily for its roots.",Excluded,Cannot Find
,1977,Pest management: A new concept in cassava crop protection,,5,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19157/,"Although cassava is generally considered highly resistant to pests, mites and insects can severely limit root yield. CIAT is currently developing a pest management program based on host-plant resistance and biological control. Work with a complex of mites (Mononychellus tanajoa, M. mcgregori, Tetranychus urticae and Oligonychus peruvianus), thrips (Frankliniella williamsi) and the cassava hornworm (Erinnyis ello) is repoted.",Excluded,Cannot Access
,1978,Bostrichid Beetle on Cassava,Plant Protection Bulletin,26,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19158/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
,1978,"Cassava Bacterial-Blight in Africa - Past, Present and Future, Ibadan, June 1978",PANS,24,4,10.1080/09670877809414154,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19159/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
NA,1978,Does Bomford and Eversheds Cassava Harvester End Long Search,World Crops and Livestock,30,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19160/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1978,Bostrichid beetle [Xylopsocus capucinus] on cassava [Florida],,v. 26,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19161/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1980,"Sex ratio of Telenomus sphingis (Hymenoptera Scelionidae) parasitizing Erinnyis ello (Lepidoptera sphingidae) eggs in the Dominican republic [Cassava pests, natural control]",,v. 63,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19166/,,Excluded,Duplicate
NA,1981,National Accelerated Food Production Programme (NAFPP) ( Nigeria),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19167/,"The decade of the 1970s was intended to stimulate the mass of Nigerian farmers to rapidly increase production of rice, maize, guinea corn, millet, wheat, and cassava through the integrated use of improved agronomic practices, high yielding seeds, proper quantities of fertilizer, insecticides and other agricultural chemicals, and supporting credit, marketing, storage and processing infrastructures. The programme is described in detail, and various components are discussed.-from RDA, Oxford",Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1985,CIAT and IITA. Sister centers collaborate against a spreading menace,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19174/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1987,Root crops,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19178/,"Research programmes and results in the following areas are described 1) Aroids Xanthosoma spp., Colocasia esculenta var. esculenta and C. esculenta var. antiquorum (tannia, dasheen and eddoe respectively) selection of improved varieties, improved production techniques, diagnosis and control of burning disease of tannia and dasheen corm rot, on-farm evaluatin of new techniques; 2) arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) production systems in St. Vincent; 3) cassava variety evaluation in Tobago; rapid multiplication techniques; herbicide trials; yield performance, mechanical planting and harvesting of commercial plots in Barbados; clipping, rotary drying and sun/air drying; exporting fresh and frozen tubers; 4) yam in vitro maintenance and multiplication of virus-tested material; anthracnose disease survey in Barbados; 5) sweet potato farming systems research and 6) white potato farming systems research",Excluded,Cannot Find
,1988,Enemies within Strike Cassava Hornworm,New Scientist,118,1613,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19179/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
,1988,Economics section,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19183/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
,1988,Entomology,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19184/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
,1988,Germplasm and breeding,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19185/,,Excluded,Duplicate
NA,1988,International Cooperation. Cassava varietal improvement in Asia,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19186/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1988,Mycorrhiza Project,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19189/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1988,Soil management and plant nutrition,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19190/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
,1989,Agroforestry farming with trees,Black Lechwe,,NS10,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19192/,"Describes the principles behind agroforesty, then reviews the traditional systems used such as those based on Gmelina arborea; the diagnosis and design of agroforestry systems by the International Centre for Research in Agroforestry and other organisations; and lastly alley cropping. This originated in Asia but has been adapted by several villages in SW Nigeria to grow yam, melon and cassava between the young trees instead of the recommended maize.",Excluded,Cannot Find
,1991,Integrated cassava development: new perspectives for the farmers of Ceara,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19197/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1992,Integrated cassava development projects,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19203/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1992,Paraguay,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19204/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1992,Pathology,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19205/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1992,Pest management,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19206/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1992,Plant nutrition,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19207/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1992,Quality,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19209/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1992,Quality [cassava],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19210/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
CIAT,1992,Regional collaboration in Latin America,Cassava Program 1987-1991,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19213/,,Excluded,Duplicate
NA,1992,Seed supply systems,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19215/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1992,Soil conservation,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19216/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1992,Soil conservation and fertility maintenance research in Asia,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19217/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1992,Soil conservation and productivity,Cassava Program 1987-1991: Working document no. 116,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19218/,,Excluded,Duplicate
NA,1992,Soil-crop management in Latin America,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19219/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1992,Gene pool development for Latin America,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19221/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1992,Genetics and related studies,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19222/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1992,Genotype-by-environment interaction,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19223/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1992,Germplasm improvement in Asia,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19225/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1992,Global cassava research and development networks,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19227/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1992,Brazil,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19230/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1992,Cassava (Manihot) germplasm,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19231/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1992,Cassava economics,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19232/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
CIAT,1992,The Cassava Program in the 1990s,Cassava Program 1987-1991,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19237/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
NA,1992,Cassava starch,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19238/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
CIAT,1992,The CIAT Cassava Program,Cassava Program 1987-1991,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19240/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
CIAT,1992,Collaboration with IITA in support of African National Programs,Cassava Program 1987-1991,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19241/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
CIAT,1992,Collaborative study of cassava in Africa,Cassava Program 1987-1991,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19242/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
NA,1992,Colombia,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19243/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
,1992,Cropping systems,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19245/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
CIAT,1992,Design and organization of integrated cassava projects,Cassava Project Annual Report 1992,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19247/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
NA,1992,Disease management,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19248/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
CIAT,1992,Ecuador Integrated Cassava Project,Cassava Program 1987-1991,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19249/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
NA,1992,Entomology and acarology,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19250/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
CIAT,1993,II. Gene pool development. 8. Gene-pool development: Africa,Cassava Program Annual Report 1993,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19254/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Barreto, R. S., Marques, E. J., Gondim, M. G. C., Jr., de Oliveira, J. V.",2004,Selection of beauveria bassiana (BALS.) vuill. and metarhizium anisopliae (METSCH.) sorok. for the control of the mite mononychellus tanajoa (BONDAR),Scientia Agricola,61,6,10.1590/S0103-90162004000600015,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1926/,"The green mite, Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) (Acari Tetranychidae), is considered to be one of the key pests in cassava, Manihot esculenta Crants, leading to considerable field losses. In this study, ten Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. and ten Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. isolates were evaluated with regard to their potential as biological control agents against adult M. tanajoa females. The total mortality percentage of M. tanajoa caused by B. bassiana ranged from 13.0 to 97.0%, with confirmed mortality rates extending from 9.0 to 91.0% and LT50 varying from 4.2 to 17.0 days. The M. anisopliae isolates showed total mortality percentages ranging from 12.0 to 45.0% with confirmed mortality rates extending from 8.0 to 45.0%, and LT50 varying from 8.6 to 19.8 days. Lethal Concentrations (LC50) of 3.93 106 conidia mL-1 and 7.44 108 conidia mL-1 were determined for B. bassiana and M. anisopliae, respectively. B. bassiana isolate 645 was the most efficient, being an alternative for use in biological control programs against the cassava green mite. 2004, Scientia Agricola. All rights reserved.",Excluded,No PICO Component
CIAT,1993,II. Gene pool development. 7. Gene pool development: Asia.,Cassava Program Annual Report 1993,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19260/,,Excluded,Duplicate
CIAT,1993,II. Gene pool development. 1. Disease resistance,Cassava Program Annual Report 1993,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19261/,,Excluded,Duplicate
CIAT,1993,II. Gene pool development. 2. Pest resistance,Cassava Program Annual Report 1993,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19262/,,Excluded,Duplicate
CIAT,1993,II. Gene pool development. 3. Physiology and plant nutrition,Cassava Program Annual Report 1993,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19263/,,Excluded,Duplicate
CIAT,1993,II. Gene pool development. 4. Quality traits,Cassava Program Annual Report 1993,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19264/,,Excluded,Duplicate
NA,1993,II. Gene pool development. 5. Breeding methodologies,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19265/,,Excluded,Duplicate
CIAT,1993,II. Gene pool development. 6. Gene pool development HQ and Latin America,Cassava Program Annual Report 1993,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19266/,,Excluded,Duplicate
CIAT,1993,III. Crop management. 2. Pest management,Cassava Program Annual Report 1993,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19268/,,Excluded,Duplicate
CIAT,1993,III. Crop management. 3. Crop soil management in Latin America,Cassava Program Annual Report 1993,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19269/,,Excluded,Duplicate
CIAT,1993,III. Crop management. 4. Crop and soil management in Asia,Cassava Program Annual Report 1993,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19270/,,Excluded,Duplicate
CIAT,1993,III. Crop management. 5. Novel and improved conventional propagation systems,Cassava Program Annual Report 1993,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19271/,,Excluded,Duplicate
,1994,African cassava mosaic geminivirus,Tropical Science,34,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19279/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Benesi, I., Minde, I., Nyondo, F., Trail, T.",1995,Accelerated multiplication and distribution of improved cassava and sweet potato planting materials as a drought recovery measure in Malawi,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19280/,No abstract,Excluded,No PICO Component
NA,1995,Crop management. Crop-soil management in Asia,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19281/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
,1995,Improved cassava gene pools. Tools and methodologies for gene pool development,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19287/,,Excluded,Language Barrier
NA,1995,"[Proceso, produccio, y desarrollo del mercado]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19288/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
,1995,Crop management. Disease management,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19293/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1995,Manihot diversity. Characterization & organization of cassava germplasm in Argentina,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19299/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Acedo, V. Z.",2015,Cleaning Root Crop Propagules to Increase Farm Productivity and Support GAP System,Acta Horticulturae,1088,,10.17660/ActaHortic.2015.1088.83,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/193/,"The use of clean planting materials is a good agricultural practice to improve crop yield, quality and food safety. This is of particular importance for asexually propagated crops such as root crops. Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.), cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and yam (Dioscorea alata L.) are usually propagated using vine cuttings, stem cuttings and tuber slices, respectively; as such, pathogen load accumulates and is passed on from one generation to the next. The systemic presence of pathogens within the plant has no visible symptom except for depressed vigor and yield which is usually misdiagnosed resulting in unnecessary use of additional farm inputs such as pesticides and fertilizers. In an attempt to produce clean planting materials, several ex vitro and in vitro methods were tested; among these methods, the serial application of greenhouse preconditioning, thermotherapy, and meristem culture was established to be the best technique. Virus indexing tests confirmed the disease-free nature of the plantlets which were then mass propagated for field evaluation in comparison to conventional propagules. Plants produced from clean propagules remarkably outperformed those from conventional propagules as they had better field performance and higher yields than the latter. It is strongly recommended that Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) for root crops and other asexually propagated crops should integrate the use of clean planting materials.",Excluded,Cannot Find
CIAT,1995,Manihot diversity. Germplasm acquistion & documentation,Cassava Program Annual Reports 1994 and 1995,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19300/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
CIAT,1995,Manihot diversity. Germplasm conservation and management,Cassava Program Annual Reports 1994 and 1995,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19302/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
NA,1995,Crop management. Crop-soil management in Latin America,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19305/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
,1995,Gene pool development. Quality traits,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19307/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
,1995,Gene pool development. Physiology and plant nutrition,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19308/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1995,"Gene pool development. Sustainable cassava crop protection, S. America & Africa",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19310/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1995,Gene pool development. Breeding methodologies,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19318/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1995,Gene pool development. Cassava common mosaic virus (CVMV),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19319/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1995,Gene pool development. Cassava frogskin disease (CFSD),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19320/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1995,Gene pool development. Disease management,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19322/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1995,Gene pool development. Integrated pest management,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19324/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
CIAT,1995,Improved cassava gene pools. Development of cassava gene pools with global perspective,"The CIAT Cassava Program: Project Areas, projects and resource distribution",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19325/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
NA,1996,Biotechnology and integrated pest management,Biotechnology and integrated pest management,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19330/,"The use of transgenic plants with insect resistance within integrated pest management (IPM) schemes are reviewed, discussing the constraints to the applications of biotechnology in these systems, especially in developing countries. Related policy issues confronting decision makers in national agricultural research organizations and international development agencies are also considered. There are 23 contributions deriving from a conference held in Bellagio, Italy, in October 1993, and these are divided into sections on linking biotechnology and IPM; case studies of IPM integration and of using biocontrol agents in IPM systems (rice growing in Asia, soybean in Brazil, an overview of the situation in India, and cassava in Africa); biotechnology for new biocontrol agents; biotechnology and plant breeding; case studies of transgenic plants in IPM systems (insect-resistant crop plants, cotton in Australia, virus-resistant transgenic plants); alternative strategies with transgenes for insect resistance, namely the potential for slowing adaptation by pests to insect resistant transgenic crops, and deploying pesticidal crops in developing countries; other components, such as new diagnostics and virus/vector control in IPM systems; new opportunities for vector control and molecular genetics; and investment implications and future directions.",Excluded,Cannot Access
NA,1996,Transforming the root of the problem,Nature biotechnology,14,6,10.1038/nbt0696-677a,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19331/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
NA,1997,Output I. Improved pest and disease management components developed,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19336/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1997,Output II. Improved crop management components relevant to IPM strategies,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19337/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1997,Output III. NARS capacity in integrated pest and crop management strenthened,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19338/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1998,Output 3. Collaboration with public and private sector partners enhanced,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19343/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1999,Output 1 Genetic base of cassava and Manihot species evaluated and available for cassava improvement,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19345/,,Excluded,Duplicate
NA,1999,Output 2 Genetic stocks and improved gene pools developed and transferred to national programs,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19346/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1999,"Output 3 Work with NARs in Latin America and Asia for the selection, multiplication and dissemination of elite cassava germplasm and diversification of uses",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19347/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1999,"Output 4 Contribute with efforts for evaluation and development of participatory plant breeding in the Northern Coast of Colombia, jointly with CORPOICA",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19348/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1999,Output 5 Disease resistance in cassava,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19349/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1999,Output 6 Characterization of cassava germplasm for resistance/tolerance to major pests,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19350/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,1999,Output I. Pest and disease complexes described and analyzed,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19352/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
NA,1999,Output II. Pest and disease management components and IPM strategies and factors developed,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19353/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
,2000,Cyanogen reduction in transgenic cassava,Trends in Plant Science,5,11,10.1016/S1360-1385(00)01803-3,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19355/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
,2001,Chapter 4 Mitigating measures El Nino - crop sector: drought-tolerant crops - cassava,,,101-104,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19359/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
CIAT,2001,Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: CIAT's Strategic Plan 2001-2010,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19361/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
NA,2001,Sustainable rural livelihoods,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19364/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,2002,"Studies on the natural resistance of four wild Manihot species (Manihot spp) to three arthropod pests (Mononychellus tanajoa, Aleurotrachelus socialis and Phenacoccus herreni), under greenhouse conditions",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19371/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
CIAT,2002,The system wide IPM whitefly project from phase I to phase II,Annual Report 2002: Project PE-1: Integrated Pest and Disease Management in Major Agroecosystems,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19372/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
NA,2002,Activities related with the maintenance of the germplasm bank of cassava and other Manihot species. Output 5,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19373/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
NA,2002,Arthropod taxonomic activities on cassava and other crops,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19374/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
,2002,"Biological control of cassava whiteflies; surveys of cassava plantations in Yopal, Casanare, Colombia for parasitoid natural enemies [duplicate]",,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19377/,,Excluded,Duplicate
,2002,"Biological control of cassava whiteflies; surveys of cassava plantations in Yopal, Casanare, Colombia for parasitoid natural enemies",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19378/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Kerridge, Peter, Lefroy, Rod",2002,CIAT in Southeast Asia,International Cooperation: 2002 Annual Report,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19381/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
CIAT,2002,Collaboration with other institutions. Output 3,Project IP-3 Improved cassava for the developing world Annual Report 2002,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19382/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
CIAT,2002,Developing a new approach for cassava breeding integrating biotechnology tools,Project IP-3 Improved cassava for the developing world Annual Report 2002,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19383/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
NA,2002,Development and formulation of biological pesticides for integrated pest management in cassava,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19384/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,2002,Evaluation of the effect of cassava hornworm baculovirus on the effectiveness and behaviour of E. ello egg parasites,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19389/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
CIAT,2002,Evaluation of whitefly (Aleurotrachelus socialis) cassava clones for resistance to Bemisia tabaci,Project IP-3 Improved cassava for the developing world Annual Report 2002,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19390/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
CIAT,2003,Identification of toxic protein to Phenacoccus herreni,Project PE-1: Integrated Pest and Disease Management in Major Agroecosytems in the Americas. Annual Report 2002.,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19393/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
NA,2002,Integrated control of subterranean pests in South America,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19395/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Kirkby, R. A.",2003,Progressive science to improve rural livelihoods,Progressive science to improve rural livelihoods,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19397/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
NA,2003,Transgenic cassava made cyanogen-free,Outlook on Agriculture,32,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19400/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
NA,2006,"Proceedings of the IInd international symposium on sweetpotato and cassava ""Innovative technologies for commercialization"" - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia June 14-17, 2005. Preface",Acta Horticulturae,703,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19413/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Barros, R. S., Merces, W. C., Alvim, R.",,Sink strenth and cassava productivity,,"Aug 1978, 13 (4)",,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1942/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,2009,Cassava (Manihot utilissima Pohl.),Agronomy of Tropical Crops,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19441/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,2009,Laptops against cassava disease,Spore,1,144,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19446/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,2012,Stronger cassava,Spore,,157,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19456/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
Anon,2013,Two branches intertwined,Nature Reviews Microbiology,11,11,10.1038/nrmicro3152,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19459/,This Focus issue on plant microbe interactions showcases advances in our understanding of the intricate relationships between plants and their microbial friends and foes.,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Lokko, Y., Dixon, A.G.O., Offei, S.K., Danquah, E.Y.",2015,Genetic relationships among improved cassava accessions and landraces for resistance to the cassava mosaic disease,"Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment",7,1,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19482/,"This study was conducted to determine the genetic relationships among 21 accessions of cassava (Manihot esculenta), with varying levels of resistance to cassava mosaic disease (CMD), based on their phenotypic response to the disease. The accessions were ranked according to their area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). Hierarchical cluster analysis based on Ward’s linkage method separated the accessions into three major groups and the susceptible clones were distinct from the resistant accessions. Further analysis using K-means defined four groups which were similar to the groupings by the hierarchical method, but the susceptible landrace TME 117 was distinct from the other susceptible accessions. Principal component analysis showed that there was considerable amount of variation and the first three components accounted for 78.87% of the total variation in the accessions. A scatter-plot of the scores of the first and second principal components for responses to CMD showed that, generally, the resistant accessions were different from the susceptible accessions and the most susceptible landrace TME 117 formed a single member group distinct from the other susceptible groups. The large amount of variation implies that using any combination of resistant accessions to recombine different favorable alleles will not reduce the overall diversity of the breeding population.",Excluded,Duplicate
NA,2015,"Effects of phosphate fertilizers and maize plant density on productivity of cassava/maize/egusi-melon mixtures on Alfisols of Ekiti State, South-Western Nigeria",,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19485/,,Excluded,Duplicate
NA,2015,Physicochemical and functional properties of native starches from cassava varieties in Southwest Nigeria,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19488/,,Excluded,Duplicate
NA,2015,Seasonal variations in the chemical and functional properties of starches from local and improved cassava varieties in high rainfall region of Nigeria,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19495/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Acedo, V. Z.",2017,Quality planting materials for cassava industry development,Acta Horticulturae,1179,,10.17660/ActaHortic.2017.1179.52,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/195/,"Cassava is increasingly used by manufacturing industries for food and non-food uses. A major industry constraint is the consistent supply of the desired volume and quality of raw materials for processing. Yield is declining due to several factors including the emergence of new diseases. Several commercial ventures have resorted to the use of clean planting materials that can be rapidly produced through tissue culture techniques. Conventional propagation uses stem cuttings, which increase the pathogen load from one crop generation to the next usually without symptoms, thereby contributing to decreasing yield potential. Earlier work at PhilRootcrops established meristem culture and micropropagation protocols for production of clean planting material. In vitro culture responses were genotype specific but meristem-derived plants produced better plant stands and yield than conventional propagules when planted in the field. This research determined the suitability of an established protocol using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium alone and modified protocols using different growth regulators for micropropagation of high-yielding cultivars newly approved for commercial release by the National Seed Industry Council. Tissue-culture-derived (TC) plantlets were then grown in the greenhouse for 3-5 months, and yield evaluation of the first- and second-generation TC plants was undertaken comparing two-nodal stem cuttings and the usual 8-inch stem cuttings. Results showed genotype-specific responses to in vitro culture conditions. Callus formation in 75-100% explants was observed in treatments with growth regulators. Root formation and growth were better in MS medium alone. Nodal propagation of 3- to 5-month-old potted TC plants was best in foam compared with other potting media as complete plantlets were produced in 2 weeks. Field performance and yield were comparable among the TC plants using two-nodal and 8-inch stem cuttings. This result indicates that two-nodal cuttings from clean TC plants are promising propagules to expand production and sustain high productivity.",Excluded,Cannot Access
,2008,Chemical composition and pasting properties of CMD resistant cassava clones planted at different locations,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19502/,"The aim of the study was to investigate the chemical composition and pasting properties of 43 cassava mosaic desease (CMD) resistant clones planted at different locations (Ibadan, Onne and Mokwa) in Nigeria under rainfed conditions in 2003 and 2004. Ranges of chemical contents (%) were for amylose 19.50-30.20, sugar 0.77-3.67, starch 66.20–88.90, protein 0.41-1.0 and ash 0.03-0.36 across clones for 2003. In 2004, the results were as follows: amylose 15.26–21.68, sugar 3.62-5.63, starch 60.64-71.62, protein 1.51-4.48 and ash 1.27-2.81%. The peak viscosity ranged between 289.09 and 490.96 RVU in 2003 and from 83.83 to 339.54 RVU in 2004. Hot paste viscosity ranged between 105.85 and 177.90 RVU in 2003 and from -10.38 to 145.20 RVU in 2004. Breakdown viscosity obtained in 2003 was considerably higher than that recorded in 2004. The setback viscosity ranged from 32.14 to 76.75 RVU in 2003 and from 11.71 to 51.11 RVU in 2004. The variations due to interactions between clone and agro-environment (clone Å~ location) were significant (P<0.05) for chemical composition and pasting properties, except protein and pasting temperature in 2004. Also, a significant correlation (P<0.05) was obtained between all the chemical components measured and pasting properties. However, further work is needed to really determine quantitatively how the pasting profile of the cassava clones determines their food uses.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Kaenchanab, Piyanon, Gheewala, Shabbir H.",2017,Cost – Benefit of water resource use in biofuel feedstock production,Journal of Cleaner Production,142,3,10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.129,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19503/,"An increase in the output of crops such as cassava, sugarcane, and oil palm, is necessary for biofuels development. To increase the crop yield, a large amount of water is required which can have an impact on the net social welfare. This study aims to assess the benefit and cost of water resource use in biofuel crops production to support the cost-benefit analysis of biofuels development. Benefit of water is presented through the value of its marginal product estimated by using economic valuation methods. The loss due to water consumption is assessed and monetized based on life cycle impact assessment. To show how the approach is applied to the regional level, Thailand is considered as a case study. The results show that the economic gains from using a cubic meter of water in cassava, sugarcane, and oil palm production are 1.6–6.9, 1.0–5.0, and 0.8–2.9 Thai baht, respectively. However, using this amount of water can also bring about the external cost around 0.2 Thai baht, leading to the net benefits of using a cubic meter of water in cassava, sugarcane, and oil palm production between 1.5 and 6.7, 0.9–4.8, and 0.6–2.6 Thai baht, respectively. Gain and loss of the water used in cassava, sugarcane, and oil palm cultivation are expressed in monetary units for the first time by this study. Besides, this paper could be a guideline for future research towards an integration of life cycle impact assessment and the economic analysis tool, cost-benefit analysis.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ariyo, O. A., Dixon, A. G. O., Atiri, G. I.",2015,Effect of Detopping on Disease Incidence and Symptom Severity of African Cassava Mosaic Virus Disease (ACMD) on Some Newly Developed Cassava Cultivars from Landraces Introgression,Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica,38,01-Feb,10.1556/APhyt.38.2003.1-2.14,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19504/,"Twenty-five cassava genotypes were exposed to natural infection by African cassava mosaic disease (ACMD) in plots at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan (forest-savanna transition zone), Nigeria. The effect of removing the shoot tips (detopping) of cassava plants on disease incidence and symptom severity was assessed fortnightly for 14 weeks, starting 8 weeks after planting (WAP). There were highly significant differences (P < 0.01) in disease incidence (DI) and symptom severity (ISS) among clones throughout the period of observation, indicating different levels of resistance to infection. Detopping produced a significant effect on disease incidence in clones 91/02322, 91/02324, 91/02327 and 92/0427. It also had a significant effect on symptom severity of clones 92/0342, M94/0177 and TMS 4(2) 1425. The interaction between the treatment (TRT) and clone was highly significant (P < 0.01) for DI and ISS throughout the period of observation, an indication that there are differential responses of the clones to detopping. Cassava genotypes M94/0121 and Isu were observed to be highly resistant and highly susceptible respectively to the disease, while plants of genotypes 82/00058 and 91/02322 showed moderate susceptibility. None of the genotypes was immune to the disease. There was also a highly significant and positive correlation between DI and ISS in both detopped and undetopped plants. A conclusion from this study is that removal of shoot tips from moderately resistant cassava clones for consumption should be discouraged as it increase the severity of ACMD infection in the regenerating shoots of these clones.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Uyoh, E.A., Udensi, O., Ntui, V., Urua, I.",2015,Effect of different processing methods on cyanide content of garri from four cultivars of cassava,"Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment",,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19505/,"Effect of different processing methods on cyanide content of garri was studied in three improved cassava cultivars (NR 8082, TME 419 and TMS 4(2) 1425) as well as a local unimproved cultivar (Obubit Okpo). Stem cuttings from these cultivars were planted in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The experiment was factorial involving three factors, namely cultivars, fertilizer and fermentation days. NPK fertilizer (15:15:15) was applied twice at a rate of 650 kg per hectare. Tubers were harvested at the age of 7 months and their weights taken per stand. The tubers were peeled, grated, fermented (for 1, 2 and 3 days), sieved and fried. Sampling for HCN was done at three stages: immediately after grating the tubers, after fermentation and after frying. Estimation of HCN was done using the silver nitrate volumetric analysis. Our results showed that there was no significant correlation (p>0.05) between cyanogenic glucoside level and crop yield. Fertilizer application significantly (p<0.05) increased the cyanide content of the fried product in all the 4 cultivars. The bulk of cyanide reduction was achieved during fermentation, which was further enhanced by frying. The optimum fermentation days varied with the cultivars; for NR 8082 and the local cultivar it was 3 days while for TMS 4(2) 1425 and TME 419 it was 2 days. It is therefore pertinent to advise that farmers should exercise some restraint in their choice of planting material as well as the processing methods, as the later clearly depends on the former.",Excluded,Duplicate
NA,2016,Increase the biodiversity of cassava,Biofutur,2016-June,377,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19508/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Chenyao Xianga, Jiahong Liua, Yingdong Yua, Weiwei Shaoa, Chao Meia, Lin Xiaa",2017,Feasibility assessment of renewable energies for cassava irrigation in China [duplicate],Energy Procedia,142,,10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.004,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19518/,"In recent years, clean energies are more and more valued. Applying wind power and solar power to farm irrigation can contribute to energy saving and carbon emission reduction. Based on the irrigational water demand of cassava in an area in Guangxi Province, China, this study compared the supply capacity of hybrid wind/solar power water pumping and that of photovoltaic (PV) water pumping through experiments and calculation. Results show that, the hybrid pumping system supported by a 22kW solar panel and wind turbines of 44kW can fully satisfy cassava’s water demand for irrigation in a 26.66 ha field with surplus energy, so shutdown of wind turbines in the initial stages of cassava growth is suggested. The 22kW photovoltaic water pump alone is not sufficient for a 26.66 ha field, but a 1.5-time larger solar panel (33kW) with an enhanced pump should be able to meet the demand. Considering local uneven distribution of wind power and relative high cost of a hybrid power system, the enhanced photovoltaic water pumping is recommended for popularization.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Yuniwati, E. D.",2017,Land Husbandry: Biochar application to reduce land degradation and erosion on cassava production,IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science,97,,10.1088/1755-1315/97/1/012013,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19519/,"This field experiment was carried out to examine the effect of increasing crop yield on land degradation and erosion in cassava-based cropping systems. The experiment was also aimed at showing that with proper crop management, the planting of cassava does not result in land degradation, and therefore, a sustainable production system can be obtained. The experiment was done in a farmer’s fields in Batu, about 15 km south east of Malang, East Java, Indonesia. The soils are Alfisols with a surface slope of about 8%. There were 8 experimental treatments with two replications. The experiment results show that biochar applications reduce of soil erosion rate of the cassava field were not necessarily higher than those of maize in terms of crop yield and crop management. At low-to-medium yield, also observed the nutrient uptake of cassava was lower than that of maize. At high yield, only the K uptake of cassava was higher than that of maize, whereas the N and P uptake was more or less similar. Soil erosion on the cassava field was significantly higher than that on the maize field; however, this only occurred when there was no suitable crop management. Simple crop managements, such as ridging, biochar application, or manure application could significantly reduce soil erosion. The results also revealed that proper management could prevent land degradation and increase crop yield. In turn, the increase in crop yield could decrease soil erosion and plant nutrient depletion.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Bart, A.",1985,Food production and nitrogen fertilizer in Trinidad agriculture,Journal of the Agricultural Society of Trinidad and Tobago,85,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1952/,"In Trinidad and Tobago, urea and ammonium sulphate are the main sources of nitrogen used by farmers. High yielding cassava varieties can remove over 150 kg N/ha, grasses up to 400-600 kg N/ha/yr, corn and maize up to 100-150 kg N/ha. The time of application and placement of fertilizer are important",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Xiong, Lin, Kaimian, Li",1995,Methods and strategies for cassava technology transfer in China,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy Research and Technology Transfer in Asia",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19559/,"This paper describes the general situation and the existing problems of the extension of new cassava varieties, agronomic practices as well as processing technologies under the conditions of highly intensive agriculture in China. Cassava has been cultivated in China for over 170 years. Its production evolved from a small-scale backyard crop to large-scale commercial production; from a basic food crop to an upland cash crop used for animal feeding and industrial processing, while cropping systems gradually changed from predominantly monocropping to intercropping and crop rotations. However, the area under cassava production is decreasing due to the development of highly intensive agriculture on flat land and a policy of reforestation on steep slopes.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Bart, R. S., Taylor, N. J.",2017,"New opportunities and challenges to engineer disease resistance in cassava, a staple food of African small-holder farmers",PLoS Pathogens,13,5,10.1371/journal.ppat.1006287,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1956/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Xu, Q., Hu, F., Qian, Y.",2011,Researches on photosynthetic efficiency of cassava-peanut intercropping impacted by total solar eclipse,Energy Procedia,5,,10.1016/j.egypro.2011.03.027,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19566/,"On July 22nd, 2009, the total solar eclipse spectacle occurred in Yangtze River in central China. By setting cassava-and-peanut intercropping, we used LI-6400 to study the diurnal variation of photosynthetic efficiency impacted by total solar eclipse. The results showed that (1) Diurnal variation of atmospheric temperature (Ta), photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and field CO2 concentration (Ca) reduced sharply, while atmospheric relative humidity (RH) went up. (2) The intercropping showed a higher resistibility than monoculture did. Bes ides, cassava and peanut showed a different resistibility, which also verified the theory of intermediate disturbance hypothesis. (3) When the total solar eclipse was over, the net photosynthetic efficiency (Pn) of both cassava and peanut demonstrated a similar declining trend, and the resilience of monoculture was stronger than that of intercropping. Furthermore, in monoculture, the resilience of cassava was stronger than that of peanut. 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Xu, J., Duan, X., Yang, J., Beeching, J. R., Zhang, P.",2013,Coupled expression of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase and catalase in cassava improves tolerance against cold and drought stresses,Plant Signaling and Behavior,8,6,10.4161/psb.24525,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19572/,"Recently we reported that the joint expression of cassava Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (MeCu/ZnSOD) and catalase (MeCAT1) prolonged the shelf life of cassava storage-roots by the stabilization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis after harvest. Since oxidative damage is a major feature of plants exposed to environmental stresses, transgenic cassava showing increased expression of the cytosolic MeCu/ZnSOD and the peroxisomal MeCAT1 should have improved resistance against other abiotic stresses. After cold treatment, the transgenic cassava maintained higher SOD and CAT activities and lower malendialdehyde content than those of wild type plants (WT). Detached leaves of transgenic cassava also showed slower transpirational water loss than those of WT. When plants were not watered for 30 d, transgenic lines exhibited a significant increase in water retention ability, accumulated 13% more proline and 12% less malendialdehyde than WT's, and showed enhanced activity of SOD and CAT. These results imply that manipulation of the antioxidative mechanism allows the development of staple crops with improved tolerance to abiotic stresses.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Xu, B., Li, H., Du, C., Wang, Y., Li, B.",2016,Screening of lignin-degrading fungi for their ability to decay cassava residue,Functional Materials,23,4,10.15407/fm23.04.478,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19584/,"To screen applicable fungi for their ability to decay cassava residue, nineteen lignin-degrading fungi were isolated by guaiacol and azure B plates. Cassava residue decayed characteristics of the isolates were evaluated systematically by principal component analysis (PCA) of weight and components loss data, and compared with those of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Tram-etes sp. SYBC-L4. Four groups of decayed cassava residue were identifed. Fungus N1 and N3 grouped together and showed high lignin-degrading selectivity. Fungus N5 and N8 grouped with P. chrysosporium and showed high degradation ability. During the four weeks incubation, the lignin-degrading selectivity value of fungus N3 ranged from 1.14 to 1.38 and was the best, the weight loss of fungus N5 and N8 achieved 30.93% and 33.34%, respectively. Fungus N3, N5, and N8 were identifed as Pleurotus sp., Trametes sp. and Coriolopsis sp. based on 18S rDNA gene se-quences, respectively. PCA is an effective method in recognizing cassava residue decayed charac-teristics of fungi and is helpful to screen fungi for their potential application. The three screened out fungi could be used to decay cassava residue for enhancement of its bioconversion effciency. 2016 - STC ""Institute for Single Crystals"".",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Xue, Y. G., Meats, A., Beattie, G. A. C., Spooner-Hart, R., Herron, G. A.",2009,"The influence of sublethal deposits of agricultural mineral oil on the functional and numerical responses of Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to its prey, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)",Experimental and Applied Acarology,48,4,10.1007/s10493-009-9242-6,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19588/,"Occasional pesticide application in integrated pest management to at least part of a crop requires that any biological control agents must re-invade previously sprayed areas in order that resurgent pests can be constrained. The ability of the phytoseiid predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis to feed on adult two-spotted spider mite (TSSM) Tetranychus urticae on excised leaf discs in both control conditions and in a treatment with a sub lethal residue of agricultural mineral oil (AMO) was assessed. The predator exhibited a Type II functional response with the asymptote significantly higher in the AMO conditions due to the fact that the prey grew slower and reached a smaller size in this treatment. In terms of prey volume eaten, the satiation level of the predator was unchanged by the AMO deposits. The numbers of eggs produced by adult P. persimilis females at densities of 4, 8 and 16 TSSM adult females/disc in the control were significantly higher than those in the AMO treatment, but were similar for the higher density levels, 32 and 64 prey per disc. Thus the functional response in terms of volume of prey eaten explained the numerical response in terms of predator eggs produced. The presence of AMO deposits when the prey were at high density had no effect on predator efficiency (volume eaten) but resulted in a lower intake than that in control conditions when there was a greater distance between prey.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Xue, Z., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Li, C. B., Chen, S.",2015,Test and analysis on the mechanical properties of cassava stalks,Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences,25,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19591/,"The mechanical properties of the cassava stalk play an important role in the design of cassava harvesting and cassava stalk recycling machines. Axial and radial compression tests with different loading rates were conducted on 3 groups of cassava stalks with 5 moisture contents in 3 stalk levels at the harvest time. Sliding cutting tests as well as cutting tests with different loading rates and cutting angles were conducted on 5 groups of root samples of cassava stalks having 5 moisture contents at harvest time. The overall failure loads and the strengths of the cassava stalks were analyzed with respect to the different factors under investigation in this study using SAS software. The following results were obtained in the axial compression of the stalks, the average values of the failure load and compressive strength were respectively for different levels 2187.28N and 10.65MPa (the upper), 3867.63N and 11.97MPa (the middle) and 5892.03N and 12.81MPa (the lower); in the radial compression of the stalks, the average values of the failure load and compressivestrength were respectively for different levels 345.40N and 1.24MPa (the upper), 542.90N and 1.19MPa (the middle) as well as 662.97N and 1.09MPa (the lower). For the sliding cutting, the range of the failure load was between 241.22~1150.32 N with an average value of 662.30 N and the range of the strength was between 1.55~7.51MPa with an average value of 4.20MPa. For the cutting, the range of failure load was between 261.84~1235.64 N with an average value of 649.24N and the range of the strength was between 1.12~4.99MPa with an average value of 2.17MPa. The ANOVA results showed that the impacts of the moisture content and the stalk levels on the axial compressive strength were significant (P<0.05). As well, the moisture content and the choice of stalk levels, whether low, medium, or high stalk, had no significant impact on the radial compressive strength (P>0.05). The sliding cutting angle and loading rates respectively had a significant and a highly significant impact on the sliding cutting strength (P<0.05), as well as the moisture content, cutting angle and loading rate were significant to the cutting strength (P<0.05).",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Y., Hozyo, M., Megawati, W., Hadi",1983,Plant production and potential productivity of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19598/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Y., Opoku Asiama, E.O., Owusu, M., Opoku Asiama",1987,Incidence and severity of cassava mealy bug (Pheneacoccus manihoti) on cassava (Manihot esculenta) farms in an infested area in the Central Region of Ghana,Legon Agricultural Research Bulletin,v. 2,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19599/,"The incidence and severity of Phenacoccus manihoti were assessed with respect to topography of an infested area near Cape Coast (Ghana). The mean incidence of the pest across cassava farms on summits, middle slopes and valleys ranged from 28.3% to 52.9% with the mean severity score from 1.28 to 1.51. Both the incidence and severity of the pest were higher in cassava farms planted on high grounds than those in valley areas. Water stress and soil fertility are influencing factors of incidence and severity of the cassava mealy bug, the dry months showing highest peak of incidence and severity.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Bartlett, C.D.S., Ikeorgu, J.E.",1981,A project to identify suitable innovations for small farmers in Nigeria,Agricultural Administration,8,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1961/,"The methods adopted in an evaluation of a Nigerian small farmer improvement scheme are described. Changes in input supply and production are examined as well as the returns to alternative use of scarce inputs. The key data needs are identified and the three acquisition phases of ecological zoning, formal survey and informal post survey are described. This case refers to a cassava growing area and the planting material and methods used, fertiliser and variety recommendations and the lubour peak problems are all surveyed and possible innovations discussed. The information is collated to advise the research and extension services, who sponsored the survey, on future priorities.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Yakout, G.M., Awad, A., El-Feshawy, M.A., Gab-Allah, S.B.",1991,Growth of cassava plants as influenced by NPK fertilization under sandy soil conditions,Zagazig Journal of Agricultural Research,18,5,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19611/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Yakubur, Y., Gbanguba, A. U., Oluwatobi, E. B.",2016,Effects of Cassava/Legumes Inter-cropping before Rice Season and Weeding Methods on Growth and Yields of Rice Split-Plot Design Approach,International Journal of Ecological Economics & Statistics,37,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19612/,"Lowland cereal cropping systems face shortages of nitrogen fertilizers, which are the most important nutrient limiting yields of cereals. Some studies have been carried out on the impact of preceding lowland rice cropping with cassava/legumes intercrop in the dry season on rice yields, in which the experimental treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design fashion. However, given the variety of problems posed by uncontrolled weed growth on crop yields, none of such studies have taken into proper consideration, the impact of weed-control method(s) used during experimentation on rice yield. A field study was undertaken to ascertain the effects of preceding lowland rice with cassava/legumes intercrop during dry season and that of weeding methods, on growth and yields of rice using a split-plot design approach. The experiment was conducted on lowland experimental field of National Cereals Research Institute, Badeggi, in the Southern Guinea savanna zone of Nigeria during the 2013 cropping season. Seven intercropping systems (used as whole-plot treatments), four weeding methods (used as subplot treatments), and ten different rice parameters were used in the experiment, which was replicated three times. The results revealed that, for each parameter, the highest recorded rice yield was from the rice grown after intercropping Cassava with Aeschynomene legume followed by that grown after intercropping Cassava with Cowpea for every adopted weed-control method. For every intercropping system, the highest recorded rice yield was from the plot subjected to the Two-hand weeding at 3 & 6 weeks after transplanting (WAT) followed by Herbicide at 3 WAT plus hand-weeding at 6 WAT for each parameter.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Yamamoto, T. (Kyoto Univ. (Japan)), Nawata, E., Watanabe, K., Sributta, A., Noichana, C., Sakuratani, T.",2004,Simple models of cassava [Manihot utilissima] attainable yield estimation for regional-level productivity analysis in northeast Thailand,,v. 48,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19615/,"In order to estimate cassava productivity in Northeast Thailand, notorious for its low and unstable agricultural production, simple yield models were developed using water use efficiency (WUE) and radiation conversion efficiency (Cs). In the WUE model, daily dry matter production was estimated by the WUE and transpiration, whereas in the Cs model, by absorbed solar radiation, Cs and LAI. Daily transpiration was estimated by LAI and evapotranspiration, which was estimated from air temperature and solar radiation. The effect of water stress was incorporated through the calculation of actual transpiration in the WUE model, and through a water stress index, i.e. the ratio of actual against potential transpiration in the Cs model. Several experiments, conducted in an experimental farm in Khon Kaen University, located in Northeast Thailand, provided parameters necessary for the models. Validations in the experimental farm and a farmers' field indicated that the models developed were able to estimate the growth and yield of cassava to an acceptable level. Although both models were equally successful, the WUE model seems preferable for application in regional level productivity analysis, because of its simplicity.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Yan, Q. X., Li, K. M., Li, Q. X., Huang, D. Y., Zhang, X. Q., Ye, J. Q., Chen, S. B.",2014,Quantitative trait locus analysis for yield traits of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) C3 - Applied Mechanics and Materials,,651-653,,10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.651-653.277,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19622/,"The QTLs associated with cassava yield traits were detected by two-QTL model (unconditional and conditional QTLs) approaches after planting for 90 d, 180 d and 270 d in the present study. A genetic linkage map was constructed with a segregating F<inf>1</inf> population derived from a cross of 2 heterozygous parental plants from the cultivars South China 6 and Mianbao, and analysed with 39 SSR markers. The constructed linkage map of cassava consisted of 12 linkage groups covering a total length of 694.59 cM with a mean distance of 17.81 cM between two markers. The F1 population was evaluated for components of yield including fresh root yield (FRY), harvest index (HI), and starch content in dry root weight (SC) at 90 d, 180 d and 270 d. The identification of QTLs for yield traits at three growth periods explained 56.4% for FRY, 16.3% for HI and 27.3% for SC, suggesting characterization of yield components. The work made a step closer to understand the persistence of quantitative genetic variations of cassava in different development periods. (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Yan, Q. X., Li, K. M., Li, Q. X., Huang, D. Y., Zhang, X. Q., Ye, J. Q., Chen, S. B.",2014,Quantitative Trait Locus Analysis for Yield Traits of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Applied Mechanics and Materials,651-653,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19623/,"The QTLs associated with cassava yield traits were detected by two-QTL model (unconditional and conditional QTLs) approaches after planting for 90 d, 180 d and 270 d in the present study. A genetic linkage map was constructed with a segregating F1 population derived from a cross of 2 heterozygous parental plants from the cultivars South China 6 and Mianbao, and analysed with 39 SSR markers. The constructed linkage map of cassava consisted of 12 linkage groups covering a total length of 694.59 cM with a mean distance of 17.81 cM between two markers. The F1 population was evaluated for components of yield including fresh root yield (FRY), harvest index (HI), and starch content in dry root weight (SC) at 90 d, 180 d and 270 d. The identification of QTLs for yield traits at three growth periods explained 56.4% for FRY, 16.3% for HI and 27.3% for SC, suggesting characterization of yield components. The work made a step closer to understand the persistence of quantitative genetic variations of cassava in different development periods.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Bartolini, P.U., Hirose, S.",1984,"Root crop [sweet potato, cassava, yams, taro, palao, galiang or biga, arrow root and pungapong] survey in Visayas (Leyte and the Camotes Islands, Cebu) [Philippines]; a. Leyte survey",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1963/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Bartolome-Esteban, H., Schenck, N.C.",1994,Spore germination and hyphal growth of arbuscular mycorrhi zal fungi in relation to soil aluminum saturation,Mycologia,v. 86,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1964/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Yang, W., Yang, J., Zhao, J., Liang, Z., Mo, J.",2012,"Research on the optimized uprooted speed model of cassava root C3 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Electronic and Mechanical Engineering and Information Technology, EMEIT 2012",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19645/,"In order to obtain the optimized manual uprooted speed model of cassava root and the mechanical optimized uprooted speed model, the acceleration curves of cassava root uprooting of the experienced farmers are tested and the changing laws of the curves are studied by statistical analysis and nonlinear fitting method. Then, the optimized manual uprooted speed model is selected by the laws and based on it the mechanical optimized uprooted speed model is established. The results show that the optimized manual uprooted speed model is high nonlinearity, but root dithering accompanies the process of uprooting.The speed variation curves can be superimposed by line and sine curve or concave downward parabola and sine curve.The latter is selected as the form of the mechanical optimized uprooted speed model for reducing power consumption and harvest losses. the authors.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Yaninek, J.S., Herren, H.R., Gutierrez, A.P.",1987,The biological basis for the seasonal outbreak of cassava green mites in Africa,Insect Science and Its Application,8,04/05/2006,10.1017/S1742758400023079,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19659/,"In Africa, cassava green mite (CGM) is an exotic tetranychid, recently introduced from the Neotropics. In the absence of effective natural enemies, seasonal changes in the weather, either directly through several climatic factors or indirectly through the host plant, dominate the phenology and limit the growth rates of CGM populations. The intrinsically high rate of increase of CGM results in large populations when enhanced by high temperatures and suitable host plants during periods when evaporation exceeds precipitation. Mite numbers decline as precipitation increases and when suitable host plants are not available. The suitability of a host plant, as measured by CGM's intrinsic rate of increase, varies with drought stress, plant age, leaf age and cultivar. The introduction of effective natural enemies from CGM's area of origin is expected to dampen the seasonal abundance of this mite without changing its general phenology.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Yaninek, J. S., Herren, H. R.",1988,"Introduction and spread of the cassava green mite, Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) (Acari: Tetranychidae), an exotic pest in Africa and the search for appropriate control methods: a review",Bulletin of Entomological Research,78,1,10.1017/S0007485300016023,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19660/,"Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar), a spider mite new to Africa, was discovered on cassava in Uganda in 1971. This exotic mite of Neotropical origin has since spread to 27 countries, causing an estimated 13–80% reduction in cassava yield. The history of its introduction and spread in Africa is reported, and present knowledge on the taxonomy, biology, ecology and pest status of the mite, and the evolution of strategies to control it are reviewed. While attempts have been made to control M. tanajoa, it remains a serious pest in most areas. The prospects for classical biological control as an appropriate control strategy are discussed.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Yaninek, J.S., Gutierrez, A.P., Herren, H.R.",1990,Dynamics of Mononychellus tanajoa (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Africa: Effects on Dry Matter Production and Allocation in Cassava,Environmental Entomology,19,6,10.1093/ee/19.6.1767,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19664/,"Seasonally dense populations of Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar), feeding on the leaves of cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz, significantly reduced the leaf, stem, and storage-root dry matter of mite-infested plants. Stressed plants met metabolic demands by remobilizing the dry matter in stems and storage roots; however, the proportion of dry matter allocated between the stems and storage roots did not change. Damage by M. tanajoa reduced the dry matter in storage roots by 10–30% by the end of the dry season and by 25–45% three months into the subsequent wet season, depending on the age of the plant. Renewed plant growth following the dry season compensated for drought effects, but mite-induced dry matter losses persisted or increased until harvest during the subsequent wet season. A multiple regression model for predicting yield shows that cassava planted early in the wet season and harvested following the period of maximum mite damage at the beginning of the dry and wet seasons, produces more than twice as much dry matter as cassava planted later, but harvested at the same time.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Yaninek, J. S., MGevand, B., Herren, H. R.",1991,"Establishment of the Neotropical Predator Amblyseius idaeus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in Benin, West Africa",Biocontrol Science and Technology,1,4,10.1080/09583159109355211,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19665/,"Populations of the phytoseiid predator Amblyseius(=Neoseiulus) idaeus (Denmark & Muma) from northeastern Brazil, have been successfully introduced into Benin, West Africa, as part of a classical biological control campaign to control the exotic cassava green mite, Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar). Monthly follow-up surveys revealed the presence of A. idaeus in most release sites. Some populations have persisted for at least 18 months, including two cycles of potentially limiting wet and dry season conditions. In some sites, A. idaeus has been the numerically dominant phytoseiid predator on cassava, Manihot esculenta, where it is associated with the tetranychids M. tanajoa and Oligonychus gossypii Zacher. During periods of low M. tanajoa densities, A. idaeus disappeared from cassava, but were found on weeds with O. gossypii until prey densities on cassava increased.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Yaninek, J.S., Megevand, B., Ojo, B., Cudjoe, A.R., Abole, E., Onzo, A., Zannou, I.",1998,"Establishment and Spread of Typhlodromalus manihoti (Acari: Phytoseiidae), an Introduced Phytoseiid Predator of Mononychellus tanajoa (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Africa",Environmental Entomology,27,6,10.1093/ee/27.6.1496,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19669/,"The phytoseiid predator Typhlodromalus manihoti Moraes was introduced into the cassava belt of Africa from South America against the exotic mite pest Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) beginning in 1988. The 1st population to become established was released in 1989. Establishments are now found in Benin, Burundi, Ghana, and Nigeria where they cover an area estimated at 4,300 km 2. T. manihoti dispersed at a rate of 3.3 km/yr, spreading 5 times faster during the dry compared with the wet season and in proportion to the frequency of surrounding cassava fields. Populations of T. manihoti fluctuated with the seasonal abundance of M. tanajoa. Established populations of T. manihoti comprised a quarter of the phytoseiids found on cassava with a higher proportion present during the dry season. T. manihoti was recovered from 12 species of plants including 5 Euphorbiaceae in addition to cassava. Evidence of T. manihoti establishment in only part of the cassava belt suggests the search for other natural enemies of M. tanajoa in Africa should continue.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Yaninek, S.",2007,Biological control of the cassava green mite in Africa: Overcoming challenges to implementation,Biological Control: A Global Perspective,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19670/,"Ten years after the discovery of the cassava green mite in Africa in the 1970s, the pest had a tremendous negative impact on cassava production across the continent. I address key questions and the remedial actions taken by an international team in the following chapter.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Yaseen, M., Bennett, F.D. (Commonwealth Inst. of Biological Control, Curepe (Trinidad, Tobago))",1977,"Distribution, biology, and population dynamics of the green cassava mite in the neotropics [Mononychellus tanajoa]",,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19689/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Bascom, W.",1961,"Manioc in Africa - Jones,Wo",American Anthropologist,63,2,10.1525/aa.1961.63.2.02a00440,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1969/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Yaseen, M., Bennett, F. D.",,"Distribution, biology, and population dynamics of the green cassava mite in the Neotropics",Proceedings of the Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops,1977,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19692/,"Investigations on the biology and ecology of the green cassava mite Mononychellus tanajoa and its natural enemies, as well as those of other cassava mites, to evaluate the latter for trial in Africa have been conducted in the Neotropics since April 1974 by the Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Trinidad. In Trinidad, densities of M. tanajoa are closely related to rainfall; dry periods are conducive to the development of high mite populations. The age and physiological condition of the host plant also greatly influence mite densities. Mite dispersal is influenced by wind. Regular observations on several cassava varieties during 1975 did not indicate any of these to be resistant to mite attack. Predators play a significant role in regulating population densities of the mite. Of the several predators recorded, Oligota minuta, the dominant predator, and Typhlodromalus limonicus and T. wax, two important predaceous mites, merit introduction against M. tanajoa in Africa.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Yengoh, Genesis T., Tchuinte, Augustin, Armah, Frederick Ato, Odoi, Justice O.",2010,Impact of prolonged rainy seasons on food crop production in Cameroon,,v. 15,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19710/,"This study set out to examine why agricultural production in differing agro-ecological zones of the same country responds differently to a common environmental event (an extension of the rainy season). We find that the heavy reliance of farmers in the drier agro-ecological zones on seasonal cycles make them more vulnerable to an extension of the rainy season than those in regions where rainfall is less relied on. Effects in these vulnerable regions include significant damage to crops as well as a shortage in local markets, which raises prices of basic food commodities. The difference between prices in low and high food producing periods is low for crops that can easily be preserved during rains (such as cassava at 58% from an average of 20% in previous years and yams at 82% from 65%). Crops that depend on sunshine for preservation experience greater differences between low and high periods (maize at 92% from an average of 31% in previous years, sorghum at 180% from 53%, and beans at 68% from 42%). In zones with a history of unreliable dry seasons, farmers are more adapted to coping with an extension of the rainy season and possess technology and skills which can be made available to others in vulnerable zones through inter-regional knowledge transfer of knowledge and skills. This study further reinforces the understanding that isolated climate shocks could be important in understanding and managing vulnerability. Also, vulnerability is quite variable even among communities in the same country, in which people practice the same economic activity and are exposed to the same shock.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Yeoh, H.H., Chew, M.Y.",1974,Research in tapioca--a brief review [Cassava],Malaysian agricultural journal,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19712/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Yeoh, H.H. (Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor (Malaysia). Jabatan Biokimia dan Mikrobiologi), Chew, M.Y.",1977,Protein content and [amino] acid composition of cassava seed and tuber,Malaysian Agricultural Journal,v. 51,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19713/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Yeoh, H.H., Chew, M.Y.",1977,Protein content and acid composition of cassava seed and tuber,Malaysian agricultural journal,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19714/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Yeoh, H. H., Oh, H. Y.",1979,Cyanide content of cassava,Malaysian Agricultural Journal,51,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19739/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"BassetoI, M. A., Bueno Jr, C. J., Augusto, F., Pedroso, M. P., Furlan, M. F., Padovani, C. R., FurtadoI, E. L., de SouzaI, N. L.",2012,Solarization in microcosm Effect of plant materials on soil phytopathogen survival and volatile compound production,Summa Phytopathologica,38,2,10.1590/S0100-54052012000200003,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1974/,"In addition to Brassicaceae species associated with soil solarization, new materials from plants such as cassava and castor bean have shown potential to control soil phytopathogens. Thus, the present study aimed to verify the effects of incorporation and decomposition of shoot of broccoli, castor bean, and bitter and sweet cassava, associated with solarization in microcosm sets under controlled environment conditions, on the survival of resistance structures from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Race 2, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 HGI and Sclerotium rolfsii; and to identify volatile compound(s) released by the decomposition of materials, which could be related to phytopathogen inactivation. As to pathogen survival, four identical assays were installed in the microcosms, with four independent exposure periods (7, 14, 21 and 28 days). To identify volatile compounds, assays were performed under the same survival conditions, but using amber glass bottles and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and flame ionization detectors (GC-FID), and adopting the Solid-Phase Microextraction Technique - SPME. The treatments soil+plant materials, over the tested periods, reduced the survival of resistance structures for all fungi. In general, expressive results were found for broccoli and bitter cassava, as well as sweet cassava against S. rolfsii. The identified volatile compounds were from broccoli, castor bean and sweet cassava decomposition. The number of volatile compounds identified for broccoli, castor bean and sweet cassava were 26, 37 and 29, respectively. Positive and negative correlations were detected among some volatile compounds and their mean values and the survival of resistance structures from phytopathogens.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Yeoh, H. H., Chew, M. Y.",1974,Research in tapioca--a brief review,Malaysian Agricultural Journal,49,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19740/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Basseto, M. A., Bueno, C. J., Chagas, H. A., Rosa, D. D., Padovani, C. R., Furtado, E. L.",2011,Effects of soil solarization simulation with plant materials on the mycelial growth of soilborne phytopathogenic fungi,Summa Phytopathologica,37,3,10.1590/S0100-54052011000300006,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1975/,"The incorporation of plant materials associated with soil solarization has been a promising progress to control soilborne phytopathogenic fungi. The aim of this study was to evaluate certain effects of incorporation and decomposition of broccolis, castor bean, wild and sweet cassava, in the soil, under microcosm conditions maintained in BOD (372C), on the mycelium of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 2, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 HGI and Sclerotium rolfsii. Thus, four identical experiments were established with five treatments of four different and independent periods (7, 14, 21 and 28 days). The assessed parameter was the innocuous, fungistatic and fungicide effects of the treatments on the mycelium of fungi. Fungistatic and fungicide effect was verified for the mycelium of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 2, R. solani AG-4 HGI and S. rolfsii. Fungi with fungistatic effect presented lower velocity of mycelial growth compared to the general control, which consisted of incubation of the fungi at a temperature of 252C. Fungicide effect occurred at 21 days of incubation for F. oxysporum and R. solani and at 28 days for S. rolfsii. Only innocuous effect was observed for M. phaseolina. The factor that caused fungistatic and fungicide effect on the mycelium of fungi was the association of the temperature of 372C with the period of the treatments. That association also interfered in the mycelial growth velocity of the fungi that showed fungistatic effect.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Yu, Y., Liu, J., Wang, Y., Xiang, C., Zhou, J.",2017,"The feasibility of solar water pumping system for Cassava irrigation in Guangxi Autonomous Region, China C3 - Energy Procedia",Energy Procedia,142,,10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.070,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19795/,"Cassava is one of the most important cash crop in Guangxi Autonomous Region. The water demanded regulation of cassava is not coincident with the temporal and spatial distribution of precipitation. Irrigation is quite necessary for the growth of Cassava. Solar water pumping system is an effective way for Cassava irrigation. In this paper, the temporal and spatial distribution of Cassava is analyzed first. The potential and distribution of solar energy is also discussed. Considering the main factors including precipitation and slope to analyze the feasibility of solar water pumping system for Cassava irrigation. The results indicate that the Cassava appropriated for solar water pumping cover718 thousand and 500 hectares. The best matching region covers in 623 thousand hectares.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Yuniwati, E. D., Utomo, W. H., Howeler, R. H.",2015,Farmers based technology development for sustainable cassava production system,International Journal of Agricultural Research,10,2,10.3923/ijar.2015.54.64,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19809/,"The decrease in productivity and degradation process in land cropped with cassava occurs very rapidly. A conventional soil conservation approach has been shown do not give satisfactory result. A new approach, which is termed land husbandry, seems to have a more prospective future. Different from soil conservation approach, which is aimed to control erosion rate to level of less than acceptable limit erosion, the aim of land husbandry is to obtain a high yield and income. Secondly, in contrary with soil conservation approach where most of the technology package is developed based on and by researchers, in the land husbandry approach the development of technology is based on farmers idea and willingness and done by the farmers themselves. The methodology used in this study was Farmers Participatory Research. The study shows that the FPR methodology have promising prospect for developing the sustainable cassava production technology. The introduced technology spread up quickly and the adoption sustained for a long periods. After 5 years of the project, 65% of the farmers in the study area had planted UB 477-2 variety and 76% of the cassava farmers had use cattle manure for their cassava crops. Ten years after the project, in addition to UB 477-2 variety, some farmers planted another introduced variety i.e., Malang 6 and Markonah. The number of farmers using manure also increased substantially and some farmers practiced compost technology. At the beginning of the project there was no farmer planted UB 477-2 and only few farmers used cattle manure. 2015 Academic Journals Inc.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Basucmo, J.L.",1982,Artificial hybridization of cassava [in the Philippines],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1981/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Yuniwati, E. D.",2017,Land Husbandry Biochar application to reduce land degradation and erosion on cassava production,IOP Conference Series-Earth and Environmental Science,97,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19811/,"This field experiment was carried out to examine the effect of increasing crop yield on land degradation and erosion in cassava-based cropping systems. The experiment was also aimed at showing that with proper crop management, the planting of cassava does not result in land degradation, and therefore, a sustainable production system can be obtained. The experiment was done in a farmer's fields in Batu, about 15 km south east of Malang, East Java, Indonesia. The soils are Alfisols with a surface slope of about 8%. There were 8 experimental treatments with two replications. The experiment results show that biochar applications reduce of soil erosion rate of the cassava field were not necessarily higher than those of maize in terms of crop yield and crop management. At low-to-medium yield, also observed the nutrient uptake of cassava was lower than that of maize. At high yield, only the K uptake of cassava was higher than that of maize, whereas the N and P uptake was more or less similar. Soil erosion on the cassava field was significantly higher than that on the maize field; however, this only occurred when there was no suitable crop management. Simple crop managements, such as ridging, biochar application, or manure application could significantly reduce soil erosion. The results also revealed that proper management could prevent land degradation and increase crop yield. In turn, the increase in crop yield could decrease soil erosion and plant nutrient depletion.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Z., Muller",1977,"Improving the quality of cassava root and leaf product technology [ruminants, tropics]",,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19827/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Z., Muller",1977,Improving the quality of cassava root and leaf product technology,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19828/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Zadji, L., Baimey, H., Afouda, L., Houssou, F. G., Waeyenberge, L., De Sutter, N., Moens, M., Decraemer, W.",2013,First record on the distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in Southern Benin,Russian Journal of Nematology,21,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19835/,"For the first time, surveys of entomopathogenic nematodes EPN were conducted in five departments in the Guinean zone of Southern Benin. Out of 84 prospected sites and 280 collected soil samples from agricultural and natural vegetation, 26 (31.0%) and 32 (11.4%) were positive for EPN, respectively. Identification of the EPN was based on analyses of sequences of the ITS rDNA region and morphological/morphometric investigations. Two species were found, Heterorhabditis sonorensis and H. indica. This is the first record of H. sonorensis since its description from the Sonora desert in Mexico. Heterorhabditis sonorensis was the most common species, showing a preference for semi-closed habitats such as citrus orchards, other fruit production fields and woodland with soils having sand and organic matter content ranging between 53.6-89.5% and 0.1-4.7%, respectively, and a pH from acidic (4) to neutral (7.1). Entomopathogenic nematodes were not recovered from crop fields (maize, cassava, groundnut and bean) and soil samples with less than 50% sand content. Heterorhabditis indica was associated with citrus orchards and fruit fields on sand to sandy clay soils, with pH slightly acidic (pH = 5.4-6.4), but not with woodland. Discriminant analysis identified five major environmental variables, longitude, organic matter content and texture (silt, sand and clay content) to be the most important abiotic factors determining the occurrence of EPN in soil from Southern Benin. Using these parameters, redundancy analysis revealed that H. sonorensis and H. indica prefer soils with high sand or organic matter content located in the more eastern longitude. No significant difference was observed in EPN species preferences taken individually, in terms of studied ecological parameters.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Zaffaroni, E., Vasconcelos, A.F.M., Lopes, E.B.",1991,Evaluation of intercropping cassava/corn/beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in northeast Brazil,Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science,167,3,10.1111/j.1439-037X.1991.tb00956.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19836/,"Cassava, corn and drybeans were tested under sole cropping and under all possible intercropping combinations in Paraiba State, Northeast Brazil. The crops were planted with and without fertilizer (N, P, K), which generated fourteen cropping systems. Yields of beans were not affected by either intercropping systems or fertilization. Yields of corn and cassava were affected by intercropping systems, fertilizer, and cropping systems fertilizer interaction. LER values were significantly different among cropping systems but were not affected by fertilization. This indicates that the advantage of intercropping was not improved by the addition of nutrients.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Zago, B. W., Barelli, M. A. A., Hoogerheide, E. S. S., Correa, C. L., Delforno, G. I. S., da Silva, C. J.",2017,"Morphological diversity of cassava accessions of the south-central mesoregion of the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil",Genetics and Molecular Research,16,3,10.4238/gmr16039725,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19839/,"Genetic variability of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Brazil is wide, being this the result of natural and cultural selection during pre-and post-domestication of the species in different environments. Given the number of species of the genus found in the region (38 of a total of 98 species), the central region of Brazil was defined as the primary center of cassava diversity. Therefore, genetic diversity characterization of cassava accessions is fundamental, both for farmers and for plant breeders, because it allows the organization of genetic resources and better utilization of available genetic diversity. This research aims to assess genetic divergence of cassava accessions from the south-central region of the State of Mato Grosso, based on multi-categorical morphological traits. For this purpose, 38 qualitative and quantitative morphological descriptors were used. Genetic diversity was expressed by the genetic similarity index, with subsequent clustering of accessions by the modified Tocher's procedure and UPGMA. Of 38 descriptors, only growth habit of stem showed no variability. Tocher and UPGMA methods were efficient and corroborated on group composition. Both methods were able to group accessions of different localities in distinct group consistency.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Zainuddin, I. M., Fathoni, A., Sudarmonowati, E., Beeching, J. R., Gruissem, W., Vanderschuren, H.",2017,Cassava post-harvest physiological deterioration: From triggers to symptoms,Postharvest Biology and Technology,142,,10.1016/j.postharvbio.2017.09.004,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19856/,"The production of cassava, the most important staple root crop in the world, is constrained by the short shelf life of the cassava storage roots that are undergoing post-harvest physiological deterioration (PPD) shortly after harvest. PPD reduces starch quality and renders the roots unpalatable and unmarketable. PPD is a complex process involving enzymatic stress responses to wounding, changes in gene expression and protein synthesis as well as accumulation of secondary metabolites. PPD can be strongly influenced by environmental factors making the identification of genotypes with delayed PPD trait difficult. In the present review, we propose an integrative presentation of PPD phenomenon based on a comprehensive analysis of several key PPD studies. We discuss recent progress in the standardization of methods to assess and score PPD tolerance in cassava roots. Traditional and improved storage techniques to extend cassava shelf-life are presented and prospects of transgenic approaches to delay PPD are discussed.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Batalon, J.T., Joven, J.E.A. (Eds.)",2003,R & D status and directions (2000 and beyond) sweetpotato and cassava,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1986/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Zakhia, Nadine, Wheatley, Christopher C., O'Brien, Gerard M., Dufour, Dominique",1995,Screening of CIAT cassava germplasm diversity the relationship between cyanogenic potential and cassava starch functional properties,"International Scientific Meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology Network, Bogor (Indonesia),22-26 Ago 1994",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19860/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Zakhia, N., Dufour, D., Chuzel, G., Griffon, D.",1996,Review of sour cassava starch production in rural Colombian areas,Tropical science,v. 36,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19862/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Zambrano, A.Y., Fuenmayor, F., Gutierrez, Z., Rodriguez, A., Demey, J.R., Ruiz, L., Moreno, R., Marquez, A., Vicente-Villardon, J.L.",2007,Genetic diversity of Venezuelan cassava collection,Acta Horticulturae,738,,10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.738.96,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19868/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), is an important root crop in most tropical countries. It is a starchy staple crop for millions of people in the tropics and usually cultivated in marginal environments, mostly by small farmers. Recent progress has been made in the application of molecular genetic diversity analysis for cassava breeding and in the development of genomic and bioinformatics tools to increase our knowledge of cassava genome structure and gene function. In this study, we report the genetic diversity of Venezuelan cassava accessions using 19 RAPD, 4 SSR and 19 morphological traits. One hundred and seventy two accessions were studied using genomic DNA isolated from fully expanded young leaves. PCR amplifications of RAPD and SSR were performed. Morphological traits were measured in the field. Genetic relationships among accessions were investigated using cluster and ordination analysis of the dissimilarity data. STATIS methodology was used to calculate an overall consensus from the subspaces that generate the different characterizations.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Zamora, O.B.",1986,Photosynthetic productivity of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in the field,Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science,v. 52,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19873/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Zandjanakou, M., Wydra, K., Fanou, A., Le Gall, P., Rudolph, K.",2001,The role of the grasshopper Zonocerus variegatus as vector of cassava bacterial blight in West Africa,Plant Pathogenic Bacteria,,,10.1007/978-94-010-0003-1_80,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19879/,"Cassava is an important staple crop in tropical Africa. Among the most important biotic constraints for cassava production are epidemics of cassava bacterial blight (CBB), caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. manihotis (Xcm). Recent surveys revealed the prevalence of the disease in Benin and Nigeria, with regionally severe outbreaks (Wydra and Msikita, 1998). Significant yield losses were observed in several ecozones, occasionally exceeding 50% (Wydra and Rudolph, 1999; Wydra et al., 2000). The role of herbivore insects as potential vectors of the disease has never been studied in detail. Therefore, the main objective of the study was to elucidate the role of the variegated grasshopper, Zonocerus variegatus, an important pest of cassava, in the dissemination and transmission of bacterial blight.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Zandstra, H.G.",1979,Cassava intercropping research: agroclimatic and biological interactions,"Intercropping with cassava: Proceedings of an international workshop held at Trivandrum, India, 27 Nov-1 Dec 1978",,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/19881/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Zannou, I. D., Hanna, R., de Moraes, G. J., Kreiter, S., Phiri, G., Jone, A.",2005,Mites of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) habitats in southern,International Journal of Acarology,31,2,10.1080/01647950508683667,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19898/,"This paper presents the first of a series of studies to evaluate the safety of a classical biological control program of the cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) (Acari Tetranychidae) in Mozambique and Malawi involving the introduction of Typhlodromalus aripo DeLeon, a predatory mite of the family Phytoseiidae. The objective of this study was to determine the mite fauna of cassava and other common plant species in or around cassava fields in those countries. Twenty-one phytoseiid species were recorded in Mozambique and 32 in Malawi. On cassava, the dominant phytoseiids were Euseius baetae (Meyer and Rodrigues), Euseius bwende (Pritchard and Baker) and Typhlodromalus saltus (Denmark and Muma) in Mozambique, and Euseius fustis (Pritchard and Baker), Iphiseius degenerans (Berlese) and T. saltus in Malawi. On other plants, the dominant phytoseiids were E. baetae, Amblyseius sundi Pritchard and Baker and Paraphytoseius horrifer (Pritchard and Baker) in Mozambique, and I. degenerans, Euseius magucii (Meyer and Rodrigues) and Euseius orygmus (Ueckermann and Loots) in Malawi. Several of the most common plants associated with cassava were observed to harbor phytoseiid species that also were found on the latter. Those plants may be important as reservoirs of such predators when conditions are not suitable for them to live on cassava. This seemed to be particularly true for 6 phytoseiids in Mozambique (A. sundi, E. magucii, P. horrifer, Typhlodromalus spinosus (Meyer and Rodrigues), Typhlodromips shi (Pritchard and Baker) and Neoseiulus teke (Pritchard and Baker)), and 6 phytoseiids in Malawi (E. orygmus, Phytoseius amba Pritchard and Baker, T shi, Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) kikuyuensis Swirski and Ragusa, Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) malawiensis Zannou, Moraes and Hanna and N. teke), that were found on cassava at the end of the rainy season, but only on otherplants in the dry season. Mononychellus tanajoa was the dominant mite species on cassava in both countries in addition to the phytoseiids; few other species were found on that plant in either country. A larger diversity of mites in addition to phytoseiids was found on other plants, but always at low numbers. Phytoseiid diversity and abundance varied between savannah and forest zones. These variations are likely due to differences in biotic and abiotic factors between the two zones. 2005 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Zeddies, J., Schaab, R. P., Neuenschwander, P., Herren, H. R.",2001,Economics of biological control of cassava mealybug in Africa,Agricultural Economics,24,2,10.1016/S0169-5150(00)00064-5,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19915/,"Pest populations of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihotiMat.‐Ferr. (Homoptera; Pseudococcidae) were reduced successfully by the biological control agent Apoanagyrus (Epidinocarsis) lopezi De Santis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) throughout most of sub‐Saharan Africa. The economics of the project were evaluated based on data from field trials, socio‐economic surveys, published results, and financial information provided by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and the national programmes. Costs and benefits for the biological control of P. manihoti were calculated over 40 years (1974–2013) for 27 African countries, for four different scenarios, taking into account that impact by A. lopeziand speed of the impact differ between ecological zones. A reasonable calculation considering compounded interest resulted in a benefit cost ratio of about 200 when cassava was costed at world market prices, and of about 370–740 when inter‐African prices were considered.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Zehnder, A., Jeje, B., Tanner, M., Freyvogel, T. A.",1987,"Agricultural production in Kikwawila village, southeastern Tanzania",Acta Tropica,44,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19916/,"Food production, land utilisation and agricultural structures were surveyed at Kikwawila village, north of Ifakara (Kilombero District, Morogoro Region) in 1984. This study was part of a more comprehensive, longitudinal programme to investigate the health status of a rural community, aiming in particular at the interrelations between nutrition, parasitic infections, immunity and the environment. Out of 340 households, 100 were interviewed and their subsistence farming activities recorded. The soil was found to be of great variability, being fertile where it was of alluvial origin but of reduced potential where it was non-alluvial. In all, 70 plant species were registered as being cultivated, with rice, maize, cassava and beans providing the main staple food. Apart from a few exceptions, the fields were cultivated without any mechanization. The seasonal distribution of agricultural work is described, but no detailed workload analysis of the villagers with regard to age and sex has been performed. At the foot of the mountains, where artificial irrigation has been introduced, dry season cropping was practised in addition to the prevailing wet season farming, which rendered the cultivation of marketable crops (mainly tomatoes) possible. The farmers were found to be imaginative and capable of adapting to various conditions, irrespective of their tribal origins. Alternatively, the quality of the soil and the unreliable availability of water set limits to the potential of food production in the area. Although land is still available, it is becoming more scarce as the human population increases. The further impoverishment of the land represents an imminent danger. Therefore, top priority ought to be given to soil conservation, followed by intercropping and/or crop rotation, seed production and crop protection against game and pests. Means of implementing such measures are discussed. It is suggested that Community Agricultural Workers be installed, elected by the villagers and trained to establish the link between the existing agricultural extension service and the farmers' communities.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Batsimba, J., Mabanza, J. (Ministry of Scientific Research, Brazzaville (Congo))",1977,"People's Republic of the Congo [country statement, on cassava blight]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/1992/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Zeigler, R.S., Lozano, J.C., Alvarez, E.",1984,summary of recent research on the superelongation disease of cassava,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19922/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Zhang, P., Jaynes, J. M., Potrykus, I., Gruissem, W., Puonti-Kaerlas, J.",2003,Transfer and expression of an artificial storage protein (ASP1) gene in cassava: Towards improving nutritive value of storage roots,Plant Biotechnology 2002 and Beyond,,,10.1007/978-94-017-2679-5_88,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19947/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a staple food of more than 500 million people in the tropics. Its storage roots contain starch up to 85% of their dry weight, but are deficient in protein. People depending heavily on cassava may consequently suffer from qualitative malnutrition, unless they can supplement their diet with protein from other sources. Traditional breeding of cassava is difficult due to irregular flowering and low fertility as well as to low seed set and germination rates of the plants, and attempts to improve the protein content of cassava roots have so far been unsuccessful. Advances in plant genetic engineering now provide an alternative to traditional breeding in improving cassava, such as improved root quality and disease resistance.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Zhang, P., Vanderschuren, H., Stupak, M., Gruissem, W.",2005,Contribution of cassava biotechnology on sustainable development in tropical agriculture,Journal of Biotechnology,118,,10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.06.005,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19952/,"The tropical root crop cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a major source of food for approximately 1 billion people worldwide. In sub-Saharan Africa, more than 200 million people rely on cassava as their major source of dietary energy. In many parts of Africa and Latin America, cassava leaves are a vegetable source for daily uptake. Cassava is grown mostly by poor farmers under marginal environmental conditions and in areas where few other crops can sustain competitive yields. The crop is therefore fundamental for subsistence farming and food security, but it is also very susceptible to stresses common in the areas and conditions where it grows. In many parts of Africa, reliable cassava production is strongly impacted by infections with the African cassava mosaic geminiviruses (CMGs), a rapidly spreading disease that causes large yield losses. In the coastal areas of east Africa, cassava production now is threatened by another devastating disease, cassava brown streak disease (CBSD). Cassava plants are also frequently attacked by many pests, such as cassava hornworm and stemborers. Several reports also indicate that greater leaf longevity, especially under drought conditions, could be important for increasing yields and/or the stability of production in cassava, as well as improve the access to an important nutrient source. Conventional breeding efforts have attempted to address the constraint to cassava production, but with limited success. The new tools of biotechnology can change this situation by offering new approaches to the challenges of cassava. These new technologies have the potential to make cassava much more productive, a better source of nutrients, and profitable to grow, hence, greatly contributing on the sustainable development of tropical agriculture. Recently we have developed biotech cassava with value-add traits, including resistance to cassava mosaic virus, prolonged leaf life and insect resistance. New strategies are also explored to increase protein content of cassava storage roots. We are currently undertaking pilot studies with two teams of leading scientists and experts for projects to test ACMV-resistant transgenic cassava lines in Africa and lines with extended leaf retention at CIAT, Colombia under field conditions. This development of substantially equivalent improved transgenic cassava lines is part of a larger study to analyze the need, effectiveness and biosafety of biotech cassava for agricultural production. The goal of the pilot studies will be the development and coordination of a broader project that produces important and novel scientific results, valuable information on the need and impact of biotechnology at the subsistence farming level, and a sound scientific basis for the development of guidelines for biosafety assessments and release of transgenic organisms into the environment and agricultural production in Africa and Latin American countries.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Zhang, Yu, Ni, Jianhong, Zhang, Sizhu",2011,"Sustainable Energy Crop Production A Case Study for Sugarcane and Cassava Production in Yunnan, China","Contributed Paper prepared for presentation at the 55TH Annual Australian Agricultural and Resources Economics Society National Conference. Melbourne, Australia, February 8-11, 2011.",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/19975/,"The possibility of using biomass as a source of energy in reducing the greenhouse-effect imposed by carbon dioxide emission and relieving energy crisis is a matter of great interest, such as bioethanol production. Nevertheless, the cultivation of dedicated energy crops dose meet with some criticisms (conflict with food security and environmental degradation, for example). Nowadays sugarcane and cassava are regarded as the potential energy crops for bioethanol production. Endowed with natural resources and favorable weather condition, Yunnan province, China, is the major sugarcane and cassava production area in China. This paper presents production structures of these two crops in Yunnan and compares the sustainable production between the usages of sugarcane and cassava as bioethanol feedstock. Firstly, we estimated the technical efficiency for sugarcane and cassava production by adopting the production function and stochastic frontier production function. Field surveys from 61 sugarcane farmers and 50 cassava farmers were collected in June and September, 2008. Secondly, the sustainability of each crop production was evaluated. Since there is no generally accepted definition of sustainable production, a set of criteria was defined including 2 concerns (employment and food supply) from socio-economic area and 3 concerns (conversion rate to ethanol, water requirement, and fertilizer pollution) from environmental area. Empirical results demonstrated that the average production function was located below the frontier production function, 5% for sugarcane production and 7% for cassava production. These findings reflect the existence of technical inefficiency not only in the sugarcane production but also in the cassava production as well. But after considering sustainable production, cassava, which requires low agro-chemical, should be recommended as a prior energy crop in Yunnan with higher rates in ethanol conversion and dry matter.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Wahab, A.H.",1975,"Feasibility of commercial production of cassava on the extensive deep, good draining but relatively infertile organic soils of Guyana",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/20/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Zhang, Tingting, Xie, Xiaomin, Huang, Zhen",2014,Life Cycle Water Footprints of Nonfood Biomass Fuels in China,Environmental Science & Technology,48,7,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/20002/,"This study presented life cycle water footprints (WFs) of biofuels from biomass in China based on the resource distribution, climate conditions, soil conditions and crop growing characteristics. Life cycle WFs including blue, green and gray water were evaluated for the selected fuel pathways. Geographical differences of water requirements were revealed to be different by locations. The results indicated that water irrigation requirements were significantly different from crop to crop, ranging from 2293, 78137, and 17621 m/ha, for sweet sorghum, cassava, and Jatropha curcas L., respectively. Four biofuel pathways were selected on this basis to analyze the life cycle WF cassava based bioethanol in Guangxi, sweet sorghum based bioethanol in Northeast China, Jatropha curcal L. based biodiesel in Yunnan and microalgae based biodiesel in Hainan. The life cycle WFs of bioethanol from cassava and sweet sorghum were 3708, and 17156 m per ton of bioethanol, respectively, whereas for biodiesel produced from Jatropha curcas L. and microalgae, they were 5787, and 31361 m per ton of biodiesel, respectively. The crop growing stage was the main contributor to the whole life cycle of each pathway. Compared to blue and green water, gray water was significant due to the use of fertilizer during the growing of biomass. From the perspective of the WF, cassava based bioethanol in Guangxi and Jatropha based biodiesel in Yunnan were suitable for promotion, whereas the promotion for microalage based biodiesel in Hainan required improvement on technology.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Baumgart, M.",1996,Effects of neem oil on the grasshopper Zonocerus variegatus L in the field,"Neem and Environment, Vols 1 and 2",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2002/,"The variegated grasshopper Zonocerus variegatus (L.) is known as an important pest in the Republic of Benin since 1985. The dry season generation attacks various crops especially cassava (Manioc esculenta, L.), but also corn (Zea mais, L.) and teak (Tectona grandis, L.) are regularly endangered. The negative side effects for the environment to control this pest with chemical insecticides has prompted the studies of a new biocontrol system of Zonocerus variegatus with oil from seeds of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss). The effect of neem oil on migration, feeding activity, mortality and morphogenetic defects on Zonocerus variegatus is described. The results proved to be very effective to reduce grasshopper populations on reasonable levels.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Zhao, P., Liu, P., Shao, J., Li, C., Wang, B., Guo, X., Yan, B., Xia, Y., Peng, M.",2015,Analysis of different strategies adapted by two cassava cultivars in response to drought stress: Ensuring survival or continuing growth,Journal of Experimental Botany,66,5,10.1093/jxb/eru507,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/20047/,"Cassava is one of the most drought-tolerant crops, however, the underlying mechanism for its ability to survive and produce under drought remains obscure. In this study, two cassava cultivars, SC124 and Arg7, were treated by gradually reducing the soil water content. Their responses to the drought stress were examined through their morphological and physiological traits and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based proteomic analysis. SC124 plants adapted a 'survival' mode under mild drought stress as evidenced by early stomatal closure and a reduction in the levels of various photosynthetic proteins and photosynthetic capacity, resulting in early growth quiescence. In contrast, Arg7 plants underwent senescence of older leaves but continued to grow, although at a reduced rate, under mild drought. SC124 plants were more capable of surviving prolonged severe drought than Arg7. The iTRAQ analysis identified over 5000 cassava proteins. Among the drought-responsive proteins identified in the study were an aquaporin, myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthases, and a number of proteins involved in the antioxidant systems and secondary metabolism. Many proteins that might play a role in signalling or gene regulation were also identified as drought-responsive proteins, which included several protein kinases, two 14-3-3 proteins, several RNA-binding proteins and transcription factors, and two histone deacetylases. Our study also supports the notion that linamarin might play a role in nitrogen reallocation in cassava under drought.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Zidenga, T., Moon, H., Siritunga, D., Sayre, R.",2010,Investigating the Mechanism and Control of Post-Harvest Physiological Deterioration in Cassava (Manihot Esculenta),In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Animal,46,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/20101/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Zimmerman, T.W., Williams, K., Joseph, L., Wiltshire, J., Kowalski, J.A.",2007,Rooting and acclimatization of cassava (Manihot esculenta) ex vitro,Acta horticulturae,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/20106/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Zinga, I., Chiroleu, F., Zango, A. V., Ballot, C. S. A., Harimalala, M., Komba, E. K., Yandia, P. S., Semballa, S., Reynaud, B., Lefeuvre, P., Lett, J. M., Dintinger, J.",2016,Evaluation of Cassava Cultivars for Resistance to Cassava Mosaic Disease and Yield Potential in Central African Republic,Journal of Phytopathology,164,11-Dec,10.1111/jph.12511,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/20108/,"Eleven cassava genotypes were tested against cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and compared to a local susceptible cultivar in field conditions from June 2011 to July 2012 in Central African Republic (CAR) at two sites representative of the savanna (Damara) and forest (Pissa) zones of the country. The mean number of whiteflies observed on plants varied among genotypes within each site, but was found nearly three times higher at Damara than at Pissa, resulting in a CMD incidence nearly five times higher at Damara than at Pissa. However, no relation was observed between the number of insect on the plants and the level of susceptibility/resistance of the genotypes. The difference of disease pressure between the two sites revealed high level of resistance in several genotypes, while some other ones indicated rather only a partial resistance. Nevertheless, none of the genotypes tested was found immune, in the end, the virus being detected at least in one site in every genotype, including those ones presenting no symptoms in both sites. The impact of CMD on yield components was assessed on the local susceptible check and three partially resistant genotypes, showing that the disease has no significant effect on the tuberous roots number as well as their weight in both sites. The yield potential varied among different genotypes and between the two sites, the mean number of tuberous roots as well as their mean weight being higher in Damara than in Pissa. This study identified highly resistant genotypes such as Gabon' that performed well in both sites, and 91/02322' that was symptomless and presented a yield potential equivalent to the local check. These genotypes could be distributed to growers with the main advantage to be resistant to CMD and, therefore, reducing the risk to spread sources of inoculum all over the cassava cropping areas in the country.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Zinsou, V., Wydra, K., Agbicodo, E., Ahohuendo, B., Rudolph, K.",2001,Studies on resistance of cassava genotypes to bacterial blight,Plant Pathogenic Bacteria,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/20113/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Zinsou, V., Ahohuendo, B., Verdier, V., Jorge, V., Wydra, K.",2002,"Evaluation of cassava genotypes, including individuals of the genome mapping population, for resistance against bacterial blight",Beitrage Zur Zuchtungsforschung,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/20114/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ziska, L.H., Teramura, A.H., Sullivan, J.H., McCoy, A.",1993,Influence of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on photosynthetic and growth characteristics in fiedl-grown cassava (Manihot esculentum Crantz),,v. 16,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/20119/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Bayitse, R., Tornyie, F., Bjerre, A. B.",2017,"Cassava cultivation, processing and potential uses in Ghana","Handbook on Cassava Production, Potential Uses and Recent Advances",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2012/,"This review highlights the traditional and improved methods of cassava production and processing in Ghana. It also explains the geographical distribution of cassava production and utilisation. Facts and figures from agricultural production in Ghana is used to analyse production trends as well as the contribution of cassava to Agricultural Gross Domestic Production. Most importantly, cassava is a staple food crop and accounts for about 152.9 kg per capita consumption. Making it one of the most processed crop into gari, fufu powder and kokonte to increase its shelf life. Additionally, it can be used as an industrial crop because of its high starch content. These process technologies have contributed to the reduction of post-harvest losses in cassava production in Ghana. The residue generated from cassava processing has a huge potential in biorefinery. The review also brings into focus current research works in cassava residue utilisation, reviewing technologies for converting this valuable feedstock which is a mixture of cassava peels, trimmings and cuttings into sugar platform in a biorefinery for the production of major products such as ethanol, lactic acid and protein.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Zok, S., Nyochembeng, L.M., Tambong, J., Wutoh, J.G.",1993,Rapid seedstock multiplication of improved clones of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) through shoot tip culture in Cameroon,"Proceedings of the first International Scientific Meeting Cassava Biotechnology Network (Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, 25-28 August 1992)",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/20124/,"In order to improve results obtained earlier in plantlet regeneration from shoot tips of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) improved clones (8017, 8034, 8061), the classical formulation of MS basal medium was supplemented with various concentrations of BAP (0.5; 1; 2 mg/l). Sprouting occurred in more than half of the cultures of treatment containing 2mg/l BAP. The sprouts had very short leaf petioles and stems with some having a callus-like tissue growth at the base in contact with the medium. In media supplemented with GA3, only clone 8034 responded positively with significant changes in rates of shoot formation. Rapid clonal propagation of plantlets from subcultured nodes was obtained in MS basal medium containing 0.05 mg/l BAP and 0.01 mg/l NAA.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Zuofa, K., Loganathan, P., Isirimah, N. O.",1988,"Effects of crude oil applications to soil on the growth and yield of maize, okro and cassava in Nigeria",Oil and Chemical Pollution,4,4,10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80001-7,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/20143/,"The effects of different doses (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 litres/m2) of crude oil applications to soil on the growth and yield of maize, okro and cassava as well as on soil properties were investigated in two field experiments with mixed croppings (maize/okro and maize/cassava) in an acidic sandy loam soil at Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Crude oil applications above 2 litres/m2 significantly affected crop germination, plant height and yield of maize and okro but not of cassava. Weed population in all the plots decreased significantly with increase in oil doses. Oil application slightly increased organic matter content, pHand total nitrogen content in the soils. 1988 Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd, England.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"da Costa, C. F. G., Figueiredo, R. O., Oliveira, F. A., Santos, I. P. O.",2013,Runoff in Oxisol under different agroecosystems in the northeast part of Par State,Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental,17,2,10.1590/S1415-43662013000200007,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/20153/,"In the watershed of the Timboteua and Buiuna streams in the State of Par, the effect of land use change and soil management on the runoff rates was evaluated. Eighteen experimental plots (1 m2) were established, three in each one of the six evaluated agroecosystems as follows i) 20 years Secondary vegetation (""Capoeira"") (CP), ii) Agroforestry system / slash-and-burn (SQ), iii) Agroforestry system / chop-and-mulch (ST), iv) Cassava crop / chop-and-mulch (RT), v) Cassava crop / slash-and-burn (RQ), vi) Cattle pasture / slash-and-burn (PQ). Nearby these plots two rain gauges and three rainwater collectors for monitoring of precipitation were also installed. Along 2010 rainy season 234 samples were collected on 26 different dates. A strong correlation was found between precipitation and runoff, being the highest value of 54.53% of total volume of superficial flow for Cattle pasture degraded and lowest of 1.11% for Agroforestry system that was under recovery for 7 years after burning. The runoff decreased in agroecosystems with lower percentage of organic material in relation to systems with higher percentage.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"da Silva Junior, C. A., Boechat, C. L., De Carvalho, L. A.",2012,"Chemical attributes of soil under conversion of rainforest for different systems in the northern region of the state of Para, Brazil",Bioscience Journal,28,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/20159/,"Whereas soil is the basis for farming and forestry sustainable, it is necessary to adopt management practices that maintain and or restore fertility of the soil. The study was conducted in Concórdia do Pará city, in northern of Pará state, in an Oxisol (or Latossolo vermelho distroférrico according to Brasil soil classification). The experimental design was randomized blocks, in a factorial 5 x 2, with five treatments (AP - pasture area, SAF - area under agroforestry, MN - area under native forest, CP - area under scrub and CM - Area cultivated with cassava) and two depths (0 to 0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m), with five replications. The results were evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test (p<0.05) for comparison of means, when significant. The unique chemical characteristics of the soil, considering the forest as a reference have been changed according to the plant and system management strategies used. The organic matter, the main attribute related to soil fertility was directly affected with changes of the original vegetation. The SAF system studied, showed no improvements in soil fertility or even maintained the quality near the ground under the native forest, except for the content of the element phosphorus. Results indicated that the conversion of original vegetation (rainforest) to other systems, cause mainly a decline in soil organic carbon.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"da Silva, K. N., Vieira, E. A., Fialho, J. F., Carvalho, L. J. C. B., Silva, M. S.",2014,Agronomic potential and carotenoid contents within cassava storage roots,Ciencia Rural,44,8,10.1590/0103-8478cr20130606,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/20171/,"The sweet cassava breeding programs are focused on the selection of varieties containing carotenoids within the storage roots. The research was conducted with the objective to evaluate the agronomic potential and the carotenoid contents within the storage roots of cassava accessions with cream, yellow and pinkish color root pulp aiming their potential direct adoption by producers and/or their use as parents for breeding programs. Thirteen cassava accessions were evaluated in an experiment held at Embrapa Cerrados, for two crop seasons, considering the following characters height of the first ramification, height of the plant, mass of plant canopy, root productivity, starch percentage within roots, bacterial blast severity, carotenoid contents in roots, root cooking time in minutes and cyanidric acid contents within roots. The results demonstrated existence of significant differences among the accessions for height of the first ramification, height of the plant, mass of plant canopy, root productivity, starch percentage within roots, bacterial blast severity and carotenoid contents within roots. Moreover, it was observed significant variations among crop seasons and significant interaction between the crop seasons and accessions for all the characters evaluated, except for bacterial blast severity and carotenoid contents within roots. No accession presented agronomic performance that would justify commercial cultivation within the Cerrado region of Central Brazil. There were accessions identified with potential for use as parents in plant breeding aiming the increment of -carotene BGMC 1221, BGMC BGMC 1223 and BGMC 1224 and lycopene BGMC 1222 and BGMC 1229 contents in storage roots.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"de Arago, D. V., de Carvalho, C. J. R., Kato, O. R., de Arajo, C. M., dos Santos, M. T. P., Jnior, M. M.",2012,Evaluation of soil quality indicators under soil reclamation alternatives in northeastern par State,Acta Amazonica,42,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/20180/,"The more commonly used traditional soil fertility indicators emphasize the acid-basic balance and the content of chemical elements, but do not consider adequately the biologic soil properties, largely responsible for soil functioning. The biologic indicators, not yet sufficiently used, take into consideration the microbial activity that is more sensible to soil dynamics. This study was carried out in Marapanim-PA and using a completely randomized plot design, with four replications, to evaluate the behavior of some indicators such as microbial biomass, acid phosphatase, soil organic matter, organic carbon and available phosphorus - in a soil cultivated with cassava and corn, and in which the secondary vegetation was prepared by slash-and-trituration practice. The slash-and-trituration, rock phosphate and green manure factors were arranged in the following treatments secondary vegetation; control; rock phosphate (RP); wonderbean Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC (W); RP + W; RP + pigeonpea Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh (P); RP + tithonia Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A. Gray (T); W + P; W + T. In four season of sampling, soil samples were taken from the 0 - 10 cm layer of each parcel to measure the indicator values. The indicators studied were influenced by the time of soil sampling. The acid phosphatase, microbial biomass nitrogen and microbial biomass carbon soil indicators were capable of detecting the effects of a higher number of soil reclamation treatments, while soil organic matter was the least capable. With the passing of time, the response of the indicators varied according to the factors studied.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"de Carvalho, M. D. D., Gomes, V. B., Souza, A. D., Aud, F. F., Santos-Serejo, J. A., Oliveira, E. J.",2016,Inducing autotetraploids in cassava using oryzalin and colchicine and their in vitro morphophysiological effects,Genetics and Molecular Research,15,2,10.4238/gmr.15028281,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/20192/,"Polyploid induction has been used for plant breeding to produce bigger and more robust plants than diploid types. The present study aimed to develop a methodology for in vitro induction of polyploidy in cassava. Apical and lateral microcuttings from the BRS Formosa variety were treated with six oryzalin concentrations for 24 and 48 h. The same methodology was used for colchicine with different concentrations. After 45 days of cultivation and an additional 45 days of subculture, the viability of the explants was assessed and plant acclimatization was performed. Ploidy was determined using flow cytometry. Oryzalin dose and exposure negatively affected cassava explant growth and development compared to untreated explants. Furthermore, apical and lateral explants responded differently to the treatments, showing a diversity in antimitotic sensitivity and effect that is tissue-type specific. In contrast, the doses of 1.25 to 6.25 mM colchicine resulted in high mortality of cassava explants. Therefore, the type of antimitotic affects the morphophysiological behavior of cassava plants in vitro, although apical explants have higher viability and regenerative capacity compared to lateral explants. In addition, the lateral explants have lower mixoploid rates compared to apical explants. Of the 310 plants generated by oryzalin treatments, 277 were diploid, 31 were mixoploid, and 2 were tetraploid. Exposure to oryzalin led to low rate of tetraploids and colchicine caused phytotoxic reactions and death of the explants. The tetraploids were multiplied in vitro to evaluate their yield in the field as well as their behavior against abiotic and biotic stress.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"de Cerqueira Gomes, J., Howeler, R.H.",1980,Cassava production in low fertility soils,"Cassava cultural practices: proceedings of a workshop held in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 18-21 March 1980",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/20197/,"Although cassava has a reputation for producing acceptable yields in poor soils it produces higher yields with adequate application of fertilizers, especially phosphorus in the Brazilian situation. Research carried out in Brazil has shown that although nitrogen uptake by cassava is high, it does not always result in yield increases. In some cases productivity has been reduced. However, when applied as organic matter very good responses have been obtained. Phosphorus is low in most Brazilian soils and when it has been applied it has been responsible for large root-yield increases. This nutrient is usually applied in its most soluble forms as simple superphosphate and triple superphosphate. The use of phosphate rock in acid soils offers potential for increasing cassava productivity at a lower cost. Potassium applications induce small increments in yield, but are more effective than nitrogen. Generally yield increases due to potassium and nitrogen occur more frequently in the presence of phosphorus. Limestone applications to correct soil pH or to provide a source of calcium and magnesium generally have not produced significant yield increases. Sulfur and zinc applications in the Cerrados have induced positive effects on production, whereas zinc and manganese have shown positive results in the northern states. Starch content has been consistently increased by fertilizer applications, especially potassium.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Beardsley, J.W. (Hawaii Univ., Honolulu (USA). Coll. of Tropical Agriculture)",1977,"Some thoughts on mealybugs and mealybug pest management [cassava, in Zaire]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2022/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"de Oliveira, I. A., Campos, M. C. C., Soares, M. D. R., de Aquino, R. E., Marques Jnior, J., do Nascimento, E. P.",2013,Spatial variability of physical properties in a cambisol under different land uses in the southern Amazon region,Revista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo,37,4,10.1590/S0100-06832013000400027,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/20229/,"Considering the importance of knowledge of the spatial distribution of soil properties, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the spatial variability of physical properties in a Cambisolunder different land uses in the southern Amazon region. The study was conducted on three farms with cassava, sugarcane, and agroforestry, in the region of Humait, in the south of the State of Amazonas. In these areas, 70 x 70 m grids were established, with a regular spacing of 10 x 10 m and a total of 64 points, where soils were sampled at 0.0-0.10 m depth. Texture (sand, silt, and clay), macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity, bulk density, and aggregate stabilitywere determined. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and geostatistics. It was found that the propertiesvaried spatially and that the range of these variations between land uses was different, with the highest variability for the sugarcane management.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"de Oliveira, S. A. S., Boas, S. A. V., Bragana, C. A. D., de Oliveira, E. J.",2016,"First report of phytophthora melonis causing cassava wilt and root rot in Bahia State, Brazil",Summa Phytopathologica,42,1,10.1590/0100-5405/2124,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/20235/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"de Rouw, A.",2001,Weed infestation and soil erosion resulting from the breakdown of the slash and burn cultivation system,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/20241/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"de Vries, S. C., van de Ven, G. W. J., van Ittersum, M. K., Giller, K. E.",2012,"The production-ecological sustainability of cassava, sugarcane and sweet sorghum cultivation for bioethanol in Mozambique",GCB Bioenergy,4,1,10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01103.x,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/20260/,"We present an approach for providing quantitative insight into the production-ecological sustainability of biofuel feedstock production systems. The approach is based on a simple crop-soil model and was used for assessing feedstock from current and improved production systems of cassava for bioethanol. Assessments were performed for a study area in Mozambique, a country considered promising for biomass production. Our focus is on the potential role of smallholders in the production of feedstock for biofuels. We take cassava as the crop for this purpose and compare it with feedstock production on plantations using sugarcane, sweet sorghum and cassava as benchmarks. Production-ecological sustainability was defined by seven indicators related to resource-use efficiency, soil quality, net energy production and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Results indicate that of the assessed systems, sugarcane performed better than cassava, although it requires substantial water for irrigation. Targeted use of nutrient inputs improved sustainability of smallholder cassava. Cassava production systems on more fertile soils were more sustainable than those on less fertile soils; the latter required more external inputs for achieving the same output, affecting most indicators negatively and reducing the feasibility for smallholders. Cassava and sweet sorghum performed similarly. Cassava production requires much more labour per hectare than production of sugarcane or sweet sorghum. Production of bioethanol feedstock on cultivated lands was more sustainable and had potential for carbon sequestration, avoiding GHG emissions from clearing natural vegetation if new land is opened.",Excluded,Duplicate
"de la Torre, S., Yepez, P., Nieto, D., Payaguaje, H.",2013,Preliminary Evaluation of the Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Habitat Use and Genetic Diversity of Pygmy Marmosets in Ecuador,Primates in Fragments Complexity and Resilience,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/20261/,"We evaluated the effects of habitat fragmentation on group size, home range size, and genetic variability of pygmy marmosets Callithrix pygmaea, from May 2008 through February 2010, in three wild groups in the San Pablo population in Ecuadorian Amazonia. Forest remnants in this area are surrounded by pasture and fields of plantain, corn, and manioc, and have been considerably reduced in the past decade. We used scan samples to record data on group size and home range size. We collected fecal samples from the groups to analyze n-DNA. The increase in habitat fragmentation in San Pablo did not appear to affect group size; the mean group size recorded during the study was similar to that obtained in previous years. A ""nomadic"" behavior not previously reported in any of our studied populations or elsewhere for this species was seen in the study groups. This behavior was characterized by the short-term use of small core areas and a continuous movement among them. The results of the genetic analyses suggest that nonrandom mating may be occurring in some groups. Genetic distances between groups appeared to be related to the linear distances between core areas. Overall, our results suggest that population responses to fragmentation are more complex than we initially expected.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Conceicao, A.J. de",1975,Brazil,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/20262/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"de Vries, C.A.",1980,Harvesting of cassava roots,Abstracts on Tropical Agriculture,6,6,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/20264/,"This article reviews research in mechanized harvesting of cassava roots, including mouldboard and disc ploughs, the machines developed by CIAT (Colombia), Richter (Australia), GMD (France), API, Ransomes and Alpha-Record (UK), and Sans (Brazil), and the 1-man and 2-man hand-operated Van der Sar cassava lifter (Netherlands). Economic analyses of mechanical harvesting have shown that the benefits are doubtful. However, the hand-operated Van der Sar lifter was readily accepted by cassava farmers as a highly economic tool.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"de Vries, C.A.",1985,Optimum harvest time of cassava (Manihot esculenta),Abstracts on Tropical Agriculture,10,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/20265/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"de Selincourt, K.",1994,Genetic engineers target: Third World crops,,14,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/20266/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"del Rosario, C.S., Evangelio, F.A. (Visayas State College of Agriculture, Baybay 6521-A, Leyte (Philippines). Philippine Root Crops Research, Training Center)",1996,Influence of edapho-climatic conditions in the incidence and severity of cassava disease,,v. 21,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/20268/,"The influence of edapho-climatic conditions on the incidence and severity of cassava disease was investigated. Results of the preliminary survey conducted in major root growing areas revealed that brown leafspot was the predominant disease attacking cassava plants. Other diseases commonly observed were blight leaf spot, cassava bacterial blight and root rot. The severity and incidence of these diseases were observed to vary from one location to another. Likewise, some diseases were present in one locality but not in another. The three evaluation sites BES, UPLBCA, and ViSCA did not show marked variations as to their edapho-climatic characteristics and hence diseases of cassava such as CBB, brown leaf spot and blight leaf spot were commonly observed in the evaluation sites. These diseases were found only to vary in their severity and incidence with variation in rainfall. The severity of cassava disease was further affected by the age and genotype of the crop",Excluded,Cannot Find
"dela Cruz, R.E.",2002,Biotechnology village - from concepts to applications,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/20272/,"The agricultural sector is a vital contributor to the economy of the Philippines posting an annual average growth rate of 3.52% of GNP and 3.08% of GDP from 1997-2001. Agriculture contributes 19.93% to the GDP in 2001. In 1997, 70% of the population is directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture. The country is not self sufficient in rice, corn, soybean and wheat but sufficient in sugarcane, coconut, eggplant, cassava, sweetpotato, and fruits. The Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997 featured modern biotechnology - the transfer of useful traits from one organism to another to produce a useful product or process - as one of the strategies towards agricultural modernization. Modern biotechnology has led to the production of ""Genetically Modified"" or ""transgenic plants"" that are resistant to herbicides, pest and diseases, environmental stresses and the production of more nutritious food and other products. Most farms in the Philippines are still using conventional biotechnology methods such as biological control, tissue culture, biofertilizers, feed components, enzymes, diagnostics, waste utilization, antibiotics, and vaccines. Productivity of most farms especially those owned by small farmers is generally low because of lack of access to modern technologies, inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides, new seeds, irrigation facilities, farm machineries and financial credit. Biotechnology village is a concept developed in the Philippines by the National Institutes of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology to help transfer biotechnologies to small farmers in rural areas. The concept involves the blending of conventional and modern biotechnologies with traditional farmers' practice with the goal of improving agricultural productivity of rural farms. In this project, the new biotechnologies include conventional technologies such as new seed varieties, hybrid seeds, biofertilizers B10-N, NitroPlus, Azolla, bioorganic fertilizers, MYKOVAM, artificial insemination for carabao, and mushroom production. This paper presents the results of 2 trials where the concept of biotechnology village is translated into applications in Infanta, Quezon, and Cauayan, Isabela [Philippines]. The paper explains the approaches that were followed, the results that were obtained through testimonies of farmers, the lessons learned, national policy implications, and future directions for the project",Excluded,Cannot Find
"delaPena, R. S.",1996,"Root crops in the Pacific region Their dietary, cultural and economic significance",Aciar Proceedings Series,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/20273/,"The major root and tuber crops of the tropics are the edible aroids, cassava, sweet potato and yam. These crops have evolved a special role as the major staple and source of dietary energy in the Pacific Island countries. More recently, importation of other staples such as rice and wheat in some places has made inroads into the root crop economy, diminishing the perceived need for research on improvements in the culture and production of root crops. This paper reviews recent progress on different aspects of the use, cultivation and economics of root crops in the Pacific region. Cultural preferences for different root crops and methods for their preparation and cooking vary considerably across the region. Research suggests that the nutritional value of sweet potato and other root crops can be improved by selection and breeding. Statistics from the Pacific region show that sweet potato ranked first in production and area harvested in 1993, followed by taro, yam and cassava. Overall production of all root crops increased significantly over the past 30 years, although in some countries production of certain crops has suffered setbacks in particular years. Constraints include not only pests and diseases and the availability of land and water, but also market constraints, labour supply, lack of adequate capitalisation and post harvest problems. Considerable potential exists to increase production and use of root crops through the development and adoption of improved production technologies and systems, and improved post-harvest handling and small-scale processing. These advances are necessary to increase the availability to and use of root crops by those who rely on them as a major source of energy and nutrition.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"de la Cruz, A.Q.",1979,The production of four field crops in a Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King and H. Robinson infested field,The production of four field crops in a Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King and H. Robinson infested field. Thesis (M.Sc.),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/20274/,"Two studies were conducted during the dry season of 1978-1979 on an Aborlan sandy loam soil at the Palawan Agricultural Research Center, Palawan National Agricultural College, Aborlan, Palawan. It aimed to: (a) determine the effect of several preplant treatments in a chromolaena-infested field on the growth and yield of cassava, corn, mungbean and sweet potato; (b) identify a suitable preplant treatment operation for a chromolaena-infested field; (c) determine the shift of weed species on a chromolaena-infested field and (d) analyze the economics of production of cassava, corn, mungbean and sweet potato which were affected by the selected preplant treatments in a chromolaena-infested field. Among the four crops grown, the grain yield of corn was significantly affected by the preplant treatments in chromolaena-infested field. C. odorata as mulch in cassava plants produced the tallest plants and had the heaviest dry stubble. The frequency of occurrence of noxious and toxic weed species was reduced in sweet potato. Dihydroflavonol 3-0-monoglycoside group extracted from the roots of C. odorata inhibited the root growth of mungbean. C. odorata leaves had the highest nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The most common and predominating weed species regardless of crops grown were C. odorata, Ageratum conyzoides, Lindernia crustacea, Cyperus iria and Fimbristylis dichotoma. C. odorata and A. conyzoides were persistent in varying number of population. The preplant treatments affected the shift in weed species and weed composition. Merremia tridentata and Peperonia pellucida were eliminated in all crops. Change of weed composition was found by the appearance of many annual broadleaves, grasses and sedges such as L. crustacea, Phyllantus amarus, Ludwigina octovalvis, Scoparia dulcis, Vernonia cinerea, Starchytarpeta jamaicencis, Eleucine indica, Paspalum notatum, and C. iria. Plants grown under complete removal of C. odorata, the use of C. odorata as mulch and the addition of C. odorata in cassava, corn, mungbean and sweet potato had the highest cost of production. A grain yield of corn less than 1.5 t/ha gave a negative return. Cassava and sweet potato gained profitably in chromolaena-infested field. The crops also required the lowest amount of inputs to produce a kilogram of tuber yield.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Bechoff, A., Dhuique-Mayer, C.",2017,Factors influencing micronutrient bioavailability in biofortified crops,Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1390,1,10.1111/nyas.13301,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2028/,"Dietary and human factors have been found to be the major factors influencing the bioavailability of micronutrients, such as provitamin A carotenoid (pVAC), iron, and zinc, in biofortified crops. Dietary factors are related to food matrix structure and composition. Processing can improve pVAC bioavailability by disrupting the food matrix but can also result in carotenoid losses. By degrading antinutrients, such as phytate, processing can also enhance mineral bioavailability. In in vivo interventions, biofortified crops have been shown to be overall efficacious in reducing micronutrient deficiency, with bioconversion factors varying between 2.31 and 10.41 for trans--carotene and amounts of iron and zinc absorbed varying between 0.7 and 1.1 mg/day and 1.1 and 2.1 mg/day, respectively. Micronutrient bioavailability was dependent on the crop type and the presence of fat for pVACs and on antinutrients for minerals. In addition to dietary factors, human factors, such as inflammation and disease, can affect micronutrient status. Understanding the interactions between micronutrients is also essential, for example, the synergic effect of iron and pVACs or the competitive effect of iron and zinc. Future efficacy trials should consider human status and genetic polymorphisms linked to interindividual variations. 2016 New York Academy of Sciences.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"e Moura, L. N. A., Lacerda, M. P. C., Ramos, M. L. G.",2012,Quality of histosol under different on anthropic uses in permanent preservation areas in the distrito federal,Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental,17,1,10.1590/S1415-43662013000100005,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/20289/,"The use and occupation of soil should be planned in a rational way to avoid negative environmental impacts on natural resources, particularly in areas environmentally protected by law. This study aimed to evaluate quality attributes of soil in permanent preservation areas of a Ribeiro do Gama Watershed, Distrito Federal, Brazil, to verify the influence of anthropic use. The physical, chemical and biological attributes of Histosol quality were assessed in five areas of diversified use and soil occupation three areas under cultivation (vegetables, eucalyptus and cassava) and two preserved areas (native pasture and gallery forest). Soil samples were collected in 0-10 and 10-20 cm depth. The data obtained for physical, chemical and biological analysis of the soils were statistically evaluated using the Sisvar 4.6 software. The results obtained showed the influence of different uses and soil occupation in relation to the attributes of soil quality. The adopted management in these areas was considered the main factor of change in the physical, chemical and biological attributes, highlighting the compaction of soils under native vegetation and decrease of organic matter in the soils under cultivated systems.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Beck, B.D.A.",1981,problems of cassava cultivation and the potential for production in Zimbabwe,Zimbabwe science news,v. 15,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2029/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
NA,,Cassava newsletter,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/20295/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
,,Chronic Cassava Toxicity: Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Workshop,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/20296/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"siprom, W., Teanchai, K., Kongsriprapan, S., Kaewkhao, J., Sangwaranatee, N.",2014,Physical and chemical properties of mineral in soils of cassava cropping area A case study in chonburi province C3 - Advanced Materials Research,,979,,10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.979.440,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/20297/,"The chemical and physical properties of topsoil and subsoil which collected from the cassava cropping area in Chonburi Province have been investigated. The characterization of both soil sample were used X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) while FTIR used to confirmed the formation of intermolecular bonding and Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) used for investigated the crystalline. It was found that, the XRD pattern indicated quartz phase. The chemical composition by XRF reported that the soils samples consist of Si, Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mn, Ti, Cr, Zn, Ag and Cu. and TGA results, noticed that the removal of moisture and organics material. (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Beck, B.D.A.",1982,Historical perspectives of cassava breeding in Africa,"Root Crops in Eastern Africa: Proceedings of a workshop held in Kigali, Rwanda, 23-27 November 1980",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2030/,"The early records of the introduction of cassava to East and West Africa are reviewed, and the three major cassava-breeding programs that involved the use of interspecific hybridization to obtain resistance to cassava mosaic disease (CMD) are outlined. My earlier work to produce the interspecies hybrid clone 58308 is described this clone has shown stable resistance to CMD for 22 years under continuous, high-inoculation pressure. Researchers at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture have shown that this resistance is recessive, is polygenic, and is inherited in a largely additive manner. They have also shown that 58308 provides polygenic resistance to cassava bacterial blight (CBB) and that this resistance is also recessive and is inherited additively. The resistances to CMD and CBB are strongly linked, and this link may occur in the chromosome complement derived from Manihot glaziovii parent Clone 58308 has also been the principal parent in the production of lines with low cyanide in the roots. Resistance to both diseases and the presence of low cyanide have been incorporated into a large number of high-yielding populations at IITA, through a half-sib selection procedure with relatively large families. The future development and the distribution of new disease-resistant, low-cyanide cultivars for the smallholder and for large-scale producers as an industrial feedstock from these populations are discussed.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"van der Geest, L. P. S.",2010,IPM Potentials of Microbial Pathogens and Diseases of Mites,Integrated Management of Plant Pests and Diseases,5,,10.1007/978-90-481-8606-8_11,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/20311/,"An overview is given of diseases in mites, caused by infectious microorganisms. Many pathogens play an important role in the regulation of natural populations of mite populations and are for this reason subject of research on the feasibility to develop such pathogens to biological control agents. Several examples are given of successful application of pathogens for the control of mite pests, but also failures are discussed. Most studies concern fungal pathogens of tetranychids and eriophyids; some of these fungi are possible candidates for biological control agent of species of noxious mites. An interesting group of pathogens form the intracellular symbionts bacteria that may cause unusual effects in their hosts, such as parthenogenesis, feminization, male killing and incompatibilities. This group of bacteria is present in many invertebrates species and arc presently widely studied as new molecular techniques have become available that make detection of such symbionts possible. Attention is also given to quality control of beneficial mites that are being used in integrated control programs. Beneficial mites, as e.g. predatory mites, may also be infected by microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, microsporidia), resulting in poor performance of the predator. Prospects for the application of pathogens in IPM systems are discussed.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Schoonhoven A. V., Peña, J. E.",1976,Estimation of yield losses in cassava following attack from thrips,Journal of Economic Entomology,69,4,10.1093/jee/69.4.514,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/20315/,"Yield losses in cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz, from thrips Corynothrips stenopterus Williams and Frankliniella williamsi Hood were estimated by using the difference in yield increase following insecticidal application between thrips resistant and thrips susceptible cultivars. In the absence of a dry season, yield loss from thrips for susceptible cultivars was estimated at 8%. When exposed to a dry season yield losses were 11 and 15.4% for intermediate-resistant and susceptible cultivars, respectively. Losses of susceptible cultivars, with and without insecticidal protection, were estimated at 17.2%, however this may be an overestimate as other insects than thrips may have contributed to this yield loss.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Beeching, J.R., Dodge, A.D., Moore, K.G., Phillips, H.M., Wenham, J.E.",1994,Physiological deterioration in cassava possibilities for control,Tropical Science,v. 34,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2038/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Beed, F., Dubois, T.",2009,The role of International Institute of Tropical Agriculture in biological control of weeds,Biological Control of Tropical Weeds Using Arthropods,,,10.1017/CBO9780511576348.023,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2042/,"International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) IITA is one of Africa's leading research organizations in finding solutions for the devastating social issues of hunger and poverty. IITA was established in 1967 with a mission to enhance food security and improve livelihoods for the people of Africa through research for development. Operating from a number of stations across sub-Saharan Africa, its scientists work towards the development of technologies that reduce risk for producers and consumers, increase local production and wealth generation. It is the largest among several agricultural research centers across the world, supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). IITA recognizes the agricultural sector as a vital element to sub-Saharan Africa's economic development employing nearly two-thirds of its population. IITA also recognizes that agriculture is a complex network of skills and expertise which includes the conception of an idea for a specific agricultural product until it nourishes a satisfied customer. This process may be as different as a farmer knowing when to plant a cassava crop to be able to prepare a nutritious family meal following a bountiful harvest, to the investment in the infrastructure and organization needed for African cocoa to be marketed throughout the world for the benefit of consumers who are willing to pay a premium for luxury products. Agriculture covers a multiplicity of stakeholders and systems, which lead from the soil to supper.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Begum, S., Paul, N. K.",2005,Growth analysis of cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) varieties in relation to time of planting,Bangladesh Journal of Botany,34,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2049/,"A field experiment was carried out during 1999-2000 & 2000-2001 to study the effect of time of planting on the growth of two cassava varieties using functional technique of growth analysis. Total dry matter and leaf area index at most of the growth stages were found highest for 15 May planting (S3) and lowest for 1 July (S6). The highest value of crop growth rate was found for S4 (1 June) and lowest for S6. Net assimilation rate (NAR) and relative leaf growth rate had higher values for S1 (15 April) but at the later stages of growth NAR had higher values for S5 in Local-1 and for S4 in Local-3. Leaf area ratio was higher for S4 in Local-1 and for S6 in Local-3. Simple correlation coefficients indicated that tuber yield was positively correlated with LAI, CGR, RGR, LAR and LWR.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Bekunda, M. A., Woomer, P. L.",1996,"Organic resource management in banana-based cropping systems of the Lake Victoria Basin, Uganda","Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment",59,3,10.1016/0167-8809(96)01057-2,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2055/,"The cultivation of plantain and cooking banana in humid areas of Uganda continues to grow in importance as rural population densities increase and as demand from urban areas intensifies. Difficulties accompany this importance, particularly soil depletion and intensification of pests and diseases of banana. We interviewed 510 farm families practising banana-based cultivation in six districts along the Lake Victoria Basin of southern- central Uganda to determine which resource management strategies are undertaken to mitigate limitations to banana cultivation and the importance of livestock and intercropping within those systems. Of the farmers interviewed, 97% reapply banana stalks and leaves to the banana mats on pruning and upon harvest, a practice that may contribute to banana weevil, stem nematode and sigatoka fungal attacks. Banana stalks were also applied as mulches to cash (4%) and field crops (2%) and used as livestock feed (10%). Farmers applied a wide range of additional resources to bananas including field crop residues (81%), burned residues (3%), on-farm manures (31%), compost (16%), external organic (17%) and chemical (4%) inputs. Of the organic inputs applied to bananas, bean trash (72%), maize stover (68%), cattle manure (45%) and composts (18%) were most frequently applied. It was necessary to consider at least five different organic inputs to account for more than 90% of farmer practices. Overall, intercropping was practised by 69% of the farmers. The six most encountered intercrops were, in decreasing order, beans, maize, cassava, Ficus nataliensis and fruit trees. When organic matter management was separated into five general categories depending on the reliance upon bananas, other crops, manures and composts as organic additions to soils, significant differences in reported average bunch weights were obtained. The farmers applying banana stalks, field crop residues and cattle manures reported the largest bunch weights (20.3 kg per bunch). Farmers relying upon banana stalks alone, banana stalks with field crop residues and either small livestock manure or domestic compost reported the lowest yields (13.1, 14.3 and 12.9 kg per bunch, respectively). We conclude that farmers are developing strategies to resist fertility depletion, in part through better recycling of on-farm resources and intercropping but greater reliance upon external inputs may be required to ameliorate declining banana yields.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Belalcazar, J., Dufour, D., Andersson, M. S., Pizarro, M., Luna, J., Londono, L., Morante, N., Jaramillo, A. M., Pino, L., Lopez-Lavalle, L. A. B., Davrieux, F., Talsma, E. F., Ceballos, H.",2016,High-Throughput Phenotyping and Improvements in Breeding Cassava for Increased Carotenoids in the Roots,Crop Science,56,6,10.2135/cropsci2015.11.0701,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2057/,"Past research developed reliable equations to base selections for high beta-carotene on nearinfrared spectroscopy (NIR) predictions (100 genotypes d(-1)) rather than with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (< 10 samples d(-1)). During recent harvest, CIAT made selections based on NIR predictions for the first time. This innovation produced valuable information that will help other cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) breeding programs. A total of 284 samples were analyzed with NIR and HPLC for total beta-carotene (TBC) and by the oven method for dry matter content (DMC). Results indicated that NIR reliably predicted TBC and DMC. In addition, 232 genotypes grown in preliminary yield trials (PYTs) were harvested at 8.5 and 10.5 mo after planting (one plant per genotype and age) and root quality traits analyzed (by NIR only). Repeatability of results at the two ages was excellent, suggesting reliable results from NIR. In contrast to previous reports, age of the plant did not influence carotenoids content in the roots. The availability of a high-throughput NIR protocol allowed comparing results (for the first time) from seedling and cloned plants from the same genotype. Results showed very little relationship for DMC between seedling and cloned plants (R-2 = 0.09). There was a much better association for TBC (R-2 = 0.48) between seedling and cloned plants. It is postulated that variation in the environmental conditions when seedling and cloned plants (from the same genotype) may be responsible for these weak associations. Important changes in selection strategies have been implemented to overcome problems related to a lengthy harvesting season.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Beleia, A., Yamashita, F., De Moraes, S. R., Da Silveira, C. A., Miranda, L. A.",2004,Textural changes during cooking of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) roots,Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,84,14,10.1002/jsfa.1917,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2060/,"Consumer acceptability of cassava food products depends mostly on the final texture of the cooked tissue. The age of the roots at harvest seems to be an important factor in determining the final texture. Two cassava cultivars harvested at 8, 17 and 30 months after planting were used for texture loss determination by a puncture test after cooking at constant boiling water temperature. Kinetic data were analysed using fractional conversion. The raw tissue showed decreasing or constant peak yield force values as the root aged. There was a gradual first-order softening during cooking, with decreasing rate constant as the root aged.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Belloti, A.C., Reyes, J.A., Varela, A.M.",1984,"Observations on cassava mealybugs in the Americas; their biology, ecology and natural enemies",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2077/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Bellotti, C., Lozano, C., van Schoonhoven, A. (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali (Colombia)), Terry, E.R. (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria)), Booth, R. (Tropical Products Institute, London (UK))",1976,Suggested guidelines relating to the international movement of cassava planting materials,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2078/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Bellotti, A.C., Schoonhoven, A. van",1977,"World distribution, identification, and control of cassava pests","Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, Held at CIAT, Cali, Columbia, 1-7 August 1976",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2079/,"Numerous insect and mite pests have been identified as attacking cassava. These pests represent a wide range of insect fauna; more than 100 species have been recorded. Many of these are minor pests and cause little or no economic losses. However recent research has shown that several pests can cause crop losses and must be classified as major pests. These include mites, thrips, stemborers, whiteflies, hornworms, scale insects, and whitegrubs. Many pests, such as mites, whiteflies, scales, whitegrubs, stemborers, ants, termites, are distributed world wide. Others are local pests or limited to one or two continents. Chemical control of cassava pests is uneconomical in many areas where it is a low value crop. Pesticides are expensive and their continual use is impractical for a long season crop such as cassava. Emphasis should be directed toward the use of resistant varieties, biological control, and improved cultural practices. Strict quarantine practices should be enforced to prevent the spread of cassava pests into areas where they are not present.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Bellotti, A.C., Arias V. B., Guzman, O.L.",1992,Biological control of the cassava hornworm Erinnyis ello (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae),The Florida Entomologist,75,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2083/,"Several Lepidoptera attack cassava; of these the cassava hornworm, Erinnyis ello (L) (Sphingidae), is the only serious lepidopteran pest throughout the cassava-growing regions of the Neotropics. Severe attacks cause complete plant defoliation, losses in bulk root production, and lower root quality. Hornworm attacks may be sporadic, are often cyclic and usually unpredictable. Farmers often react to severe attacks by excessive, ill-timed applications of pesticides that may result in resurgence of this pest. Biological control offers an economically feasible and environmentally sound alternative. Approximately 40 natural enemies have been identified including egg and larval para-sites, egg, larval, and pupal predators, fungi, bacteria and a virus. Because of the migratory behavior of hornworm adults, this abundance of natural enemies does not prevent periodic hornworm outbreaks. A hornworm baculovirus is highly effective in control of E. ello, and is being utilized by cassava farmers in southern Brazil.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Bellotti, A.C., Riis, L.",1994,Cassava cyanogenic potential and resistance to pests and diseases,Acta Horticulturae,375,,10.17660/ActaHortic.1994.375.12,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2085/,"Cyanogenesis, the ability to generate hydrogen cyanide (HCN), is taxonomically widespread in the plant kingdom; over 1000 plant species are reported to produce cyanogenic glucosides in variable concentrations. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), a highly cyanogenic species, originated in the Neotropics, where many farmers and indigenous peoples prefer to cultivate varieties with high rather than low cyanogenic potential. There are several hypotheses that might explain this preference, one of which asserts that HCN released by the plants is a defense mechanism against pathogens, arthropods and mammalian pests. Evidence of HCN as a feeding deterrent to arthropods has been demonstrated in plants such as sorghum, white clover and peach. Two cassava pests appear to be deterred from feeding due to cassava leaf and root cyanogen content. It has been shown that growing cassava is an unacceptable food for the grasshopper, Zonocerus variegatus, because of the relatively large amounts of cyanogens produced in the leaves. Cassava roots contain variable amounts of cyanogens and research has shown that the burrowing bug, Cyrtomenus bergi, prefers feeding on roots with low rather than high cyanogen content. Nymphal mortality was greater on a cassava clone with high cyanogenic potential, while adult insects lived longer and produced more eggs on a clone with low cyanogenic potential. In field trials, considerably more feeding damage was observed on clones with low cyanogenic potential, and in free choice tests, maize was a preferred host. High nymphal mortality was noted particularly during the first two instars.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Bellotti, A.C., Smith, L., Lapointe, S.L.",1999,Recent advances in cassava pest management,Annual review of entomology,v. 44,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2086/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Bellotti, Anthony, Herrera Campo, Beatriz Vanessa, Hyman, Glenn",2012,Cassava Production and Pest Management: Present and Potential Threats in a Changing Environment,Tropical Plant Biology,5,1,10.1007/s12042-011-9091-4,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2088/,"Cassava is attacked by a complex of arthropod pests across the tropical regions of the world where the crop is grown. Root yield losses have been recorded for several pests, including mites, mealybugs, whiteflies, hornworm, lacebugs, thrips and burrower bugs. Agronomic characteristics such as vegetative propagation, a long growth cycle, drought tolerance, staggered planting dates and intercropping contribute to the considerable diversity of pests that feed on the crop. The dynamics of cassava production are evolving as trends in the food, feed and industrial starch sector are leading to an increased demand for high quality starches. The resulting shift to larger scale production units, expansion of cultivated area and modifications in crop management combined with the effects of climate change, especially warmer temperatures and altered rainfall patterns, affect the occurrence and dynamics of arthropod pests in cassava agro ecosystems. Data is presented to describe the effects of temperature and dry seasons on key pest species. Whiteflies, mites and mealybugs register a suitability increase in the same areas in South America Northeastern Brazil, Northern Argentina, South-Central Bolivia, and Southwest Peru. In Africa increases are projected in Southeast Africa and Madagascar. In Asia, regions with greater projected suitability for these pest species are Coastal India and Southeast Asia. Future trends and important criteria that will influence the severity and management of key pests are discussed.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Benesi, I.R.M., Labuschagne, M.T., Dixon, A.G.O., Viljoen, C.D., Mahungu, N.M.",2006,Genetic distance analysis of elite cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genotypes in Malawi using morphological and AFLP marker techniques,South African Journal of Plant and Soil,23,1,10.1080/02571862.2006.10634731,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2106/,"Cassava is the second most important staple food crop in Sub-Saharan Africa and is also an important food and cash crop in Malawi. A prerequisite for any genetic improvement programme is knowledge of the extent of genetic variation present between cultivars and genetic distances between them. This can be achieved through characterisation of germplasm using morphological, biochemical or DNA markers. This study was done to determine the genetic relatedness of commercial Malawi cassava varieties and promising clones using AFLP DNA markers and morphological descriptors, and to compare these methods in characterising cassava genotypes. Trials with 16 cassava genotypes were planted at Chitedze and Makoka in Malawi. Morphological characterisation was done during plant growth and at harvest. This study revealed that the genetic distances for the local cultivars, locally bred clones and introduced genotypes were divergent. This is supported by the distribution of the genotypes in different clusters despite their origin. Genetic distances determined by morphological characterisation correlated to those determined from AFLP fingerprinting. It is however, a prerequisite that morphological characterisation be based on salient traits, and the conversion of the morphologic data into binary characters needs careful consideration to achieve meaningful results.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Benge, M.D.",1977,"Cassava interplanted with ""giant"" ipil-ipil: a means of providing an inexpensive source of fertilizer and reducing erosion",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2111/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Bennett-Lartey, S.O.",1994,The status of cassava genetic resources programmes in some West and Central African countries,"International Network for Cassava Genetic Resources: Report of the First Meeting of the International Network for Cassava Genetic Resources organized by CIAT, IITA and IBPGR and held at CIAT, Cali, Colombia, 18-23 August, 1992",,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2120/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Bergantin, R.V.",2002,Varietal response of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) to water shortage at early vegetative stage,Philippine Journal of Crop Science,27,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2134/,"The performance of 28 cassava varieties under deficient soil moisture condition was studied during their establishment phase. The plants were grown in plastic pots (24.5 cm wide; 26.5 cm high) filled with sandy loam soil and kept under a rain shelter to regulate the moisture content of soil in the pots. The objective of this study was to determine the vegetative traits that may have something to do with drought resistance. Cassava exhibits genotypic variation in terms of its performance under limited water supply in the soil. With reference to the well-watered plants, the results generally showed that leafdrooping, leaf senescence, leaf fall and reduction in plant height, number of fully developed leaves, leaf and total plant dry weights were associated with water deficit; their magnitude being variable depending on the variety and time after the imposition of drought. The predawn and midday leaf water potentials, and midday transpiration rate of droughted plants, irrespective of variety, were suppressed. A highly marked increase in stomatal resistance was generally observed in response to drought. Traits such as high stomatal resistance, high leaf water potentials, high water use efficiency, high biomass, low transpiration rate, and low leaf fall were customarily manifested by the varieties that were observed to perform better under deficient soil moisture than the other varieties. On the other, hand, the opposite of these traits were commonly noted in the varieties that responded poorly to water shortage",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Berlinger, M.J.",1986,Host plant resistance to Bemisia tabaci,"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment",17,01-Feb,10.1016/0167-8809(86)90028-9,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2147/,"Bemisia tabaci has a wide host range, attacking and damaging plants of several botanical families. Adults and larvae feed by sucking from the phloem bundles of the leaves. B. tabaci is attracted by the colour yellow and is believed not to react to odours. The procedure of host acceptance seems to be finalized by piercing and probing the plant with its mouth parts.

In relation to its host plant, B. tabaci is affected mainly by the following features: (i) the external, physical characteristics of the leaf surface, e.g., hairiness vs. glabrousness, sticky glandular trichomes, leaf shape (okra/super okra) and probably the microclimate as a result of foliage density; and (ii) the internal, chemical characteristics of the leaf, e.g., pH of leaf sap.

Sources, mechanisms of resistance, methods and breeding programs for resistance in cassava, cotton and tomato are discussed.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Bernardo, E.N.",1990,Host plant resistance in arthropod pest management on root crops,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2151/,The lecture covers basic principles and operating mechanisms of host plant resistance; some research results generated by thesis students and researchers; and interpretations of the findings and observations as they relate to planning of pest management strategies applicable not only to root crops but to other commodities as well.,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Bernays, E.A., Chapman, R.F., Leather, E.M., McCaffery, A.R., Modder, W.W.D.",1977,relationship of Zonocerus variegatus (L.) (Acridoidea Pygomorphidae) with cassava (Manihot esculenta),,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2154/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Bernays, E. A., Chapman, R. F., Leather, E. M., McCaffery, A. R., Modder, W. W. D.",1977,The relationship of Zonocerus variegatus (L.) (Acridoidea: Pyrgomorphidae) with cassava (Manihot esculenta),Bulletin of Entomological Research,67,3,10.1017/S0007485300011202,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2155/,"Field and laboratory studies at Ibadan, Nigeria, showed that the young nymphs of Zonocerus variegatus (L.) normally reject cassava after biting it and die if they are confined on growing leaves. Later instars will eat cassava, especially when deprived of food for some time, but the adults progressively lose weight when restricted to feeding on growing cassava. On cut cassava, on the other hand, extensive feeding occurs and normal growth is maintained. The change from unpalatability to acceptability occurs within about an hour of cutting and is apparently associated with wilting. Cassava produces latex, but this was not distasteful to Zonocerus. The readiness to feed on growing cassava was associated with low levels of hydrogen cyanide production by the leaves; wilted leaves still produced hydrogen cyanide, but at a lower rate than turgid, growing leaves. In the area around Ibadan, Zonocerus regularly defoliates cassava in the latter part of the dry season, probably because a shortage of attractive foods forces the insect to eat cassava.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Bernays, E. A., Chapman, R. F., Leather, E. M., McCaffery, A. R., Modder, W. W. D.",1977,Relationship of Zonocerus-Variegatus-(L) (Acridoidea-Pyrgomorphidae) with Cassava (Manihot-Esculenta),Bulletin of Entomological Research,67,3,10.1017/S0007485300011202,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2156/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Berni, P., Chitchumroonchokchai, C., Canniatti-Brazaca, S. G., De Moura, F. F., Failla, M. L.",2014,"Impact of Genotype and Cooking Style on the Content, Retention, and Bioacessibility of β‑Carotene in Biofortified Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Conventionally Bred in Brazil",Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,62,28,10.1021/jf5018302,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2158/,"Biofortification is a strategy for decreasing micronutrient deficiencies in vulnerable populations by increasing nutrient density in staple food crops. Roots from five varieties of cassava biofortified with beta-carotene (beta C), three parental accessions, and one variety of commonly consumed white cassava from Brazil were investigated. Roots from biofortified varieties contained up to 23-fold higher beta C than white cassava, and the additional complement of beta C was primarily the all-trans isomer. At least 68% of beta C per gram fresh weight was retained after boiling or boiling and briefly frying. Micellarization of fit during simulated digestion of fried root exceeded that of boiled root. Apical uptake of all-trans-beta C from mixed micelles by Caco-2 cells was affected by an interaction between variety and cooking style. These results suggest that Brazilian cassava biofortified with beta C has the potential to reduce vitamin A deficiency without requiring major changes in local and ethnic styles of home cooking.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Acres, B. D., Rains, A. B., King, R. B., Lawton, R. M., Mitchell, A. J. B., Rackham, L. J.",1985,"African dambos their distribution, characteristics and use","Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, Supplementband",52,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/218/,"Dambos are tropical, seasonally waterlogged, predominantly grass covered, shallow, linear depressions, found mainly within the rainfall belt 600-500 mm, where there is a 4-6 month dry season. They are mostly associated with miombo woodland and its northerly Sudanese woodland equivalent and are formed on granite and metamorphic rocks underlying gently undulating plains. In many parts dambos are being destroyed by stream incision. Dambos are used mainly for cultivation of food and cash crops, grazing and for water supplies. Crops include maize, pumpkins, beans, cassava, sweet potatoes, vegetables, rice and sugar cane, mostly grown in small fields that minimize erosion. Provided water can be controlled, rice seems to have the greatest potential for cultivation. Dambos are grazed during the dry season but carrying capacity is affected by botanical composition, burning, and the length of the growing season. Over-grazing, usually as a result of high population pressure, is probably the main cause of soil erosion in dambos, though concentrated flow from spillways and culverts can be a problem. Water storage and cleanliness in the dry season are a major problem.-from Authors",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Best, R., Henry, G.",1992,Cassava: towards the year 2000,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2192/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Best, Rupert",1996,The CIAT cassava program in the 1990s,"A Benchmark Study on Cassava Production, Processing and Marketing in Vietnam: Proceedings of a Workshop held in Hanoi, Vietnam Oct 29-31, 1992",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2195/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"A.H., Wahab, P.F., Robinson, I., Hassan",1977,Mechanized planting of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) stem cuttings on Guyana's light peats and peaty clays,Turrialba,v. 27,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/22/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Bhagsari, A.S.",1988,Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of selected root crops as related to leaf age,Crop Science,v. 28,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2207/,"Single leaf net photosynthesis (Pn), canopy photosynthesis (CPn) and stomatal conductance of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.), cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and yam (Dioscorea alata) were determined under field conditions in full sunlight (above 1500 micromol m-2s-1) between 1100 and 1500 h EST during 1983 and 1984. Canopy photosynthesis was determined with a portable plexiglass photosynthesis chamber in a closed system under ambient conditions. Single leaf net photosynthesis was determined at 30+/- 2 degrees Centigrade by enclosing attached fully mature leaves in an acrylic plastic chamber in an open system. The mean Pn for sweet potato, cassava, and yam were 1.10 0.70, and 0.30 mg CO2 m-2s-1, respectively. Mean CPn rates, expressed on leaf area basis, for sweet potato, cassava, and yam wee 0.18, 0.38, and 0.17 mg CO2 m-2s-1, respectively. Abaxial stomatal conductances for cassava and sweet potato were almost similar, but both were three to five times higher than for yam. Adaxial stomatal conductance ranged from 0.007 to 0.010 m s-1 for sweet potato and was less than 0.001 m s-1 for both yam and cassava, indicating the lack of stomata or their poor development on the adaxial surface. With increase in leaf age from about 20 to 60 d, both Pn and stomatal conductance declined faster in sweet potato than in cassava and yam. Single leaf photosynthetic rates were higher for sweet potato than cassava. However, CPn comparisons involving complete plant foliage indicated that photosynthetic efficiency of cassava was superior to that of both sweet potato and yam. Cassava also partitioned more photosynthate to storage roots than the other two species. The lesser decline in cassava Pn with aging (and consequently of CPn) than sweet potato partially explains why cassava productivity is similar to sweet potato even when sweet potato Pn is 50.0% more than that of cassava",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Adaku, U. E., Okafor, P. N.",2010,Effect of simple processing on the cyanogenic potential of two new cassava cultivars (TME 419 and TMS 98/0505),"Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry",9,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/221/,"The processing effect on the cyanogenic potential of roots of two new cassava cultivars (TME 419 and TMS 98/0505) obtained from the germplasm bank from Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) Cali, Colombia and grown at National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI) Umudike, Nigeria was studied using spectrophotometric method. These cultivars are planted and distributed to farmers by NRCRI, Umudike but have not been assessed for cyanogenic potential under their new climatic environment before and after processing. The cyanogenic potential of the root pulp in their unprocessed form ranged 40.0 + 0.2 to 60.0 + 0.3mgCN-kg-1, while processing into gari and oven dried chips resulted in cyanogenic potential of 0.29 + 0.01mgCN-kg-1 for TME 419 cultivar and 0.2 + 0.05mgCN-kg- 1 for TMS 98/0505 for gari and 36.06mgCN-kg-1 for TME 419 and 34.16mgCN-kg-1 for TMS 98/0505 respectively for the chips. Therefore, the use of the processing methods used in this study has drastically reduced the cyanogenic potential of the product to safe levels.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Bhatt, B. P., Misra, L. K.",2003,Production potential and cost-benefit analysis of agrihorticulture agroforestry systems in northeast India,Journal of Sustainable Agriculture,22,2,10.1300/J064v22n02_07,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2217/,"In 1989, 15 fallow species were planted on a degraded Alfisol in southwestern Nigeria, but only Pueraria phaseoloides, Senna siamea, Leucaena leucocephala, Acacia leptocarpa and Acacia auriculiformis survived beyond 1993. After clearing different subplots of the fallowed plots in 1993 and 1995, intercropping of cassava + maize was practiced with level (minimum) and mound tillage. Nitrogen fertilizer, between 0 and 60 kg ha(-1), was also applied to subplots of natural regrowth where planted fallows did not survive. Although a maize grain yield of 2.3 t ha(-1) and a cassava root yield of 18.3 t ha(-1) were obtained with level tillage in 1995, grain yield was increased to 2.6 t ha(-1) and cassava yields to about 22 t ha(-1) by mounding and 60 kg N ha(-1) application. Effects of mounding and N application were pronounced in the second and third consecutive years of cropping. Planted tree fallows like S. siamea, A. leptocarpa and L. leucocephala were highly suitable for soil rehabilitation. For sustainable crop production in the second consecutive year of cropping after a 6-year fallow period, mound tillage was recommended while in the third year, mound tillage with 60 kg N ha(-1) was recommended.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Bidiaka, Sylvain",2014,Delivery of vitamin A cassava in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC),Biofortification Progress Brief,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2246/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Bidogeza, J. C., Hoogenboom, G., Berensten, P. B. M., De Graaff, J., Oude Lansink, A. G. J. M.",2012,Application of DSSAT Crop Models to Generate Alternative Production Activities Under Combined Use of Organic-Inorganic Nutrients in Rwanda,Journal of Crop Improvement,26,3,10.1080/15427528.2011.641140,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2247/,"The low agricultural productivity of Rwanda reflects the poor soil fertility status caused by a low organic matter and high soil acidity that characterizes a large part of the country. Experimental trials have shown that a combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizers can increase crop yield. However, there are no guidelines for combined nutrients of different sources and qualities. Crop growth models can assist in the evaluation of the integration of organic and inorganic fertilizers. The Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) presents a collection of such crop models. The objective of this study was to determine alternative production activities through yield prediction of several crops under combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizers on Oxisols and Inceptisols in eastern Rwanda and to determine the best fertility management options. The DSSAT crop models were used to quantify the alternative production activities. The simulation of crop yield showed that predicted crop yield was distinctly higher than the actual yield for the current small-scale farming practices common in the region. The predicted yields for beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), and cassava (Manihot esculenta) were approximately the same for all treatments, whereas the combined application of Tithonia diversifolia and Diammonium phosphate appeared to predict higher yields for maize (Zea mays) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Yield prediction for all crops was higher on the Inceptisols than on the Oxisols because of the better chemical and physical conditions of Inceptisols. This is in line with reality.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Bidzanga, Nomo Lucien, Mba, Charles-Magloire, Njkeng, Jetro Nkengafac, De Barros, Inacio, Enjalric, Franck",2010,Nutrient flows in perennial crop-based farming systems in the humid forests of Cameroon,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2248/,"A study was conducted in some perennial crop-based farms in the humid forests of South West Cameroon, to better understand their soil fertility patterns and management and identify factors that contribute most to nutrient depletion trends in such multi-storey farmholdings. The main perennial crops were the para rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), cocoa (Theobroma cacao) and oil palm (Eleais guineensis) whose ages ranged from immature to very old (senescence). Data were collected over a two-year period (2007 and 2008) and modelled using the farm NUTrient MONitoring (NUTMON) tool. Results showed that the farming systems played key roles in the overall exploitation strategies. Plantain and cassava (annual crops) and cocoa (perennial) were the most associated crops, accounting for more than half of intercropped frequencies. Whereas nutrient flows within and between farm units were confirmed, the net loss in soil N, P and K nutrient balances differed with the main perennial crop - being highest for the oil palm and lowest for the rubber tree. The average nutrient balance of each farm was markedly negative for N but positive for P and K. Partial nutrient balance (ignoring biophysical flows like N-fixation, leaching and erosion) was positive for the three nutrients indicating therefore that the biophysical flows accounted more for N depletion. Nitrogen loss was mainly due to, leaching (~70%), volatilization (~20%), and exported crops and their residues",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Bien, Pham Van, Kim, Hoang, Ngoan, Tran Ngoc, Howeler, Reinhardt H., Wang, Joel J.",2007,New developments in the cassava sector of Vietnam,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2252/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Biradar, R.S., Rajendran, P.G., Hrishi, N.",1978,Genetic variability and correlation studies in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Journal of Root Crops,4,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2278/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Black, C. (University of Georgia, Athens, Ga. (USA). Biochemistry Department)",1989,Photosynthetic production capacity of cassava under stress,Report on the founding workshop for the advanced cassava research network,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2296/,"Research questions on the photosynthetic characteristics of cassava, which incorporates traits of both C3 and C4 photosynthesis, are listed. Examples of how basic cassava research can be used to facilitate applied cassava research are given",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Black, C. R., Randhawa, D., Ong, C. K.",2015,Principles of Resource Capture and Use of Light and Water,"Tree-Crop Interactions Agroforestry in a Changing Climate, 2nd Edition",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2297/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Blade, S. F., Mather, D. E., Singh, B. B., Smith, D. L.",1991,Evaluation of yield stability of cowpea under sole and intercrop management in Nigeria,Euphytica,61,3,10.1007/BF00039658,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2298/,"Nine cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) breeding lines were grown in 13 experiments under sole crop and intercrop management, with and without insecticide application, in Nigeria. Cowpea was intercropped with cassava (Manihot esculenta Cranz), maize (Zea mays L.) and maize-cassava in the forest zone and with sorghum (Sorghum bicolor Moench.) and millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.) in the savanna zone. Line by cropping system interactions were significant in 5 of 13 experiments and line by insecticide treatment interactions were significant in 2 of 13 experiments. Cowpea yield was severely depressed in intercropped plots and in plots to which no insecticide was applied. Among-environment variation in cowpea yield was greater when no insecticide was applied. Within each management treatment, the yield performance and stability of the cowpea lines was examined. Stability was assessed both by examining among-environment coefficients of variation and by regression analysis. Several of the breeding lines evaluated appeared promising under different levels of management and in a diversity of environments.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"A.H., Wahab, I., Hassan",1977,"Nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus fertilisation of cassava in peats and peaty clays in Guyana [Manihot esculenta]",Cassava project report - Guyana Sugar Corporation (Guyana). no. 8.,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/23/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Blain, D.",1987,Neglected crops homegrown foods versus costly imports,Ceres. The FAO Review,v. 20,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2301/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Blair, M.W., Fregene, M.A., Beebe, S.E., Ceballos, H.",2007,Marker-assisted selection in common beans and cassava,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2303/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Boas, S. A. V., de Oliveira, S. A. S., Braganca, C. A. D., Ramos, J. B., de Oliveira, E. J.",2017,Survey of fungi associated with cassava root rot from different producing regions in Brazil,Scientia Agricola,74,1,10.1590/0103-9016-2015-0366,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2327/,"Although root rot is one of the major diseases affecting Brazilian cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.), little is known about the diversity of root rot pathogens. In this study, diseased plants exhibiting root rot symptoms were collected from cassava-producing regions in five Brazilian states Bahia, Sergipe, Paraiba, Maranhao, Tocantins, and Parana. Seventy isolates were obtained and assigned to species complexes based on rDNA's ITS (internal transcribed spacer of the ribosomal DNA) region (ITS1, ITS2 and 5.8S). A total of seven species complexes was found belonging to the genus Fusarium (56/74), followed by Lasiodiplodia (8/74), Neoscytalidium (6/74), and Diaporthe/Phomopsis complex (2/74), Phytophthora, and Corallomycetella (1/74 each). These species were distributed differently according to sample locations and states, but overall, the F. solani species complex (FSSC) was the most prevalent. A number of phylogenetic lineages had not been previously reported as being associated with cassava-root rot disease, such as F. graminearum (FGSC), F. incarnatum-equiseti (FIESC) and F. chlamydosporum (FCSC) complexes, and a phylogenetic lineage most closely related to P. phaseolorum. Results suggest the need to improve knowledge of the species associated with cassava, including multilocus phylogeny for a more specific characterization, and differences in the resistance background associated with these species, as a strategy to incorporate resistance to multiple pathogens in cassava breeding programs.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Adams, H. (Caribbean Agricultural Research, Development Inst., East Coast Demerara (Guyana))",1993,"Project GCP/RLA/108/ITA - ""Improved Seed Production Caricom Countries and Suriname"" Consultancy on Germplasm Derplasm Descriptors Development, Collection and Characterisation",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/233/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Bock, K.R., Guthrie, E.J. (Ministry of Overseas Development, London (UK). Crop Virology Research Project)",1976,Recent advances in research on cassava viruses in East Africa,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2338/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Bock, K.R.",1982,Kenya avoiding cassava mosaic disease [Manihot esculenta],,v. 25,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2344/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Bock, K. R.",1982,Kenya - Avoiding Cassava Mosaic Disease,Span,25,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2345/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Bock, K.R.",1994,Control of African cassava mosaic geminivirus by using virus-free planting material,Tropical Science,34,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2348/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Bock, K.R.",1994,The spread of African cassava mosaic geminivirus in coastal and western Kenya,Tropical Science,34,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2349/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Bock, K. R.",2017,Kenya avoiding cassava mosaic disease,Span,25,1,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2350/,"With sweet potato, Manihot esculenta (manioc) is the chief root crop of the tropics. Having spread from S America, 42% of the world production and 50% of area is in Africa. In Kenya cassava mosaic disease harms 80% of the crop. Man is the chief vector by planting infected material. Although mosaic free material can be obtained. Roguing at an early stage is important. New varieties are being developed. -D.J.Davis",Excluded,Duplicate
"Bock, K. R.",1994,Studies on cassava brown streak virus disease in Kenya,Tropical science,34,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2351/,"Typical symptoms of cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) were observed on the leaves of several varieties of cassava in Kenya, 1 of which also developed necrosis of the tuberous roots. Incidence was low and there was evidence of natural spread at 2 localities in the Coastal Region. Yields were not adversely affected but the tuberous roots developed extensive necrosis and were unmarketable. A virus that was consistently associated with CBSD was readily sap transmissible from cassava to many species of Solanaceae. Nicotiana debneyi was the most sensitive and was used both in an assay and as a diagnostic host. Two variants of the virus occurred together in CBSD-affected cassava. They were isolated separately and subsequently maintained in N. debneyi, in which they induced readily distinguishable and characteristic symptoms. Leaf dip preparations of infected N. debneyi and many other hosts of the 2 variants, and of CBSD-affected cassava, all contained 650 nm filamentous particles similar in morphology to those of the carlaviruses. Virus concn was low in all hosts and this precluded satisfactory purification and characterization. Attempts at transmission using several aphid species and whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) were unsuccessful. Circumstantial evidence suggests that another whitefly (B. afer) may be the vector but this possibility was not tested.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Bodden P, R., Diaz C, F.",1979,Population dynamics of Telenomus sphingis Ashmead in relation to population of Erinnys ello L. in cassava [Manihot esculenta],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2355/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Boer, H. de.",1977,Cassava growing in Zambia,Farming in Zambia,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2359/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Bohlen, E.",1973,Crop Pests in Tanzania and Their Control,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2365/,"The present publication, which was issued by the Federal office for aid to the developing countries, reports on the results of 5 yr activity in Kilombero Agricultural Training and Research Institute. 252 excellent colored illustrations are the most important aspect of this book and enable the identification of agents and pictures of the damage involved. The text classifies the diseases according to the category of cultured plants affected. It presents detailed information on surveillance and control and also deals with the environmental problems of the comprehensive control methods. The practical application of biological and integrated control measures is discussed. Because the main interest in the countries concerned was predominantly focussed on the commercially important export products of coffee, cotton and sisal, the diseases affecting maize, rice, millet, ground nuts, cassava and other crops were neglected, although they are now becoming increasingly important. The securing and improvement of the conditions for the production of these plants are important preconditions for independent improvement of the nutritional state of the indigenous population.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Bokanga, M., Moller, B.L.",1993,Studies on the biosynthesis of cyanogenic glucosides in cassava,"~edingS of the First International Scientific Meeting Cassava.Biotechnology Network Cartagena de Indias, Colombia 25-28 August 1992",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2372/,"The biosynthesis of cyanogenic glucosides in cassava has been investigated in vitro using a microsomal system extracted from young etiolated seedlings of 3 cassava varieties. The rate of conversion of L-valine to acetone cyanohydrin, the immediate precursor of linamarin, was 1.16, 1.15 and 0.17 nmol HCN (ug protein x hr) for TMS 30555, TMS 4(2) 1425 and 82/00058 respectively. The biosynthetic activity did not correlate with the cyanogenic potential of these varieties. Attempts to demonstrate in vitro the biosynthetic activity in young leaves from mature plants were not successful. The biosynthetic activity was demonstrated in 4-day old green sorghum seedlings using tyrosine as the substrate to produce p-hydroxybenzaldehyde cyanohydrin. With older seedlings (8 days), the biosynthetic activity could not be demonstrated. The endosperm pellicle covering the cotyledons of the cassava seedling contains an inhibitor of the biosynthetic activity. The inhibitor precipitates with the microsomal pellet, is heat resistant, is not removed by dialysis and not extracted by diethylether. The cassava inhibitor also inhibits the sorghum enzyme system. Polyclonal antibodies raised against sorghum NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase, the enzyme responsible for supplying electrons in the hydroxylation reactions of the biosynthetic pathway, cross-react with the cassava enzyme on a western blot, indicating that the two enzyme systems may have a high degree of homology. The cassava enzyme has a lower slightly molecular mass compared to the sorghum enzyme",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Bokanga, M.",1994,Distribution of cyanogenic potential in cassava germplasm,Acta Horticulturae,375,,10.17660/ActaHortic.1994.375.9,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2374/,"Cassava is a cyanogenic plant which accumulates linamarin and lotaustralin in its tissues. The ability of damaged tissues to release hydrogen cyanide from linamarin and lotaustralin is at the origin of cassava's cyanogenic potential. The cyanogenic potential of a large number of cassava varieties found in Nigeria, in Cameroon and in the cassava breeding program of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria has been determined. The distribution of the cyanogenic potential character in these varieties has been found to be positively skewed and to follow a lognormal function. This means that in nature there is probably a greater preponderance of low cyanogenic potential cassava varieties. This conclusion is in agreement with findings at the Centro International de Agricultura Tropical which holds the world cassava collection. The variation in cyanogenic potential between roots and leaves of the same plant, between plants of the same varieties and between varieties are also discussed. Implications for sampling and statistical analysis of data on cyanogenic potential from field trials are presented. The correlation between bitterness in cassava and cyanogenic potential was found to be high, but a cause-effect relationships is questionable.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Bokanga, M. (ed.), Essers, A.J.A. (ed.), Poulter, N. (ed.), Rosling, H. (ed.), Tewe, O. (ed.)",1994,International workshop on cassava safety,Acta Horticulturae,375,,10.17660/ActaHortic.1994.375.0,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2376/,"Cassava is an important staple crop. In the tropical world, it ranks fourth In importance after rice, wheat and maize. The presence of varying amounts of cyanogenic glucosides and their breakdown products, cyanohydrins and hydrogen cyanide in cassava food products has been a cause of concern because of their possible effects on health. The issue of the safety of foods derived from cassava is one that commands a high level of public and political awareness, especially in the African context. The relationship between cassava consumption and health, particularly the thyroid function, has been reviewed in two workshops sponsored by the International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada, in 1973 and in 1982. Since then, attention has been given anew to the subject for several reasons. Firstly because of the increased importance of cassava in agricultural and economic development and in food security, particularly in Africa. Secondly because of several reports of outbreaks of a new paralytic disease, konzo, and of acute poisoning, both of which have been attributed to cyanide exposure from insufficiently processed cassava roots. Thirdly because of the need to understand the biological and social role of cyanogenesis in cassava and how recent advance in various scientific disciplines should be used for the expansion of cassava production. Finally because of the need for a better understanding of safety issues when developing and promoting new cassava varieties in communities under economic or ecological stress.
The Working Group on Cassava Safety (WOCAS) was formed under the umbrella of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops (ISTRC), during a meeting of the society's Africa Branch in Kampala, Uganda in 1992. The aims of WOCAS are to provide recommendations for the promotion of safe cassava based on current knowledge, to identify research needs and develop research strategies, to identify people working in this field and facilitate exchange of information and experiences. The first activity of WOCAS was the organization of this workshop, and these proceedings represent the first output.

Considering that reported toxic effects of cassava are relatively rare in relation to its wide use as a staple, we decided that cassava safety was a better working concept than cassava toxicity. Hence the name of the working group and of the workshop.

The workshop aimed to take stock of the present state of knowledge on safety issues related to cyanogenesis in cassava and to disseminate this information more widely among researchers in the field. It was organized around seven main themes: Biology of cyanogenesis; Analytical methods; Agronomic research; Cassava processing and cyanogen removal; Livestock feeds; Human health and nutrition; Socio-economic aspects. These themes are reflected in the chapters of these proceedings. Invited leading researchers in these fields prepared discussion papers for sessions on the theme relevant to their expertise. In each session, the discussion papers were presented to and discussed by all the workshop participants. The session chairperson and speakers were asked to meet in the evenings and to summarize the major findings of their session and to formulate any consensus and recommendations that emerged during the debates. Summary and recommendations from all sessions were debated in a final plenary session. We have tried to capture the essence of the discussions and to incorporate them in the draft recommendations emanating from the seven sessions. The section ""Summary and Recommendations"" reflects these, including any controversial issues as they were presented. It was notable how effectively researchers from different disciplines interacted. We believe that this interaction provided for a comprehensive review of the subject area.

Since the last workshop on health aspects from cassava cyanogenesis in 1982, many advances have been made in the understanding of cyanogen removal during processing, in improving analytical methods; in understanding the causal relationship between cassava cyanogenesis and human diseases, especially the understanding of the factors underlying toxic effects; in elucidating the genetic basis of the synthesis of cyanogenic glucosides; and in understanding the socio-economic mechanisms influencing cassava production.

These advances have established that the control of cyanogenesis in cassava should be approached by both genetic improvement and promotion of effective processing. The latter has been recognized as the most efficient way of controlling cyanogenesis in the short term. The dynamics of cyanogen removal from cassava and the factors controlling this dynamics have been elucidated. It can now be explained why apparently small modifications in length or sequence of steps in processing cassava roots can lead to large differences in the levels of residual cyanogens. These advances were made possible by the development of new methods for the determination of cyanogenic glucosides, cyanohydrins and hydrogen cyanide in cassava products. Advances in the molecular biology of cyanogenesis combined with conventional plant breeding now make it possible to develop powerful approaches to optimize the levels and distribution of cyanogenic glucosides in cassava. A gronomic research has shown that environmental factors can be as important as genetic factors in determining the levels of cyanogenic glucosides in cassava roots. The understanding of causal relationships between cassava cyanogenesis and associated human diseases has improved. Of special importance was the identification of similar underlying causes to the reported outbreaks of paralytic diseases and acute poisoning attributed to cyanogens in cassava. These outbreaks occurred in socio-economically deprived communities that relied on cassava for food security and which, due to food shortage, war or poverty, made short-cuts in their traditional processing methods. New socio-economic findings emphasized the importance of cassava processing, not only for the sake of safety, but also for expanding cassava production by improving shelf life, facilitating transport and introducing consumer-specific taste and texture of cassava products.

Several topics discussed at the workshop could not be settled and require further study. The reason for the use of bitter and toxic cassava varieties in communities where the risk of intoxications is great remain unclear. The levels of cyanogenic glucosides in fresh cassava roots currently used by plant breeders as target for developing cassava genotypes with low cyanogenic potential are not in agreement with the understanding of safety limits for cyanogens in cassava. An approach to be followed to establish safe levels of cyanogenic glucosides is proposed (see Rosling, this volume) but requires to be validated. WOCAS will undertake this task.

It has been hypothesized that long term exposure to sub-clinical amounts of cyanogens from cassava based diets may influence human biological fitness and microevolution (see Jackson, this volume). Evidence to support or reject this hypothesis is currently limited.

The relationship between bitterness of fresh cassava roots and their total cyanogen content needs further clarification. Although the correlation coefficient between the two is high, there is need to establish whether there is a cause-effect relationship.

Although some progress has been made on the understanding of the role of cyanogenic glucosides in resistance to pests, an irrevocable proof has not been obtained. The development of acyanogenic varieties by genetic engineering techniques that enable the silencing of gene(s) coding only for the biosynthesis of cyanogenic glucosides may provide such a proof by demonstrating that a variety that was otherwise resistant to pests becomes sensitive when it no longer does produce cyanogenic glucosides.

The terminology used in the scientific literature when reporting the concentration of various cyanogenic compounds found in cassava is very diverse, often confusing, and sometimes misleading. An agreement could not be reached during the meeting. Afterwards, advice was sought from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Based on IUPAC's suggestions and current state of knowledge, and to foster a better understanding of safety issues in cassava, the following recommendations on terminology are being made. Firstly, it should be recognized that intact and fresh cassava tissues mainly contain the cyanogenic glucosides linamarin and lotaustralin. Processed or damaged tissues may contain varying amounts of cyanogenic glucosides, cyanohydrins and hydrogen cyanide. The recommended analytical procedure (see Essers, this volume) can determine the total amount of all three compounds (Fraction A), the total amount of cyanohydrins and hydrogen cyanide (Fraction B) or the amount of hydrogen cyanide (Fraction C). Fraction A should be referred to as ""total cyanogen content"", fraction B as ""non-glucosidic cyanogen content"" and Fraction C as ""hydrogen cyanide content"". The ""cyanogenic glucoside content"" is obtained by subtracting fraction B from fraction A, while the ""cyanohydrin content"" is obtained by subtracting fraction C from fraction B. The recommended unit to be used is ""mg HCN equivalent kg-1"" and has been used throughout this volume. Authors should indicate whether their data are calculated on fresh or dry matter basis. The potential for a sample to produce HCN, expressed as total amount of HCN equivalent per weight of sample has been called HCN-potential, HCN-releasing potential, cyanide potential, or cyanogenic potential. The latter is preferred. Abbreviations such as HCNp, CNp, or CNP are discouraged.

Our aim has been to publish these proceedings rapidly. This has been possibly due to the goodwill of authors, most of whom were able to rapidly return their proofs. We are grateful to Professor Eric E. Conn for letting us publish his paper although he was not able to participate in the workshop. We gratefully acknowledge the literary editing done by Ms. Sue Scott-Paul on part of the manuscript and the secretarial assistance of Ms. Labake Sadiq.

This volume is, therefore, an update of research on cyanogenesis in cassava and its implications. We intend to address the definition of safe levels of cyanogenic glucosides in fresh and processed cassava products in a subsequent publication. We also plan to develop and publish guidelines and a manual to be used by development agents involved in the promotion of cassava processing. There are also plans to address other safety aspects of cassava, including mycotoxins. We would be interested to receive from our readership comments on this volume and on research and development related to cassava safety.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Bokanga, Mpoko, Essers, A.J. Alexander, Poulter, Nigel H., Rosling, Hans, Tewe, Olumide Odeleye",1995,Special report cassava safety lessons from an interdisciplinary workshop,The Cassava Biotechnology Network Proceedings of the Second International Scientific Meeting Bogor Indonesia 22-26 August 1994,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2378/,"The International Workshop on Cassava Safety was held at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, March 1-4, 1994, to review the state of knowledge on issues of cyanide in cassava. The meeting resolved that the biochemical pathway for the synthesis of cyanogenic glucosides in cassava was fairly well understood, but that the physiological processes controlling their accumulation in various tissues were still unknown. Effective processing has been recognized as the most efficient way of controlling cyanogenesis in the short term. The dynamics of cyanogen removal from cassava and the factors controlling it have been elucidated. These advances were made possible by the development of new analytical methods for determining cyanogenic glucosides and their breakdown products. Advances in the molecular biology of cyanogenesis, combined with conventional plant breeding, now make it possible to develop powerful approaches to optimize the levels and distribution of cyanogenic glucosides in cassava. Agronomic research has shown that environmental factors can be as important as genetic factors in determining the levels of cyanogenic glucosides in cassava roots. The understanding of causal relationships between cassava cyanogenesis and associated human diseases has improved. Of special importance was the identification of similar underlying causes of the reported outbreaks of paralytic diseases and acute poisoning attributed to cyanogens in cassava. These outbreaks occurred in socio-economically deprived communities that relied on cassava for food security and which, as a result of food shortage, war or poverty, made shortcuts in their traditional processing methods. New socioeconomic findings emphasize the importance of cassava processing not only for the sake of safety but also for expanding cassava production by improving shelf life, facilitating transport and introducing consumer specific taste and texture in cassava products.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Bolatete, D.M. Jr, Bergatin, R.V., Belmonte, D.V. Jr, Esquibel, C.B., Pardales, A.D., Pardales, J.R. Jr, Mariscal, A.M., Sebidos, R.F., Banoc, D.M., Subere, J.Q., Yamauchi, A.",2003,Growth responses of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genotypes to increasing drought stress at early vegetative stage,Philippine Journal of Crop Science,28,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2389/,"The growth performance of three cassava genotypes under progressing drought was studied at their early establishment phase. The plants were grown in plastic pots (24.5 cm wide and 26.5 cm high) filled with sandy loam soil and place under a plastic-covered rain shelter to regulate the moisture content of the soil in the pots. All plants were established under well-watered condition (25% soil moisture content (SMC)) for 1 month. Afterwards, half of the total number of plants were subjected to drought condition by witholding water until a desired level of 15% SMC was reached and was maintained regularly. Control plants remained well-watered. Staggered harvesting was done at 10, 20 and 30 days after drought imposition. With reference to the well-watered plants, the length of stem, petiole and leaf, number of leaves, number of second order lateral roots, total root length and total plant biomass were significantly reduced by drought, and their respective reduction increased as drought stress progressed. The value of these traits varied significantly among the genotypes. Likewise, transpiration rate and water use also decreased significantly. In contrast, drought stress significantly increased root to shoot ratio and stomatal resistance. Genotype effect was also noted in root to shoot ratio, transpiration rate and stomatal resistance but not in water use. Psb cv-19 stood out to be the most drought resistant genotype with the highest biomass production under drought. This variety had high total root length which resulted in high water use, and had an ability to sharply close stomates and maintain high leaf water potential at midday, which led to an increased water use efficiency and high production of biomass under drought",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Bomfim, N., Ribeiro, D. G., Nassar, N. M. A.",2011,Anatomic changes due to interspecific grafting in cassava (Manihot esculenta),Genetics and Molecular Research,10,2,10.4238/vol10-2gmr1138,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2396/,"Cassava rootstocks of varieties UnB 201 and UnB 122 grafted with scions of Manihot fortalezensis were prepared for anatomic study. The roots were cut, stained with safranin and alcian blue, and examined microscopically, comparing them with sections taken from ungrafted roots. There was a significant decrease in number of pericyclic fibers, vascular vessels and tyloses in rootstocks. They exhibited significant larger vessels. These changes in anatomic structure are a consequence of genetic effects caused by transference of genetic material from scion to rootstock. The same ungrafted species was compared. This is the first report on anatomic changes due to grafting in cassava.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"A.H., Wahab, I., Hassan",1977,Performance of Guyana's agriculturally marginal peats and peaty clays to twenty cultivars of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Cassava project report no. 7,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/24/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Bonato, O., Mapangou-Divassa, S., Gutierrez, J.",1995,Influence of relative humidity on life-history parameters of Mononychellus progresivus and Oligonychus gossypii (Acari Tetranychidae),Environmental Entomology,24,4,10.1093/ee/24.4.841,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2403/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Bonilla-Bedoya, S., Lugo-Salinas, L., Mora-Garces, A., Villarreal, A., Arends, E., Herrera, M.",2013,Piaroa shifting cultivation temporal variability of soil characteristics and spatial distribution of crops in the Venezuelan Orinoco,Agroforestry Systems,87,5,10.1007/s10457-013-9629-6,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2415/,"The Piaroa is an indigenous community located in the Venezuelan and Columbian Orinoquia. This community has made shifting agriculture part of their agricultural production system. This activity has allowed them to maintain food sovereignty and has guaranteed their territorial sustainability. The globalization processes and demographic growth however, have caused indigenous communities in the Venezuelan Orinoquia, including the Piaroa, to experience significant changes over the last four decades. These changes are characterized by the application of external development models and the consequent productive dependency. These factors threaten the continuity of the existing system. Our current understanding and administration of Piaroan agroforestry is composed of information designed to provide technical tools for generating sustainable management strategies for the tropical forests. Several anthropological and ecological studies have described the Piaroa shifting agricultural system for the purpose of providing aid. These studies also propose possible microsites selected by Piaroa farmers; however, the selection has not yet been investigated concretely. This information gives important contributing guidelines for agroforestry management and the selection of species in the Amazon, while taking into consideration shifting agriculture understanding. For this reason the temporary variability of the soil characteristics and their relationship with the spatial distribution of the crops is important. In the Cuao River watershed, located in the Venezuelan Amazon, ten systems of Piaroa shifting agriculture were randomly selected from different developmental stages. Established within these systems were a total of ten circular areas, each with a four-meter radius. In each of these areas the following was performed (i) soil sample from the horizontal Ap (15 cm depth), (ii) vegetation inventory and (iii) an estimated area of the soil covered by biodegrading woody biomass, leaf litter cover and total vegetation cover. The temporary variability was determined by applying statistical methods to the information taken from the sites, according to the soil characteristics and properties. In the same way, a linear regression model was applied to explain the distribution of the cultivated species based on the soil's properties and characteristics. The results indicate significant changes in Ca2+ and K+ throughout the sequence. Variations in the CO, N and P totals were also observed, however these attributes did not show significant differences. During the first part of the sequence (0-4 years), the applied models explained the cultivated species distribution, Manihot esculenta, Zea mays, Ananas comosus and Pouteria caimito, with R-2 > 0.5 and in a later stage (4-6 years) the model explained the distribution of fruit trees such as Theobroma grandiflorum and Pourouma cecropiifolia. Finally, in the most recent studies the model fails to explain the distribution of the species with noted exceptions such as Euterpe oleracea.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Bonneau, X., Sugarianto, J.",1999,Intercropping with young hybrid coconut palms in climatically marginal areas,"Plantations, Recherche, Developpement",6,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2420/,"A trial of intercropping with young coconut palms was carried out in Central Lampung (Indonesia). The site was characterized by limited soil water reserves and a highly irregular climate, with recurrent long dry seasons and water stress. Despite this significant limiting factor, the trial showed that intercropping systematically had a positive effect on coconut palm growth and yields, irrespective of the intercrop succession chose, with after-effects lasting for several years after the end of the intercrop cycle. Provided proper care was taken with the intercrops - applying mineral fertilizers and returning harvest residues to the soil - the soil was enriched and the coconut palms benefitted in both the short and long term. Relatively dense occupation of the interrow between the young coconut palms did not have any adverse effects on coconut palm resistance to water stress during dry periods either. Of the crops tested, cassava and banana seemed to be the most suitable for the conditions in the region. In this trial, under marginal climatic conditions, coconut proved well suited to intercropping.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Boonsue, Banjerd, Sinthuprama, Sophon",1976,Cassava: a potential cash crop for Thailand,Thai Journal of Agricultural Science,9,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2441/,"The following aspects of cassava are discussed: its history in Thailand, sources of introduced germplasm, av yields of var. at the Huai Pong Field Crops Station, production data from 1960-73, national yield and reasons for low yields (use of unimproved var., low soil fertility and no fertilization, poor cultural practices, government restrictions of expanding acreage planted to cassava).",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Booth, R.H.",1975,Cassava storage post-harvest deterioration and storage of fresh cassava roots,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2446/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Booth, R.H., Buckle, T.S. de, Cardenas, O.S., Gomez, G., Hervas, E.",1976,Changes in quality of cassava roots during storage,International Journal of Food Science and Technology,11,3,10.1111/j.1365-2621.1976.tb00721.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2447/,"Changes that occurred during the storage of fresh cassava roots and their effect upon acceptability of the roots both for human consumption as a fresh vegetable and for animal feed purposes are reported. During storage there was a rapid accumulation of total sugars accompanied by a small decline in starch content. In those roots showing internal discolouration and deterioration the percentage of sucrose declined very dramatically. Although roots softened during storage they required a longer cooking time for human consumption. In most cases roots remained of acceptable eating quality over an eight‐week period although none of the stored roots were as good as freshly harvested roots. All stored roots had a sweet flavour and frequently an uneven texture not present in fresh roots. Cassava intake by pigs was lower for stored than for freshly harvested roots: this reduction was more marked for sweet than for bitter varieties which suggests that hydrocyanic acid content is not the only factor limiting consumption, texture and organoleptic changes may also be important. Despite all the changes that occurred during storage the feeding quality of cassava meal in rat feeding trials was not noticeably affected, thus for practical purposes the preparation of cassava meal for diets for domestic animals, notably chicken and pigs, might eliminate the limitations observed in texture and eating quality of stored roots.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Booth, R.H., Lozano, J.C.",1978,Cassava bacterial blight in South East Asia,Plant Disease Reporter,62,6,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2451/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Booth, R. H., Lozano, J. C.",1978,Cassava Bacterial Blight in South East Asia,Plant Disease Reporter,62,6,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2452/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Borges, L. F., Ferreira, A. D., Da Silva, D., Williams, R., Andersen, R., Dalley, A., Monaghan, B., Nesbitt, H., Erskine, W.",2009,Improving food security through agricultural research and development in Timor-Leste a country emerging from conflict,Food Security,1,4,10.1007/s12571-009-0037-8,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2464/,"Timor-Leste is a small, poor and predominantly-agricultural nation of less than 1 million people. Most families suffer from chronic food insecurity practising food rationing 1-6 months of the year. The small size of Timor-Leste, its recent birth as a nation and conflict history, together with little previous research on staple crops make it a unique crucible to test the effect of a major post-conflict initiative of agriculture research on national food security. Research started in 2000 with the introduction of germplasm of staple crops (maize, peanut, rice, cassava and sweet potato). Replicated trials confirmed by extensive evaluation in farmer-managed trials revealed significant yield advantages over the local cultivar in maize of 53%, in peanut of 31%, in rice of 23% and in sweet potato of 80%, accompanied by improvements in size and eating quality. Cultivars of maize (2), peanut (1), rice (1) and sweet potato (3) were released in 2007. One year later an early adoption study of 544 farmers involved in on-farm trials showed that 73% had re-grown new cultivars. Cultivar adoption not only increased household food security but often produced surpluses for sale in the market-sometimes for the first time. The project is planning to increase seed production and dissemination to move from a highly positive pilot-scale impact in six Districts to impact food security nationally.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Borin, K., Lindberg, J.E., Ogle, R.B.",2005,Effect of variety and preservation method of cassava leaves on diet digestibility by indigenous and improved pigs,,v. 80  pt. 3,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2470/,"Digestibility and nitrogen (N) balance studies were carried out on the leaves of short-term (ST) and long-term (LT) varieties of cassava, preserved by sun-drying and grinding into a meal or by ensiling. The cassava leaf meal and ensiled leaves (471 and 373 g/kg total diet dry matter, respectively) were mixed with palm syrup and palm oil, to give the experimental diets CLM and CLS, respectively. Four Mong Cai (MC) (17.2 (s.e. 2.61) kg) and four Landrace x Yorkshire (LxY) (41.5 (s.e. 2.12) kg) male castrate pigs were used. The experiment was designed as a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial, with breed, cassava variety and processing method as factors. The hydrogen cyanide (HCN) levels of the fresh cassava leaves of ST (545 mg/kg dry matter (DM)) and LT (408 mg/kg DM) varieties were reduced by proportionately 0.63 and 0.33, respectively, after sun-drying and by 0.78 and 0.77, respectively, after ensiling. Intake was higher for DM, crude protein (CP) and organic matter (OM) (P<0.001) and neutral- and acid-detergent fibre (NDF and ADF) and crude fibre (CF) (P<0.01) in CLM than in CLS. There was a breed by processing method interaction for CF intake (P<0.05). The coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) was higher in CLS than in CLM for DM, CP, OM and CF (P<0.001) and NDF and ADF (P<0.01). The MC pigs digested ADF (P<0.01) and CF (P<0.001) more effectively than LxY pigs but there was no difference (P>0.05) in the digestibility of other nutrients or DM. There was a breed by cassava variety interaction for ADF digestibility and breed by processing method for CF digestibility (P<0.01). Daily N intake and faecal N were higher (P<0.001) in CLM than in CLS. Urinary N was lower in CLS than in CLM (P<0.05) and in LxY than in MC pigs (P<0.001). N utilization (N retained per unit intake) was higher for CLS than CLM (P<0.001) and in LxY than in MC pigs (P<0.001). It is concluded that ensiling is a more effective method than sun-drying for reducing HCN in cassava leaves after 60 days re-growth, and also results in higher digestibility of DM and dietary components than sun-drying. However, the bulkiness of the silage limits intake. The MC pigs digested dietary fibre more efficiently than the LxY pigs, whereas the LxY pigs utilized N more efficiently than the MC pigs.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Borowka, R. (Staatliche Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt fuer Wein- und Obstbau, Weinsberg (Germany)), Hummel, H.E., Neuenschwander, P.",1996,"Impact of various biological control agents directed against the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae) under conditions favouring high pest infestations in Malawi",,v. 61,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2477/,"Biological control of the cassava mealybug showed efficacy in Malawi, East Africa, under conditions of sandy soils without and with little mulch cover favouring high pest infestations. The predominant beneficial is the well-established exotic wasp Apoanagyrus (Epidinocarsis) lopezi De Santis (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae). Other observed beneficials of secondary importance were indigenous coccinellids like Exochomus troberti Gerstaecker and Hyperaspis aestimabilis Mader. Another introduced exotic beneficial, Diomus hennesseyi Fuersch (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae), although specifically adapted to cassava infested with cassava mealybug, established itself but was of marginal importance. A field trial revealed other important limitations of cassava production under those marginal conditions which favour high pest infestations. Choice of cultivar and agricultural practices are key variables",Excluded,Duplicate
"Borowka, R., Hummel, H. E., Neuenschwander, P.",1996,"Impact of various biological control agents directed against the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hom, Pseudococcidae) under conditions favouring high pest infestations in Malawi",Mededelingen - Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen Universiteit Gent (Belgium),61,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2478/,"Biological control of the cassava mealybug showed efficacy in Malawi, East Africa, under conditions of sandy soils without and with little mulch cover favouring high pest infestations. The predominant beneficial is the well-established exotic wasp Apoanagyrus (Epidinocarsis) lopezi De Santis (Hym., Encyrtidae). Other observed beneficials of secondary importance were indigenous coccinellids like Exochomus troberti Gerstacker and Hyperaspis aestimabilis Mader. Another introduced exotic beneficial, Diomus hennesseyi Fursch (Col, Coccinellidae), although specifically adapted to cassava infested with cassava mealybug, established itself but was of marginal importance. A field trial revealed other important limitations of cassava production under those marginal conditions which favour high pest infestations. Choice of cultivar and agricultural practices are key variables.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Borowka, R. (Staatliche Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt fuer Wein- und Obstbau, Weinsberg (Germany)), Neuenschwander, P., Hummel, H.E.",1997,Reaction of two cassava cultivars to cassava mealybug [Phenacoccus manihoti] attack under conditions favouring high pest infestation in Malawi,Mededelingen - Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen Universiteit Gent (Belgium),v. 62,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2479/,"Each of the two local cassava cultivars Gomani and Koroweka confirmed good adaptation to the difficult growth conditions of a marginal location on the shore of lake Malawi. They reacted to the beginning of the dry season with a reduction of the above soil biomass and the approaching end of the dry season led to a reduced leaf area. During the dry season the plants were living from the reallocated energy resources of their roots. A chemical exclusion of the predominant and well-established exotic parasitoid Apoanagyrus (Epidinocarsis) lopezi De Santis (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) and other beneficials indicated reductions in root yield in both cultivars and changes in other assessed plant parameters. As this experiment reconfirmed the impact of efficient biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae), it also indicated agronomic strategies for the improvement of cassava production under marginal conditions.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Borsa, F.",1987,Coral rag agriculture,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2481/,"This compilation dealing only to provide a more comprehensive introduction to the farming system of the coral rag area and to create a base of secondary information for further research work. The focus made on the soil type known locally as Maweni (Stony) or Makaani in Pemba, research aimed at the improvement of shifting cultivation on coral rag soils for increasing production of food crops, in addition improving crop husbandry in the arable lands. It is possible to increase food production in Zanzibar by a better utilization of the coral limestone areas",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Bortey-Sam, N., Nakayama, S. M. M., Akoto, O., Ikenaka, Y., Fobil, J. N., Baidoo, E., Mizukawa, H., Ishizuka, M.",2015,"Accumulation of heavy metals and metalloid in foodstuffs from agricultural soils around Tarkwa area in Ghana, and associated human health risks",International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,12,8,10.3390/ijerph120808811,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2482/,"This study was carried out to assess the extent of heavy metals and metalloid accumulation from agricultural soils to foodstuffs (viz, M. esculenta (cassava) and Musa paradisiaca (plantain)) around thirteen neighboring communities within Tarkwa, Ghana; and to estimate the human health risk associated with consumption of these foodstuffs. Concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were measured with an inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometer and mercury analysis was done using a mercury analyzer. From the results, 30% of cassava samples collected, contained higher concentrations of Pb when compared to Codex Alimentarius Commission standard values. Bioconcentration factor indicated that Ni had higher capacity of absorption into food crops from soil than the other heavy metals. For both children and adults, the target hazard quotient (THQ) of Pb in cassava in communities such as Techiman, Wangarakrom, Samahu, and Tebe (only children) were greater than 1, which is defined as an acceptable risk value. This indicated that residents could be exposed to significant health risks associated with cassava consumption.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Bosque-Pérez, N. A., Thresh, J. M., Jones, R. A. C., Melcher, U., Fereres, A., Kumar, P. L., Gray, S. M., Lecoq, H.",2014,"Ecology, evolution and control of plant viruses and their vectors",Virus Research,186,,10.1016/j.virusres.2014.04.001,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2490/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Boster, J.",1984,Inferring decision making from preferences and behavior an analysis of Aguaruna Jivaro manioc selection,,v. 12,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2492/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Boster, J. S.",1986,Exchange of Varieties and Information Between Aguaruna Manioc Cultivators,American Anthropologist,88,2,10.1525/aa.1986.88.2.02a00100,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2494/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"A.H., Wahab, I., Hassan, M.A., Lugo Lopez",1978,Performance of twenty cassava cultivars on marginal peats and peaty clays of Guyana [Yields],,v. 62,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/25/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Boudreau, M. A.",2013,Diseases in Intercropping Systems,Annual Review of Phytopathology,51,,10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102246,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2500/,"Intercropping, the simultaneous cultivation of multiple crop species, has been used throughout history and remains common among farmers of small landholdings in the tropics. One benefit of this practice may be disease control. In phenomenological research comparing disease in monocrops and intercrops, primarily due to foliar fungi, intercropping reduced disease in 73% of more than 200 studies. Nematodes are the primary pathogen for which disease increases are reported, but variability in disease impacts among studies can be high for all types of diseases. The mechanisms by which intercrops affect disease dynamics include alteration of wind, rain, and vector dispersal; modification of microclimate, especially temperature and moisture; changes in host morphology and physiology; and direct pathogen inhibition. The effect of intercropping on host density is a factor underlying many of these mechanisms. By synthesizing our growing understanding of mechanisms and their interactions with phenomenological studies, we may develop a theoretical grounding that allows us to improve the application of intercropping for tropical smallholders and industrial farmers alike.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Bouis, H. E., Hotz, C., McClafferty, B., Meenakshi, J. V., Pfeiffer, W. H.",2011,Biofortification: A new tool to reduce micronutrient malnutrition,Food and Nutrition Bulletin,32,1 (supplement),10.1177/15648265110321S105,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2507/,"Background. The density of minerals and vitamins in food staples eaten widely by the poor may be increased either through conventional plant breeding or through the use of transgenic techniques, a process known as biofortification. Objective. HarvestPlus seeks to develop and distribute varieties of food staples (rice, wheat, maize, cassava, pearl millet, beans, and sweet potato) that are high in iron, zinc, and provitamin A through an interdisciplinary, global alliance of scientific institutions and implementing agencies in developing and developed countries. Methods. In broad terms, three things must happen for biofortification to be successful. First, the breeding must be successful-high nutrient density must be combined with high yields and high profitability. Second, efficacy must be demonstrated-the micronutrient status of human subjects must be shown to improve when they are consuming the biofortified varieties as normally eaten. Thus, sufficient nutrients must be retained in processing and cooking and these nutrients must be sufficiently bioavailable. Third, the biofortified crops must be adoptedby farmers and consumed by those suffering from micronutrient malnutrition in significant numbers. Results. Biofortified crops offer a rural-based intervention that, by design, initially reaches these more remote populations,which comprise a majority of the undernourished in many countries, and thenpenetrates to urban populations as production surpluses are marketed. In this way, biofortification complements fortification and supplementation programs, which work best in centralized urban areas and then reach into rural areas with good infrastructure. Conclusions. Initial investments in agricultural research at a central location can generate high recurrent benefits at low cost as adapted, biofortified varieties become available in country after country across time at low recurrent costs.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Boulos, N.N.",1975,Hydrogen cyanide content of cassava root,,"v. Jan 1975, 7",,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2511/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Bourdoux, P., Seghers, P., Mafuta, M., Vanderpas, J., Vanderpas-Rivera, M., Delange, F., Ermans, A. M.",1982,Cassava products: HCN content and detoxification processes,Nutritional factors involved in the goitrogenic action of cassava,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2517/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Bourke, R.M. (Dept. of Primary Industry, Aiyura via Kainantu (Papua New Guinea)), Evenson, J.P., Keating, B.A.",1984,Relationship between the altitudinal limit of cassava and soil temperature in Papua New Guinea,,v. 61,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2518/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Bourke, R. M.",2001,Intensification of agricultural systems in Papua New Guinea,Asia Pacific Viewpoint,42,02-Mar,10.1111/1467-8373.00146,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2519/,"This paper provides an overview of the ways in which villagers have intensified agricultural systems in Papua New Guinea, focusing on the last 60 years. The intensification techniques used by villagers include adoption of more productive staple crops, in particular sweet potato, cassava, Xanthosoma taro, Solanum potato and maize; adoption of more productive cultivars, especially of banana and sweet potato; shortening the fallow period; extending the cropping period; certain soil fertility maintenance techniques, other than natural regrowth fallows (composting, managed tree fallows, especially using casuarina, a legume/root crop rotation, and soil erosion control); and some other intensification techniques including soil tillage, drainage, construction of garden beds, garden segregation, mounding and irrigation. People often use more than one technique and the techniques used vary between the major agricultural zones. The adoption of new food crops and more productive cultivars of existing food crops has facilitated many of the other changes, particularly longer cropping periods and shorter fallow periods.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Bourke, R.M.",2006,Recent research on sweetpotato and cassava in Papua New Guinea,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2520/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Box, L.",1982,"Food, feed or fuel? Agricultural development alternatives and the case for technological innovation in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivation",Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture,21,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2533/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Box, L.",1988,Experimenting Cultivators: A method for adaptive agricultural research,Sociologia Ruralis,28,1,10.1111/j.1467-9523.1988.tb00332.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2535/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Box, L.",1984,Cassava cultivators and their cultivars: Preliminary results of case studies in the Sierra region of the Dominican Republic,"Proceedings, Sixth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops / hosted by CIP in Lima, Peru, 21-26 February 1983",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2537/,"Cassava cultivators in the sierra region of the Dominican Republic have been selecting varieties on the basis of tolerance to degraded soils, length of production cycle, and market preferences. Given prevailing ecological conditions, cassava cannot be kept indefinitely in the ground, but must be harvested within two to three years to prevent root deterioration. The ""piggy bank function"" of cassava does not appear to exist anymore to the extent previously suggested in the literature. The preliminary results of agro-sociological case studies on cassava cultivators are presented, to be confirmed by ongoing research.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Bradbury, J.H. (Australian National Univ., Canberra (Australia). Chemistry Dept.)",1988,The chemical composition of tropical root crops,ASEAN Food Journal (Malaysia),v. 4,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2545/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Brader, L.",1982,Recent trends of insect control in the tropics,Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,31,1,10.1007/BF02999556,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2565/,"Efforts to increase agricultural production in the tropics must he oriented in the first place towards the small farmers' food crops. However, by tradition virtually all research efforts have been oriented to the so-called cash crops, and consequently current knowledge on pest control in food crops in the tropics is very limited. Moreover entomologists are trained on the basis of intensive agricultural production systems. From a selected number of examples it is evident that insects can cause significant losses in major food crops such as rice, maize, cassava, sorghum, millet, pulses and vegetables. However the history of insect control in cotton growing, for example, shows that in tropical ecosystems insect populations can be maintained at comparatively low levels when properly managed. Insect control in the tropics will lead to the further development and application of integrated pest control, and this will be the surest way to achieve real improvement in the plant health situation. 1982 Springer-Verlag.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Braga, R. R., Silva, D. V., Ferreira, E. A., Pereira, G. A. M., Bibiano, C. S., dos Santos, J. B., Diamantina, S. S., de Matos, C. C.",2014,"Soil microbial activity, weed control and growth of cassava after application of herbicide",Bioscience Journal,30,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2568/,"There is little information in the literature on herbicides for post-emergence application of cassava and its potential impacts on soil microbial activity. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of postemergence herbicides in total area and direct microbial activity in soil cultivated with cassava, as well as its effect on weed control and early growth of the crop. The experiment was conducted in the field, in the Planalto District, the city of Diamantina-MG. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications and treatments were made up of one weed control, one control grown without weed control and herbicide application fluazifop-p-butyl and fomesafen, glyphosate, paraquat and the mixture herbicide fluazifop-p-butyl + fomesafem. In general, the herbicides showed satisfactory control of weeds in the planting area and caused low toxicity to visual cassava. The mixture of herbicides fomesafen and fluazifop-p-butyl promoted a more prolonged control of weeds, but with negative influence on soil microbes. The herbicide paraquat and glyphosate showed potential for application directed between the lines of cassava.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Braun, A.R., Mesa, N.C., Bellotti, A.C.",1988,"Life table analysis of tritrophic interactions cassava, Mononychellus progresivus and Typholodromalus limonicus",Proceedings of the ... British Crop Protection Conference-Pests and Diseases,v. 3,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2589/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Braun, R.",1997,Biotechnology for world food security,Trends in Biotechnology,15,9,10.1016/S0167-7799(97)01073-1,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2594/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Bravo-Ureta, B.E. (Connecticut Univ., Storrs, CT (USA). Dept. of Agricultural, Resource Economics), Evenson, R.E.",1994,Efficiency in agricultural production the case of peasant farmers in eastern Paraguay,,v. 10,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2596/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Breithaupt, H.",2003,Back to the roots,EMBO Reports,4,1,10.1038/sj.embor.embor720,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2600/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Brekelbaum, Trudy., Bellotti, Anthony., Lonzano, J. C.",1979,"Proceedings Cassava Protection Workshop, CIAT, Cali, Colombia, 7-12 November, 1977",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2601/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Briddon, R.W., Robertson, I., Markham, P.G., Stanley, J.",2004,Occurrence of South African cassava mosaic virus (SACMV) in Zimbabwe,,v. 53,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2618/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Bridge, J.",1988,Plant-parasitic nematode problems in the Pacific islands,Journal of Nematology,20,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2622/,"Staple food crops have serious nematode pests, such as Meloidogyne spp. on sweet potato, Hirschmanniella miticausa causing corm rot of taro, and Pratylenchus coffeae and Radopholus sp. producing tuber dry rot of yams. Bananas are infested with P. coffeae or R. similis, citrus with Tylenchulus semipenetrans, rice with Aphelenchoides besseyi, and ginger with Meloidogyne spp. and R. similis. Rotylenchulus reniformis, P. zeae, P. brachyurus and Helicotylenchus spp. are important on all of these and other crops, such as sugarcane, passion fruit, pawpaw and cassava. Meloidogyne spp. cause serious damage to local and introduced leaf and fruit vegetables and other crops, such as tobacco, sugarcane, pawpaw, black pepper and pyrethrum. -from Author",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Bridgit, T.K., Sreedharan, C., Abraham, C.T. (College of Horticulture, Trichur (India))",1992,Nutrient uptake in cassava groundnut intercropping system,Orissa Journal of Agricultural Research,v. 5,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2624/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Brieger, W. R., Guyer, J.",1990,Farmers' loss due to Guinea worm disease A pilot study,Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,93,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2625/,"Guinea worm disease has been blamed for much disability and loss of productivity among farmers in Africa and South Asia. Many studies have tried to equate days lost in illness to monetary values. These attempts often overlook the process of disability in relation to farming patterns. This pilot effort uses a qualitative case study approach to learn about how Guinea worm can cause loss to farmers. Twenty in-depth interviews with affected farmers showed that their losses are related to the time of year they are affected by Guinea worm. Some crops with flexible planting times, e.g. cassava, may not be as affected. Duration of disability is another determining factor. Insights from this pilot study can be used to design more appropriate large-scale survey instruments and guide development of longitudinal research.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Brito, O. R., Marques, M. O., Melo, W. J., Chelli, R. A., Leite, S. A. S.",,Effects of waste cassava plant on soil microbial biomass and snap bean dry matter production,Annual report,Mar 2001. v. 44,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2648/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Brouwer, I. D., Uwirigiyimana, V., Talsma, E. F., Dossa, R. A. M., Melse-Boonstra, A.",2013,"Acceptability of Yellow Cassava for Consumption by Schoolchildren in Didja, Benin",Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism,63,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2663/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Brugaard Konde, Aa.",1994,Cassava leaves in the Central African Republic,INU Series on Nutrition. Individual Studies on Nutrition in Low-Income Countries (Sweden),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2679/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Bruggen, P. van der, Maraite, H.",1987,Histopathology of Cassava Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis,Parasitica,43,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2680/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Bruggen, P. van der (Univ. Catholique de Louvain (Belgium). Lab. de Phytopathologie), Gregoire, D., Maraite, H.",1990,Temperature-induced alterations in the expression of susceptibility of cassava to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis,,v. 130,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2681/,"Cassava plants (Manihot esculenta Crantz) were incubated at 15, 25 or 35 degrees C after inoculation of green stems with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) f. sp. manihotis Chev. At 25 degrees C, the cultivar TMS 30211 was less susceptible than the cultivar TMS 30337. At 35 degrees C, compared to 25 degrees C, the lesion diameter was reduced in both cultivars, the cassava stem extracts showed an enhanced fungitoxicity, the germ tubes were more sensitive to the stem extracts and a layer of lignified cells developed earlier around the infected tissues. At 15 degrees C, the lesion in both cultivars extended more rapidly than at the other temperatures, even though 15 degrees C, compared to 25 degrees C, caused a 50 per cent reduction of mycelial growth rate on oat meal agar",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Bruijn, G.H. de.",1973,The cyanogenic character of cassava (Manihot esculenta),Chronic Cassava Toxicity: Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Workshop,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2682/,"Results of a study on cassava toxicity carried out in the Ivory Coast are presented. The distribution of the cyanogenic glucosides in the plant has been studied. It is concluded that classifying clones for toxicity according to the glucoside content of the tuberous roots is not strictly correct for other parts of the plant. Glucoside concentration of the leaves and of bark of tuberous roots of less toxic clones tends to be, on average, only slightly lower than in the same organs of very toxic clones. Environmental conditions have a very important influence on the cyanogenic glucoside content of the tuberous roots. Different clones do not react in the same way to changing ecological conditions. Nitrogen fertilization increases, and supply of potassium and farmyard manure decreases the glucoside content. The influence of phosphate, calcium, and magnesium does not seem to be important. Drought increases glucoside content. Shading young plants increased the glucoside content of the leaves, but decreased that in the roots. No relation was found between the glucoside content of tuberous roots and the age of the plant. Glucoside concentration of a clone appears to be positively correlated with water content of leaves and tuberous roots, and a slight positive correlation with productivity was found. There may be transportation of the glucoside in the plant. Ringing of stems caused a considerable increase of the glucoside content in the bark above the incision, and such an accumulation was not found when the leaves were eliminated before. Distribution in the plant of the enzyme linamarase was studied. Activity is highest in the very young expanding leaves. In the bark of tuberous roots the activity is relatively very high, but in the inner part of the roots activity is very low. A knowledge of the distribution of linamarase activity offers possibilities for developing more effective methods for elimination of the toxicity of cassava products. The process of breaking down the glucosides of the grated inner part of the tuberous roots can be accelerated considerably by the addition of leaves or bark of tuberous roots, after which the hydrogen cyanide can be driven off.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Bruijn, G.H. de., Dharmaputra, T.S.",1974,"Mukibat system, a high-yielding method of cassava produ ction in Indonesia",Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2683/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Bruijn, G.H. de, Guthrie, E.J.",1982,Cassava production in Kenya. Country Report,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2684/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Bruijn, de G.H. (University of Nairobi (Kenya). Dept. of Crop Science), Guthrie, E.J. (Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Nairobi)",1982,"Kenya (cassava production, constraints)",,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2685/,"Cassava is grown on about 7.0 x 10 sup 4 ha in Kenya and is mainly used for human consumption, although interest in its use in animal feed and industry is growing. In some areas, it is a staple food, in others a famine reserve. Main production areas are in the west of the country and at the coast. Because of the rapid increase in population, the area of production is likely to expand, mainly in semi-arid areas. The main constraint is cassava mosaic disease (CMD), which causes serious yield reductions. The disease can be controlled in most cases by the use of healthy stakes and subsequent roguing of infected plants. Other constraints are bacterial blight and cassava green mite, both of which entered the country in recent years. These constraints should be the focus of any program to improve production. Efforts should be devoted to varietal development through selection, agronomic investigations, and sanitary measures for disease control",Excluded,Duplicate
"Bruijn, G.H. de",1983,Agricultural Research on Cassava in Asia and Australia,"Cassava toxicity and thyroid: research and public health issues: proceedings of a workshop held in Ottawa, Canada, 31 May-2 June 1982",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2687/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Bruijn, G.H. de",1983,Toward lower levels of cyanogenesis in cassava,"Cassava toxicity and thyroid: research and public health issues: proceedings of a workshop held in Ottawa, Canada, 31 May-2 June 1982",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2688/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Bruijn, G. H. de, Guthrie, E. J.",1982,Kenya,"Root Crops in Eastern Africa: Proceedings of a workshop held in Kigali, Rwanda, 23-27 November 1980",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2690/,"Cassava is grown on about 7.0 x 104 ha in Kenya and is mainly used for human consumption, although interest in its use in animal feed and industry is growing. In some areas, it is a staple food, in others a famine reserve. Main production areas are in the west of the country and at the coast. Because of the rapid increase in population, the area of production is likely to expand, mainly in semi-arid areas. The main constraint is cassava mosaic disease (CMD), which causes serious yield reductions. The disease can be controlled in most cases by the use of healthy stakes and subsequent roguing of infected plants. Other constraints are bacterial blight and cassava green mite, both of which entered the country in recent years. These constraints should be the focus of any program to improve production. Efforts should be devoted to varietal development through selection, agronomic investigations, and sanitary measures for disease control.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Bua, A., Baguma, Y.K., Otim-Nape, G.W.",1994,Farmer participatory in evaluation of cassava genotype in Uganda A case in Luwero district,African Crop Science Conference,v. 1,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2699/,Farmers perception of the performance of cassava genotypes were captured through on-farm trials. It was envisaged that research based on through knowledge and understanding of farmers circumstances would enhance the impact of research dynamism of farmers genotype selection criteria was pertinent to the study. It was observed that farmers perceptions of technology depend largely on circumstances they are confronted with and the priority line,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Bua, A., Otimnape, G. W., Baguma, Y. K.",1994,Cassava rogueing technology in Uganda,"Ipm Implementation Workshop for East/Central/Southern Africa, Workshop Proceedings",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2700/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Bua, A., Acola, G., Adupa, R. L., Otim-Nape, G. W., Baguma, Y. K., Sserunkuma, D., Manyong, V., Coulibaly, O.",2007,The economic impact of investments in Cassava research in Uganda,Impact of Science on African Agriculture and Food Security,,,10.1079/9781845932671.0147,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2701/,"Cassava plays a major role in both household and national food security in Uganda. However, cassava production in Uganda has been threatened by cassava mosaic disease. The government has made concerted efforts to evaluate, multiply and distribute new cassava planting materials inmost districts. The new varieties outperformed the local varieties and quickly replaced them. An economic assessment of this programme using the benefitr-cost approach revealed that the internal rate of return for this investment was 167%. This high rate of return can be partially explained by lack of data on some costs incurred by other development partners. The success of this investment was due to the joint contribution of complementary organizations. The biggest lesson learned is that it is important to strengthen the linkages between the research programme and other government institutions especially training, marketing, infrastructure development and political institutions.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Budiadi, Ishii, H. T.",2010,"Comparison of carbon sequestration between multiple-crop, single-crop and monoculture agroforestry systems of Melaleuca in Java, Indonesia",Journal of Tropical Forest Science,22,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2715/,"We compared aboveground C accumulation and C cycling of three types of cajuput (Melaleuca leucadendron) agroforestry plantations producing cajuput oil in Java, Indonesia. In the study site in east Java, where cajuput trees were planted with cassava and maize in a multiple-crop agroforestry system, cassava was the largest component of aboveground total C accumulation in the plantation. In the site in west Java, where trees are planted with rice in a single-crop agroforestry system, both cajuput and rice contributed similar amounts to aboveground total C accumulation. Aboveground net C accumulation was highest in the multiple-crop system, where it averaged 18.5 and 7.1 Mg C ha-1 year-1 in the 7- and 25-year old stands respectively. In the plantations, relative amounts of harvested (leaf-twigs and branches of cajuput and edible crop biomass) and returned (non-edible crop biomass) C were similar and did not change with stand age. This indicated that although crop harvesting removed large amounts of C from the system, an almost equal amount of organic waste was returned, thus, establishing a dynamic C cycle. The CN ratio of returned waste was high, suggesting that decomposition rate was slow and that C accumulated in the soil. Compared with more complex agroforestry systems, carbon sequestration of cajuput plantations was low. Our results, however, suggested that C accumulation may be increased and a sustainable C cycle established by returning more biomass waste and maintaining multiple crop systems.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Bueno, A.",1983,Selection in Cassava Seedlings,Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira,18,9,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2719/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Bueno, A.",1985,Behaviour of contrasting cassava genotypes grown under different spacing arrangements,Revista Brasileira de Mandioca,4,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2720/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Buitrago A., Julin A., Gil, Jorge L., Ospina Patio, Bernardo, Escobar, Gilberto, Tobar, Mario",2003,Perspectivas para el desarrollo agroindustrial del cultivo de yuca,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2728/,,Excluded,Language Barrier
"Buitrago A., Julin A., Ospina Patio, Bernardo, Gil Llanos, Jorge Luis, Aparicio, Hernando",2007,Some experiences in Colombia,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2729/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Adegboye, R. O., Akinwumi, J. A.",1989,Cassava Processing in Nigeria,Appropriate Technology,16,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/274/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Bunvong Thaiutsa (Kasetsart Univ., Bangkok (Thailand). Faculty of Forestry. Dept. of Silviculture)",1984,Soil and site investigation,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2748/,"Current investigation on soil and site was concentrated on distribution and loss of plant nutrient due to crop harvesting. Six species of upland crops were planted in agroforestry system at Srisakaet Province having Eucalyptus camaldulensis as a primary species. The findings based on plant analysis were as followsUpland rice stemstrawroot,KNCa=Mg=P; Maize leafseedstem=root,KNMg=Ca=P; Mungbean leafseedstemroot,NKCaMgP; Groundnut leafseedstem=root,NKCa=Mg=P; Kenaf leafstem=root,Ca=NK=MgP; Cassava leafstemroot,NCaMg=KP; Eucalypt leafNCaK=MgP. Nutrient losses due to cash crop harvesting estimated from their biomass and nutrient concentration were in decreasing order of abundance as follows cassava (73.94 kg/ha), groundnut (67.19 kg/ha), mungbean (59.63 kg/ha), uplant rice (36.81 kg/ha), maize (19.75 kg/ha), and kenaf (7.19 kg/ha).",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Bunvong, T. (Kasetsart University, Bangkok (Thailand). Faculty of Forestry), Petmak, P.",1990,Nutrient losses due to harvesting of agricultural crops planted in agroforestry systems,BIOTROP Special Publication (Indonesia),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2749/,"The investigation was carried out at Srisakaet in northeastern Thailand. Twenty-four sample plots of agroforestry system, 20 x 20 square meter in size, were temporarily established on the basis of 6 treatments with 4 replications. Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh, was treated as a primary crop, while six species of cash crop, ie. upland rice, maize, mungbean, groundnut, kenaf and cassava were considered as treatments. Biomass production was estimated, then different sections of plant samples as well as soil collected from all planting sites were analyzed for major elements. The results of soil analyses revealed that both surface soils and subsoils were acidic and infertile, having 0.93-1.58 percent organic matter, 0.3-0.8 percent N, 0.3-48 ppm P, and 4-24 ppm K with the levels of Ca and Mg tended to be relatively high. Maximum total biomass was recorded for cassava (8.80 t/ha), followed by upland rice (3.79 t/ha), mungbean (3.75 t/ha), maize (2.98 t/ha), groundnut (2.09 t/ha) and kenaf (1.08 t/ha). However, the amounts of commercial dry matter lost from the sites due to crop removal were 6088 kg/ha for cassava, 2275 kg/ha for upland rice, 1238 kg/ha for mungbean, 1219 kg/ha for groundnut, 1031 kg/ha for maize, and 419 kg/ha for kenaf. Based on plant analysis, higher nutrient concentrations of all crops were observed from above ground portions in comparison to their root systems. For each intercrop, the maximum nutrient concentration was found in foliage while the minimum was found in roots. The order of abundance was as follows Cassava leaf stem root; Kenaf leaf stem = root; Groundnut leaf seed stem = root; Mungbean leaf seed stem = root; Maize leaf grain stem = root; Upland rice stem straw grain root. Nutrients lost through the removal of agricultural crops were estimated on the basis of nutrient concentration in connection with biomass to be removed. The total amount of N, P, K, Ca and Mg lost due to crop removal was highest in cassava (73.94 kg/ha), followed by groundnut (67.19 kg/ha), mungbean (59.63 kg/ha), upland rice (36.81 kg/ha), maize (19.75 kg/ha), and kenaf (7.19 kg/ha)",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Burgos, A. M., Cenz, P. J., Prause, J.",2009,Effect of auxin application on rooting process in cuttings of two cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars,Revista Cientifica UDO Agricola,9,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2757/,"Two experiments, with two cassava cultivars Amarilla and Palomita, were conducted under Argentinean field conditions to study the effect of napthtalene-acetic acid (NAA) exogenous application on rooting process. Before planting, cuttings were immersed in solution 1.3 g sodium -napthtil acetate in 20 L water during 8 hours; control cuttings were immersed in water. After the treatments, cuttings were planted in a randomized block design. The application of NAA made tuberous roots differentiation earlier in cv. Palomita compared to control plants and incremented root dry mater percentage in cv Amarilla at 120 days after plantation. Changes observed in yield and quality characteristics were genotype dependent. Under the conditions of this experiment, ANA application did not modify neither yield no productivity of this crop. These results suggest that new experiments should be necessary to conduct a profound study on the effect of other doses and exposition time of the hormone with different cultivars.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Burgos,  M., Cenz, P. J.",2012,Effects of phosphorus and potassium application on the production and quality of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) roots in a sandy soil and subtropical climate,Revista Cientifica UDO Agricola,12,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2758/,"The effect of three P2O5 fertilizer levels (6.81; 23.19 and 46.40 kg.ha-1) and two K2O fertilizer levels (210.60 and 421.20 kg.ha-1) on the cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) crop were study in an Entisol of northwest of Corrientes Province (2725' S, 5840' W), Argentina. The trial consisted of eight treatments replicated three times in a complete blocks design. Seven treatments were represented by the combination of two dosages of both fertilizers calculated for a potencial yield of 20 t.ha-1, plus a control treatment with no fertilizer. The objective was to evaluate the incidence of the treatments upon some quality factors and the yield componentes of cassava roots, as well as the sensivility of some growing variables realtive to the aerial organs in the cultivar 'Rocha'. The results show no response to the K applications but the roots number per plant was incremented by P aplications. Respect to the quality factors, root dry matter content as well as root starch content were incremented with P fertilization. Stems lenght, fresh weight of the aerial organs, as well as stems and roots diameter were variables with no sensivility to the treatments evaluated.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Burns, A., Gleadow, R., Cliff, J., Zacarias, A., Cavagnaro, T.",2010,"Cassava The drought, war and famine crop in a changing world",Sustainability,2,11,10.3390/su2113572,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2761/,"Cassava is the sixth most important crop, in terms of global annual production. Cassava is grown primarily for its starchy tuberous roots, which are an important staple for more than 800 million people, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa, but also in other parts of Africa, Asia, the Pacific and South America. Cassava is important for both small-scale farmers and larger-scale plantations due to its low requirement for nutrients, ability to tolerate dry conditions and easy low-cost propagation. It is sometimes referred to as the ""drought, war and famine crop of the developing world"" and reliance upon this crop is expected to increase in the coming years as the global climate changes. As with all crops, cassava presents some challenges which need to be addressed, especially if its production is to continue to expand. We highlight here a number of key issues around the continued and increased reliance upon cassava as a staple food crop. Cassava contains cyanogenic glycosides that release hydrogen cyanide and many cultivars are toxic if not processed before consumption. The degree of toxicity is altered by plant breeding, agricultural practice, environmental conditions and methods of food preparation. We conclude that use of cassava has the potential to help many countries achieve food security in a sustainable manner, in the face of significant environmental change, but that its introduction should be accompanied by appropriate education about its toxicity. 2010 by the authors.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Butler, G.W., Reay, P.F., Tapper, B.A.",1973,Physiological and genetic aspects of cyanogenesis in cassava and other plants,"Chronic cassava toxicity: Proceedings of an interdisciplinary workshop, London, England, 29-30 January 1973",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2778/,Available data on the pathways for degradation of cyanoglucosides and subsequent fate of the breakdown products in cassava (Manihot spp.) and other plants are discussed. Also considered is the degradation of cyanoglucosides after ingestion by animals and parasitic organisms. The physiological and genetic factors which give rise to variations in cyanoglucoside content in plants are also discussed.,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Buxo, D.A.",1988,"A review of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) field trials, 1983-87",Annual Seminar on Agricultural Research,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2781/,"A field trial was conducted in 1983-84 to evaluate the performance of 10 cassava varieties (Manihot esculenta) when filter press mud is applied at 60 t/ha. Tuber yields ranged from 18.78-35.61 t/ha and the outstanding varieties, M Col 22, M Col 638, M Mex 59, M.B.S. and White Stick were selected for further testing. Organoleptic tests indicated that tubers of all varieties were of good quality up to March 1984, except for M.B.S., White Stick and M Col 22. In field studies carried out in 1984-1985, no filter press mud was added and tuber yields ranged from 9.52-15.79 t/ha. Tuber quality was good up to early April 1985. White Stick was dropped from the 1985-1986 trials due to its susceptibility to Cassava Bacterial Blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv Manihotis) and yields varied between 8.9-13.5 t/ha. The tubers of all varieties were of good quality up to February. In 1986-1987, M Col 638, M.B.S. and M Mex 59 were planted in June, July and August and overall yields became progressively lower as the planting was delayed, particularly that of M Mex 59",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Byju, G., Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Dumduma (India), Varghese, T., Aerala Agricultural University, Kerala (India). Department of Soil Science, Agricultural Chemistry",2002,Land management on organic matter status in a laterite landscape of peninsular India,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2785/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Byju, G., Anand, M. H.",2009,Differential response of short- and long-duration cassava cultivars to applied mineral nitrogen,Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,172,4,10.1002/jpln.200800044,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2787/,"The differential response of two contrasting cassava cultivars to different rates of soil-applied nitrogen (N) on the number of tuberous roots, harvest index, yield, nitrogen uptake, and fertilizer-nitrogen-use efficiency was studied over a period of 2 years on a typic Plinthustults in Kerala state in Southern India. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with two popular cultivars of cassava, namely Sree Vijaya (6 months) and M-4 (10 months) in the main plots, and eight urea-N rates (0, 12.5, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha-1) in subplots. Half of the N was applied at the time of planting and the other half 60 d later. The study revealed significant differences between the two cultivars regarding their response to fertilizer-N application. The tuberous-root yield of the short-duration cultivar Sree Vijaya increased significantly up to 100 kg N ha-1 whereas the yield of the long-duration cultivar M-4 increased significantly only up to 50 kg N ha -1 rate. Also the N-use-efficiency parameters (i.e., agronomic, recovery, and physiological efficiencies) were higher in Sree Vijaya than in M-4 but declined at N rates beyond 100 kg ha-1. The more efficient N use in the short-duration cultivar was associated with a higher N uptake and a more efficient internal use.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Byju, G., Nedunchezhiyan, M., Ravindran, C. S., Mithra, V. S. Santhosh, Ravi, V., Naskar, S. K.",2012,Modeling the Response of Cassava to Fertilizers A Site-Specific Nutrient Management Approach for Greater Tuberous Root Yield,,v. 43,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2789/,"Conventional fertilizer-management strategy results in decreased fertilizer-use efficiency and unbalanced nitrogen (N)phosphorus (P)potassium (K) applications. The quantitative evaluation of fertility of tropical soils (QUEFTS) model was used for determining region-specific balanced NPK uptake requirements and recommendations for a target yield of cassava. Minimum and maximum internal efficiencies of N, P, and K were estimated as 35 and 80 for N, 250 and 750 for P, and 32 and 102 for K (kg tuberous root per kg nutrient removed). Linear increases in tuberous root yield with N, P, and K uptakes of 17.6, 2.2, and 15.6 kg N, P, and K per 1000 kg tuberous root yield were observed. Relationships between soil supply and soil chemical properties and between fertilizer nutrient recovery efficiencies with their rates of application were developed for major cassava-production regions. Good agreement between measured and predicted yields was observed while calibrating the model, which shows that the model can be used for making site-specific NPK recommendations for cassava in major cassava production regions of India.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Byju, G., Haripriya Anand, M., Moorthy, S. N.",2015,Carbon and Nitrogen Mineralization and Humus Composition Following Municipal Solid Waste Compost Addition to Laterite Soils under Continuous Cassava Cultivation,Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,46,2,10.1080/00103624.2014.967855,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2791/,"A glasshouse incubation experiment was conducted to study the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) mineralization of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) added at differential rates to a laterite soil where cassava has been continuously cultivated for the past 10 years. The rate of C mineralization from added substrates increased with increasing rates of addition of MSWC. Available N significantly increased with increase in the rate of application of MSWC. There was a decreasing trend in E /E ratio of humic acid as we increased the rate of application of MSWC from 2.5 to 20 t ha . The Cross Polarization Magic Angle Spinning (CPMAS) C NMR spectral analysis revealed that there are differences in the rate of humification of added MSWC, and application of MSWC at 15 t ha resulted in least humification with the greatest alkyl C, lowest aromatic C, and greater O-alkyl C content. The decomposition rate (R) was found to be greater for this treatment. The residual C in soil was found to increase over time coincident with greater rates of MSWC application, indicating increased C stabilization, which could improve soil quality.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Byju, G., Nedunchezhiyan, M., Hridya, A. C., Soman, S.",2016,Site-specific nutrient management for cassava in southern India,Agronomy Journal,108,2,10.2134/agronj2015.0263,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2792/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) yield in the major growing environments of India has been stagnating despite the development of high yielding varieties and increasing use of chemical fertilizers. On farm experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of site-specific nutrient management (SSNM). Field and crop specific NPK rates were calculated using quantitative evaluation of fertility of tropical soils (QUEFTS) model. The average 2-yr yield advantage of SSNM over farmer fertilizer practice (FFP) was 7 Mg ha1. The N agronomic efficiency increase of SSNM over FFP was 32 kg kg1, the N recovery efficiency of SSNM was 0.14 kg kg1 greater than that of FFP and the N physiological efficiency of SSNM was 54 kg kg1 greater than that of FFP, whereas the partial factor productivity of SSNM was 148 kg less than that of FFP. Use of SSNM led to a reduction of fertilizer costs by an average of US$10 ha1 crop1 and an increase in gross return above fertilizer costs by $254 ha1 crop1 compared with FFP. Zone NPK recommendation maps and customized fertilizer blends were also developed. The results showed the potential of SSNM in significantly increasing yield and nutrient use efficiency of cassava. Future research is needed to validate the customized fertilizer blends and fine tune zone NPK recommendation maps which will help reduce the need for field specific modeling and intensive crop monitoring. 2016 by the American Society of Agronomy 5585 Guilford Road, Madison, WI 53711 USA. All rights reserved.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Byrne, D.H., Guerrero, J.M., Belloti, A.C., Gracen, V.E.",1982,Behavior and development of Mononychellus tanajoa (Acari Tetranychidae) on resistant and susceptible cultivars of cassava,Journal of Economic Entomology,75,5,10.1093/jee/75.5.924,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2794/,"The biology of Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) on resistant and susceptible genotypes of cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz, was studied by using the leaf disc procedure. Mite biology was affected distinctly by different resistant sources. Among these effects were the lowering of fecundity, preference, larval and nymphal survival, adult longevity, and the rate of development as compared with the susceptible controls. The M Col 1434 resistant variety had the most severe effects on mite development, survival, and preference. M Bra 12, although showing high levels of resistance in the field, had intermediate effects on mite survival and preference.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Byrne, D. H., Guerrero, J. M., Bellotti, A. C., Gracen, V. E.",1982,Yield and Plant-Growth Responses of Mononychellus Mite Resistant and Susceptible Cassava Cultivars under Protected Vs Infested Conditions,Crop Science,22,3,10.2135/cropsci1982.0011183X002200030011x,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2795/,"Root yield, propagation material yield, and growth responses to Mononychellus mite (Acari:Tetranychidae) populations, and foliage damage ratings of resistant and susceptible cultivars (previously determined by foliage damage ratings) were compared in protected and unprotected plots to confirm the level of resistance, to relate foliage damage estimates with economic yield reductions, and to study the general effectof mite attacks on cassava. On the average, cassava cultivars selected as susceptible had larger reductions in leaf size, leaf life, leaf formation rate, plant height, root yield, yield of propagation material, root weight, root number, and percent marketable roots than did the resistant cultivars when compared to their respective performance in protected plots. The average yield loss for susceptible cultivars was 73% for roots and 67% for propagation material; the respective losses for the resistant cultivars were 15 and 19%. Our selection criterion for resistance (i.e., foliage damage ratings) was correlated with mite density and associated with the percent yield loss caused by the mites indicating this criterion's potential value in future breeding efforts, although exceptions exist due to the presence of tolerance.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Byrne, D. H., Guerrero, J. M., Belloti, A. C., Gracen, V. E.",1982,"Behavior and Development of Mononychellus-Tanajoa (Acari, Tetranychidae) on Resistant and Susceptible Cultivars of Cassava",Journal of Economic Entomology,75,5,10.1093/jee/75.5.924,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2796/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Byrne, D. H., Bellotti, A. C., Guerrero, J. M.",1983,The cassava mites,Tropical Pest Management,29,4,10.1080/09670878309370833,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2797/,"Cassava is attacked by about 50 species of mites. Of these, the most important are Mononychellus tanajoa, M. Progresivus, M. Caribbeanae, Tetranychus urticae and T. Cinnabarinus. These arthropods cause three patterns of damage and have been shown to cause a decrease in root and stake yield of up to 87% and 82% respectively. It is expected that as cassava is further commercialised there will be a greater tendency towards monocropping in large fields and towards the more frequent use of broad spectrum pesticides. As a result, mites as well as other pests will probably increase in importance. Future research should be directed towards a mite management system which combines the use of resistant varieties, cultural practices, biological control and occasional use of selective acaricides. Research up to this point on the biological control of cassava mites has been done with the Mononychellus mites. This work primarily reports on the identification and life cycle studies of the important predators. Although the potential losses due to mites have been shown to be high the mite population level which is damaging to cassava yield is not known. This economic damage level should be estimated with respect to mite populations and/or foliar damage. When the mite population rises above this level it will be necessary to correct the situation by mass release of predators or selective killing of the mites. Good resistance exists. Resistance to the Mononychellus mite is due to several separate mechanisms which when combined promise to result in a stable resistance. Although less work has been done on resistance to Tetranychus and other cassava mites, preliminary data and literature from other crops suggest that the development of resistant cassava varieties is a viable strategy. Given the ease of use and safety of this control method it should be encouraged. Suggestions for future work on all aspects of control are discussed.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Byrne, D.",1984,Breeding Cassava,Plant Breeding Reviews,2,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2798/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"C.A.M., Palaypayon",1986,"Effect of different agricultural crops on soil and hydrologic characteristics of Quiaoit River watershed [Ilocos Norte, Philippines]. Terminal report",,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2800/,"Surface runoff was not significantly affected by slope and agricultural crops. Peanut gave the highest yearly average surface runoff with 60.02 m3/ha followed by camote with 59.00 m3/ha. Control had the least surface runoff with only 6.74 m3/ha. Slope gave highly significant effect on soil erosion while agricultural crops gave no significant effect. Sediment yield was not significantly affected by slope and agricultural crops. Again, peanut yielded the highest sediment with 0.53 kg followed by gabi, camote and cassava with 0.07, 0.02, and 0.19 kg, respectively. The control treatment yielded the least sediment with only 0.01 kg. The infiltration rate was highest in plot planted to peanut with 3.51 cm/hr, followed by gabi (1.99 cm/hr), cassava (1.97 cm/hr), camote (1.21 cm/hr), and the control (0.47 cm/hr). Soil physical and chemical properties generally increased throughout the duration of the study.",Excluded,Duplicate
"C.A., Baniqued",1986,Production and utilization of root crops with emphasis on cassava [Philippines],PCARRD [Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research and Development] Book Series (Philippines). no. 43.,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2801/,"Cassava increases the calorie intake of both man and animals. One limiting factor in the development of the cassava industry is that the crop is grown only in marginal areas, or it just occupied a small portion in the backyard. The prospects of cassava to play a major role in the country's economy depend on the extent of use primarily for food, livestock feed and for the industry itself. With regard to the use of cassava for livestock feed, the government has launched recently a National Feed Root Crops Program to supplement and fill in the gap in the current production and supply of feed grains. This program calls for a calibrated requirement of 6,000 t dried cassava chips in 1984 to 153,000 t in 1988. To encourage cassava farmers to increase and stabilize production and to assume a continuous supply of rootcrop feed, the Feed Miller Association and the Hog and Poultry Raisers Association of the Philippines provide a support price acceptable to both parties, market outlets and storage facilities. Factors contributing to low production of root crops are the following inappropriate technology, unadopted technology, low price of crops, tenancy status of the farmer, bad roads from farm to market, and lack of processing facilities in the village level. Through the concerted efforts in research, potential of cassava can be realized sooner to provide the root crop farmers with higher income.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"C.H., Hershey",1989,Research strategies to overcome propagation-related constraints in cassava,"Founding Workshop for the Avanced Cassava Research Network (1988, Cali, Colombia). Report.",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2810/,"A brief review is given of research strategies designed to overcome propagation-related constraints in cassava. Emphasis is given to true seed commercial production. To date, indications are that none of the viruses affecting cassava are passed through true seed. Other options are artificial seed from encapsulated somatic embryos or the transplanting of in vitro rapid-propagated plantlets. Through true seed or artificial seed propagation, higher multiplication rates could be attained. Likewise, the need for lignified stems for planting material is obviated when using seed-propagated cassava. Although true seed technology for cassava has many potential advantages, a research effort integrating several disciplines in both basic and applied fields is necessary. Main areas of study are listed.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Obiagwu, C. J.",1995,Effect of fertilizer treatments and planting time on the yield of some grain legumes of the Benue River basins of Nigeria,Journal of Plant Nutrition,18,10,10.1080/01904169509365045,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2813/,"A selection process for an ideal cover crop for yam, maize, and cassava was initiated in 1993 cropping season in Makurdi, Nigeria. Four types of food legume crops grown locally were selected for the trials. The yield potentials of akidi (Phaseolus vulgaris), ground akidi (Sphenostylis stenocarpa), odudu (Phaseolus lunatus), and kafanji (Vigna unguiculata) were evaluated in two cropping seasons and under conditions where either no fertilizers, 50 kg nitrogen-potassium-phosphorus (NKP)/ha or 21 kg P/ha from single superphosphate (SSP) source were applied. The crops were planted in April and repeated in August of the same year in a 4 X 3 factorial in a split-plot design. Fertilizer NKP generally increased the grain yield of all the crops significantly. The yield differences due to P fertilizers for odudu and akidi were not statistically significant (P = 0.05). The P fertilizer resulted in significant increases in the grain yield of kafanji (from 1.113 to 1.7 mt/ha) and ground akidi (0.97 to 1.27). The biomass, root systems, and nodule yields were also increased proportionally by P application for all the legumes. No significant yield differences was observed between early and late crops in grain yield when no fertilizer was used. However, the crops produced about 30-40% less nodules, biomass, and root yield due to late planting (August).",Excluded,No PICO Component
"C.M., Fauquet",1993,Status of cassava regeneration and transformation,CBN Newsletter,v. 1,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2819/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"C.R., Mohan Kumar, P.G., Nair, C.S., Ravindran",1992,"Cassava an economic alternative for the rice fields of Kerala, India",Cassava Newsletter,v. 16,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2824/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Chen, C.T., Chang, H.S.",1976,"Cassava, a new natural host of Periconia manihoticola",Plant Disease Reporter,60,12,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2827/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"C.Y.L., Schotman",1987,Diseases of root and tuber crops in the Caribbean of quarantine importance. Technical Cooperation Network on Food Crop Production,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2829/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Weir, C.",1976,"Cassava [propagation, storage, rooting experiment]",Bulletin. New Series Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2832/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"C., Weir",1979,"Recent development in root crop research in Jamaica [Manihot esculenta, Dioscorea spp.]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2837/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"C., Cruz",1981,Differential mite [Mononychellus caribbeanae] infestation of cassava varieties [Puerto Rico],,v. 65,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2839/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Justusson, C.",1991,"Yield and productivity assessment and cultural practices of cassava, Manihot esculenta Cranz, in Luapula province, Zambia. A minor field study",Working Paper - Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2841/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Morales, F. J.",2002,Conventional breeding for resistance to whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2854/,"The whitefly Bemisia tabaci Genn. is a pervasive pest and vector of plant viruses. The existence of B. tabaci biotypes and numerous whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses (begomoviruses) affecting food and industrial crops, has become a major constraint to agricultural development in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The predominant whitefly and begomovirus method of control has been the application of insecticides. The excessive use of agrochemicals over the past decades, has resulted in an exponential increase in B. tabaci populations and incidence of begomoviruses transmitted by this whitefly vector. Under these conditions, biological and integrated whitefly/geminivirus control practices have not met expectations. Incorporating begomovirus resistance in a relatively small number of crops improved by conventional plant breeding methods has been a sustainable and efficient disease control strategy. This review discusses some of the conventional intra- and inter-specific hybridization strategies followed to incorporate genetic resistance to begomoviruses in three major crops: cassava, common bean and tomato.",Excluded,Duplicate
"CIAT., Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical -",2002,Improving the sustainability of cassava-based cropping systems in Asia a farmer participatory approach to technology development and dissemination [poster],,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2855/,,Excluded,Duplicate
CIAT,1981,CIAT in the 1980s. A long-range plan for the Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2859/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"CIP, Lima (Peru).",1984,Bibliography on fast multiplication techniques for potato and related crops,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2861/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"COSTA, A. M., COHEN, K. de O., TUPINAMBA, D. D., BRANDO, L. S., SILVA, D. C. da, JUNQUEIRA, N. T. V.",2008,"Propriedades fsicas e fsico-qumicas de maracujs cultivados nos sistemas orgnico e convencional, em consrcio com mandioca",,v. 158,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2864/,"The physical and physical-chemistry proprieties of fruits of Passifl ora edulis and BRS Ouro Vermelho and BRS Sol do Cerrado cultivated in organic and conventional systems, with and without cassava consortium were analyzed. The cultivars showed diff erent behaviors in function environment. BRS Ouro Vermelho fruits showed similar physic and physical-chemistry caracteristc in both production systems, but the ATT, pH and SST were influenced by consortium. The BRS Sol do Cerrado, cultivated in organic systems showed fruits with lower dimentions, volume of pulp and mass, and lower SST than plants cultivated in conventional systems, but the cultivar suff ers little inluence by manihots presence. The fruits of both cultivars studied showed market quality independently from the cultive form.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Irungu, R. W., Hodson, D., Muchugu, E. I.",2003,Awhere-ACT predicting pest outbreaks in Africa,ICT Update,11,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2868/,"Awhere-ACT, a user-friendly geographical information systems (GIS) tool, is helping farmers and scientists in Africa to combat pests such as stem borers and the cassava green mite.",Excluded,No PICO Component
CTA,2003,Conserving soils and water,Rural Radio Resource Pack 03/04,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2872/,A co-ordinator for Zambia?s Programme Against Malnutrition explains methods of conservation farming which can help to conserve both soil moisture and nutrients in areas experiencing dry spells.,Excluded,No PICO Component
CTA,2003,Disease-free seeds from biotech,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2873/,"When we talk about agricultural biotechnology, most people assume that we mean genetic modification - breeding new characteristics into plants and animals by manipulating their genes, sometimes even transferring genes from one species to another.",Excluded,No PICO Component
CTA,2008,Fighting mite with mite,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2881/,Using a predatory mite to control cassava green mite,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Adejare, G.O., Coutts, R.H.A.",1981,Eradication of cassava mosaic disease from Nigerian cassava clones by meristem-tip culture [virus],,1,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/289/,"Methods previously established for the propagation of cassava plants free from cassava mosaic disease have been applied to Nigerian clones. Meristem tips from diseased plants subjected to heat treatment for not less than 30 days at 35-38 deg C were cultured on modified Murashige-Skoog medium. Concentration ranges of benzyladenine in combination with alpha-naphthalene acetic acid and gibberellic acid were investigated and, at optimal levels, 36% of the meristems regenerated. Regenerants, with callus and shoots only, were rooted with 80% efficiency by sub-culturing following a dip in a hormone rooting powder. All plants raised from heat-treated meristems were free of the disease as judged by visual inspection of the leaves, rooted explants and assay for the suspected pathogenic agent of the disease.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Cacatian, E.R.",1994,Economics of the cropping pattern of farms in Palawan,Philippine Journal of Crop Science,19,Supplement 1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2894/,"A survey on the different cropping patterns practiced in five municipalities in Palawan [Philippines] was conducted and analyzed from July to September, 1986. Cropping patterns employed were determined. Analysis were made on 1.) productivity and efficiency in resource used; 2.) returns on the different inputs utilized; 3.) determination of the optimal cropping pattern and; 4.) marketable surplus. Results showed that for annual crops seeds and hired labor were the important factors while for perennials it was labor. Comparison of the marginal-value product and marginal factor cost showed in efficiencies in the use of these resources. The highest returns on all the inputs utilized for all cropping patterns was in double sequential lowland rice. However, if only upland crops were considered the highest return was from monocrop cassava. When capital is not a constraint, the optimal pattern was double sequential lowland rice, but when it is a problem, then, it was monocrop cassava. Regression results on marketable surplus analysis on rice, showed that quantity paid in kind was an important factor affecting the quantity of rice to be marketed.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Caceres, L.A.",1994,Genetic resources for cassava in Paraguay,International Crop Network Series,,10,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2896/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Caicedo, Ana Milena, Calatayud, Paul-Andr, Bellotti, Anthony C.",2004,Potential of biocontrol of six entomopathogenic nematodes species against Cyrtomenus bergi in the laboratory [poster],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2909/,,Excluded,Language Barrier
"Adejare, G. O., Coutts, R. H. A.",1982,"The Isolation and Characterisation of a Virus from Nigerian Cassava Plants Affected by the Cassava Mosaic Disease, and Attempted Transmission of the Disease",Journal of Phytopathology,103,3,10.1111/j.1439-0434.1982.tb01744.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/291/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Calatayud, P.A., Tertuliano, M., Le Ru, B.",1992,Influence of phenolic compounds on the relationship between the cassava mealybug and its host plants,,v. 49,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2914/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Calatayud, P. A., Boher, B., Nicole, M., Geiger, J. P.",1996,Interactions between cassava mealybug and cassava Cytochemical aspects of plant cell wall modifications,Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,80,1,10.1111/j.1570-7458.1996.tb00927.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2919/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Calatayud, P. A., Barn, C. H., Velsquez, H., Arroyave, J. A., Lamaze, T.",2002,Wild Manihot species do not possess C4 photosynthesis,Annals of Botany,89,1,10.1093/aob/mcf016,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2926/,"Cultivated cassava (Manihot esculenta) has a higher rate of photosynthesis than is usual for C3 plants and photosynthesis is not light saturated. For these reasons it has been suggested that cultivated cassava could be derived from wild species possessing C4 photosynthesis. The natural abundance of 13C and activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and phosphoglycolate phosphatase were measured in leaves of 20 wild cassava species to test this hypothesis. All the species studied, including M. flabellifolia the potential wild progenitor of cultivated cassava, clearly exhibited C3 not C4 characteristics. 2002 Annals of Botany Company.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Calatayud, P. A., Polania, M. A., Seligmann, C. D., Bellotti, A. C.",2002,Influence of water-stressed cassava on Phenacoccus herreni and three associated parasitoids,Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata,102,2,10.1046/j.1570-7458.2002.00936.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2927/,"The influence of cassava Manihot esculenta Crantz grown under condition of water-stress on development and reproduction of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus herreni Cox & Williams, and levels of parasitism of three encyrtid parasitoids, Apoanagyrus diversicornis Howard, Aenasius vexans Kerrich, and Acerophagus coccois Smith, were studied in the laboratory. Two cassava cultivars were used CM 507-37 (drought-tolerant) and CMC 40. A 30 day period of water stress, imposed by reducing the irrigation volume, led to a reduction in shoot development and stomatal conductance of leaves of both cassava genotypes. Phenacoccus herreni development and reproduction were favoured by cassava under water shortage. Parasitism decreased and water stress appeared to enhance the encapsulation of parasitoid eggs or larvae by the mealybug. In the case of the parasitoid A. diversicornis, there was a decrease in size of female progeny, suggesting a lower fitness in this species on cassava plants under water stress. All results indicated that cassava grown under low water availability favoured P. herreni development and reproduction, and affected the success of parasitism and, depending on the species, parasitoid development. The drought-tolerance characteristic of cassava genotypes and parasitoid species most suitable for controlling P. herreni in drought-stricken areas are discussed.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Calatayud, P. A., Nardon, C., Rahbe, Y.",1996,A new technique to immobilize an aphid or a mealybug on plants using a high-frequency microcautery unit,Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,80,1,10.1111/j.1570-7458.1996.tb00926.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2931/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Caliguiran, V. B.",2012,Uprooting the problem with cassava drying,Agriculture,16,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2936/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Calle, Fernando, Lenis Caldern, Jorge Ivn, Prez Velsquez, Juan Carlos, Mafla B., Graciela, Debouck, Daniel G., Tohme M., Joseph, Morante, Nelson",2009,Multilocal evaluation of the cassava core collection from CIAT [poster] [on line],,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/2939/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Adejare, G.O.",1988,Use of biotechnology in plant quarantine processing of plant import and export materials,"Biotechnology and the improvement of cassava, yams and plantain in Africa",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/295/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Calvert, L.A., Cuervo, M., Lozano, I., Villareal, N., Arroyave, J.",2008,Identification of Three Strains of a Virus Associated with Cassava Plants Affected by Frogskin Disease,,v. 156,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2950/,"Cassava Frogskin Disease (CFSD) can cause severe damage to cassava roots and is one of the most important diseases of cassava in Latin America. The principal objective of this study was to identify the causal agent of CFSD. Electron microscopy, viral purifications, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) analysis, cloning, sequencing, rtPCR and hybridizations were carried out to characterize and associate a novel virus with the disease. Virus-like particles of 70 and 45 nm in diameter were found in affected cassava plants and partially purified preparations respectively. Nine species of dsRNA were associated with this disease and cDNA clones to six genomic segments were synthesized from the purified dsRNAs. The putative proteins predicted from the sequence of the cassava virus cDNA clones have similarity with the P1, P2, P3, P4, P5 and P10 proteins of Rice ragged stunt virus (RRSV). Phylogenic analysis confirmed that this virus is a member of the family Reoviridae and is most closed related to RRSV. Hybridization analyses of dsRNA identified S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S10 genomic segments in the CFSD-affected plants, but not in healthy controls. Additionally, 26 isolates were compared using a portion of the putative polymerase gene. The virus was detected in all 26 isolates, and they were classified into three distinct races. The association of this virus with CFSD was strengthened by the detection of this virus in diseased plants collected from different locations throughout Colombia.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Camara, Youssouf, Staatz, John M., Crawford, Eric W.",2001,"Comparing The Profitability Of Cassava-Based Production Systems In Three West African Countries: Cote D'Ivoire, Ghana And Nigeria","Comparing The Profitability Of Cassava-Based Production Systems In Three West African Countries: Cote D'Ivoire, Ghana And Nigeria",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2954/,"Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) cassava-producing countries such as Nigeria, Ghana, and Côte d'Ivoire have developed, in recent years, a renewed interest in cassava as an alternative food crop. This has led to a major expansion in cassava-based production systems in Nigeria and Ghana, whereas there has been a slower growth in Côte d'Ivoire (Nweke et al., 1998). This paper is based on the argument that the difference in various factors such as agricultural policies (i.e., trade and price policies, domestic production taxes or subsidies), location and technologies (production and processing) between Nigeria, Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire the difference in the level of growth in cassava-based production systems. The paper examines, using the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM), the magnitude of the impact of these factors on the private and social profitability of cassava production and post-production processing in Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana and Nigeria. The topic has not been examined in previous studies. The paper relies primarily on data for Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana and Nigeria from the Collaborative Study of Cassava in Africa (COSCA) survey. The baseline results demonstrate the similarity in efficiencies of production in these West African countries. The simulation findings indicated that, in Côte d'Ivoire, farmers benefited from the depreciation of the equilibrium exchange rate while farmers in Ghana and Nigeria suffered losses. Simulation results also indicated that Ivorian and Ghanaian cassava/maize farmers could benefit from growing IITA's improved variety and adopting mechanized processing methods.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Campos, H., Caligari, P. D. S.",2017,Genetic Improvement of Tropical Crops,Genetic Improvement of Tropical Crops,,,10.1007/978-3-319-59819-2,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2963/,"This book provides a fresh, updated perspective of the current status and perspectives in genetic improvement of a diverse array of tropical crops. The first part covers aspects which are relevant across crops, namely how to maximize the use of genetic information through modern bioinformatic approaches and how to use statistics as a tool to sustain increased genetic gains and breeding efficiency. The second part of the book provides an updated view of some seed-propagated crops, such as rice, maize and oil palm, as well as crops propagated through vegetative means such as sweet potato, cassava, banana and sugarcane. Each chapter addresses the main breeding objectives, markets served, current breeding approaches, biotechnology, genetic progress observed, and in addition a glimpse into the future for each of these selected and important tropical crops.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Camus, P., Lebot, V.",2010,"On-Farm Assessment of Clonal Introduction of Root Crops Diversity in Vanuatu, Melanesia",,v. 46,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2965/,"Ex-situ collections of vegetatively propagated root crops are difficult to maintain in developing countries. On-farm conservation could be a solution but is more complex for vegetatively propagated than for sexually propagated species. In Vanuatu, a Melanesian archipelago where yam, taro, sweet potato and cassava are staples, a study was undertaken to develop an on-farm conservation system based on the geographic distribution of allelic diversity. Two years after the introduction of new varieties, a survey was conducted with 449 farmers located on 10 different islands. In order to evaluate on-farm conservation efficiency, qualitative and quantitative investigations were conducted and data were analysed. The conclusion was that farmers do enrich their varietal portfolios with introduced exotic genotypes thus broadening the narrow genetic bases of some species. Nevertheless, no local varieties were lost. Significant geographic distribution of clones of new varieties throughout the archipelago also took place via spontaneous, informal distribution to farmers' relatives. These encouraging results point to the potential impact of the geographic distribution of allelic diversity on smallholders' varietal portfolios. On-farm conservation appears to be an appropriate strategy for the conservation of root crop germplasm diversity in Vanuatu. Potential applications for transfer of the methodology to other locations are discussed.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Cantarella, H. (Instituto Agronomico, Campinas, SP, Brazil.), Raij, B. van, Quaggio, J.A.",1998,Soil and plant analyses for lime and fertilizer recommendations in Brazil,,v. 29,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2976/,"The fertilizer recommendation guidelines for over 160 crops for the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil were updated in 1996 based on recent results of research on soil and plant analysis, and crop responses. Recommendations are based mainly on soil analysis and expected yield. Limestone rates are calculated to raise soil base saturation as a percentage of the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil at pH 7.0, to levels which vary with crop species (i.e., to 50% for rice, coffee, and cassava, 60% for sugar cane and soybeans, 70% for cotton and maize, and 80% for grapes and onions). In addition, exchangeable magnesium (Mg) contents must reach a minimum level. Exchangeable subsoil aluminum (Al) and calcium (Ca), and clay content are used to determine rates of gypsum as amendment of subsoil acidity. Fairly consistent data on soil phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) calibration are available for Brazilian soils. Potassium rates are recommended based on values of soil exchangeable K and, for P fertilization, ion exchange resin-extractable P is used. For the later the ranges of interpretation of soil analysis are different for horticultural, annual, perennial, and forestry crops. No soil test is used for nitrogen (N) advisory purposes. For many crops, especially grains, N rates depend on the class of expected response to this element, defined as a function of previous management history, crop rotation, texture etc. For some perennial crops N fertilizer rates take into account leaf N contents which were shown to correlate well with N response for citrus, mango, and coffee. Soil analysis for micronutrients, extracted with hot water [boron (B)] or DTPA-TEA [iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn)] is also used as criterion for fertilizer recommendation although for most crops only B and/or Zn are required",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Carabalí, A., Montoya-Lerma, J., Bellotti, A. C.",2008,"Development and reproduction of Bemisia tabaci ""B"" (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on cassava (Manihot esculenta) genotypes",Revista Colombiana de Entomologia,34,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/2989/,"The geminiviruses of cassava mosaic virus (CMGs) (Geminiviridae, Begomovirus) and their whitefly vector, Bemisia tabaci, produce the major losses in root yield of cassava crops in Asia and Africa. Recent evidence suggests that B. tabaci represents a complex of morphologically indistinguishable populations with numerous biotypes. In the Americas, although cassava seems not to be a suitable host for the polyphagous biotype B, it has being postulated that the absence of CMGs and the mechanical damage are related with incapability of this biotype to colonize efficiently this crop. However, previous studies have demonstrated that their adaptation to cassava, via alternate hosts, is a risk that must always be kept in mind. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the development and reproduction of B. tabaci biotype B feeding on three genotypes of M. esculenta (MEcu72, CG489-34 and CMC-40). Bioassays, carried out under controlled conditions (252C, 705RH; 1212 LD), were used to evaluate longevity, fecundity, reproduction and demographic parameters through life tables. Although mean values for longevity were similar in MEcu72, CG489-34 and CMC-40 (6.3, 5.07, and 3.9 days, respectively) CMC-40 showed the lowest oviposition rate (0.49 eggs/female/ 2days) compared with MEcu72 (0.89) and CG489-34 (0.86). With a very low survival rate (0.03), MEcu72 was the only genotype where the biotype B was able to complete its development from egg to adult, requiring 55.1 days. Results are discussed in terms of evaluating the potential adaptation of B. tabaci on commercial cassava genotypes.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"A.A., Ravoof, F.C.S.P., Kalpage, S., Jalaludin, R.I., Hutagalung",1978,"Cassava: a source of food, feed and fuel",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Carey, E.E.",1988,The development of a cassava variety trial network a case study from Colombia,"Improvement of Sweet Potato (Impomoea Batatas) in East Africa, with Some References of Other Tuber and Root Corps: Report of the ""Workshop on Sweet Potato Improvement in Africa"" Held at ILRAD, Nairobi, Kenya, UNDP Project CIAT-CIP-IITA, September 28-October 2, 1987",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3013/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Caribbean Agricultural Research, Development Inst., St Augustine (Trinidad, Tobago)",1979,Trinidad and Tobago Unit Quarterely Report Oct - Dec 1979,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3014/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Caribbean Agricultural Research, Development Inst., St Michael (Barbados)",1981,Barbados Unit annual report 1981,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3015/,"This 1981 annual report gives details of the activities of the Barbados Unit of CARDI. The report offers a description of (a) Food, Legumes and Cereals Programme, specifically sorghum, peanut and other legumes (b) Root Crops Programme, specifically yam (c) Vegetable Crops Programme, specifically onion and garlic (d) Integrated Pest Control for sugarcane, alfalfa, sorghum, cassava, cotton and citrus (e) Animal Production Programme (f) Monkey Crop Damage Control and (g) Small Scale Farming Systems. A list of publications is also given.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Caribbean Agricultural Research, Development Inst., Kingston (Jamaica)",1982,Jamaica Unit Annual Report 1982,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3016/,"CARDI's annual report for the Jamaica Unit presents the work activities for the year 1982. The first part camprises Miscellaneous entries on matters such as staffing, visitors, publications and equipment. The rest of the report falls under the following main headings Food Legumes and Cereals; Root Crops; Vegetables; Animal Prodution; Small Farm Systems Research; Agricultural Engineering; Evaluation of ICRISAR Peanut Selections and Minimum Tillage Investigation of Two Major Soil Types of Jamaica.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Caribbean Agricultural Research, Development Inst., St George's (Grenada)",1984,Grenada Unit quarterly technical report Apr - Jun 1984,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3017/,"This quarterly technical report for CARDI Grenada follows the almost standard layout of other quarterly reports. It gives details on staffing, weather conditions, work progress, research, testing, technology transfer, training, technical assistance and miscellaneous activities. Research was carried out on corn, pigeon peas, mungbean, peanuts, sweet potatoes, cassava, tannia and yam. On-farm testing was done on (a) corn/pigeon pea density and (b) tannia/legume trial.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Caribbean Agricultural Research, Development Inst., Kingston (Jamaica)",1984,Jamaica Unit Annual Report 1984,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3018/,"CARDI's annual report 1984 for the Jamaica Unit describes the work activities of that period. The first part deals briefly with matters inclusive of visitors, staffing, collaboration with other organizations, publications, its facilities and services. The other sections of the report are as follows. Food Legumes and Cereals; Vegetables; Other crops and special studies and Agricultural Engineering.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Caribbean Agricultural Research, Development Inst., St Michael (Barbados)",1985,Barbados Unit annual report 1985,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3019/,"This 1985 annual report gives details of the activities of the Barbados Unit of CARDI. The report offers a description of (a) Food, Legumes and Cereals, specifically pigeon pea (b) Root and Tuber Crops, specifically yam and cassava (c) Integrated Pest Management for sugarcane, vegetables, food, legumes and cereals, root and tuber crops, tree fruits, forages and parasite breeding (e) Technical Assistance and Training. A list of publications for the period is also included.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Caribbean Agricultural Research, Development Inst., Kingston (Jamaica)",1986,Jamaica Unit Annual Report 1985/1986,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3021/,"CARDI's annual report for the Jamaica Unit details the work activities for the period 1985-1986. The first part deals briefly with matters inclusive of visitors, staffing, collaboration with other organizations, its facilities and services. The other sections of the report are as follows Food Legume and Cereals; Root Crops; Other Crops and Special Studies and Agricultural Engineering.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Caribbean Agricultural Research, Development Inst., St Augustine (Trinidad, Tobago)",1986,Trinidad and Tobago Unit Annual Report 1985/86,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3022/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Caribbean Agricultural Research, Development Inst., St Michael (Barbados)",1987,Barbados Unit annual report 1987,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3023/,"This report is a summary of CARDI's (Barbados Unit) activities during the period September 1986 to August 1987. The report offers a description of (a) Food, Legumes and Cereals Programme, specifically pigeon pea (b) Root Crops Programme, specifically yam, cassava and sweet potato (c) Vegetable Programme, specifically onion, potato, eggplant, tomato, watermelon and chinese cabbage (d) Flowers/Ornamentals (e) Animal Production Programme (f) Integrated Pest Management Project and (h) Technical Assistance, Training and Services. The report also contains a list of publications on the specific topics produced by staff of the Barbados Unit during the period under review.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Caribbean Agricultural Research, Development Inst., St Augustine (Trinidad, Tobago)",1987,CARDI highlights 1985/1986,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3024/,This report highlights some of CARDI's work during the past year. It will have succeeded if it imparts a flavour of the diversity of the activities undertaken and an understanding that each is part of a continuum which may last anything from a few months to several years for the most intractable problems.,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Caribbean Agricultural Research, Development Inst., Kingston (Jamaica)",1988,Jamaica Unit Annual Report 1987/88,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3025/,"The Annual Report seeks to be comprehensive in its coverage of CARDI's work in Jamaica, without being exhaustive. It is intended more for the general reader than for the technical specialist. The body of the report briefly describes activities in the following areas tree crops; food crops; livestock; technical assistance and training; the work programme for 1988/89. The tree crops discussed are mango, citrus coconut and coffee. The food crops are cabbage, peanut and cassava. Technical assistance and training was provided in the areas of biometrics plant pathology, weed control and soil chemistry. A CARDI staff listing is also included.",Excluded,Cannot Find
CARDI,1991,CARDI annual technical report 1990/91 Barbados unit,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3027/,"This report reflects not only CARDI's activities over the year 1990/1991 but also collaborative work with the local agricultural agencies and the farming community in Barbados. The technical part of the document deals with the three main programmes (1) Animal Production (2) Crop Production and (3) Technology Adaptation and Transfer. It also lists areas of technical assistance, institution building activities, linkages with other organisations, administrative activities, collaborators, visitors and the unit's pubications.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Caribbean Agricultural Research, Development Institute, St. Augustine (Trinidad, Tobago)",1983,Root crops programme,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3029/,"The projects carried out under the Root Crops Programme in the territories and their results are summarised as follows 1) Cassava - variety assessment in Trinidad and intercropping with cowpeas, 2) Yam - virus-tested and improved planting material distributed in the region, particularly Barbados, 3) Sweet potato - variety assessment, disease resistance trials, fertilizer trials, pest control studies, 4) Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) - control of leaf roller in St. Vincent by multiplication and release of a local parasite, 5) Aroids - production systems described, germplasm collection established, variety trials, tannia leaf burning disease studies and agronomic improvement studies",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Carpena, A.L., Baldos, D.P., Cabela, T.U., Dilig, A.D., Estolano, M.P., Javier, E.L.",1975,"Varietal improvement, production, protection and utilization of root crops. 1. Varietal improvement and cultural management studies on tropical root crops",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3047/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Carpena, A.L.",1988,Varietal improvement of cassava,PCARRD Crops State of the Art and Abstract Bibliography Series,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3048/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Carpenter, A.J.",1982,"Economics of research and development of root and tuber crops in Zanzibar, Tanzania","Root Crops in Eastern Africa: Proceedings of a workshop held in Kigali, Rwanda, 23-27 November 1980",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3049/,"A total investment of about $100,000, from IDRC, IITA, the Canadian University Service Overseas (CUSO), FAO, and the Ministry of Agriculture, Zanzibar, resulted in the development, to the first stage of rapid multiplication, of several pest- and disease-resistant cassava varieties. The best of these promise to produce an extra 2 t of cassava on each 0.4-ha farm. At current local prices (US$ 0.15/kg on farm), the extra production is worth $300 to the farmer, or about $8 million if 50% of the current cassava-growing area in the country were planted with the improved varieties. Although this crop-value increase would be a good rate of return on an investment of as much as $20 million, estimates suggest that an investment of only $700 000 (at 1978 prices) will be needed for the extension program. It is concluded that research and development in root-crop improvement is highly attractive in economic terms, provided that market and family demand is maintained",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Adekambi, Souleimane Adeyemi, Adegbola, Patrice Ygue, Glele, Eugene K.A., Agli, Charles K., Tamegnon, Bertin A.",2010,Contribution des innovations technologiques agricoles lamlioration de la productivit cas des varits amliores de manioc au Bnin,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/305/,Cassava production in Benin is still characterized by low productivity compared to those of sub regional countries. Improved cassava varieties have been then developed. They have been promised to raise the productivity and thereby the income of farmers. This study examines the relationship between agricultural technology adoption and productivity improvement with focusing on high yield cassava varieties. The data used were collected from 267 randomly selected cassava producers in Benin. The paper uses the counterfactual outcomes framework of modern evaluation theory to estimate the Average Treatment Effect (ATE) of high yield cassava varieties adoption on farm-level average yield. Results indicate that the adoption of high yield cassava varieties farm-level average yield.,Excluded,Language Barrier
"Carter, S.E.",1986,Cassava Micro-Regions in Part of Eastern Paraguay: An explanation of their form and comparative study of cassava production within some of them,Cassava Micro-Regions in Part of Eastern Paraguay: An explanation of their form and comparative study of cassava production within some of them,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3075/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Adekayode, F.O., Adeola, O.F.",2009,response of cassava to potassium fertilizer treatments,"Journal of food, agriculture & environment",v. 7,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/308/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Carvalho, Luiz J.C.B., Buso, G.S.C., Brandoni, C., Allem, Antonio C., Fukuda, Wania Maria Goncalves, Sampaio, M.J.A.M.",1995,Study on interspecific evolutionary relationships and intraspecific characterization of cassava germplasm at CENARGEN/EMBRAPA,"2. International Scientific Meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology Network, Bogor (Indonesia),22-26 Ago 1994.",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3092/,"Of the 98 species of the genus Manihot, 80 occur in Brazil. This country also has the largest single collection of M. esculenta in the world. These facts make Brazil an important source of germplasm for this crop. Recently CENARGEN revised its research priorities, choosing cassava as the vegetative propagated model for genetic resource conservation and characterization. We work using molecular markers to characterize cassava germplasm, study the evolution of M. esculenta and develop a molecular linkage map. Our current approach focuses on broadening the germplasm to make it readily available for our studies. Preliminary results on the use of molecular markers to address cassava evolution indicate that M. esculenta is more closely related to South American species such as M. esculenta subsp. flabellifolia, M. esculenta subsp. peruviana, and M. pilosa. Research is also conducted on the genetic diversity of the cultivated species for germplasm collection management and breeding for agronomic characteristics.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Carvalho, A. V., Seccadio, L. L., Souza, T. C. L., Ferreira, T. F., Abreu, L. F.",2011,Physico-chemical and sensory evaluation of cassava pre-processed stored under freezing,Boletim Centro de Pesquisa de Processamento de Alimentos,29,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3102/,"The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical and sensory characteristics changes in pre-processed cassava during storage under freezing. The cassava roots were selected, washed in water, peeled and cut manually, cleaned, packed in polyethylene bags and stored at -18 C for 150 days and analyzed after 0, 7, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days for pH, acidity, moisture analysis and sensory acceptance. The average moisture value found for cassava roots frozen for 150 days was of 60.65%. The variable pH of cassava roots was not signifi cantly different during the whole period. However, it was observed a signifi cant increase in the acidity of cassava roots from 90 days of storage. Regarding the sensory analysis, for all attributes evaluated, the observed means for the time zero and time 150 days remained virtually unchanged and close to the concept ""liked very much."" The results suggest that the freezing of the roots of pre-processed cassava is an efficient method for delaying the onset of changes and deterioration, which can prolong its life by up to 150 days.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Carvalho, S. P., Caetano, J. N. D., Pereira, I. S.",2015,New clones of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) with low cyanogenic potential for human consumption in Natura,Acta Horticulturae,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3109/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important food supply for both humans and domestic animals. It is cultivated in the Americas, Africa and Asia, in an extensive range of land ranging from 30S to 30N latitude, under wide varia-tions in climate and soil. In many less developed countries with food security prob-lems, cassava is a major food supply of energy. In Africa, for example, cassava was introduced in the 16th century, providing roots and leaves for feeding millions of people. Cassava leaves provide protein, helping to reduce or even prevent malnutrition in large human contingents. Desirable characteristics of cassava clones are grown depending on the commercial purposes of culture, whether for industry or for human consumption in natura. The cassava for human consumption in natura should not present cyanogenic potential and can therefore be classified as a non-toxic cassava. It features a sweet taste. The cyanogenic potential is characterized by the ability to release cianidric acid (HCN), a substance highly toxic if ingested by people. In the Lavras Federal University (UFLA), Department of Agriculture, New Clones were obtained from cassava botanical seeds obtained by cross breeding. Some of these clones are currently being evaluated in an experiment installed in May 2012 in UFLA, with commercial clones. The clones are currently being evaluated for agronomic and commercial quality for human consumption in natura. Among the characters to be evaluated the cyanogenic potential of each clone is highlighted. In practice the separation between toxic and non-toxic cassava is made by tasting the raw pulp roots. However, it is imprecise and can still bring some risk to the safety of people who are doing the tasting. Some of these clones have shown early low levels of total cyanide, within acceptable limits for human consumption in natura.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Casadei, E.",1988,Nutritional and toxicological aspects of the cassava,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3117/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Castañeda-Méndez, Oscar, Ogawa, Satoshi, Medina, Adriana, Chavarriaga, Paul, Selvaraj, Michael Gomez",2017,A simple hydroponic hardening system and the effect of nitrogen source on the acclimation of in vitro cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant,53,2,10.1007/s11627-016-9796-z,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3125/,"Plant tissue culture technology is being widely used for large-scale, rapid, clonal multiplication and genetic transformation in cassava. The main limitation of this technology is the period of acclimation of the fragile in vitro plants after they have been multiplied or regenerated. Most losses of in vitro plants occur when the plantlets are moved directly from the test tubes to the ex vitro conditions. Our aim was to design a simple, rapid, low-maintenance hydroponic system to improve survival rate of transplanting to the ex vitro conditions through the rapid acclimation process of in vitro plants. In this paper, we have developed a simple hydroponic system to accelerate the cassava acclimation and multiplication process. This system considerably increased the survival percentage of in vitro and/or transgenic lines and reduces the time requirement for multiplication by hydroponic acclimation. In order to assess the effectiveness of the acclimation of seedlings on their establishment, we analyzed plant growth and field survival rate with response to different nitrogen (N) sources using different cassava accessions. Nitrogen sources of NO and NHNO increased plant growth and root length compared to NH alone, or water treatments. The greenhouse and field survivability of N-hardened plants, including transgenic lines, were significantly different in growth and development. We present a simple NO hydroponic acclimation system that can be quickly and cheaply constructed and used by the cassava community around the world. The efficiency of our proposed N hydroponic acclimation system is validated in the transgenic development pipeline which will enhance the cassava molecular breeding.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Castano, J., Correa, C., Echeverry, A., Franco, A., Monsalve, A., Rivas, L.",1990,Trends highlights FAO data cassava,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3127/,"Statistical data resulting from trend analysis are presented for cassava production, relative importance/region, and per capita production levels on a country and regional basis for South America, the Caribbean, Central America, Asia, and Africa. Annual crop growth rates, yield levels, and area levels are also given. World trade (exports and imports) trends are analyzed for 1983-88 for Africa, Latin America, and Asia (general and per country)",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Castano, Jairo, Ostertag Galvez, Carlos Felipe, Patino Arbelaez, Carlos Alberto, Smith, Joyotee, Muller-Samann, Karl, Sanz Scovino, Jose Ignacio, Quiros Torres, Carlos Arturo, Roa, Jose Ignacio, Beltran G, Jorge Alonso, Rubiano Mejia, Jorge Eliecer, Cabra, Maria Cecilia",1994,"Project 3 Prototype systems for ecologically sound intensification of production in the hillsides (""Interprogram Project""). II. Market opportunities linked to erosion control practices a key to adoption?",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3128/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Castillo, E.T.",1986,Effect of cropping pattern on soil erosion and surface runoff in the Agusan River Basin,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3138/,"Results showed that cropping pattern A which includes crop planting of cassava, corn and camote was the most effective scheme in reducing surface runoff and sediment yield in the area. Total surface runoff was 764.41 liters for CPA (cropping pattern A) versus 867.63 liters for cropping pattern C (corn-camote-cassava) and 842.87 liters for cropping pattern B (camote-peanut-corn). Average surface runoff of CPA was 41.58% lower than the bare plot. Total sediment yield were 621.36 kg/ha, 748.01 kg/ha and 740.44 kg/ha for CPA, CPB, CPC respectively. During the peak precipitation period which occurred during the third month of each cropping season, camote consistently produced the lowest surface runoff and sediment yield, closely followed by cassava. Both crops were found to attain a hundred percent relative cover before the peak rainfall set in while corn maintained 70% relative cover until the last month. Cropping pattern, cropping season and the interaction of cropping season and cropping pattern accounted most for the observed variation. The variation in surface runoff and sediment yield was largely explained by crop growth habits and sequencing of crops. With respect to productivity, obtained crop yield were very low compared to national average yield. This can be attributed to the poor soil physical and chemical properties which were observed to decline with time.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Cavallero, M., Medina, R., Hoyos, R., Cenz, P., Mroginski, L.",2011,Biotechnology applied to cassava propagation in Argentina,"Cassava: Farming, Uses, and Economic Impact",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3153/,"Cassava is a staple food to millions of people in tropical and subtropical countries. Although it is traditionally cultivated from stem cuttings, which is a simple and inexpensive technique, this method presents serious problems such as low multiplication rates, difficulties to conserve stems, and dissemination of pests and diseases. Many of these problems would be solved through in vitro tissue culture. This work evaluates the in vitro establishment and multiplication of 28 cassava clones of agronomic interest for the Northeastern Argentina, a boundary area for this crop. Since the transfer of in vitro plants to ex vitro conditions is a critical phase of micropropagation, we evaluated the effect of different acclimatization treatments on survival and growth parameters of plants (cv EC118) grown in a culture chamber. We also scored their field survival and performance by comparing them with plants obtained by the conventional planting technique. After disinfection, uninodal segment culture in Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 0.01 mg/L BAP + 0.01 mg/L NAA + 0.1 mg/L GA3 allowed the in vitro establishment of 100% of the clones and their subsequent multiplication. Cultures were maintained at 272C with a 14 h photoperiod. During establishment, sprouting occurred in 100% of the clones and rooting in 93% of them; the remaining clones formed roots during the multiplication phase. Thirty days after multiplication, the plants presented significant differences in plant height, average number of nodes per plant and number of roots per plant. During acclimatization, five treatments were evaluated three substrates (perlite, T1; sand + vermicompost, T2; commercial substrate composed of peat and perlite, T3), and two hydroponic treatments (tapwater, T4; Arnon and Hoagland nutrient solution, T5). Although in chamber growth conditions the acclimatized plants showed statistical differences in several growth parameters depending on the treatments, no differences were observed in the survival percentage. Shoot and root fresh and dry weight and leaf area were highest in T5 and lowest in T2 and T4. Field survival differed significantly between treatments, discriminating a group with high survival rates (T5 73.3%, T3 86.7%, and control treatment 100%) and another with low survival rates (T2 33.3%; T1 35% and T4 36.7%). At harvest, there were no significant differences in the total fresh weight. However, the percentage of biomass partitioned to roots was significantly higher in T3 and T5, which resulted in a higher tuberous roots yield than that of the control treatment.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Caveness, F.E.",1982,Root-knot nematodes on cassava,Annual Report. Ibadan: IITA,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3156/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Caveness, F.E. (International Inst. of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria))",1988,Mixed cropping in a cassava-based system,IITA Root and Tuber Improvement Program. Annual report 1986 (IITA),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3158/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Caveness, F.E. (International Inst. of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria))",1988,Reniform nematode on cassava yield-loss assessment trial,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3159/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Caveness, F.E. (International Inst. of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria))",1988,Root-knot and reniform nematodes under two moisture regimes on cassava,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3160/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Caveness, F.E. (International Inst. of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria))",1988,Stabilizing yields in a cassava-based system nematology,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3161/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Cayot, N.",2006,Preliminary tests on a flavoured model system Elaboration process and rheological characterization of a custard dessert,Flavour and Fragrance Journal,21,1,10.1002/ffj.1697,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3164/,"Custard dessert was chosen as a reference model system for inter-laboratory studies within the programme of COST Action 921. A recipe based on tapioca starch and -carrageenan was used. Two different tapioca starches and two different processes were tested. A penetrometry test and a mechanical spectrum were proposed to characterize the rheological properties of the products. The products showed typical behaviour of a well-structured matrix but were different from a real gel. The repeatability of the process was considered acceptable. Extra-shearing seemed to be a way to improve repeatability. The products were flavoured with a strawberry aroma. The impact of the flavouring on the rheological properties should be further investigated for one of the starches. Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ceballos, Hernán",2006,Cassava research at CIAT,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3168/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ceballos, H., Fregene, M., Lentini, Z., Sanchez, T., Puentes, Y. I., Perez, J. C., Rosero, A., Tofino, A. P.",2006,Development and identification of high-value cassava clones,Acta Horticulturae,703,,10.17660/ActaHortic.2006.703.6,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3169/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important food security crop for many tropical and subtropical countries. It is also acquiring an increasing role in rural development as raw material for different industries. The most important industrial uses of cassava are as a source of energy in the feed industry and as a source of starch. To consolidate and expand the industrial uses of cassava, an increased emphasis in the search for value-added traits, while maintaining or enhancing its productivity, has recently been given by the cassava breeding project at CIAT. For the feed industry, the main objective is enhanced nutritional quality, particularly with regard to protein content. The high-protein trait is being introgressed from related Manihot species. In addition, several M. esculenta clones with more than double the normal protein content have been identified. For the starch industry, different approaches to produce cassava roots with novel starch types have been initiated. Inbreeding has been introduced to cassava genetic improvement because it offers many advantages, including a facilitated identification of useful recessive traits. Ongoing research for the production of doubled-haploid lines will reduce the time required to reach full homozygosity. Plants from irradiated seed in a mutation-breeding project have been evaluated in the field and many self-pollinations have been made to implement the TILLING system specifically targeting the waxy starch trait. Waxy starch will also be produced through gene silencing using genetic transformation. Conventional recurrent selection methods have also began for a divergent selection searching to increase or reduce amylose content in the starch from the roots. Novel starch types are also sought through crosses with related Manihot species. Finally, CIAT has set up a high capacity root-quality laboratory to routinely screen the roots of the thousands of new genotypes generated every year.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Ceballos, H., Ramirez, J., Bellotti, A. C., Jarvis, A., Alvarez, E.",2011,Adaptation of Cassava to Changing Climates,Crop Adaptation to Climate Change,,,10.1002/9780470960929.ch28,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3177/,"Cassava is among the most important staple crops grown in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It has a remarkable and well recognized adaptation to marginal growing conditions due to its perennial growth habit. When there are biotic and/or abiotic stresses the plant can become dormant until favorable growing conditions return. This characteristic provides flexibility and plasticity for the plant to adapt to changes in the environment. Cassava is vegetatively propagated but sexual reproduction is relatively easy and, therefore, conventional breeding does not have particular problems. The multiplication rate of vegetative propagation, however, is low. From one plant only 7-10 cuttings can typically be obtained. Climate change will likely require replacement of varieties. Consequently, rapid multiplication schemes will be required to overcome the low multiplication rate of cassava. Overall, cassava production is expected to be favored by predicted changes in the climate (with few relatively small exceptions). Breeding and research strategies to prepare cassava for the expected changes in climate include developing herbicide-tolerant cassava through the use of wild relatives and integrated pest and diseases management approaches.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ceballos, H., Hershey, C., Becerra-Lpez-Lavalle, L. A.",2012,New approaches to cassava breeding,Plant Breeding Reviews,36,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3180/,"Cassava is the third most important source of dietary energy for developing regions of the world. It is a key staple crop and is also increasingly an important source of raw material for the starch, feed, and bioethanol industries. Significant progress has been made on this crop after the creation of the International Agricultural Research System and the consolidation of few national research programs. Several germplasm collections have been created in the last few decades and, more recently, their systematic phenotyping began in search of useful traits. Cassava is a diploid perennial species that is grown annually. It shows hybrid vigor and no evidence of (self-) incompatibility has been reported. The phenotypic recurrent selection method used relies on the clonal propagation of the crop, whose multiplication rate is relatively low. Cassava is a crop with plasticity that can respond to adequate conventional breeding approaches rapid cycling selection has almost tripled maximum levels of carotenoids content in 7 years. Where markets for processing roots exist (e.g., southeast Asia), centralized breeding systems have almost doubled national average productions in a period of 15-20 years. Cassava can also play a key role in food security, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Under those circumstances, participatory breeding approaches (many of which were first applied to cassava about 40 years ago) can be very effective in the selection process, facilitating the adoption of improved cultivars. Protocols for the genetic transformation of cassava and molecular maps have been developed in the past two decades and its genome was recently sequenced. Protocols for the production of doubled haploids and the introduction of inbreeding in breeding are under way. Cassava can grow in dry, marginal areas with low-fertility soils. Expected changes in climate are likely to benefit cassava by expanding the areas where it can be grown and improving the conditions where it is currently grown. It is important to balance advanced research to better understand cassava, with more basic work, strengthening conventional breeding approaches and closely linking production at the farm, with research at the experimental station and the needs of the processing sector. Investments in cassava should match its economic and social relevance. 2012 Wiley-Blackwell. Published 2012 by John Wiley and Sons, Inc.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Ceballos, H., Hershey, C. H.",2017,Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Genetic Improvement of Tropical Crops,,,10.1007/978-3-319-59819-2_5,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3186/,"Cassava is a key food security staple and a competitive feedstock for multiple industrial processes and end uses. Farmers grow hybrids which are reproduced vegetatively. Several programs have used the same breeding scheme for the last 40 years. Significant progress has been made, particularly with the first improved varieties released in the 1980s and 1990s. However, gains slowed down since then. Biotechnology tools, after more than two decades, have not yet had impact on increasing yields. Results from ongoing genomic selection show promising results for high-heritability traits, but not for fresh root yield (FRY). Key challenges to increase FRY are the strong influence of nonadditive genetic effects and the heterozygous nature of breeding parents. There is large within-family variation masking the true breeding value of each progenitor. To improve yields, breeding must shift from making crosses where breeders hope to find hybrids that are superior to those already available (a strategy that has made only slow progress in the last decade or two) to develop and improve inbred progenitors that can produce more reliably better hybrids. The use of inbred progenitors and implementation of reciprocal recurrent selection should be an efficient way to exploit heterosis and epistasis, which are large components in the determination of FRY. Induction of flowering would also accelerate genetic gains. In the near-term future, available molecular markers can be used to improve the breeding value of progenitors rather than in selection of segregating progenies. They can also be used to screen germplasm collections in search of useful traits.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Cenpukdee, U. (Queensland Univ., Brisbane, Qld. (Australia). Dept. of Agriculture), Fukai, S.",1991,Effects of nitrogen supply on cassava/pigeonpea intercropping with three contrasting cassava cultivars,,v. 29,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3190/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Cenpukdee, U., Fukai, S.",1992,Cassava/legume intercropping with contrasting cassava cultivars. 1. Competition between component crops under three intercropping conditions,Field Crops Research,29,2,10.1016/0378-4290(92)90082-K,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3193/,"Seven contrasting cassava cultivars were grown in sole-cropping and in intercropping with soybean and with pigeonpea to examine how associated crop species affect the performance of intercropping. In cassava/pigeonpea intercropping, time of pigeonpea sowing and plant density were altered in two experiments. In Experiment 1, four rows of pigeonpea were sown between cassava rows at cassava planting. In Experiment 2, two rows of pigeonpea or soybean were sown at 35 days after cassava planting. In Experiment 1, cassava emerged later than pigeonpea. Canopy width of cassava did not increase once the cassava interrow was occupied by pigeonpea. Total dry-matter production of all cassava cultivars was severely affected in intercropping by the time of pigeonpea harvest. Subsequent recovery was slow and final tuber yield in all cultivars was less than 25% of the corresponding yield in solecrop. When the competitive ability of pigeonpea was reduced in Experiment 2, only a short cassava cultivar was affected severely by pigeonpea, and its recovery was poor after pigeonpea harvest. Tall cultivars gradually became much taller than pigeonpea, and in most cultivars tuber yields were reduced by only up to 30%. However, the pigeonpea was almost completely suppressed by these cassava cultivars, and its seed yield was very poor. Total solar radiation intercepted by the two species combined in intercropping was similar to that of sole cassava, but combined biomass production of the two species was lower. Harvest index of cassava cultivars was also reduced slightly by intercropped pigeonpea. It was concluded that the two species competed with each other for too long, and there was yield loss of cassava/pigeonpea intercropping over sole-cropping with any cassava cultivars, except one (MCol 1468) which was strongly competitive and produced a full cassava yield in intercropping. The soybean cultivar used in Experiment 2 was short-statured and quick maturing, and had little adverse effect on growth and tuber yield of any cassava cultivar. Radiation available to the soybean, and hence soybean growth and seed yield, was greatly reduced by tall cassava cultivars. Short or compact cassava cultivars, on the other hand, affected growth of soybean less severely, and in some cases their tuber yield was increased by the associated soybean.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement, Paris (France). FLHOR. Departement des Productions Fruitieres et Horticoles",1995,Tropical tubers and their conservation. 4 - Cassava and Taro,Fruitrop,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3198/,"Fiche technique sur la conservation du manioc et du taro famille, composition, maladies d'entreposage provoquees par differentes moisissures, traitements apres recolte",Excluded,Cannot Find
CIAT,1978,"Latin America: trend highlights on beans, cassava, beef, corn, rice, swine and fertilizers",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3201/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali (Colombia)",1979,Cassava [on-farm research],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3202/,"In 1979 the technology development within the CIAT Cassava Program was at the critical testing and evaluation stage before release of the 1st technology packages to national extension agencies. The overall structure for this evaluation process had been largely defined and was in process of implementation, with principal focus being put on expanding this system into all major cassava producing countries in Latin America. The International Regional Yield Trials had shown that germplasm selections and 1st hybrids could yield well, but that yield was highly dependent on agroclimatic conditions. The selected line M Col 1684 had shown very broad adaptability giving consistently high yields in Colombia and, in 4 international trials, it gave an av. yield of 33 t/ha while the regional varieties in the same trials yielded only 19 t/ha. Results from farm-level trials were limited and more extensive testing was planned. Initial results showed that the yields of local varieties can be markedly increased by use of CIAT improved cultural practices. The yields of selected varieties highlighted the important interaction between yield and agroclimatic conditions and defined other variety characteristics as being important to farmers. These results emphasized the importance of these trials in the evaluation and testing procedure. The evaluation of new cassava technology was in the ex-ante stage. Definition and characterization of the major production zones was critical to an evaluation of the impact of new cassava technology, as well this would define which of the results from the regional and on-farm trials were most representative and define sites when trials should be located. Methodologies and data gathering services existed making a more thorough analysis of the ex-ante impact of new cassava technology feasible",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali (Colombia).",1981,Latin American agriculture trends in CIAT commodities,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3205/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali (Colombia). Unidad de Comunicaciones e Informacion",1984,Selection and preparation of cassava [Manihot esculenta] cuttings for planting,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3207/,,Excluded,Duplicate
CIAT,1986,"Cassava in Asia, its Potential Research and Development Needs: Proceedings of a Regional Workshop held in Bangkok, Thailand, 5-8 June, 1984","Cassava in Asia, its Potential Research and Development Needs: Proceedings of a Regional Workshop held in Bangkok, Thailand, 5-8 June, 1984",,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3209/,,Excluded,Duplicate
CIAT,1987,CIAT Report 1987,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3213/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
CIAT,1991,CIAT in the 1990s and Beyond: A Strategic Plan,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3222/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
CIAT,1991,CIAT in the 1990s and Beyond: A Strategic Plan,CIAT in the 1990s and Beyond: A Strategic Plan,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3223/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Fregene, M., Puonti-Kaerlas, J.",1992,Cassava biotechnology,"Cassava: Biology, Production and Utilization",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3225/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
CIAT,1992,Cassava in agroforestry systems,Quick Bibliographies,,18,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3226/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali (Colombia)",1992,Cassava/maize intercropping 1980-1991,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3228/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali (Colombia). Biotechnology Research Unit",1993,Annual report (1988-1992) [plant breeding],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3231/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali (Colombia).",1993,Cassava the latest facts about an ancient crop,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3232/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
CIAT,1994,Cassava: erosion and soil conservation 1959-1994,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3239/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
CIAT,1995,"The Cassava Biotechnology Network: Proceedings of the Second International Scientific Meeting, Bogor, Indonesia, 22-26 August 1994",,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3242/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Palmira (Colombia)",1995,Seeds of hope for Rwanda,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3243/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Howeler, R. H.",1996,"A benchmark study on cassava production, processing and marketing in Vietnam: Proceedings of a workshop held in Hanoi, Vietnam, Oct. 29-31, 1992",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3244/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
CIAT,1998,"Enormous region, enormous challenge: the Brazilian Cerrados: a breadbasket that must be preserved",Growing Affinities (CIAT),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3247/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali (Colombia)",1998,The seed has sprouted a new way of working in Northeast Brazil,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3248/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
CIAT,1998,"Working with the ""Brazilian touch"": an innovative approach to cassava improvement",Growing Affinities,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3250/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Chaiyarojana, Daruni, Chinabutr, Narong, Santi Ratana-anupap (Department of Land Development, Bangkok (Thailand). Soil Analysis Div.)",1984,Influence of soil moisture on nutrient availability and productivity of cassava,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3287/,"Two years study was conducted at Rayong and Cholburi, Land Development Centers in the East of Thailand, in Mabbon and Lang Suan soil series, respectively. The influence of soil moisture on growth and nutrient uptake of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) was investigated. Rainfall in this area was very slight from December to April and relatively excessive from July to October. Soil moisture content was determined with a neutron soil moisture meter at 30 cm. increment to the depth of 180 cm. The difference in water retention of these two soils contributed effectively to soil moisture status throughout the profile. Moisture content of Lang Suan soil was retained within the available water capacity range throughout the growing season. Meanwhile moisture of Mabbon soil to the depth of 30 cm. was about five months below the permanent wilting point. There was high significance in plant growth and yield of cassava between two locations. Cassava production from Mabbon soil which subjected to a period of very low soil moisture content was about one half of that from Lang Suan soil.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Chalachai, S., Soni, P., Chamsing, A., Salokhe, V. M.",2013,A critical review of mechanization in cassava harvesting in Thailand,International Agricultural Engineering Journal,22,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3291/,"Cassava is grown by about 500 million farmers all over the world. In Asia, cassava production stands at 77 million MT, and is one of the most important economic crops in Thailand. Thailand is the fourth largest producer of cassava in the world. Cassava is mainly planted with cut stem at a spacing of 1 m 1 m, which is done manually in most cases. Harvesting is one of the most difficult processes in cassava production, as more labor is required, thus increasing the overall cost of harvesting. There have been some significant attempts made in the research on mechanical harvesting of cassava. For example, some researchers developed cassava digger suitable for a 50 hp tractor, while others attempted to integrate cassava digger and conveyer unit. Recent research includes a harvesting machine hitched to a tractor and popularly known as Digger; the Digger has also been modified with provision of a conveyor unit. However, all these have several disadvantages such as loss of cassava root in the field, smaller working width, higher breaking loss, greater power requirement, and field cleaning requirement.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Chamsing, A., Salokhe, V., Singh, G.",2006,Energy Consumption Analysis for Selected Crops in Different Regions of Thailand,Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR Ejournal,8,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3299/,"In this study the energy consumption for five major crops viz. rice, maize, sugarcane, cassava and soybean in three regions of Thailand is analyzed. The energy consumption for different farm operations from land preparation to transportation, - to storage, and - to market places was considered. Primary data were obtained through field survey and personal interviews using questionnaires. The data were collected from 909 farms owned by 487 farmers. Secondary data and energy equivalents were obtained from available literature. Results showed that energy input in farm operations for sugarcane production was the highest (14.48- 18.65 GJ/ha). For irrigated rice, rainfed rice, maize, wet-season soybean and cassava, it varied between 1.79-18.49, 10.09-13.11, 9.79-12.79, 5.21-10.03 and 4.95-9.13 GJ/ha respectively. Energy input in dry-season soybean production was the lowest with a range of 5.31-7.86 GJ/ha. About 62% and 38% of energy inputs in farm operations was from material and physical energy inputs respectively. Energy from fertilizer contributed the highest followed by energy from seed, pesticide and herbicide. Over 97.8 % of physical energy input was energy from mechanical power sources. Total energy input for sugarcane in the Central plain was the highest (24.68 GJ/ha), whilst lowest was energy input in cassava production in the Northeast (8.81 GJ/ha). Energy sequester was the main cause of variation of total energy input for different crops. Energy ratio for different crops had a range of 2.0-11.1. Both, wetseason and dry-season soybean showed the lowest energy ratio (2.0-3.7) followed by rainfed rice and irrigated rice. Sugarcane gave the highest energy ratio (9.3-10.1) followed by cassava and maize.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Chan, S. K., Chia, J. S.",1974,A preliminary evaluation of five cassava clones derived from open-pollinated seeds at Serdang,MARDI Res Bull,2,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3300/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Chan, S.K., Chia, J.S.",1974,Preliminary evaluation of five cassava clones derived from open-pollinated seeds at Serdang [Varieties],Mardi Research Bulletin,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3301/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Chan, S.K., Tan, S.L., Geh, S.L.",1975,Malaysia [report on cassava],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3302/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Chan, Seak Khen., Tan, Swee Lian.",1997,Development and application of DRIS as a guide to cassava fertilization on mineral soils and peat,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3303/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Chandapillai, M.M.",1975,"Weed control in tapioca (Manihot utilissima, Pohl)",Proceedings of the Indonesian Weed Science Conference,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3312/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Chandra, S., Sharma, A.P.",1981,Experiments on cassava production technologies in Fiji,AMA Agricultural Mechanization in Asia,12,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3315/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Chandra, S.",1986,Tropical root crops and their potential for food in the less developed countries,Food Reviews International,2,2,10.1080/87559128609540794,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3317/,"Tropical root crops are important staple foods for about a third of the world's population. In this paper the production and consumption of tropical root crops by major world regions and individual countries are analyzed. Three of the world's leading producers and consumers of tropical root crops are China, Nigeria, and Brazil. The annual, global per capita consumption is about 70 kg. The nutritional content of tropical root crops is discussed, followed by a review of some nutritional studies done in India, Zambia, Brazil, and the South Pacific. In some countries tropical root crops supply up to 75% of the daily diet. Tropical root crops have high return to energy expenditure in their production. The various utilization methods of tropical root crops are then discussed. There is very little international trade in tropical root crops, the main products being cassava pellets and starch. Most of the trade is of a domestic nature, consisting of fresh tubers for urban markets. The contribution of tropical root crops in the agricultural economy of the main producing nations varies greatly. It ranges from about 25% in a highly subsistence oriented economy like Papua New Guinea to 10% in a semi-subsistence economy like Fiji to a mere 2% in a highly commercialized economy like Japan. The development potential of tropical root crops is very high because they can produce large amounts of food per unit of labor or time, they are well adapted to a wide range of environments, and they have a strong interdependence with man. It is argued that in this hungry world tropical root crops have a major role to play in meeting the food needs of rural and urban populations of less developed countries. Rural development programs in many less developed countries would have greater chances of success if they were strongly integrated with tropical root crops development programs. Finally, general conclusions and recommendations for research and development in tropical root crops are made in agronomy, production systems, germplasm, breeding, diseases and pests, storage, utilization, and marketing.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Chapman, R. F., Page, W. W., McCaffery, A. R.",1986,Bionomics of the variegated grasshopper (Zonocerus variegatus) in West and Central Africa,Annual Review of Entomology,31,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3367/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Charles, A.L., Huang, T.C., Lai, P.Y., Chen, C.C., Lee, P.P., Chang, Y.H.",2007,Study of wheat flour-cassava starch composite mix and the function of cassava mucilage in Chinese noodles,,v. 21  issue 3,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3378/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Charrier, A., Hamon, S.",1991,"Germplasm collection, conservation and utilization activities of the Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique d'Outre-Mer (ORSTOM)",ORSTOM Genetic Resources Activities,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3395/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Chauhan, R. D., Beyene, G., Taylor, N. J.",2013,Identification of Hyphomicrobium as a Bacterial Endophyte of Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) and Its Elimination from In Vitro Cultures,In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Plant,49,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3412/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Chauhan, R. D., Taylor, N. J.",2016,"Meta-topolin Significantly Enhances De Novo Shoot Organogenesis and Plant Regeneration in Cassava, Sweetpotato and Soybean",In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Animal,52,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3416/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Chauhan, R. D., Hummel, A., Cermak, T., Starker, C., Bart, R., Voytas, D., Taylor, N.",2017,Generation of Glyphosate Tolerant Cassava Plants Through CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Editing,In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Animal,53,Supplement 1,10.1007/s11626-017-0162-1,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3417/,"Our goal is to generate non-transgenic glyphosate tolerant cassava. Cassava production is constrained by weed infestation, with most African farmers relying on labor-intensive hand weeding. The herbicide glyphosate inhibits the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), preventing synthesis of chorismate-derived aromatic amino acids and their secondary metabolites. Development of glyphosate tolerant cassava could reduce labor inputs and increase storage root yields. As proof of concept, T-DNA carrying three mutation combinations of the EPSPS coding sequence that produce enzymes resistant to inhibition by glyphosate, were engineered into cassava. Transgenic plants showed high levels of tolerance to glyphosate, with the T102I/P106A (TIPA) allele proving most efficacious. A parallel CRISPR/ Cas9 approach was undertaken in which gRNAs were used to target the native cassava EPSPS locus and insert a 4.2 kb sequence consisting of the 2x35S promoter plus coding sequence carrying the TIPA mutation. Molecular analysis of regenerated plants confirmed presence of repair template at the intended EPSPS site. Shikimate assays and greenhouse glyphosate applications confirmed functionality of the promoter-TIPA “knockin” within gene edited plants showing tolerance to glyphosate at levels equal to that generated by the conventional transgenic approach. It was observed that a strong constitutive promoter is required to provide maximum glyphosate tolerance. Native cassava promoters were identified by RNAseq analysis, screened as transcriptional fusions with the GUS marker gene, and confirmed to drive gene expression in a strong and constitutive manner. Transgenic cassava plants expressing the TIPA mutation under control of one such native cassava promoter showed tolerance to glyphosate application. Recovery of gene edited EPSPS TIPA variants driven by a strong constitutive native promoter is underway as the next step towards production of glyphosate tolerant cassava.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Chavarriaga-Aguirre, P., Pachico, D., Tohme, J.",2013,Addressing challenges of tropical agriculture: Colombia's cassava case,"Trading in Genes: Development Perspectives on Biotechnology, Trade and Sustainability",,,10.4324/9781849773430,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3428/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz, Euphorbiaceae) is a root crop of southern Amazonian origin that was spread throughout the Old World tropics by Portuguese sailors in the 16th century. Since then cassava has gradually become an economically important crop in developing countries due mainly to its tolerance to drought, poor soil fertility and acid soils. In Africa, fresh roots of cassava are a staple food and constitute a commodity for regional trade. In Thailand, Vietnam and Indonesia, dried cassava is an export commodity, while in Colombia and Brazil cassava is produced mainly for internal consumption. Today cassava ranks fourth among the major sources of carbohydrates in the tropics where it is an indispensable staple for millions of people. The importance of cassava as a low-cost source of carbohydrates in the world merits the application of modern biotechnological techniques to improve germplasm for nutritional quality and biotic and abiotic stress tolerance among other traits. This chapter focuses on the prospects of development and deployment of transgenic cassava, while attempting to examine possible social implications of the endeavour.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Chavarriaga-Aguirre, P., Brand, A., Medina, A., Prias, M., Escobar, R., Martinez, J., Diaz, P., Lopez, C., Roca, W. M., Tohme, J.",2016,The potential of using biotechnology to improve cassava a review,In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Plant,52,5,10.1007/s11627-016-9776-3,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3429/,"The importance of cassava as the fourth largest source of calories in the world requires that contributions of biotechnology to improving this crop, advances and current challenges, be periodically reviewed. Plant biotechnology offers a wide range of opportunities that can help cassava become a better crop for a constantly changing world. We therefore review the state of knowledge on the current use of biotechnology applied to cassava cultivars and its implications for breeding the crop into the future. The history of the development of the first transgenic cassava plant serves as the basis to explore molecular aspects of somatic embryogenesis and friable embryogenic callus production. We analyze complex plant-pathogen interactions to profit from such knowledge to help cassava fight bacterial diseases and look at candidate genes possibly involved in resistance to viruses and whiteflies-the two most important traits of cassava. The review also covers the analyses of main achievements in transgenic-mediated nutritional improvement and mass production of healthy plants by tissue culture and synthetic seeds. Finally, the perspectives of using genome editing and the challenges associated to climate change for further improving the crop are discussed. During the last 30 yr, great advances have been made in cassava using biotechnology, but they need to scale out of the proof of concept to the fields of cassava growers.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Chavarriaga-Aguirre, P., Brand, A., Medina, A., Prías, M., Escobar, R., Martinez, J., Díaz, P., López, C., Roca, W. M., Tohme, J.",2016,The potential of using biotechnology to improve cassava: a review,In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology - Plant,52,5,10.1007/s11627-016-9776-3,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3430/,"The importance of cassava as the fourth largest source of calories in the world requires that contributions of biotechnology to improving this crop, advances and current challenges, be periodically reviewed. Plant biotechnology offers a wide range of opportunities that can help cassava become a better crop for a constantly changing world. We therefore review the state of knowledge on the current use of biotechnology applied to cassava cultivars and its implications for breeding the crop into the future. The history of the development of the first transgenic cassava plant serves as the basis to explore molecular aspects of somatic embryogenesis and friable embryogenic callus production. We analyze complex plant-pathogen interactions to profit from such knowledge to help cassava fight bacterial diseases and look at candidate genes possibly involved in resistance to viruses and whitefliesthe two most important traits of cassava. The review also covers the analyses of main achievements in transgenic-mediated nutritional improvement and mass production of healthy plants by tissue culture and synthetic seeds. Finally, the perspectives of using genome editing and the challenges associated to climate change for further improving the crop are discussed. During the last 30yr, great advances have been made in cassava using biotechnology, but they need to scale out of the proof of concept to the fields of cassava growers.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Howeler, Reinhardt H",2000,Cassava agronomy research in Asia: Has it benefited cassava farmers?,"Cassavas Potential in Asia in the 21st Century: Present Situation and Future Research and Development Needs. Proc. 6th Regional Workshop, held in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/34375/,"During the past decade (1990-2000) the area planted to cassava in most countries in Asia has generally decreased, while production has remained stable or also decreased. Cassava yields have increased mainly in India, Indonesia and China but remained nearly the same in Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines, and actually decreased in Vietnam. Yield stagnation or declines, inspite of widespread adoption of higher yielding varieties, is partly due to displacement of cassava to more marginal regions, and partly a result of the deterioration of the soil resources due to erosion and inadequate or unappropriate fertilizer use. The paper describes research results obtained in the development of improved cultural practices, such as time and method of planting, weed control, fertilization, intercropping and erosion control. Experiments have shown that cassava yields are seriously reduced if either low rainfall or low temperatures are limiting growth during the period of 3-5 months after planting; that planting vertically or inclined produces higher yields than planting horizontally, especially during periods of drought; that planting on ridges is better in the rainy season but planting on the flat is better in the dry season; that high yields can be sustained over many years of continuous cassava planting if adequate amounts of N and K are applied annually; that intercropping with peanut generally increases total income and protects the soil from erosion; and that fertilization, intercropping, contour ridging and contour hedgerows of grasses are very effective ways to reduce erosion. Areas in which additional research is needed are suggested. Improved cultural practices, such as the use of chemical fertilizers and herbicides have been adopted in some regions or countries, such as Tamil Nadu, Malaysia, Thailand (to some extent), Indonesia and south Vietnam (mainly fertilizers). Constraints to adoption are identified and policy changes are suggested that will enhance the adoption of better practices that will contribute to increasing the income of cassava farmers and maintaining or improving the productivity of the soil.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Jones, William O",1959,Manioc in Africa,Manioc in Africa,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/34376/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Nweke, Felix, Spencer, Dunstan SC, Lynam, John K",2002,The cassava transformation: Africa's best-kept secret,The cassava transformation: Africas best-kept secret,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/34377/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Hillocks, Rory J, Thresh, JM, Bellotti, Anthony",2002,"Cassava: Biology, Production and Utilization","Cassava: Biology, Production and Utilization",,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/34381/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Boster, James Shilts",1984,"Classification, cultivation, and selection of Aguaruna cultivars of Manihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae)",Advances in Economic Botany,1,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/34385/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Onwueme, I Chukuma",1978,"The tropical tuber crops: yams, cassava, sweet potato, and cocoyams","The tropical tuber crops: yams, cassava, sweet potato, and cocoyams",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/34389/,"This book provides a detailed account of the major tropical tuber crops which form a substantial part of the staple diet of people living in the tropics. Traditional and more recent production methods are discussed and analysed. In addition, projections are made to indicate in which direction production practices should go, or are likely to go, in years to come. Tuber crops covered are yams, cassava, sweet potato and cocoyams.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Balagopalan, C",2002,"Cassava utilization in food, feed and industry","Cassava: Biology, production and utilization",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/34390/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Cours, Gilbert",1951,Manioc in Madagascar,Mmoires de l'Institut Scientifique de Madagascar. Srie B Biologie Vgtale,3,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/34395/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Bolhuis, GG",1954,The toxicity of cassava roots,Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science,2,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/34398/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Westby, Andrew",2002,"Cassava utilization, storage and small-scale processing","Cassava: Biology, production and utilization",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/34400/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Howeler, Reinhardt H",2002,Cassava mineral nutrition and fertilization,"Cassava: Biology, production and utilization",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/34403/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"El-Sharkawy, Mabrouk A, Cock, James H, Held K, Alexander A",1984,Water Efficiency of Cassava. II. Differing Sensitivity of Stomata to Air Humidity in Cassava and Other Warm Climate Species,Crop Science,24,3,10.2135/cropsci1984.0011183X002400030018x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/34406/,"Measurements of CO2 and H20 exchange and the calculated leaf conductance of attached leaves in well‐watered plants were conducted over a range of leaf‐air vapor pressure differences (VPD) (1.0 to 4.0 kPa) to compare the response of cassava that of other warm‐climate species. Species tested were cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), andropogon (Andropogon gayanus Kunth), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), siratro [Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC) urb], rice (Oryza sativa L.), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus deglupta Blume), amaranth weed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench]. Plants were grown in pots outdoors at the CIAT headquarters, Palmira, Colombia, South America. All except andropogon showed a decrease in leaf conductance with increase in VPD. The degree of stomatal sensitivity decreased as follows: cassava > siratro, amaranthus, eucalyptus, bean > sorghum, rice > andropogon. The greater sensitivity in cassava was associated with reduction in transpiration and stable leaf water potential (ψl) at large VPD. In other less sensitive species, transpiration increased and bulk leaf water potential decreased at large VPD. The response of cassava to changes in VPD resulted in higher water use efficiency (WUE = μmol CO2 uptake per mmol H2O loss) compared with other C3 species. This may contribute to the comparative advantage of cassava when grown under conditions of limited availability of water. The WUE of the C4 species (sorghum, andropogon, amaranthus) were higher than those of the C3 species. This greater WUE of C4 species was attributed mainly to the higher photosynthetic rates of the C4 species rather than to a lower transpiration rate.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Benesi, Ibrahim Robeni Matete",2005,"Characterisation of Malawian cassava germplasm for diversity, starch extraction and its native and modified properties",,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/34410/,"Cassava has been neglected and considered as a primitive crop, food for the poor and a crop with poor nutritional value for a long time. Cassava provides more dietary energy per unit area than any staple crop. Population increase, multiplicity of cassava uses, unusual climatic variations and prospects of global warming highlight advantages of possible uses of this hardy drought tolerant crop. Policy makers realised the importance of cassava and are encouraging its promotion through research, production and utilisation. Since the crop has lagged behind for a long time, there exist knowledge gaps in many areas. Commercialisation of cassava, and biotic and abiotic factors encourage genetic erosion. Management and use of germplasm in production and breeding programmes need knowledge of genetic diversity. Hence, there existed a need to collect, characterise, evaluate, conserve and use Malawian cassava germplasm. Indigenous knowledge revealed wide genetic diversity because farmers reported a wide range of quantitative and quality attributes, which they preferred or disliked in existing Malawian cassava germplasm. Morphological markers failed to uniquely distinguish all analysed accessions. Manyokola5 and Mbundumali1, Gomani1 and 2, and Matuvi and Depwete were morphologically identical. However, morphological markers revealed high levels of genetic diversity with Dice genetic similarity (GS) ranging between 0.083-1.000. The most distant accessions were Beatrice (local cultivar) and Yizaso (CH92/112; locally screened). AFLP characterisation using cluster analysis indicated narrow genetic diversity with a GS range between 0.778-0.946 and uniquely differentiated all analysed accessions. The closest accessions were Mabundumali1 and Manyokola5 (GS=0.946), and Gomani1 and 2 (GS=0.938). PCA analysis for AFLP markers revealed that PCA axis 1 displayed narrow genetic diversity but PCA axes 2 and 3 displayed wide genetic diversity. AFLP analysis of cassava germplasm grouped accessions according to pedigree and geographical origins. Morphological and AFLP markers were not similar but significantly correlated, indicating the need to use both markers in characterisation of cassava germplasm. Screening of AFLP primers revealed that M-CAA/E-ACA, M-CAA/E-AAC, M-CAT/E-ACA, M-CAT/E-AAC, M-CTT/E-ACT and M-CTT/E-ACC were convenient and efficient in analysing cassava. Further analysis indicated that a combination of four primer pairs was more cost and time efficient and gave similar resolution compared to a combination of six primer pairs, the best being M-CAA/E-ACA+M-CAA/E-AAC+M-CTT/E-ACT+M-CTT/E-ACC. Evaluation of genotypes for starch extraction was done just before or at onset of the rainy season (October-November), within the rainy season (January) and towards the end of the rainy season (March-April). Results indicated that the best genotypes were Mkondezi, Silira, Mbundumali and CH92/082. Starch extraction done just before or at onset of the rainy season gave the highest starch extraction rates compared to the middle of the rainy season. Apart from high recovery of starch in October-November, it is convenient for drying starch using open-air method and releases land for other crops in the following rainy season. Makoka was the best site for growing cassava for starch extraction. Starch extraction rate on fresh root weight basis had a direct relationship with starch yield as opposed to starch extraction on dry root weight basis. Cassava starch from different genotypes were characterised for physical and functional properties. Results indicated that Silira, 81/00015, Mbundumali and Sauti were easily dextrinised and 80% solubility was achieved within 60min of dextrinisation at 100 o C after acidification with 0.1M HCl. Pyrodextrin from Mkondezi variety after dextrinisation for 40min turned out to be similar in functional properties to amylmaize starch. Cassava starches had lower gelatinisation temperatures desired for hot-setting adhesives since less heating is required to gelatinise cassava starch, which leads to energy saving. Functional properties of 83350 native starch was different from the rest of the genotypes but was very close to amylmaize starch as revealed by DSC.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Calvert, LA, Thresh, J_M",2002,The viruses and virus diseases of cassava,"Cassava: biology, production and utilization",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/34411/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Yaninek, Steve, Hanna, Rachid",2003,Cassava Green Mite in Africa - a Unique Example of Successful Classical Biological Control of a Mite Pest on a Continental Scale,Biological control in IPM systems in Africa,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/34412/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Nweke, Felix I",1996,Cassava: A cash crop in Africa,COSCA Collaborative Study of Cassava in Africa: Working Paper No. 14,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/34414/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Asher, CJ, Edwards, DG, Howeler, RH",1980,Nutritional disorders of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Nutritional disorders of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/34417/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Otim-Nape, GW, Bua, A, Thresh, JM, Baguma, Y, Ogwal, S, Ssemakula, GN, Acola, G, Byabakama, B",2000,The current pandemic of cassava mosaic virus disease in East Africa and its control,The current pandemic of cassava mosaic virus disease in East Africa and its control,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/34418/,"This book summarizes the recent history of cassava mosaic virus disease in Uganda, western Kenya, and north-western Tanzania. It describes the main features of the pandemic and the various approaches to its control. It discusses the lessons learnt from these control programmes and also assesses the threat to other parts of Kenya and Tanzania, and elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Chen, C. T., Chang, H. S.",1976,"Cassava, a New Natural Host of Periconia-Manihoticola",Plant Disease Reporter,60,12,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3468/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Chen, C.T., Lee, S.M.",1979,new leaf-spot disease of cassava caused by Periconia manithoticola,Taiwan Sugar,v. 26,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3469/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Howland, A.K.",1976,A rapid multiplication technique,"The International Exchange and Testing of Cassava Germ Plasm in Africa: Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Workshop held at IITA, lbadan, Nigeria, 17-21 November 1975",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/35/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Cherian, M. T., Mathew, J.",,Influence of age of plants on cassava bacterial blight incidence and development,Agricultural research journal of Kerala,June 1981. v. 19 (pt.1),,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3541/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Cherian, M. T., Mathew, J.",1983,Survival studies on the cassava bacterial blight pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. manihotis,Indian phytopathology,June . v. 36 (2),,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3542/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Cherian, M. T., Mathew, J.",,"Toxin production by Xanthomonas campestris pv. manihotis, the cassava bacterial blight pathogen",Indian phytopathology,Mar 1983. v. 36 (1),,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3543/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Cheroennet, N., Suwanmanee, U.",2017,Net Energy Gain and Water Footprint of Corn Ethanol Production in Thailand,Energy Procedia,118,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3547/,"The aims of this research are to study and compare energy efficiency or Net Energy Gain (NEG) and Water Footprint (WF) of corn-based 99.5% purified ethanol production with different kinds of raw materials for ethanol production using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) technique. 1 L of corn-based ethanol product was set as a functional unit. System boundary was considered from corn plantation, ethanol production, transportation, and using. For the energy analysis, the results show that corn-based ethanol production has lower energy efficiency than sugarcane, cassava, and molasses-based ethanol about 3.72, 3.48 and 1.82 times, respectively. The WF in the whole life cycle of corn-based ethanol production chain is 3.67 m(3) per L ethanol, wtih the green contribution of 53.7%, the grey contribution of 43.8, and the blue contribution of 2.4%. The amount of water consumption to meet the capacity in year 2013 of bioethanol (949.1 millions L) in Thailand in scenarion 1 (72% sugarcane, 18% cassava and 10% corn) and scenario 2 (62% sugarcane, 28% cassava and 10% corn) are lower than basecase (72% sugarcane and 28% cassava) by 8.7% and 3.4%, respectively. Because corn-base ethanol production has lower WF than sugarcane and cassava-based ethanol production about 1.65 and 2.71 times, respectively. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Cherubini, V., Villegas, L.",1993,Leaf cyanogenic compounds in innocuous and toxic cassava,Working document no. 123.,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3549/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Aderinola, E. A., Ibe, C., Ajibefun, I. A.",1997,"Farm plans for maximum income and food security among small scale food crop farming families in Ogun state, Nigeria","Modelling, Measurement & Control D",15,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/355/,"This study was carried out to formulate optimum farm plans for smallholder food crop farmers in Ogun state, Nigeria, given their families' food security. Data collected from 120 food crop farmers randomly selected and interviewed were collated and analysed using the linear programming technique. Results showed that the cassava/maize enterprise had the highest gross margin per hectare of N7,477.32 in Ikenne zone, while cassava/maize/yam [N6,194.78], cassava/maize/mellon [N10,625.00], cassava/maize/mellon [N21,792.00] had the highest gross margin per hectare in Ilaro, Ijebu and Abeokuta respectively.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Chew, W.Y.",1970,"Varieties and NPK fertilizers for tapioca (Manihot utilissima Pohl.) on peat. [Nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus]",,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3553/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Chew, M.Y.",1972,Cyanide content of tapioca (Manihot utilissima) leaf,Malaysian Agricultural Journal,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3554/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Chew, W.Y.",1974,"Yields of some varieties of tapioca (Manihot Utilissima Pohl) grown on Malaysian peat as affected by different planting methods, plant densities, fertilizers and growth periods [Cassava]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3556/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Chew, W.Y., Joseph, K.T., Ramli, K., Majid, A.B.A.",1981,Influence of liming and soil pH [hydrogen-ion concentration] on cassave (Manihot esculenta) in tropical oligotrophic peat [Malaysia],,v. 17,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3560/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Chew, W. Y.",1974,"Yields of some varieties of tapioca (Manihot Utilissima Pohl) grown on Malaysian peat as affected by different planting methods, plant densities, fertilizers and growth periods",Malaysian Agricultural Journal,49,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3563/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Chew, W. Y.",1970,Varieties and NPK fertilizers for tapioca (Manihot utilissima Pohl.) on peat,Malaysian Agricultural Journal,47,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3564/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Aderiye, B. I., Laleye, S. A., Ijalana, O. R.",2008,Soil mycoflora of some commercial ventures in south west Nigeria,International Journal of Soil Science,3,1,10.3923/ijss.2008.42.47,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/357/,"The mycoflora of the soil of some commercial ventures such as cassava farm, cattle ranch, cocoa farm and sawmill was investigated. Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp. were isolated from cassava farm and cattle ranch, while Absidia sp., Curvularia sp., Fusarium sp., Neurospora sp. and Rhizopus stolonifer were isolated from the cocoa and sawmill soils. Sawmill soil recorded the highest moisture and organic matter contents. The comparatively high pH value of the cattle ranch soil was attributed to large volume of urine and faeces of the cattle in the ranch. Calcium and potassium ions were the most prominent mineral nutrients especially in the cocoa farm and sawmill soils. Only Fusarium sp. was highly encouraged when cultured on soil extracts from the cassava farm, cocoa farm and sawmill. Spore germination, initiation of germ tubes and elongation of hyphae of Aspergillus niger and Curvularia sp. were adversely affected in all the soil extracts. However, the sawmill soil encouraged the production of an appreciable mycelia growth in species of Fusarium, Neurospora and Penicillium. 2008 Academic Journals Inc.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Chikezie, P. C., Ojiako, O. A.",2013,"Cyanide and aflatoxin loads of processed cassava (Manihot esculenta) tubers (Garri) in Njaba, Imo state, Nigeria",Toxicology International,20,3,10.4103/0971-6580.121679,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3581/,"Objectives:
The present study sought to investigate the role of palm oil, in conjunction with the duration of fermentation, on cyanide and aflatoxin (AFT) loads of processed cassava tubers (Garri).

Materials and Methods:
Matured cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) tubers were harvested from three different locations (Akunna, Mkporo-Oji and Durungwu) in Njaba Local Government Area, Imo State, Nigeria. The cassava tubers were processed into Garri according to standard schemes with required modifications and measured for cyanide content using titrimetric methods. Samples of Garri for determination of AFT levels were stored for 30 days before the commencement of spectrophotometric analysis.

Results:
Cyanide content of peeled cassava tubers was within the range of 4.07 ± 0.16-5.20 ± 0.19 mg hydrocyanic acid (HCN) equivalent/100 g wet weight, whereas the various processed cassava tubers was within the range of 1.44 ± 0.34-3.95 ± 0.23 mg HCN equivalents/100 g. For the 48 h fermentation scheme, Garri treated with palm oil exhibited marginal reduction in cyanide contents by 0.96%, 3.52% and 3.69%, whereas 4 h fermentation scheme is in concurrence with palm oil treatment caused 4.42%, 7.47% and 5.15% elimination of cyanide contents compared with corresponding untreated Garri samples (P > 0.05). Levels of AFT of the various Garri samples ranged between 0.26 ± 0.07 and 0.55 ± 0.04 ppb/100 g. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in AFT levels among the various samples in relation to their corresponding sources.

Conclusion:
The present study showed that the 48 h fermentation scheme for Garri production caused significant (P < 0.05) reduction, but did not obliterate the cyanide content of cassava tubers. Conversely, the 48 h fermentation scheme promoted the elevation of AFT levels, but was relatively reduced in Garri samples treated with palm oil.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Chikoye, David (author), Ellis-Jones, Jim (author), Tarawali, Gbassey (author), Kormawa, Patrick (author), Nielsen, Ole (author), Ibana, Simon (author), Avav, Ter-Rumun (author)",,Farmers perceptions of the speargrass (Imperata cylindrica) problem and its control in the lowland sub-humid savannah of Nigeria,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3584/,"Speargrassseverely constraints crop production in the sub-humid lowlands of West Africa. Researchers have identified and demonstrated effective management techniques but the adoption rate among farmers is still low. Data were collected from 41 communities in Cross River, Kogi and Benue States in Nigeria using rural rapid appraisal techniques. The objectives were to assess the importance of agriculture in the livelihoods of each community, identify priority crops, assess perceptions of the speargrass problem, identify existing speargrass control strategies and local institutions/farmers with the capacity to implement speargrass control trials. Crop production was the main source of livelihood for all households. The most important crops from the perspectives of both food security and cash sale were cassava and yam, and these were most affected by the weed. Speargrass was the major constraint to crop production because of lack of capital for hiring labour and purchasing inputs, declining soil fertility, bush burning, deforestation, continuous cropping and lack of required skills. Slashing, hand-pulling, burning, deep digging and fallowing were the most common control methods used by farmers, but these were very labour intensive and ultimately not effective. Farmers assessed speargrass control measures through labour and cash requirements, material availability, effectiveness, time span to achieve control and crop yields. They rated chemical control most highly. Longer fallow periods and re-afforestation were effective but impractical as pressure on land intensifies from population growth. From the results of this study, we conclude that the use of community-based participatory approaches is essential to identify various technologies for combating speargrass.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Chikoye, D., Ellis-Jones, J., Avav, T.R., Kormawa, P.M., Udensi, U.E., Tarawali, G., Nielsen, O.K.",2007,"Promoting integrated management practices for speargrass (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch.) in soybean, cassava and yam in Nigeria",,v. 5,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3590/,"Speargrass is a serious weed in many farming systems of West Africa. Participatory research and extension approaches were used to promote farmer testing of alternative speargrass management options in yam, cassava and soybean in Nigeria. Treatments were paired plots with a farmers' control and at least one improved control option. The farmers' practice consisted of slashing, burning and hoe weeding. Improved options were the use of glyphosate either alone or integrated with velvetbean. In the farmers' control, labour use was higher in yam and soybean than in cassava. In all crops, there was a 54 to 96% decrease in labour use as farmers switched from hoe weeding to chemical control. Including velvetbean in the improved management systems required an additional 45 person-hr/ha. Across all crops, chemical control reduced speargrass density, gave higher yields and gross benefits and had a lower cost of weed control than the farmer's control. Chemical control increased the net benefit over the farmers' control and gave higher benefitcost ratios because of higher crop values and lower costs of weed control. Farmers preferred chemical control because of better crop performance and reduced labour use. The perceived high cost of herbicides was a disincentive for widespread adoption.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Chikoye, David, Ekeleme, Friday, Lum, Ayeoffe Fontem, Schulz, Steffen",2008,Legume-maize rotation and nitrogen effects on weed performance in the humid and subhumid tropics of West Africa,Crop Protection,v. 27,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3591/,"A long-term trial was established in 1998. The objectives among others were to assess the impact of nitrogen, natural bush fallow, and legume-maize rotations on weed growth and species composition in the forest/savanna transition zone (Ibadan) and northern Guinea savanna (Zaria) in Nigeria. At both locations, the experiment was arranged as a split-plot design. The main plots were green manure legumes (Pueraria phaseoloides [Roxb.] Benth in Ibadan and Aeschynomene histrix Poir. in Zaria), a forage legume (Stylosanthes guianensis [Aubl.] Sw.), grain legumes (cowpea [Vigna unguiculata {L.} Walp 'IT-90K-284-2' or soybean [Glycine max {L.} Merr 'TGx 1864 and TGx 1485-1 D'), natural bush fallow, and continuous cropping with maize [Zea mays L.]/cassava [Manihot esculenta Crantz] '82/00058' at Ibadan and maize at Zaria. Grain legumes were either double-cropped in one season by growing short-duration soybean with cowpea varieties sequentially, or by growing long-duration cultivars within one growing season. Nitrogen levels (0 and 30kgNha) were the subplot treatments. Weed data were collected in 2000 and 2003 after 2 years of continuous cropping or rotation with natural fallow or legumes. Weed density was significantly higher at Zaria (177plantsm) than at Ibadan (149plantsm). Weed dry matter was higher at Ibadan than at Zaria. Weed density and dry matter were lower in the green manure and forage legume treatments in both years at Ibadan. At Zaria, the forage legume treatment had the lowest weed density and dry matter in 2003 only. In 2003 at Ibadan, per capita weed population growth rate (WPGR) decreased in the green manure and forage legume treatments. There was an increase in WPGR in continuous cropping, double-cropping with cowpea and soybean, and natural bush fallow treatments. At Zaria, WPGR was not affected by fallow type or nitrogen (P>0.05). Redundancy analysis showed significant differences in species composition among the various treatments. Nitrogen level did not affect density, dry matter, or the composition of weeds.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"A.L., Carpena, D.P., Baldos",1975,Philippines [report on cassava],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/36/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Chingumbe, J.N., Penninkhoef, E.P., Bakx, F.W.",1987,"Estimating of cassava (Manihot esculenta) yield in the Munkiki/Kafunda area, Kaoma district, Western Province, Zambia",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3604/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Chinnasri, B., Jindapunnapat, K., Kwankuae, S., Coyne, D.",2014,Distribution and Incidence of Root-Knot Nematodes Occurring on Cassava in the Important Cassava-Growing Areas of Thailand,Journal of Nematology,46,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3611/,"Surveys on the distribution and disease incidence caused by root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne  spp.) on cassava in the important cassava-growing areas in Thailand were conducted during 2012-13. Three provinces in the northeast, four in the east, one in the North, and one in the central plain of Thailand were sampled during the study. A total of 332 soil samples were collected and processed to determine the presence of root-knot nematodes. The results showed incidence of 66%, although many samples contained low nematode densities (below 20 nematodes/250 g soil). The surveys also found no obvious above-ground symptoms to indicate nematode infection on cassava in the field. This was in contrast to a previous targeted study which dealt with a conspicuous cassava decline associated with severe root-knot nematode infestation in northeastern Thailand. In addition to root-knot nematodes, these surveys demonstrated that other plant-parasitic nematodes such a Pratylenchus  spp. and Helicotylenchus  spp. were found associated with cassava. Meloidogyne incognita was identified with molecular techniques.  Populations collected will be cultured and used for varietal screening of cassava and efficacy studies.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Chitedze Agricultural Research Station, Lilongwe (Malawi)",1988,Highlights and guide to research activities at Chitedze Agricultural Research Station,Highlights and guide to research activities at Chitedze Agricultural Research Station,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3626/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Chongcharoen, Somsiri",1982,"Optimal farm plan in multiple cropping systems [rice, peanuts, sesame, mung beans,kenaf] for irrigated area at Lam Chamuak Tank in Nakhon Ratchasima Province [Thailand]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3670/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Choperena, E. P. M., Ospina, C., Fregene, M., Montoya-Lerma, J., Bellotti, A. C.",2012,Microsatellite identification associated with resistance to the mite Mononychellus tanajoa (Acari Tetranychidae),Revista Colombiana de Entomologia,38,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3674/,"The development of the cassava genetic map has promoted research such as the finding of genes associated with the resistance of pests that diminish the production and quality of the crop. Molecular tools, such as markers can facilitate the identification of the genes that dominate resistance to pests this is the specific case of the presence of resistance to the green mite Mononychellus tanajoa (CGM) in cassava (Manihot esculenta). Initially, at International Center for Tropical Agriculture CIAT, individuals populations of backcrosses (BC1), lineage of four denominated families CW, were identified. These BC1 were identified and categorized according to 1-5 scale of damage reported by the Entomology Program at International Center for Tropical Agriculture. Resistant and susceptible individuals were identified. A total of 500 microsatellite markers were evaluated using the bulk segregant analysis (BSA). Five of them expressed polymorphism and showed significant differences between parental and contrast groups and three markers, namely, SSRY 11, SSRY 346 and, NS 1099. Statistical analysis revealed that markers NS 1099 and NS 346 displayed the highest association between resistance and the individuals of families CW 67, CW 66 and CW 67, respectively. On the basis of these results we can recommend the use of microsatellite for further analysis in other populations in order to achieve the of some chromosomal regions conferring resistance to green mite cassava.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Christiaensen, L., Tollens, E., Ezedinma, C.",1995,Development patterns under population pressure: Agricultural development and the cassava-livestock interaction in smallholder farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa,Agricultural Systems,48,1,10.1016/0308-521X(95)93645-T,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3696/,"This paper identifies the pathways along which smallholder farming systems evolve in a context of population pressure in the cassava producing zones of Sub-Saharan Africa. The analysis indicates the existence of the cassava-livestock interaction. Particularly the use of cassava roots by pigs is important. Generally, two alternative development paths can be observed. Land scarcity induced by population growth is the driving force behind them. For countries like Ivory Coast and Ghana, intensification of arable crop production including cassava is prevalent while in the East African countries, mixed crop (cassava)-livestock systems are emerging. The case of Nigeria is peculiar as farming systems evolve along both pathways. In the absence of population pressure and land scarcity extensive crop production systems evolve, as in Zaire. It is concluded that emphasis should be placed on institutional support and research that will encourage the productivity and sustainability of either systems. In Nigeria both policy strategies may have to be adopted.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Christy, A. M. V.",2006,Identification of Indian cassava mosaic virus using molecular techniques,"Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences",8,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3701/,"Cassava Mosaic Disease (CMD), caused by Indian cassava mosaic virus in India is a major constrain for, cassava cultivation. The success of disease management relies on the use of virus free planting material coupled with sensitive detection techniques. Meristem culture proved to be an important technique for virus elimination. In the present study meristem culture samples of different cassava varieties were indexed for the absence or presence of the virus. Seven varieties of cassava were established in the present study. While performing 1C, SC and PC-PCR meristern cultured samples of H-165 showed amplification together with the ICMV infected cassava field samples. But meristern cultured samples of Sree prakashand H-226 showed no amplification indicating the absence of the virus.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Chukwuma, C.",1995,"Evaluating baseline data for copper, manganese, nickel and zinc in rice, yam, cassava and guinea grass from cultivated soils in Nigeria (vol 53, pg 47, 1995)",Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,56,1,10.1016/0167-8809(96)81291-6,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3718/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Chukwuma, C., Sr.",1995,"A comparative study of cadmium, lead, zinc, pH, and bulk density from the Enyigba lead and zinc mine in two different seasons",Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,31,3,10.1006/eesa.1995.1070,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3719/,"Soil pH and bulk density, as well as the concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in soils and these metal levels in the leaves of cassava (Manihot esculenta) and rice (Oryza sativa), both collected, respectively, in the dry season (December) of 1991 and the rainy season (September) of 1992 from the Enyigba lead and zinc mine, Nigeria, were investigated. Interspecific variations in trace element levels in the plant leaves were detected and may reflect the predilection of these plants to particular elements rather than their variability being due to different climatic conditions, such as precipitation, or other environmental factors.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Adetiloye, P. O., Adekunle, A. A.",1989,Concept of monetary equivalent ratio and its usefulness in the evaluation of intercropping advantages,Tropical Agriculture,66,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/372/,"The monetary equivalent ratio (MER) measures the economic advantage of intercropping over the sole crop that has the largest economic return. When the yield advantage of an association of cassava-cowpea-maize was assessed, the economic advantage of intercropping was only 6-14% (MER= 1.06-1.14) even though the agronomic advantage ranged 12-63% when assessed with the land equivalent ratio (LER = 1.12-1.63). In a cassava-okra-maize-cowpea association, the agronomic advantage ranged 2-25% (LER = 1.02-1.25). The MER indicated no economic advantage and the efficiency of the system was only 50-62% of the most economic sole crop, which was cassava. The implications of these findings on the design of intercropping experiments are discussed.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Chukwuma, C.",1995,"A Comparative Study of Cadmium, Lead, Zinc, pH, and Bulk Density from the Enyigba Lead and Zinc Mine in Two Different Seasons",Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,31,3,10.1006/eesa.1995.1070,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3720/,"Soil pH and bulk density, as well as the concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in soils and these metal levels in the leaves of cassava (Manihot esculenta) and rice (Oryza sativa), both collected, respectively, in the dry season (December) of 1991 and the rainy season (September) of 1992 from the Enyigba lead and zinc mine, Nigeria, were investigated. Interspecific variations in trace element levels in the plant leaves were detected and may reflect the predilection of these plants to particular elements rather than their variability being due to different climatic conditions, such as precipitation, or other environmental factors.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Adetiloye, P.O.",1989,A review of current competition indices and models for formulating component proportions in intercropping,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/373/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Chunlakasewee, Anucha",1988,Effect of some pre-emergence herbicides on purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) population in cassava,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3731/,"Effect of some pre-emergence herbicides on purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) population in cassava was studied. The experiment was conducted to compare the efficiency of the two pre-emergence herbicides; Lasso and Cyperal, in controlling population of purple nutsedge and some toxicity of the two-herbicides in cassava. The statistical design in the experiment was RCBD with 4 replications and 4 treatment; no herbicide (control), Lasso 800 cc/rai, Cyperal 1.0 kg.ai/ha and Cyperal 3.0 kg.ai/ha. The trial began on March 30, 1988 in Faculty of Agriculture, Bangphra, Chonburi and finished on June 21, 1988. Population of purple nutsedge reduced significantly with both rates of Cyperal, but young plants of cassava showed some chemical toxicity in plant height and necrosis. Lasso showed no effect in purple nutsedge population but this chemical was not toxic to cassava. So the next experiment these two chemicals should be mixed in some proper rates expecially the rate of Cyperal must be reduced from 3.0 and 1.0 kg.ai/ha to some lower rates.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Chuzu, P.M., Rukandema, M.",1986,The farming systems of North-Western Province of Zambia. Pt. 2 The cassava-based traditional subsistence shifting cultivation system,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3734/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ciarfella, A. T., Svoli, L. J., Prez, E. E.",2014,"Proximate composition, physical characterization and cyanide content of Cassava roots grown at the germoplasm bank of Venezuela","Cassava Production, Nutritional Properties and Health Effects",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3741/,"Cassava is a crop that has spread over a wide area of the American tropics from Venezuela to the northwest of Brazil. It have been established that roots containing less than 50 ppm of hydrogen cyanide are considered sweet, while those with cyanide above this value are bitter. However, it is unknown whether there are differences in the composition of the clones grown in the germplasm bank of the Venezuela country and information on the changes of composition as function of the harvest of cassava; which is between 7 and 11 months after the development of the plant. The goals were to characterize and to compare physical properties, edible portion, proximate composition and cyanide concentration of four varieties of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) from the Germplasm Bank of Venezuela, in different stages of growth. Four varieties coded as UCV-2192, UCV-2306, UCV-2593, and UCV-2681, were selected. Results of total cyanide classified the varieties UCV-2192 and UCV-2681 such as bitters and it was also observed that the total cyanide content were decreasing as plants was growing, varying from 360 to 118 ppm on the eleven month. The other clones (UCV-2306 and UCV-2593) shown less than 50 ppm of total cyanide and the concentration did not shown any tendency on the growing. The morphology of roots and plants are summarized as roots and stems midsize well developed. According to these criteria, the sweet clones showed more homogeneous roots and medium size, better developed cylindrical with conical peduncles, than that those of the bitter one. The number of roots by plant was not affected by the cassava, increasing from 6 to 10 units at the last month. The weight of the roots increased significantly from 7 to the 11 months, varying from 169 to 410 g. However, the UCV-2681variety has roots with low weight (165-197g). In regards to the length and diameter of the roots, both parameters have increased with the stage of growing, and the bitter varieties have lower (16.7-17.6 cm) length than the sweet varieties (22.2-26.2 cm). The external color of the roots was lightly high in the bitter varieties, not varying with the growing stage. The edible portion and its color expressed with whiteness index were not affected in all varieties by the growing stage, varying from 70-72 % and 86.5-87.5 % respectively. The edible portion has a tiny elevation in the sweet clones. The content of moisture (63.8-64.5 %), crude protein (0.43-0.53 %), crude fat (0.22-0.25 %), dietary fiber (1.9-2.0 %), ash (0.92-0.96 %), and available carbohydrate (30.7-32.6 %) were not affected by the growing stage. But, moisture and available carbohydrate contents were different with clone type moisture content was less and available carbohydrate content higher in the sweet clones than in the bitter one. Consequently, the information obtained from this study of the cassava roots and as they are growing will assess their potential and will improve the products and by-products that are produced with them. 2014 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Cimpaye, D.",1982,Burundi [duplicate],,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3754/,"Cassava and sweet potatoes are the most important root crops grown in Burundi; cush-cush and yams are also grown. Current production levels and the constraints to production are outlined, the main constraints being land availability, trained personnel, soil fertility, and diseases and pests. Plans are under way to establish a research program on the crop",Excluded,Duplicate
"Cini, E., Forestale), (Florence Univ. (Italy). Dipartimento di Ingegneria Agraria e, Garbati Pegna, F., Debernardi Vequia, H de la",2001,Improvement of cassava harvesting and processing chain [Manihot esculenta Crantz - Nigeria],Rivista di Ingegneria Agraria,v. 32,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3757/,"Two first results of a study carried out by DIAF on cassava in Nigeria are reported. This work aims at proposing simple improvements to be introduced in small farms or co-operatives. The paper describes a system for reducing worker's effort in cassava uprooting together with one for improving operational capacity and safety of graters locally used for processing cassava into ""gari""",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Claudia Mara Holgun, A., Bellotti, A. C.",2004,Effect of chemical insecticide application for control of the whitefly Aleurotrachelus socialis (homoptera Aleyrodidae) in cassava Manihot esculenta crantz,Revista Colombiana de Entomologia,30,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3769/,"In recent years the whitefly Aleurotrachelus socialis Bondar has been the most important pest affecting the cassava crop in Colombia. In order to search for different alternativos in an integrated management program, three experiments were conducted under field conditions in Jamundi (Valle del Cauca) in a complete randomized block design, with the cassava variety Reina. In the first trial the foliar application of different insecticides was evaluated. The treatments corresponded to imidacloprid 1, buprofezin, carbosulfan, tiametoxan, diafentiuron, piriproxifen and imidacloprid 2. In the other two experiments we sought to delay appearance of the pest by evaluating different doses, forms an application periods of imidacloprid drench of the seed at planting and emergence of the first leaf, and stake immersion, reinforced with foliar applications. In all experiments egg, nymph and adult populations were evaluated based on a population scale ofl to 6. The foliar application with tiametoxan, imidacloprid 1 and 2 presented the lowest population vales for adults, eggs and nymphs compared to the control. When imidacloprid was used at planting and immersion or seed drenching, the crop was protected between 45 and 60 days. At the economic level, for farmers with large planting reas the benefits are greatest by using only foliar applications. For small-scale farmers chemical control is only beneficial with one product in foliar form. When used from planting on, the small-scale farmer gained no benefits from any of the treatments. 2011Sociedad Colombiana de Entomologa. 2011 Sociedad Colombiana de Entomologa.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Claudia Mara Holgun, A., Carabali, A., Bellotti, A. C.",2006,Intrinsic rate of population increase of Aleurotrachelus socialis Bondar (Hemiptera:Aleyrodidae) in cassava Manihot esculenta,Revista Colombiana de Entomologia,32,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3770/,"The whitefly Aleurotrachelus socialis (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is one of the most important pests in the cassava crop (Manihot esculenta ) in the Neotropics. In Colombia, this is the main limiting problem that attacks cassava in the departments of Cauca, Valle del Cauca and Tolima, causing yield losses of up 79% in field experiments. In 1995, this species has colonized and increased its populations in new cassava varieties and areas where it was a secondary pest before. To estimate the potential of A. socialis to develop populations in new cassava varieties, the biological parameters and the main vital statistics of this pest were calculated under controlled conditions (25? 2º C, 70?5 % HR, 12L:12D) on chirosa (Mcol 2066), Ica Armenia (HMC1) and CMC 40 varieties. The results indicated that A. socialis females lived longer time (6.4 days) on the genotype CMC 40, moreover it showed a higher reproductive potential (33.8 eggs per female). On the contrary, the lowest time development (32.72 days) was obtained on the genotype HMC1. The three genotypes showed high survival rates; the highest was in HMC1 (89 %). The greatest whitefly population increase (rm) was found in HMC1 (0.167 day-1) and CMC40 (0.079 day-1). The results of this biological and population parameters constitute a basic tool to elaborate control strategies. For A. socialis.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Cobban, J. L.",1986,"The Cassava Economy of Java by Walter P. Falcon, William O. Jones, Scott R. Pearson",Geographical Review,76,1,10.2307/214793,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3797/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Cobbinah, J. R., Tuani, G. K.",1992,"Antifeedant effect of Jatropha curcas l. seed oil and extracts on the variegated grasshopper,zonocerus variegatus l.(Orthoptera Acrididae)","Journal of University of Science and Technology, Kumasi",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3798/,"Studies were done to determine the effect of Jatropha curcas L. seed oil and various solvent extracts on survival and feeding rates of the variegated grasshopper, Zonocerus variegatus L. in the laboratory. Although J. curcas seed emulsion was less effective when compared with 0.05% Cymbush (a synthetic pyrethroid), it nevertheless reduced the damage caused by , Z variegatus to cassava foliage (Manihot esculenta Crantz). The level of feeding suppression achieved with J. curcas extract (42.91%) was, however, similar to neem extract (40.89%) at 5% significance level. The hexane extract, which gave the highest activity among the four solvent systems used in the extraction of J. curcas seeds, was separated into four fractions by column chromatography. Physico-chemical characteristics of the most active fraction including iodine number , saponification number , infra-red spectrum , boiling point , refractive index were determined. A complex of functional groups were indicated Further purification and spectroscopic analyses are required to establish the structures(s) of the structures bioactive components in the seed.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Cobbinah, J.R., Appiah-Kwarteng, J.",1992,Pesticidal action of some local plants,Technical Bulletin - Forestry Research Institute of Ghana,8 9 10,1988-1990,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3799/,"The pesticidal properties of the extracts of five local plants were compared with extracts of neem, Azadirachta indica, using pest insects Sitophilus zeamais, Callosobruchus maculatus, Zonocerus variegatus and Pseudocanthotermes militaris as test organisms. Extracts of the Physic nut (Jatropha curcas) provide similar level of protection to cowpea, maize, cassava foliage, and Pycnanthus angolensis wood blocks, as that of neem",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Cobbinah, J. R.",1996,"Antifeedant effect of Jatropha curcas L seed oil and extracts on the variegated grasshopper Zonocerus variegatus and the eggplant defoliator, Selepa docilis","Neem and Environment, Vols 1 and 2",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3800/,"Studies were conducted to determine the effect of Jatropha curcas L. seed-oil and various solvent-extracts on survival and feeding rates of the variegated grasshopper, Zonocerus variegatus L. Although J. curcas seed-oil emulsion was less effective, when compared with 0.05 per cent Cymbush (a synthetic pyrethroid), it nevertheless reduced the damage caused by Z. variegatus to Cassava foliage (Manihot esculenta Crantz.). The level of feeding suppresson achieved with J. curcas extract (42.91 per cent) was, however, similar to neem extrat (40.89 per cent) at 5 per cent significance level. The hexane extract, which gave the highest activity among the four solvent systems used in the extraction of J. curcas seeds, was separated into four fractions by column chromatography. Physico-chemical characteristics of the most active fraction were determined. A complex of functional groups were indicated. Further purification and spectroscopic analyses are required to establish the structure(s) of the bioactive components in the seed.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Cock, J. H., Howeler, R. H.",1978,The ability of cassava to grow on poor soils,Crop Tolerance to Suboptimal Land Conditions,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3803/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Cock, J.H.",1973,Cyanide toxicity in relation to the cassava research program of CIAT in Colombia,"Chronic Cassava Toxicity: Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Workshop, London, England, 29-30 January 1973",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3804/,"Despite the fact that an estimated 8-10% of the global daily caloric needs of man are supplied by cassava, the crop has not been subjected to any concentrated research effort to advance the technology of its production. A serious shortage of calories in the tropics is noted and in response to this need, CIAT has undertaken a full-scale program to develop cassava as an efficient producer of calories for human consumption, as well as for the growing animal feed and industrial starch markets. CIAT research concentrates on increasing yields, lowering production costs, and developing simple storage and processing methods. The importance of cyanide toxicity is noted as is CIAT's intention to screen its large germ plasm collection for a cultivar with a zero or very low cyanide level. However, CIAT does not intend to carry out research to develop methods of detoxification. Relationships between cassava cyanide content and nitrogen fertilization are discussed as well as the affinity of certain insect pests to secondary chemicals associated with the cyanide.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Cock, J.H.",1974,Agronomic potential for cassava production,"Cassava Processing and Storage: Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Workshop, Pattaya, Thailand, 17-19 April 1974",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3805/,"Cassava has advantages over many other crops in that it tolerates very poor acid soils and still gives reasonable yields, is drought-tolerant, and has no fixed harvest date giving great flexibility to farming systems. However, present cassava yields of about 10 metric tons (t)/ha are far below the known potential of 50 t/ha or more. The reasons for this are poor agronomic practices (especially weed control), use of varieties of low yield potential, and losses due to diseases and pests. Yields can be improved with little extra input by (1) using correct agronomic practices, such as the optimum spacing, adequate weed control, and good quality planting material; (2) using varieties of known high yield potential; and (3) planting disease-free cuttings and resistant varieties.  The future yield potential of cassava was estimated to be close to 90 ton/ha per year under ideal conditions.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Cock, J.H., Wholey, D., Lozano, J.C.",1976,rapid propagation system for cassava,"Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT).Cali, CO.1976.10 p","v. Jan 1976, 20",,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3806/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Cock, J. (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali (Colombia)), MacIntyre, R., Graham, M. (International Development Research Centre, Ottawa (Canada)) (eds.)",1977,Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops [cassava],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3808/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Cock, J. H., Franklin, D., Sandoval, G., Juri, P.",1979,The Ideal Cassava Plant for Maximum Yield,Crop Science,19,2,10.2135/cropsci1979.0011183X001900020025x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3811/,"A series of trials were carried out using cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Crop growth rate increased with leaf area (LAI) up to LAI 4; root growth rate increased up to LAI 3 to 3.5, then declined. Leaf area index is determined by leaf size, leaf formation rate, and individual leaf life. Leaf size reached a maximum 4 months after planting and then decreased; the maximumw as a varietal character. Leaf life was reduced by shading but in full daylight was determined by a variety. Leaf formation rate per shoot apex showed little genetic variation and declined with time; large differences in leaf formation rate per plant were determined by differences in branching pattern. Top growth had preference over root growth, and root sink was not limiting when root number per plant was nine or more.

A computer program was written to implement a dynamic growth model which suggests that high-yielding plants will branch late in life and possess large leaves and long leaf life. Potential yields of more than 25 metric tons/ha per year of dry roots are obtainable at 400 to 450 g cal cm−2 day radiation.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Cock, J. H.",1979,Cassava research,Field Crops Research,2,,10.1016/0378-4290(79)90023-6,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3812/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Cock, J.H.",1982,Cassava: a Basic Energy Source in the Tropics,Science,218,4574,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3813/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Cock, J. H.",1982,Cassava: a Basic Energy Source in the Tropics,Science,218,4574,10.1126/science.7134971,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3814/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is the fourth most important source of food energy in the tropics. More than two-thirds of the total production of this crop is used as food for humans, with lesser amounts being used for animal feed and industrial purposes. The ingestion of high levels of cassava has been associated with chronic cyanide toxicity in parts of Africa, but this appears to be related to inadequate processing of the root and poor overall nutrition. Although cassava is not a complete food it is important as a cheap source of calories. The crop has a high yield potential under good conditions, and compared to other crops it excels under suboptimal conditions, thus offering the possibility of using marginal land to increase total agricultural production. Breeding programs that bring together germ plasm from different regions coupled with improved agronomic practices can markedly increase yields. The future demand for fresh cassava may depend on improved storage methods. The markets for cassava as a substitute for cereal flours in bakery products and as an energy source in animal feed rations are likely to expand. The use of cassava as a source of ethanol for fuel depends on finding an efficient source of energy for distillation or an improved method of separating ethanol from water.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Cock, J.H.",1984,cassava growth model,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3816/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Cock, J. H., Porto, M. C. M., Elsharkawy, M. A.",1985,Water Use Efficiency of Cassava. III. Influence of Air Humidity and Water Stress on Gas Exchange of Field Grown Cassava,Crop Science,25,2,10.2135/cropsci1985.0011183X002500020015x,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3817/,"Field measurements of gas exchange were made to study the response of field grown cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) to changes in air humidity under well-watered and unirrigated conditions. ‘M Col 1684’ was used as testing material at Palmira and Santander de Quilichao, CIAT, Colombia, South America. The infrared gas exchange technique was modified to allow for field sampling of leaf CO2 exchange rates using the syringe injection method at locations far from the laboratory. There was a remarkable decrease in the leaf photosynthetic rate with decreasing air humidity in both well-watered and unirrigated plants. Leaf photosynthetic rate was significantly correlated with VPD and leaf conductance but was not correlated with leaf water potential at midday and early afternoon. The midday leaf water potential of the plants without irrigation was slightly higher than that of the well-watered plants. Photosynthetic rate of the plants without irrigation was always lower than the well-watered ones. Transpiration initially increased with increased leaf to air vapor pressure difference (VPD) and then sharply declined with further increases in VPD. Leaf water use efficiency (WUE) decreased in curvilinear pattern with VPD. The results agree with previous reports on laboratory controlled experiments. Dry root yield and total biomass production of cassava was increased by increasing the relative humidity in the crop canopy by artificial misting. There was 91,15, and 27% increase in dry root, top and total dry matter, respectively, after 40 days of misting as compared with the control. These differences in biomass production were neither associated with changes in soil water nor with changes in leaf area indices but rather with enhanced photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area of the misted plants. The leaf photosynthetic rate of cassava decreased with leaf age with a maximum rate of 26 /ümol CO2 m-2 s-1 for young leaves as compared with 13 ümol CO2 m-2s-1 for old leaves lower in the canopy. Photosynthetic saturation irradiance was around 1500 and 800 ümol m-2s-1 for young and old leaves, respectively. The modified syringe injection method proved reliable and suitable for handling a large number of field samples in a short time. Photosynthetic rates of several C3 and C4 crop species were similar to reported values obtained with the conventional infrared gas exchange technique.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Cock, J.H.",1985,Cassava: New Potential for a Neglected Crop,Cassava: New Potential for a Neglected Crop,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3818/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Cock, James, Reyes, J.A.",1985,"Cassava research, production and utilization",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3819/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Cock, J.H.",1985,Some factors in successful cropping. 9. Cassava,Span : progress in agriculture,v. 28,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3820/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Cock, J.H., Porto, M.C.M., El-Sharkawy, M.A.",1985,Water use efficiency of cassava. III. Influence of air humidity and water stress on gas exchange of field grown cassava,Crop Science,25,2,10.2135/cropsci1985.0011183X002500020015x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3821/,"Field measurements of gas exchange were made to study the response of field grown cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) to changes in air humidity under well-watered and unirrigated conditions. ‘M Col 1684’ was used as testing material at Palmira and Santander de Quilichao, CIAT, Colombia, South America. The infrared gas exchange technique was modified to allow for field sampling of leaf CO2 exchange rates using the syringe injection method at locations far from the laboratory. There was a remarkable decrease in the leaf photosynthetic rate with decreasing air humidity in both well-watered and unirrigated plants. Leaf photosynthetic rate was significantly correlated with VPD and leaf conductance but was not correlated with leaf water potential at midday and early afternoon. The midday leaf water potential of the plants without irrigation was slightly higher than that of the well-watered plants. Photosynthetic rate of the plants without irrigation was always lower than the well-watered ones. Transpiration initially increased with increased leaf to air vapor pressure difference (VPD) and then sharply declined with further increases in VPD. Leaf water use efficiency (WUE) decreased in curvilinear pattern with VPD. The results agree with previous reports on laboratory controlled experiments. Dry root yield and total biomass production of cassava was increased by increasing the relative humidity in the crop canopy by artificial misting. There was 91,15, and 27% increase in dry root, top and total dry matter, respectively, after 40 days of misting as compared with the control. These differences in biomass production were neither associated with changes in soil water nor with changes in leaf area indices but rather with enhanced photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area of the misted plants. The leaf photosynthetic rate of cassava decreased with leaf age with a maximum rate of 26/ümol CO2 m-2 s-1 for young leaves as compared with 13 ümol CO2 m-2s-1 for old leaves lower in the canopy. Photosynthetic saturation irradiance was around 1500 and 800 ümol m-2s-1 for young and old leaves, respectively. The modified syringe injection method proved reliable and suitable for handling a large number of field samples in a short time. Photosynthetic rates of several C3 and C4 crop species were similar to reported values obtained with the conventional infrared gas exchange technique.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Cock, J.H.",1986,The agronomic potential of cassava for the upland areas of tropical Asia,"Cassava in Asia, its Potential Research and Development Needs: Proceedings of a Regional Workshop held in Bangkok, Thailand, 5-8 June, 1984",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3822/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Cock, J.H. (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali (Colombia))",1986,Rapid propagation techniques for cassava,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3824/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Cock, J.H. (ed.)",1986,Root and tuber crops propagation [Manihot esculenta; potatoes; dioscorea],,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3825/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Cock, J.H., El-Sharkawy, M.A.",1988,The physiological response of cassava to stress,"VIIth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, Gosier (Guadeloupe), 1-6 July 1985",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3827/,"Cassava has gained the reputation as a crop that is highly tolerant of the stress conditions found in marginal areas for agriculture. This paper reviews the physiological basis of this tolerance. Cassava has a long growth cycle and an indeterminate growth habit. Thus short periods of stress have little effect on the overall growth. In addition it has no critical growth periods such as flowering when short stress periods affect critical processes in yield formation. Cassava simultaneously develops its source, leaves, and its sink, roots. During stress periods the balance between source formation and sink filling is shifted towards the roots. Thus although total biomass production may be reduced markedly in stress periods the effect on root production is less marked. At low fertility levels leaf area index is reduced, but the nutrient content of leaves is maintained allowing for efficient photosynthesis. Similarily under drought conditions leaf area index is reduced, resulting in reduced water loss. This effect coupled with a stomatal reaction to changes in relative humidity of the ambient air allows cassava to survive long dry periods and use limited water very efficiently.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Cock, J. H., Elsharkawy, M. A.",1988,Physiological Characteristics for Cassava Selection,Experimental Agriculture,24,4,10.1017/S0014479700100183,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3828/,"Breeding for high and stable yields is a major objective for cassava breeding programmes. Owing to the simultaneous formation of steins and leaves (source) and storage roots (sink), competition for assimilates implies that there is an optimum leaf area index for yield. This has led to the use of the harvest index as a practical criterion for selection. The optimal harvest index and leaf area index are discussed for selection for stressful environments. A successful strategy for developing high yielding varieties for favourable conditions is presented. Recent information has shown that selection for a slightly larger than optimal leaf area index, and hence greater biomass, can lead to stable yield in both favourable and stressful environments. Moreover, yield levels can be increased by selecting for moderate harvest indices (e.g. 0.5-0.65) and increased biomass. Longer leaf life is an integral part of this selection strategy. These concepts are discussed in detail.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Cock, J.H.",1989,Cassava program strategic plan,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3829/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Cock, M. J. W., Day, R. K., Hinz, H. L., Pollard, K. M., Thomas, S. E., Williams, F. E., Witt, A. B. R., Shaw, R. H.",2015,The impacts of some classical biological control successes,"CAB Reviews Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources",10,,10.1079/PAVSNNR201510042,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3834/,"We differentiate between the success of a classical biological control programme and its impact; the former addressing the completed implementation of the steps of a biological control programme, and the anticipated reduction of the target pest, and the latter addressing the societal and environmental benefits of control of the target pest. We provide ten case studies in which CABI has played a role to illustrate aspects of success and impact for biological control programmes against insects pests and weeds cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti), mango mealybug (Rastrococcus invadens), pink hibiscus mealybug (Maconellicoccus hirsutus), orthezia bug (Insignorthezia insignis), brown peach aphid (Pterochloroides persicae), banana skipper (Erionota torus), black sage (Varronia curassavica), rubber vine (Cryptostegia grandiflora), leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). In light of these we discuss the assessment of success and impact of biological control programmes, why these aspects are often not adequately addressed, how they might be retroactively addressed and the implications for donor-funding of biological control programmes for developing countries.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Codner, R.",1972,Protein boost to enrich cassava,Food Industries Journal,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3837/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Coghlan, A.",2011,Cassava packs a protein punch with bean genes,New Scientist,209,2798,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3848/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
CIAT,1988,Germplasm and breeding,Cassava Program Annual Report 1985,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/3859/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Adewusi, S. R. A., Bradbury, J. H.",1993,Carotenoids in Cassava: Comparison of Open-Column and HPLC Methods of Analysis,Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,62,4,10.1002/jsfa.2740620411,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/386/,"Cassava leaves and tubers from six cultivars were analysed for carotenoids by both open-column chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The major carotenoids of leaves were the non-vitamin A carotenoid lutein (86-290 mg kg-1 fresh weight (FW)) and the pro-vitamin A carotenoid beta-carotene (13-78 mg kg-1 FW). Immature leaves contained less than mature leaves. Tubers contained 0.1-3 mg kg-1 FW of beta-carotene and 0.05-0.6 mg kg-I FW of lutein. Carotenoids present in small amounts included alpha-, gamma-, and zeta- carotenes and beta-cryptoxanthin and others were separated and partially identified. Yellow tubers contain much more beta-carotene than white tubers and cassava is a good source of pro-vitamin A carotenoids compared with other root crops. Both methods gave similar results for beta-carotene and lutein, but the open-column method did not allow separation and quantitation of carotenoids present in small amounts. HPLC separated many carotenoids, but most peaks could not be identified for lack of reference compounds. A great advantage of open-column chromatography for developing countries is its use of simple equipment and readily available reagents and solvents compared with HPLC, which requires complex equipment needing careful maintenance and expensive solvents. The open-column method is more labour intensive but this is not a constraint in developing countries.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Colvin, J., Omongo, C. A., Govindappa, M. R., Stevenson, P. C., Maruthi, M. N., Gibson, G., Seal, S. E., Muniyappa, V.",2006,"Host-plant viral infection effects on arthropod-vector population growth, development and behaviour: Management and epidemiological implications",Plant Virus Epidemiology,67,,10.1016/S0065-3527(06)67011-5,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3877/,"This chapter reviews the evidence for positive, negative and neutral effects on the population growth of several arthropod vector species when feeding on virus-infected compared with uninfected host plants. The emphasis is on whiteflies and aphids as these have received the greatest attention. Two important examples are the B. tabaci-borne cassava mosaic disease (CMD) pandemic that continues to devastate cassava production in large areas of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA); and the tomato leaf curl disease epidemics in the Indian subcontinent that have had equally serious implications for tomato production in this region. These problems have been considered in detail and experimental data have been included to show, for both pathosystems, that the B. tabaci colonizing virus-infected host plants have significantly higher-population growth rates compared to those colonizing virus-free hosts. This effect has been discussed in the context of the significantly higher densities of B. tabaci present on symptomatic cassava and the behavioral changes associated with this effect. Data has also been presented to show that the concentrations of four amino acids are significantly higher in the phloem sap of CMD-infected cassava plants. These interacting effects are considered in relation to probable mechanisms contributing to the rapid spread of these epidemics.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Cock, J. H.",1983,Cassava,Potential Productivity of Field Crops Under Different Environments,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3893/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Cooke, R.D., Coursey, D.G.",1981,Cassava: a major cyanide-containing food crop,Cyanide in Biology,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3902/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Cooke, R. D., de la Cruz, E. M.",1982,The changes in cyanide content of cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) tissues during plant development,Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,33,3,10.1002/jsfa.2740330312,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3903/,"The cyanide concentrations in the leaves, meristems, root cortex and root parenchymal tissues of cassava (cv. Valencia) were investigated at 2‐month intervals up to a plant age of 17 months. Six plants were analysed at each interval and sampling methods investigated to ensure that the cyanide estimations (by enzymic assay) were representative for each plant. Root yield per plant increased to 10 months and then remained almost constant to 17 months. Leaf weight per plant reached a maximum at 6 months (380 g per plant), decreased to 12 months and then slowly increased. Cyanide concentrations in the root parenchymal tissue and root cortex were not significantly different between 6 and 14 months; both tissues displayed peak concentrations at 6 and 14 months. Cyanide concentration maxima in the leaves appeared to precede those shown by the roots. Meristem concentrations showed similar trends to those shown by the leaves. The precise plant age at harvest had little effect on the potential toxicity of the roots. A modification to the earlier published procedure for leaf tissue is described. The cyanide concentration in old (green) leaves was < 50% of that in young leaves of the same plant. Intra‐leaf and inter‐leaf cyanide concentration variations are described, and the importance to low‐cyanide cassava screening programmes indicated.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Cooke, R.D., Cruz, E.M. de la.",1982,Changes in cyanide content of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) tissues during plant development,Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,33,3,10.1002/jsfa.2740330312,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3905/,"The cyanide concentrations in the leaves, meristems, root cortex and root parenchymal tissues of cassava (cv. Valencia) were investigated at 2‐month intervals up to a plant age of 17 months. Six plants were analysed at each interval and sampling methods investigated to ensure that the cyanide estimations (by enzymic assay) were representative for each plant. Root yield per plant increased to 10 months and then remained almost constant to 17 months. Leaf weight per plant reached a maximum at 6 months (380 g per plant), decreased to 12 months and then slowly increased. Cyanide concentrations in the root parenchymal tissue and root cortex were not significantly different between 6 and 14 months; both tissues displayed peak concentrations at 6 and 14 months. Cyanide concentration maxima in the leaves appeared to precede those shown by the roots. Meristem concentrations showed similar trends to those shown by the leaves. The precise plant age at harvest had little effect on the potential toxicity of the roots. A modification to the earlier published procedure for leaf tissue is described. The cyanide concentration in old (green) leaves was < 50% of that in young leaves of the same plant. Intra‐leaf and inter‐leaf cyanide concentration variations are described, and the importance to low‐cyanide cassava screening programmes indicated.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Cooke, R. D., Twiddy, D. R., Alan Reilly, P. J.",1987,Lactic-acid fermentation as a low-cost means of food preservation in tropical countries,FEMS Microbiology Letters,46,3,10.1016/0378-1097(87)90120-0,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3907/,"The range of traditional lactic-acid-fermented foods in tropical countries is briefly reviewed. Recent studies on the lactic acid fermentation of fish and cassava products are described. Lactic-acid-fermented fish products may offer considerable scope for the development of new food products and for the use of under-utilised fish species. Lactic-acid-fermented fish products are common in parts of Asia; methods to improve the product and shelf-life quality, to reduce microbial risks and to accelerate the process are described. This work is based on fish/salt/carbohydrate model systems. The nutritional aspects of cassava fermentation are discussed with respect to factors involved in determining residual cyanide levels; the possible anti-nutritional rle of condensed tannins is mentioned. The increasing consumption of meat products in tropical countries emphasises the need for a preservation method that does not depend on refrigeration. The possible production of sausage ingredients preserved by lactic acid fermentation, and the associated research needs are described. 1987.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Cooke, R.D., Rickard, J.E., Thompson, A.K.",1988,"The storage of tropical root and tuber crops - cassava, yam and edible aroids",Experimental Agriculture,24,4,10.1017/S0014479700100201,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3910/,"Root and tuber crops make a major contribution to the food supply in many developing countries. Most of the relatively limited research effort on tropical root crops has focussed on improved production technologies, especially with regard to genetic improvement. Interest in post-harvest technologies and crop use has increased recently with the growing recognition of their importance in the marketing of these perishable crops. This paper reviews recent advances in storage research for three of the principal root crops: cassava (Manihot esculenta C), yam (Dioscorea spp.) and the edible aroids (Colocasia spp.).",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Cooke, R. D., Coursey, D. G.",1991,Cassava: a major cyanide-containing food crop,Cyanide in Biology,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3913/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Cooper, R. M., Kemp, B., Day, R., Gomez-Vazquez, R., Beeching, J. R.",2001,Pathogenicity and resistance in Xanthomonas blight of cassava,Plant Pathogenic Bacteria,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3916/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Corbet, H.",1982,Excesses of the CAP and Thailand's Manioc,World Economy,5,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3919/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Correa, H.",1980,Cultural practices for large cassava plantations,"Cassava cultural practices: proceedings of a workshop held in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 18-21 March 1980",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3937/,"The development of the national alcohol program (PROALCOOL) in Brazil opened new perspectives for cassava production expansion with many socioeconomic benefits expected and some production problems to be solved. The frontier known as the Cerrado located in central Brazil was chosen for the site of the first cassava alcohol plant because of its underutilization and good geographic situation. This land represents about 17% of the total area of the country and is characterized by variable rainfall (from 80 to 1500 mm/year). Rainfall is higher between October and March. The soil, classified as an oxisol, has low pH and lacks nutrients, especially P. In general, the topography is excellent for mechanization. The first cassava alcohol plant was installed by PETROBRAS in 1976 in Curvelo, Minas Gerais, with a capacity of 60 000 1/ha. Large cassava plantations were needed to keep the plant operating 330 days a year; specifically enough planting material was needed so that 2000 ha could be cultivated the first year. Thus, the cassava producers brought stakes from all over the central and southern part of the country and in the process brought cassava bacterial blight (CBB) as well. This situation motivated research to find CBB-resistant varieties. Another problem that arose was infestation by pests, especially hornworm and lace bug. Agronomic practices including fertilization, stake selection and treatment, good weed control, and modification of plant densities to 16 000 plants/ha are helping to solve production problems. Heavy machinery is used in soil preparation from felling to disking, and mechanical planters and harvesters increase efficiency. In addition, high dosages of limestone and phosphorus are currently being added to the soil.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Corts, S., Lpez, C.",2010,Strategy of gene silencing in cassava for validation of resistance genes,Acta Biologica Colombiana,15,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3948/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a major source of food for more than 1000 million people in the world and constitutes an important staple crop. Cassava bacterial blight, caused by the gram negative bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis, is one of the most important constraints for this crop. A candidate resistance gene against cassava bacterial blight, named RXam1, has been identified previously. In this work, we employed the gene silencing approach using the African Cassava Mosaic Virus (ACMV) to validate the function of the RXam1 gene. We used as positive control the su gen, which produce photoblanching in leaves when is silenced. Plants from the SG10735 variety were bombardment with the ACMV-A-SU+ACMV-B y ACMV-A-RXam1+ACMV-B constructions. The silencing efficiency employing the su gene was low, only one of seven plants showed photoblanching. In the putative silenced plants for the RXam1 gene, no presence of siRNAs corresponding to RXam1 was observed; although a low diminution of the RXam1 gene expression was obtained. The growth curves for the Xam strain CIO136 in cassava plants inoculated showing a little but no significance difference in the susceptibility in the silenced plants compared to not silenced.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Adeyemi, A. A.",1999,Effective intercropping systems for young cocoa,Tropical Science,39,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/398/,"In order to maximize land use, the effects of intercropping young Cocoa with some popular arable crops were studied. The systems evaluated were cocoa/yam/maize/cowpea, cocoa/cassava/maize/melon and cocoa/cocoyam/okra/melon. Growth performance in terms of height, girth, leaf numbers and leaf area of cocoa in the various mixtures was either superior or comparable to that of cocoa alone. The relative yield of most of the arable crops was higher than 50%, giving a relative yield total of over 100% and land equivalent ratio of over 1, indicating high yield advantages and efficient land use. Weeds were more suppressed in intercropped plots than in pure stands of cocoa. Cocoa/cocoyam/okra/melon was the best of the three systems.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Council for Scientific, Industrial Research, Accra (Ghana). Food Research Inst.",1987,Post-harvest technology for cassava (Manihot esculenta) and cassava products at F.R.I,,v. 14,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/3986/,"The publication discusses the research progress on cassava (Manihot esculenta) and cassava products in West Africa. Cassava is highly perishable when fresh. Attention is focussed on mechanisation as an improvement in traditional methods of processing (such as graters, presses, roasters, fryers and peelers), preservation (storage in moist saw dust medium), products development, and its food uses. The processing industry in West Africa transforms between 20-25 tons of cassava per day",Excluded,Cannot Find
"A.M., Omawale Rodrigues",1980,Nutrition considerations in a cassava production program for Guyana [Manihot utilissima],,v. 10,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/40/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Coyne, D.L., Talwana, H.A.L., Maslen, N.R.",2003,Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with root and tuber crops in Uganda,,9,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4003/,"In a nematode survey of eight commonly grown root and tuber crops (cassava, sweet potato, potato, yam, tannia, taro, carrot and turmeric) from 430 fields in Uganda, 69 species of plant-parasitic nematodes representing 28 genera were extracted from soil and roots. About twice as many nematode species were recovered from soil (64) as from roots (36), while 32 species were found only in soil and four species only in roots, usually in mixed populations. Meloidogyne spp. (root-knot nematodes) were the most frequently recovered across crops, with the major species (M. arenaria, M. hapla, M. incognita and M. javanica) observed on cassava. Some nematodes were recovered only from specific crops. Sweet potato yielded the greatest diversity of species (55 species in 25 genera), followed by cassava (40 species in 19 genera) and yam, which was sampled principally in the northern and eastern regions of Uganda (39 species in 14 genera). Results of the study provide baseline information for more detailed local population studies and nematode pathogenicity evaluations on important root and tuber crops.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Crawford, D.",1995,Rooting out Cassava Poison,New Scientist,147,1995,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4014/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Cressey, D.",2013,A new breed,Nature,497,7447,10.1038/497027a,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4018/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Crostan, A.",1982,Ripeners Squeeze out the Manioc Production Bind,Milling Feed and Fertiliser,165,12,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4027/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Cruz, C.",1981,Differential mite [Mononychellus caribbeanae] infestation of cassava varieties,,v. 65,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4031/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Cruz, C., Segarra, A.",1992,Potential for Biological-Control of Crop Pests in the Caribbean,Florida Entomologist,75,4,10.2307/3496120,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4033/,"The potential for biological control of important insect pests of crops of economic importance in the Caribbean is evaluated. Crops include sugarcane, coffee, bananas, plantains, sweet potatoes, yams, cassava, tomato, peppers, cabbage, curcubits, some fruits, pigeon pea and beans. Suggestions are made for biological control of major insect pests such as Diatraea saccharalis, Diaprepes abbreviatus, Cosmopolites sordidus, Cylas formicarius, Hypothenemus hampei, Leucoptera coffeella, Plutella xylostella, Heliothis zea and Diaphania spp. Recommendations are made for the proper evaluation and selection of candidate pests.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Cruz, Jailson L., Alves, Alfredo A. C., LeCain, Daniel R., Ellis, David D., Morgan, Jack A.",2014,Effect of elevated CO2 concentration and nitrate: ammonium ratios on gas exchange and growth of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Plant and soil,374,,10.1007/s11104-013-1869-8,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4038/,"Aims
This study evaluated how different nitrogen forms affect growth and photosynthetic responses of cassava to CO2 concentration.

Methods
Cassava was grown in 14-L pots in a greenhouse at 390 or 750 ppm of CO2. Three nitrogen treatments were applied: (a) 12 mM NO3 −, (b) 6 mM NO3 − + 6 mM NH4 +, and (c) 12 mM NH4 +.

Results
Thirty-six days after treatments began, plants grown under elevated CO2 and fertilized only with NO3 − (750_NO3 −) had photosynthetic rates similar to plants grown under 390_NO3 −, indicating significant photosynthetic acclimation to CO2. In contrast, photosynthetic rates at elevated CO2 increased as NH4 + increased in the nutrient solution, such that photosynthetic acclimation was reduced for plants fertilized with only NH4 +. However, this positive effect of NH4 + on photosynthesis was not observed in more advanced growth stages, and the toxic effects of NH4 + severely reduced total dry mass for these plants measured at the end of the experiment.

Conclusions
Our results indicate that cassava will respond with increased biomass accumulation in response to raising atmospheric CO2 levels, and that N form can have an important impact on the photosynthetic response. However, the positive effect of NH4 + fertilization on cassava photosynthetic CO2 response eventually led to a toxicity problem that reduced biomass production. The challenge is to determine how to manage NH4 + fertilization so that the photosynthetic benefit observed in the initial phase may persist throughout the crop cycle.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Cruz, J. L., Filho, M. A. C., Coelho, E. F., Dos Santos, A. A.",2017,Salinity reduces carbon assimilation and the harvest index of cassava plants (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Acta Scientiarum - Agronomy,39,4,10.4025/actasciagron.v39i4.32952,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4042/,"This study was developed to evaluate the effects of salinity on the growth and gas exchange of cassava plants, cultivar Verdinha. The four concentrations of NaCl (mM) were as follows 0, 20, 40, and 60. Under salinity, the lowest concentration of Na+ ions was observed in the tuberous roots; however, the dry matter of tuberous roots was reduced with an application of just 20 mM NaCl. The harvest index was reduced 50% with the highest salt concentration. Salinity reduced carbon assimilation (A), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration, and the instantaneous water use efficiency. The correlation between gs and A was high and positive, showing that stomatal movement was one of the responsible for the lower A. Under salt stress, there was an increase in intercellular CO2 concentration, indicating the impairment of carbon metabolism. Based on the reduction of dry matter of the tuberous roots (reduction of 81% under 60 mM NaCl), it was concluded that cassava is sensitive to salinity. The growth of shoots and the absorbing roots were minimally affected by salinity, even in the situation where A was reduced; therefore, the sensitivity of cassava was related to the high sensitivity of the tuberous roots to the ionic and/or osmotic effects of salinity. Thus, tuberous roots can be the target organ in studies that aim to improve the tolerance of cassava to salinity. 2017, Eduem - Editora da Universidade Estadual de Maringa. All rights reserved.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Curran, H.M.",1975,Paired double row farmstead avenues - key to economic cassava production,"Workshop on National Priorities in Philippine Agriculture (1973, College, Laguna, Philippines). Proceedings",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4064/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Cutting, W. A. M.",1978,Cassava - A valuable food but a possible poison,Tropical Doctor,8,3,10.1177/004947557800800305,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4072/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Cuzner, A. T.",1898,"Arrow-root, cassava and koonti",Journal of the American Medical Association,XXX,7,10.1001/jama.1898.72440590026001j,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4077/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Adeyemo, R., Akinola, A. A.",2010,"Productivity of cassava, yam, and maize under tropical conditions",International Journal of Vegetable Science,16,2,10.1080/19315260903302651,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/408/,"World per capita food production has increased from 1961 to 2005 yet much of the population of Africa continues to be malnourished. The role of resource use combinations to increase agricultural output has been widely recognized. Productivity of cassava (Manihot spp.), maize (Zea mays L.), and yam (Dioscorea spp.) under tropical conditions was studied in Nigeria. One hundred twenty households were selected in four villages. Descriptive statistics, budgetary, and stochastic production frontiers techniques were employed in the analysis. Average profit, gross margin, and cost ratio in a production season were ₦38,455, ₦52,303 (₦; Nigerian currency), and 1.81, respectively. Labor was the main cost item. Stochastic production frontier estimates indicated that labor and asset endowments of producers were positively significant variables determining level of output. A percentage increase in man-days of labor brought about a 29% increase in level of output and a 1% increase in value of asset of an average producer brought about a 25% increase in level of crop output. Efficiency indices indicated that younger, single, and educated producers were the most technically efficient. Farm size, asset, use of inorganic fertilizer, and credit availability were significant factors determining producers' efficiency. All producers were operating below the frontier. Understanding of application fertilizer and handling of large farms and credit accessibility are necessary to encourage young, educated producers to continue in agriculture.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Oelsligle, D.D.",1975,"Accumulation of dry matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in cassava (Manihot esculenta Cranz)",Turrialba,25,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4083/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Oelsligle, D.D., McCollum, R.E.",1976,Accumulation of dry matter and nutrients by cassava,Agronomic Economic Research on Tropical Soils: Annual Report North Carolina State University,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4084/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"D.D., Oelsligle, R., Menenses, R.E., McCollum",1976,Nitrogen response by a corn-cassava intercropped system in the Atlantic coast of Costa Rica,Agronomic Economic Research on Tropical Soils: Annual Report North Carolina State University,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4085/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Leihner, D.E.",1986,Current practices in the production of cassava planting material,"Global Workshop on Root and Tuber Crops Propagation: Proceedings of a Regional Workshop held in Cali,Colombia, 13-16 September, 1983",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4090/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"D.E., Leihner",1986,Physiological problems in the production of cassava planting material. Proceedings of a regional workshop,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4091/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Byrne, D.H., Guerrero, J.M., Bellotti, A.C., Gracen, V.E.",1982,Yield and plant growth responses of Mononychellus mite resistant and susceptible cassava cultivars under protected vs. infested conditions,Crop Science,22,3,10.2135/cropsci1982.0011183X002200030011x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4094/,"Root yield, propagation material yield, and growth responses to Mononychellus mite (Acari:Tetranychidae) populations, and foliage damage ratings of resistant and susceptible cultivars (previously determined by foliage damage ratings) were compared in protected and unprotected plots to confirm the level of resistance, to relate foliage damage estimates with economic yield reductions, and to study the general effectof mite attacks on cassava. On the average, cassava cultivars selected as susceptible had larger reductions in leaf size, leaf life, leaf formation rate, plant height, root yield, yield of propagation material, root weight, root number, and percent marketable roots than did the resistant cultivars when compared to their respective performance in protected plots. The average yield loss for susceptible cultivars was 73% for roots and 67% for propagation material; the respective losses for the resistant cultivars were 15 and 19%. Our selection criterion for resistance (i.e., foliage damage ratings) was correlated with mite density and associated with the percent yield loss caused by the mites indicating this criterion's potential value in future breeding efforts, although exceptions exist due to the presence of tolerance.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"D.J., Greathead",1977,Biological control of mealybugs (Hem. Pseudococcidae) with special reference to cassava mealybug (Phenococcus manihoti Mattile-Ferrero) [in Zaire],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4095/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"D.J., Girling",1982,"Report on a third visit to the People's Republic of Congo to advise on the biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4098/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"D.K.G., Ayanru, V.C., Sharma",1982,"Effects of cassava mosaic disease on certain leaf parameters of field-grown cassava clones [Manihot esculenta, chlorophyll content]",,v. 72,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4101/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Robison, D.M.",1992,Characterization of forest margin areas in Latin America for CIAT,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4108/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Umeh, E.-D. N. N.",1982,"Biological studies on Hyperaspis marmottani Fairm. (Col., Coccinellidae), a predator of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat‐Ferr. (Hom., Pseudococcidae)",Journal of Applied Entomology,94,01-May,10.1111/j.1439-0418.1982.tb02600.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4110/,"Hyperaspis marmottani Fairm., occurring widely in the south eastern Nigeria is a potentially effective predator of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat‐Ferr. It took about 28 days for H. marmottani to complete development at 28 °C, passing through the egg, four larval, a prepupal and pupal instars. The duration of the larva, prepupa, and pupa was 11.9, 2.0 and 9.1 days, respectively. All the larval instars as well as the adult fed actively on the different stages of the mealybug. H. marmottani controls cassava mealybug by 2 methods: by mechanically injuring and killing them and by predation. The larvae and adults are secretive, hiding under the egg masses, cracks and curled up leaves.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"D.S.C., Spencer",1988,Resource and crop management program. Annual report executive summary,IITA Annual Report and Research Highlights 1987/88,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4113/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Wholey, D.W.",1977,Changes during storage of cassava planting material and their effects on regeneration,Tropical Science,19,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4118/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"D.W., Wholey, J.H., Cock",1979,Rapid field-multiplication of cassava [Manihot esculenta],,v. 56,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4120/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"D., Leatherdale",1977,Cassava thesaurus [Manihot esculenta],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4123/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Connor, D.",1982,The effect of a period of water shortage on the growth and yield of cassava [duplicate],,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4129/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"D., Byrne",1984,Breeding Cassava,Plant Breeding Reviews,,,10.1002/9781118060995.ch3,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4130/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"D., Hopkinson, M., Rukandema",1985,"Some farming systems in the North-Western Province of Zambia their constraints and the potential for development. Results of an informal survey, Dec 1984 - Apr 1985",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4132/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
DANIDA Project,1998,"Sustainable integrated management of whiteflies as pests and vectors of plant viruses in the tropics: Phase 1: Network formation, diagnosis and analysis for integrated pest management of whiteflies in the tropics",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4142/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Adeyi, A. O., Akozi, G. O., Adeleke, M. A., Agbaogun, B. K. O., Idowu, A. B.",2015,Induction and activity of glutathione S-transferases extracted from Zonocerus variegatus (Orthoptera Pyrgomorphidae) exposed to insecticides,International Journal of Tropical Insect Science,35,1,10.1017/S174275841400054X,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/416/,"Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) have been recognized as important metabolic detoxifying enzymes in many phytophagous insects. However, the contribution of GST to insecticide resistance in Zonocerus variegatus (L.) has not been studied. Therefore, we carried out an initial study on the induction and kinetics of GST in Z. variegatus exposed to pyrethroids (PYRs) and Ocimum gratissimum leaf extract. Fifth-instar nymphs of Z. variegatus collected from cassava farms (with no history of insecticide exposure) on the campus of the University of Ibadan were reared to adult stage. Adult insects were divided into four groups of two replicates, each consisting of 30 insects. The groups were exposed to 20 ml of PYR insecticide and 25 mg/dl and 250 mg/dl of O. gratissimum leaf extract, respectively, while the last group served as the control. GST was extracted from the body tissues of the insects using the Bradford method and the kinetics of the enzyme was evaluated using the Lineweaver-Burk plots. No mortality was recorded in insects exposed to 25 mg/dl of O. gratissimum leaf extract, while mortality rates of 93.3 and 43.3% were recorded in insects exposed to PYR insecticide and 250 mg/dl of O. gratissimum leaf extract, respectively. The activity of GST was higher in insects exposed to the insecticides than in the control insects, while a higher enzyme activity was recorded in insects that died after exposure to the insecticides than in insects that were alive after exposure. The GST extracted from insects that were alive after exposure to PYR insecticide and O. gratissimum leaf extract exhibited a high affinity for the glutathione substrate compared with that extracted from insects that died after exposure. Higher GST activity in insects exposed to insecticides is indicative of the role of this enzyme in the metabolic detoxification of insecticides by Z. variegatus. Copyright ICIPE 2014.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"DaMatta, F. M.",2010,Ecophysiology of Tropical Tree Crops,Ecophysiology of Tropical Tree Crops,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4177/,"Plant physiological research has a fundamental role in advancing our understanding of plants and their interactions with surrounding environments. As occurs with most tropical plant species, the gaps in our knowledge of the ecophysiology of tropical tree crops are incommensurable, though significant advances have occurred in recent years. This book highlights these recent advances, which could provide valuable information to manage crop plants for maximum productivity. Major tropical tree crops, considered here in a broader sense as including species such as banana, cassava, citrus, cocoa, coconut, coffee, mango, oil palm, papaya, rubber, and tea, are examined. For most of these crops, photosynthesis is treated as a central process affecting crop growth and performance. Crop physiological responses to environmental factors such as light and water availability and temperature are highlighted. The flowering control and fruit growth of crops such as citrus, coffee and mango are explored. In addition, several gaps in our database concerning the ecophysiology of tropical tree crops and areas for further research are indicated.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Adhikari, U., Nejadhashemi, A. P., Woznicki, S. A.",2015,Climate change and eastern Africa A review of impact on major crops,Food and Energy Security,4,2,10.1002/fes3.61,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/418/,"Global warming has become one of the major challenges in maintaining global food security. This paper reviews the impacts of climate change on fourteen strategic crops for eight sub- Saharan Africa countries. Climate change is projected to increase median temperature by 1.4-5.5C and median precipitation by -2% to 20% by the end of the 21st century. However, large levels of uncertainty exist with temporal and spatial variability of rainfall events. The impact of climate change on crop yields in the region is largely negative. Among the grain crops, wheat is reported as the most vulnerable crop, for which up to 72% of the current yield is projected to decline. For other grain crops, such as maize, rice and soybean, up to 45% yield reductions are expected by the end of this century. Two grain crops, millet and sorghum, are more resilient to climate change for which projected impacts on crop yields are < 20%. Root crops, such as sweet potato, potato and cassava are projected to be less affected than the grain crops with changes to crop yields ranging from about -15% to 10%. For the two major export crops, tea and coffee, up to 40% yield loss is expected due to the reduction in suitable areas caused by temperature increase. Similar loss of suitable areas is also expected for banana and sugarcane production, however, this reduction is due to rainfall variability in lowland areas. Other crops such as cotton and sugarcane are projected to be more susceptible to precipitation variation that will vary significantly in the region. In order to mitigate the long- term impacts of climate change on agricultural sectors, the development of small- scale irrigation systems and water harvesting structures seems promising, however, affordability of such measures remains a key issue. 2015 The Authors.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Dahniya, M.T.",1985,The role of tuber crops,Feeding the Nation (Sierra Leone),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4206/,"Although other root crops are named as sources of food, the focus here is on cassava. It deals with the injurious factors resulting in low yields. It mentions the neglect in research and development activities before 1975. It was not until the 1980's that the Rice Research Station and Njala Univ. College aimed at producing, high yielding tuberous roots resistant to the major pest and diseases, and adaptable to a wide range of environments",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Dahniya, M.T., Jalloh, A., Ezumah, H.C.",1994,Intercrop yields of cassava and rice as influenced by cassava variety and population,Acta Horticulturae,380,,10.17660/ActaHortic.1994.380.29,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4207/,"The cassava variety and population, which when intercropped with rice leads to increased productivity of the system were identified. Two cassava varieties (Cocoa, a local variety; and 80/40, an improved one) were each planted at four populations (6 666, 10 000, 13 333, and 16 666) as sole crops or intercropped with the rice variety Rok 16. Variety 80/40 significantly outyielded Cocoa (17.2 and 4.1 t/ha, respectively). There was no significant difference in yield between sole and intercropped cassava. Tuberous root yield significantly increased as population increased, with the highest yield (13.0 t/ha) obtained at 16 666 and the lowest (8.3 t/ha) at 6 666. Rice yield did not vary significantly with cassava variety. Increase in cassava population significantly depressed rice yield. All intercropping systems had LER values greater than one. Highest LER was obtained when rice was intercropped with cassava at 6 666 (1.85 for 80/40 and 1.73 for Cocoa). LER decreased as cassava population increased. Thus productivity of the cassava-rice intercropping system can be improved by increasing the cassava population up to 6 666 and by growing the improved variety 80/40.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Dalton, T. J., Lilja, N. K., Johnson, N., Howeler, R.",2007,CIAT. Impact of participatory natural resource management research in cassava-based cropping systems in vietnam and Thailand,International Research on Natural Resource Management Advances in Impact Assessment,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4222/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Dalton, Timothy J., Lilja, Nina K., Johnson, Nancy, Howeler, Reinhardt",2011,Farmer Participatory Research and Soil Conservation in Southeast Asian Cassava Systems,World development,39,12,10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.05.011,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4223/,"This paper examines the impact of participatory research and tests hypotheses on its effectiveness to increase the adoption of soil conservation and fertility management innovations in Southeast Asia. Participatory research activities are significant and positive in explaining the differential adoption rates of hedgerows, contour ridging, the usage of farm yard manure, and inorganic fertilizer over nonparticipants. Secondly, the impacts of the participatory approach on soil conservation and fertility management innovations are incorporated into models examining the reasons for change in land allocation and cassava yields. Results are mixed. We also find a positive impact to participatory research and extension activities on cassava yield that is not linked to new technology adoption.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Dancel, M.J., Orolfo, E.B.",1994,Coconut-based farming systems in the Bicol Region,PCARRD Book Series,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4232/,"The Bicol Region [Philippines] used to be one of the leading coconut and copra producers in the country in the late 50s. The occurrence of cadang-cadang disease, however, drastically reduced coconut production in the area. Because of this problem, farmers planted intercrops under coconut. Most studies on CBFS [coconut-based farming systems] were conducted under the supervision of the Department of Agriculture - Regional Integrated Agricultural Research System (RIARS). These studies involved fertilizer management on cassava varieties, green corn, and peanut; planting density of cassava and upland gabi; adaptation trials of promising varieties of bush sitao; and coconut-based cropping pattern with pineapple, bush sitao, and upland rice. The present research thrusts of the region are to further screen shade-tolerant cultivars with emphasis on root crops and indigenous vegetables, as well as crop-livestock integration",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Dang, Nguyen The, Ngoan, Tran Ngoc, loi, Le Sy, Lan, Dinh Ngoc, Phien, Thai",1998,Farmer participatory research in cassava soil management and varietal dissemination in Vietnam,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Farmer Participatory Research in Asia, Proceedings of the Fifth Regional Workshop Held in Danzhou, Hainan, China",,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4237/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Adisa, V. A.",,Surface mycoflora of Manihot esculenta and Manihot utilissima tubers in Nigeria,Indian phytopathology,Sept 1983. v. 36. (3),,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/424/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Dangler, J.M., Locascio, S.J., O'Hair, S.K.",1985,Biomass production by cassava as affected by fertilizer rate and cowpea intercrop,Proceedings - Soil and Crop Science Society of Florida,44,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4240/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Daniel, R.S., Thankappan, M., Hrishi, N. (Central Tuber Crops Research Inst., Trivandrum (India))",1977,Metabolic changes in cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) due to cassava mosaic virus infection [India],,v. 3,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4243/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Daniel, J.F., Boher, B.",1982,"Contamination of cassava flowers, fruits and seeds by Xanthomonas campestris pv. manihotis","Proceedings of the fifth International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, August 16-23, 1981 at CIAT, Cali, Colombia",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4245/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Daniel, J. F., Boher, B.",1985,Epiphytic phase of Xanthomonas campestris pathovar manihotis on aerial parts of cassava,Agronomie,5,2,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4247/,"Study of the bacterial microflora of the phyllosphere of cassava plants growing in fields previously infected with cassava bacterial blight demonstrated the epiphytic activity of Xanthomonas campestris pv. manihotis. An epiphytic phase was found to be a normal part of the disease cycle of cassava bacterial blight. In the rainy season, when disease spread occurs, large numbers of the pathogen were present on symptomless leaves, constituting a potential inoculum which could explain the sudden outbreaks and rapid spread of the disease. In the dry season the numbers of the pathogen decreased to undetectable levels, but the presence of X. campestris pv. manihotis a few weeks before the first new symptoms at the beginning of the next rainy season suggested that the pathogen could survive as an epiphyte throughout the dry season. The role of the endophytic population in the first step of the epiphytic life of the pathogen was also investigated. The capacity of X. manihotis to have an epiphytic phase in its disease cycle contributes to the buildup of primary inoculum and to the establishment of the pathogen in the field, and enhances its survival.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Danmarks Jordbrugsforskning, Flakkebjerg (Denmark)",2002,Proceedings of the conference the role of research in the development of African agriculture with special focus on the International Research Centres (CGIAR) [9 papers],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4254/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Danso, K. E., Ford-Lloyd, B. V.",2003,Encapsulation of nodal cuttings and shoot tips for storage and exchange of cassava germplasm,Plant Cell Reports,21,8,10.1007/s00299-003-0594-9,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4258/,"We report the encapsulation of in vitro-derived nodal cuttings or shoot tips of cassava in 3% calcium alginate for storage and germplasm exchange purposes. Shoot regrowth was not significantly affected by the concentration of sucrose in the alginate matrix while root formation was. In contrast, increasing the sucrose concentration in the calcium chloride polymerisation medium significantly reduced regrowth from encapsulated nodal cuttings of accession TME 60444. Supplementing the alginate matrix with increased concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine and -naphthaleneacetic acid enhanced complete plant regrowth within 2 weeks. Furthermore, plant regrowth by encapsulated nodal cuttings and shoot tips was significantly affected by the duration of the storage period as shoot recovery decreased from almost 100% to 73.3% for encapsulated nodal cuttings and 94.4% to 60% for shoot tips after 28 days of storage. The high frequency of plant regrowth from alginate-coated micropropagules coupled with high viability percentage after 28 days of storage is highly encouraging for the exchange of cassava genetic resources. Such encapsulated micropropagules could be used as an alternative to synthetic seeds derived from somatic embryos.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Dantas, J. L. L., da Cunha, M. A. P.",1981,Harvest and post-harvest of cassava in Brasil: a case study,Harvest and post-harvest of cassava in Brasil: a case study,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4263/,"The cassava, originary from Brasil, received little attention from agricultural research institutions in the past. Its wide adaptation to the most diverse edaphic and climatic conditions as well as the traditional knowledge about this crop accumulated through many years of cultivation as subsistence crop did not motivate researchers to improve some of the primitive cultural practices utilized by the low-income farmer. A small number of cassava studies were carried out in a few states up to 1969. From that time up to 1975, a huge local research program was undertaken by the staff of the Escola de Agronomia da Universidade Federal da Bahia, which set the foundations for the actual Cassava National Research Program coordinated by the CNPMF. This research center has its headquarters in Cruz das Almas, State of Bahia.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Dapaah, H.K., Crops Research Institute, P. O. Box 3785, Kumasi., Ennin, S.A., Crops Research Institute, P. O. Box 3785, Kumasi., Asafu-Agyei, J.N., Crops Research Institute, P. O. Box 3785, Kumasi.",2004,"Performance of cassava intercropped with maize, soybean and cowpea in the forest zone of Ghana",Agricultural and food science journal of Ghana,v. 3,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4273/,"Experiments were conducted in the forest zone of Ghana from 1997 to 1999 to assess the performance of two cassava varieties intercropped with maize, soybean and cowpea at different spatial arrangements. The cassava varieties were ""Gblemoduade"" and ""Ankra"" and spatial arrangements were (S1) one row cassava, one row maize, one row soybean, two rows cowpea; (S2) one row cassava, one row maize, two rows soybean, three rows cowpea; and (S3) one row cassava, one row maize, three rows soybean, four rows cowpea. Cowpea rows were planted in the minor season into cassava as a succeeding crop to maize and soybean after their harvest in the major season. Intercropping reduced root yield by 22-37% in ""Gblemoduade"" and 43-51 % in ""Ankra"" compared to sole crops. ""Gblemoduade"", on the average, yielded two and halftimes greater than ""Ankra"" under intercrop (24.8 vs. 9.1 t ha-') and monocrop (36.9 vs. 17.4 t ha-') as a result of larger number of roots, heavier and bigger roots than ""Ankra"". Cassava yield decreased as the number of rows of soybean or cowpea increased. Root yields were similar for 82 and 83 (22.3 and 23.2 t ha-' for ""Gblemoduade"" and 8.6 and 8.9 t ha-' for ""Ankra"", respectively), but were smaller than yields at 8 I (28.8 t ha-' and 9.9 t ha-' for ""Gblemoduade"" and ""Ankra"", respectively). ""Gblemoduade"" was more aggressive (a strong competitor) than ""Ankra"" in the system while, both cassava varieties increased in aggressivity with decreased number of soybean or cowpea rows in the mixture (i.e. S1=S2 S3). Among the crops, maize was more competitive to cassava than soybean and cowpea. Thus, the performance of cassava can be improved by planting 1 row each of cassava, maize and soybean followed by 2 rows of cowpea (after maize and soybean harvest) and by growing the improved variety ""Gblemoduade"".",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Dapaah, H. K., Ennin, S. A., Asafu-Agyei, J. N., Anchirinah, V. M.",2007,Productivity and economic benefits of cassava-cowpea intercropping systems in southern Ghana,Tropical Agriculture,84,01-Apr,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4274/,"Intercropping still remains a widespread practice in tropical developing countries. The cassava (Manihot esculenta)-cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) intercrop system was identified as one of the four major cropping systems in the forest, forest-savannah transition, and southern Guinea savannah zones of West and Central Africa. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the relative times of planting cowpea, cowpea row arrangements, and cassava variety in cassava-cowpea intercrop systems on yield and productivity, and economic returns of the systems. The study was conducted on farmers' fields in 2000-2002 in the forest-savannah transition and coastal savannah zones of Ghana. An incomplete block factorial design was used to assign a combination of (i) three cassava varieties [Afisiafi, Abasafitaa, and Local (farmer's variety)]; (ii) two relative times of planting cowpea [i.e., cowpea planted 2 weeks before cassava or 4 weeks after cassava (4 WAC)]; and (iii) three cowpea row arrangements (A1 = 1 row cassava-2 rows cowpea, A2 = 1 row cassava-3 rows cowpea, and A3 = 1 row cassava-5 rows cowpea) to farmers. The A1 and A2 arrangements with cowpea planted 4 WAC after Afisiafi or local cassava varieties were the most productive systems. Productivities or efficiencies of land use (land equivalent ratio) ranged from 37-53% for Afisiafi and 48-91% for the local variety over the sole crops. Abasafitaa, Afisiafi, and local cassava in 4 WAC yielded 46-61, 45-89, and 49-89% of sole crop yields, respectively. Asetenapa cowpea yielded 20% higher under the local cassava variety than the improved ones. Averaged over both years, cowpea planted four weeks after Afisiafi and local cassava varieties under the A1 arrangement, gave the highest net benefits (U.S. $592.00-U.S. $881.00), were not dominated by other systems, and also gave high marginal rate of return over the other systems. Sole cowpea gave the least net benefits (U.S. $165.00). Therefore, cowpea (Asetenapa) planted four weeks after Afisiafi or local cassava varieties using the A 1 (1 row cassava-2 rows cowpea) arrangement is recommended for further demonstration and potential adoption by farmers. 2007 Trop. Agric, (Trinidad).",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Dara, S. K., Hountondji, F. C. C.",2001,"Effects of formulated imidacloprid on two mite pathogens, Neozygites floridana (Zygomycotina: Zygomycetes) and Hirsutella thompson (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes)",Insect Science and its Application,21,2,10.1017/S174275840002018XP,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4277/,"Neozygites floridana (Weiser & Muma) Remaudire & Keller and Hirsutella thompsonii Fisher are important fungal pathogens of mites on cassava in Benin. Bioassays were conducted to evaluate the influence of four concentrations (50, 100, 200 and 500 ppm) of a water-dispersible formulation (Gaucho 70 WS) of imidacloprid on the conidial germination of these two fungi. Imidacloprid significantly reduced the germination of primary conidia and formation of infective capilliconidia in N. floridana. In contrast, imidacloprid concentrations of 100 ppm and above increased conidial germination in H. thompsonii. Another bioassay was conducted to evaluate possible synergism between imidacloprid and H. thompsonii in the mortality of the cassava green mite, Mononychdlus tanajoa (Bondar). Hirsntella thompsonii alone and in combination with imidacloprid both killed around 95% of the mites after five days. In contrast, the mortality of mites treated with imidacloprid alone was close to that of untreated mites, which was around 30% on the fifth day after treatment.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Daramola, M., Bruce-Smith, S.P.",1979,Amylose content of starch from different varieties of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Ghana,Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science,12,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4278/,The amylose content of starch from different varieties of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivated in Ghana has been determined using an amperometric titration method. The percentage of amylose lies in the range from 13 to 20.,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Daronco, C., de Melo, A. C. G., Machado, J. A. R.",2012,Intercropping native tree species of seasonal semideciduous forest with cassava (Manihot sculenta Crantz) for restoration of riparian forest,Revista Arvore,36,2,10.1590/S0100-67622012000200010,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4291/,"Intercropping of trees and annual crops could be an important alternative for promoting forest restoration in small farms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the intercropping of cassava (Manihot sculenta Crantz) with native trees for restoration of natural forest in riparian areas in the western So Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replications for comparing two restoration systems pure afforestation and afforestation intercropped with cassava. It was evaluated the variables related to seedling development (height, crown diameter, crown cover, and height/crown diameter ratio), mortality and the economic impact were assessed for using cassava. No differences were found between treatments for any dendrometrical variable and mortality. Economic impact of the intercroppoing treatment was positive because costs for establishment of intercropped system were partially reduced by the income from the cassava crop, which covered 32% of total costs. Cassava income made final costs 19% lesser than restoration in the pure afforestation system.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Das, R.C., Sahoo, A.K., Moharana, J.",1981,Effect of Some Macro Elements on the Growth and Yield of Tapioca (Manihot Utilissima Phol.) Under Hilly Environment of Orissa,Indian Journal of Horticulture,38,03-Apr,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4293/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Das, A., Thakur, S., Soren, K. R., Datta, S., Singh, N. P.",2016,Transgenic strategies towards nutritional enrichment of crops,Biofortification of Food Crops,,,10.1007/978-81-322-2716-8_9,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4295/,"All the essential nutrients in the human diet are ultimately derived from plants. However, most of the major food crops lack certain essential vitamins and minerals. Although a diversified diet regime provides adequate nutrition, majority of the population in developing countries relies on staple crops, such as rice, wheat, maize or cassava, which lacks full complement of essential nutrients. Malnutrition, thus, is a significant humanitarian issue in most of the developing world. A pertinent way to address this challenge is through biofortification of crops to increase their essential nutrient content. Transgenic approaches offer the most rapid and precise way to develop high-nutrient crops, thus complementing mineral fertilization and conventional breeding towards ameliorating the scourge.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Das, A., Laha, S., Mandal, S., Pal, S., Siddiqui, M. W.",2017,Preharvest Biofortification of Horticultural Crops,Preharvest Modulation of Postharvest Fruit and Vegetable Quality,,,10.1016/B978-0-12-809807-3.00014-7,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4296/,"Micronutrient malnutrition or hidden hunger is an alarming public health issue in developing countries, affects more than half of the world's population, and causes enormous loss in quality and quantity of mankind. Among the malnourished population, vitamin A, iron, zinc, iodine, and selenium deficiency are predominant. Modern plant breeding has been focused primarily toward achieving high agronomic yields rather than nutritional quality, and conventional efforts like supplementation, diet diversification, and industrial fortification cannot mitigate the situation. Biofortification is a practice of nutrient fortification in food plants involving modern breeding, transgenic approaches, improved agronomy, and microbiological interventions toward changing genetic architecture, improving micronutrient uptake, and proper distribution in edible tissues to safe levels, reduction in antinutrients in food staples for promoting bioavailability of nutrients thereby becoming a sustainable and long-term strategy to address negative impacts of vitamin and nutrient deficiencies. Considering the nutritional impact of horticultural crops, biofortification program have been carried out in potato, cassava, sweet potato, beans, cow pea, bananas through the joint effort of national and international organizations. Several conventional and transgenic varieties have been released and disseminated to the farming communities, and additional varieties are in the pipeline. However, the effectiveness of the biofortification program essentially relies on the farmers' and consumers' acceptance and future policy interventions. Therefore, strategic research and appropriate policy can lead to biofortification's grand success in the near future. 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Data, E.",1983,Post production technology research and development for cassava and sweet potato in the Philippines cassava soil storage,VICARP [Visayas Coordinated Agricultural Research Program] News (Philippines),v. 3,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4298/,"Percentage vascular streaking was negligible throughout the storage period except during the seventh month of storage wherein prominent vascular streaking appeared in the tubers. Results also indicated that tubers stored in clayloam soil gave significantly higher starch and crude fiber content than those stored in river sand and seasand and had higher dry matter content than seasand-stored tubers. Total HCN contents did not differ significantly between treatments. Compare to newly harvested tubers, all tubers stored for more than five month gave significantly lower sensory ratings in terms of general acceptability, color, texture, flavor and appearance. Ratings of tubers stored up to 5 months in all soil types were considered acceptable in all the sensory qualities tested",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Data, E., Gloria, L., Quevedo, M.",1984,Pruning techniques affecting the quality of cassava at harvest and subsequent storage,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4300/,"The rate of respiration of cassava roots harvested from plants pruned 25 cm above the ground at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks before harvest was significantly lower compared to that of unpruned plants. Incidence of vascular streaking and root decay was significantly lower in roots from plants pruned, 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks before harvest. Roots of unpruned plants had a significantly higher weight loss than those of pruned plants. Roots from plants pruned 2, 3, and 4 weeks before harvest had a significantly higher sugar content than roots from unpruned plants. Pruning before harvest also lowered the cyanide content of cassava roots",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Data, E.S., Quevedo, M.A., Gloria, L.A.",1984,Pruning techniques affecting the root quality of cassava at harvest and subsequent storage,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4301/,"Except for polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, and crude fiber, sugar and moisture content, cassava roots harvested from unpruned plants exhibited higher respiration rate, phenyl alanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, and starch, HCN and dry matter content than roots from prune plants at harvest. The ratings for quality attributes in terms of texture, flavor and general acceptability were lower in roots harvested from unpruned than pruned cassava plants, while the reverse was true in color and appearance. Regardless of days of storage, respiration rate, weight loss, vascular streaking, decay, PAL activity and dry matter content were higher in roots harvested from unpruned plant than pruned plants. Respiration rate, weight loss, vascular streaking, decay, PAL and PPO activities, sugar and crude fiber content of cassava roots increased with storage time. Starch content and ratings for all quality attributes decreased, while HCN content increased earlier and decreased later during storage",Excluded,Duplicate
"Quevado, M. A., Datta, E. S. & Dizon, R. V.",1985,Packaging medium for cassava storage,Radix,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4302/,"Cassava roots packed with moist sand and moist sawdust had lower incidence of decay and vascular streaking than roots packed with moist rice hull, dry sand, dry sawdust and dry rice hull. Roots packed with dry media and moist rice hull showed vascular streaking comparable to unpacked roots. Roots packed with moist sand and moist sawdust gained weight during storage while roots packed with moist rice hull and dry materials lost weight at increasing rate. Starch content decreased during storage in all treatments but those packed with moist sawdust and moist sand had higher starch content. The HCN content of the roots increased during 45 days of storage. Sensory evaluation showed that cassava roots stored in moist sand and moist sawdust were comparable to freshly harvested roots in terms of appearance, color, texture, flavor, and general acceptability",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Data, E.S., Villamayor, F.G. Jr., Reoma, V.L., Anzano, D.R.",1987,Yield and chemical composition of cassava and sweet potato at different ages of harvest,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4303/,"Sweet potato (VSP-2) and cassava (c.v. golden yellow) were planted in the field and harvested monthly to assess the yield and chemical composition of the roots. The yield of sweet potato increased up to 35.88 tons/ha at 180 days after planting as compared to 17.17 tons/ha at 90 days after planting. Percentage moisture, dry matter, protein, sugar, starch, mg B-carotene and mg terpenes were significantly affected with age at harvest. A significant linear relations with age at harvest were also noted in the parameters mentioned except percentage starch and B-carotene. For cassava, yield was increased from 6 up to 12 months after planting but a decrease in percentage protein, sugar and starch were noted. All the chemical parameters mentioned above were significantly affected with age at harvest. A linear relation was obtained between age at harvest and yield while percentage sugar and age at harvest obtained a negative linear relation.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Data, E.S., Villamayor, F.G. Jr., Abenoja, E.A., Dingal, A.G., Reoma, V.L., Anzano, D.R.",1988,Yield and chemical composition of root crops at different ages of harvest,,13,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4304/,"The optimum age of harvest of cassava, yam, taro and sweet potato were determined. The optimum age was based at the time when maximum dry matter/starch production occurred. The results showed that the optimum age of harvest for cassava (cv. Golden Yellow), yam (acc. PRA 110) and sweet potato (cv. VSP-2) were 10, 10, and 3.5 months after planting respectively. For gabi (cv. Kalpao) the optimum age was uncertain as the yield was still increasing at the last harvest (310 days after planting).",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Daura, M.M., Akintola, F.O., Areola, O., Faniran, A.",1995,Comparative analysis of nutrient losses on experimental plots under cropping system,Geo-Eco-Trop,19,01-Apr,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4314/,"Nutrient losses from experimental farm plots are correlated with data on runoff sediment yield and rainfall characteristics with respect to plant cover and plant growth. The first farm plot used as a control was kept bare while a second control plot of grass/forb fallow community was left undisturbed throughout. The three remaining plots were cropped differently to (a) sole maize (white TZPB variety; Zea mais L.) in both early and late growing seasons; (b) cassava/maize intercrop in the early growing season and cassava (Manihot utilissima) for the rest of the period; and (c) intercropping of yam (Dioscorea rotunda), dwarf okra (Hibiscus esculentus) and sweet pepper (Capsicum annum L.) reminiscent of the traditional system of cropping. The site has only a 3 per cent slope and the soil is an alfisol. Samples of runoff water and eroded sediments were collected during 43 storm events that occurred during the year. Interflow occurred only during 12 particularly heavy storms. Nutrient loss through surface runoff water per se is the least significant of the three channels of nutrient loss. Most nutrient losses in runoff are associated with the eroded soil. Leaching by percolating rainwater is the second most important mode of nutrient loss, nutrient loss in leachate could be as much as four to ten times greater than losses in runoff water for most nutrient elements. Individual nutrient elements vary in the magnitude of losses sustained. In all cases variation in the magnitude of nutrient losses is of the order bare fallow plot more than sole maize more than maize/cassava more than maize/okra/pepper more than grass/forb fallow. Total nutrient losses on the cultivated plots are most significantly correlated with storm runoff volume and storm sediment yield. But nutrient loss from some of the plot is also significantly correlated with rainfall parameters.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Davis, J. H. C., Woolley, J. N.",1993,Genotypic Requirement for Intercropping,Field Crops Research,34,03-Apr,10.1016/0378-4290(93)90124-6,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4327/,"An important aspect of an intercropping system is the extent of competition between the crops. Where this is large, there is likely to be a significant genotypexcropping systems interaction. Even when the correlation between sole-crop and intercrop yields is positive, there may be significant departures from the trend which can be exploited by plant breeding. The traits required for intercropping are those which enhance the complementary effect between species. The setting of objectives must take into account not only the influence of a particular trait on the target crop's yield, but its potential effect on another crop. A useful strategy for areas with unreliable rainfall distribution is to intercrop a relatively short-duration crop with a long-season indeterminate crop, for which the periods of maximum demand on water resources are different. Photosensitivity provides a mechanism for timing precisely the flowering of particular cultivars. The plant types of the intercropped species should be selected to complement each other. Cultivars of species which are compatible in this way can be planted at higher density, and this is a major factor contributing to the ability of intercrops to yield more than sole crops. Plant breeding is costly. An intercropping system targeted for breeding must clearly be of major significance, cover a large area and be sufficiently unique to justify a separate programme. A cereal/legume intercrop in excess of 0. 5 million hectares is estimated to be sufficiently large to justify a full-scale crossing and selection programme. For adaptive variety trials bivariate analysis is the preferred approach, in order to remove background correlated effects between the two crop yields in an intercrop. An alternative is to select on the basis of income. Farmers, however, may use a wider range of criteria to select cultivars. The best way of accounting for these is to involve farmers in the selection process. Early generation selection in a breeding programme should first focus on the highly heritable traits identified as contributing to intercrop efficiency. Early generation yield evaluation of genotypes of beans intercropped with maize was found to be feasible and effective. Selection under farmers' own management should be introduced at as early a stage as possible, once a set of promising lines has been identified. Breeding for intercropping will be most effectively carried out in the context of regional collaboration or international programmes, focusing on improving and extending the use of cropping systems which are already widely practiced.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Adjei-Nsiah, S., Leeuwis, C., Giller, K. E., Sakyi-Dawson, O., Cobbina, J., Kuyper, T. W., Abekoe, M., Van Der Werf, W.",2004,"Land tenure and differential soil fertility management practices among native and migrant farmers in Wenchi, Ghana Implications for interdisciplinary action research",NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences,52,03-Apr,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/433/,"In the past, farmers in the forest-savannah transitional agro-ecological zone of Ghana relied on the bush fallow system for maintaining the productivity of their farmland. However, in recent years population growth-induced pressure on land has increased and farmers have developed various other strategies for improving the productivity of their farmlands. Such strategies have been identified in the context of an interdisciplinary action research project and include rotations with cassava (Manihot esculents), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Using a social science model for understanding technical farming practices, this article explains the differential adoption of these locally developed soil fertility management strategies. It transpires that native and migrant communities are captured in a social dilemma situation, which has negative consequences for soil fertility in that promising innovations are not utilized optimally. Based on this research experience, this article concludes with a discussion of the implications for co-operation between natural and social scientists in the context of interactive action research. It is argued, amongst other things, that the essence of such co-operation lies in the critical questioning and influencing of each other's key assumptions and disciplinary research agendas.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Adjei-Nsiah, S., Leeuwis, C., Giller, K. E., Sakyi-Dawson, O., Cobbina, J., Kuyper, T. W., Anekoe, M., Van Der Werf, W.",2004,"Land tenure and differential soil fertility management practices among native and migrant farmers in Wenchi, Ghana implications for interdisciplinary action research",Njas-Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences,52,03-Apr,10.1016/S1573-5214(04)80020-4,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/434/,"In the past, farmers in the forest-savannah transitional agro-ecological zone of Ghana relied on the bush fallow system for maintaining the productivity of their farmland. However, in recent years population growth-induced pressure on land has increased and farmers have developed various other strategies for improving the productivity of their farmlands. Such strategies have been identified in the context of an interdisciplinary action research project and include rotations with cassava (Manihot esculenta), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Using a social science model for understanding technical farming practices, this article explains the differential adoption of these locally developed soil fertility management strategies. It transpires that native and migrant communities are captured in a social dilemma situation, which has negative consequences for soil fertility in that promising innovations are not utilized optimally. Based on this research experience, this article concludes with a discussion of the implications for co-operation between natural and social scientists in the context of interactive action research. It is argued, amongst other things, that the essence of such co-operation lies in the critical questioning and influencing of each other's key assumptions and disciplinary research agendas.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"De Barro, P. J.",2011,"Bemisia tabaci, the Capacity to Invade","The Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) Interaction with Geminivirus-Infected Host Plants",,,10.1007/978-94-007-1524-0_9,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4346/,"Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a cryptic ­species complex composed of numerous morphologically indistinguishable species, a number of which have been shown to be either completely or partially reproductively isolated. Several members of the complex have invaded beyond their home ranges and two, Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (commonly known as the B biotype) and Mediterranean (commonly known as the Q biotype), have invaded globally through the international trade in ornamental plants. Over the past decade our knowledge of the factors influencing the capacity of different members of the complex to invade has increased substantially. This review discusses the roles traits associated such as asymmetrical mating interference, competitive male behavior, host range, insecticide resistance and interactions with Begomoviruses play in the capacity of different members of the complex to invade. In addition, the use of different methods to identify and distinguish between different members of the complex is discussed and recommendations as to what approaches should be adopted to address different aspects of B. tabaci invasion are made. Finally, the invasions associated with the spread of pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus and cassava mosaic disease are described and discussed.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Adjei-Nsiah, S., Kuyper, T.W., Leeuwis, C., Abekoe, M.K., Giller, K.E.",2007,Evaluating sustainable and profitable cropping sequences with cassava and four legume crops: Effects on soil fertility and maize yields in the forest/savannah transitional agro-ecological zone of Ghana,Field Crops Research,103,2,10.1016/j.fcr.2007.05.001,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/435/,"Rotations are important practices for managing soil fertility on smallholder farms. Six cropping sequences (cassava, pigeonpea, mucuna–maize–mucuna, cowpea–maize–cowpea, maize–maize–maize, and speargrass fallow) were evaluated during 2003–2004 in Wenchi district of Ghana for their effects on the profitability of the different rotations and the productivity of subsequent maize. Soil chemical properties were not significantly affected by cropping sequence. On the researcher-managed and farmer-managed plots maize grain yields were significantly influenced by cropping sequence. On the researcher-managed plots maize grain yield ranged from 1.0 t ha−1 after speargrass fallow to 3.0 t ha−1 with cassava cropping when N fertiliser was not applied to maize and from 2.1 t ha−1 with continuous maize to 4.2 t ha−1 with mucuna–maize–mucuna when 60 kg N ha−1 was applied to maize. On the farmer-managed plots where N fertiliser was not applied to maize, maize grain yields ranged from 0.4 t ha−1 on speargrass fallow to 2.2 t ha−1 on plots previously cropped to pigeonpea. High maize grain yields associated with the cropping sequences involving cassava, mucuna and pigeonpea were related to the faster decomposition and N release of the biomass compared with the slower release of N by the poorer quality materials like maize stover and speargrass. Return on investment of the different rotational sequences ranged from −22% with speargrass/maize to 235% with cassava/maize when no N application was made to maize, and from 29% with continuous maize to 196% with cassava/maize when N fertiliser was applied to maize. Cassava/maize rotation was ranked by native farmers as the most preferred rotation whereas migrant farmers ranked cowpea–maize–cowpea–maize as the most preferred rotation. Among natives, male farmers ranked rotation involving cowpea as the next most preferred rotation after cassava/maize. In contrast, female farmers ranked pigeonpea/maize rotation as the second most preferred rotation, due to low labour and external input requirements of pigeonpea compared with cowpea. The choice of a particular rotational sequence is related to access to resources and the needs of the farmer. The study therefore suggests that, in a heterogeneous farming community like Wenchi, technology development should be targeted to suit the needs and resources available to each particular group of farmers.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"De Foresta, H., Basri, A., Wiyono",1994,A very intimate agroforestry association: Cassava and improved homegardens: the Mukibat technique,Agroforestry Today,6,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4358/,"The Mukibat technique in home-gardens represents an outstanding contribution of indigenous know-how to the science of agroforestry. It is a rare example of grafting technique that enhances underground material, which was developed and tested by individual farmers outside a research station. It is said that the secret to the success of the techniques lies in the combination of grafting and manuring.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Adjei-Nsiah, S., Sakyi-Dawson, O.",2012,Promoting cassava as an industrial crop in ghana Effects on soil fertility and farming system sustainability,Applied and Environmental Soil Science,2012,,10.1155/2012/940954,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/436/,"Cassava is an important starchy staple crop in Ghana with per capita consumption of 152.9 kg/year. Besides being a staple food crop, cassava can be used as raw material for the production of industrial starch and ethanol. The potential of cassava as an industrial commercial crop has not been exploited to a large extent because of perceptions that cassava depletes soils. Recent finding from field studies in the forest/savannah transitional agroecological zone of Ghana indicates that when integrated in the cropping system as a form of rotation, cassava contributes significantly to maintenance of soil fertility, and thus large scale production of cassava for industrial use can contribute to poverty reduction in an environmentally responsive way. This paper discusses the role of cassava cultivation in soil fertility management and its implication for farming system sustainability and industrialization. 2012 S. Adjei-Nsiah and Owuraku Sakyi-Dawson.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"De Jesus, V.R.",2006,Increased cassava yields in South Cotabato [Philippines],Agriculture (Philippines),10,5,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4365/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"De Souza, C. R. B., Carvalho, L. J. C. B.",2013,Glutamic acid-rich proteins in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) storage roots,Molecular Nutrition and Food Research,57,6,10.1002/mnfr.201370055,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4415/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"De Souza, A. P., Massenburg, L. N., Jaiswal, D., Cheng, S., Shekar, R., Long, S. P.",2017,Rooting for cassava insights into photosynthesis and associated physiology as a route to improve yield potential,New Phytologist,213,1,10.1111/nph.14250,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4417/,"As a consequence of an increase in world population, food demand is expected to grow by up to 110% in the next 30-35 yr. The population of sub-Saharan Africa is projected to increase by >120%. In this region, cassava (Manihot esculenta) is the second most important source of calories and contributes c. 30% of the daily calorie requirements per person. Despite its importance, the average yield of cassava in Africa has not increased significantly since 1961. An evaluation of modern cultivars of cassava showed that the interception efficiency (epsilon(i)) of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and the efficiency of conversion of that intercepted PAR (epsilon(c)) are major opportunities for genetic improvement of the yield potential. This review examines what is known of the physiological processes underlying productivity in cassava and seeks to provide some strategies and directions toward yield improvement through genetic alterations to physiology to increase epsilon(i) and epsilon(c). Possible physiological limitations, as well as environmental constraints, are discussed.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"De Tafur, S.M., El-Sharkawy, M.A., Cadavid, L.F. (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali (Colombia). Physiology Section)",1997,Response of cassava (Manihot esculenta) to water stress and fertilization,,v. 34,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4420/,"Experiments done on two cassava cultivars indicated that cassava had at least three defence mechanisms against water deticit, enabling it to assimilate and store photosynthates in roots, even during prolonged droughts. These mechanisms include partial stomatal closure, ability of leaves to maintain reasonable net photosynthetic rate for long periods of water stress, reduced leaf area, and exploration of water from deep soil layers. While cassava responded positively to fertilization, no significant statistical differences were found between treatments of stress and non-stress, confirming cassava ability to tolerate soil water deficit.",Excluded,Duplicate
"De Wilde, Mélissa, Buisson, Elise, Ratovoson, Fidisoa, Randrianaivo, Richard, Carrière, Stéphanie M., Ii, Porter P. Lowry",2012,Vegetation dynamics in a corridor between protected areas after slash-and-burn cultivation in south-eastern Madagascar,"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment",159,,10.1016/j.agee.2012.06.016,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4427/,"Slash-and-burn cultivation is a major cause of deforestation in Madagascar, and abandonment leads to the secondary vegetation dynamics, i.e. colonization by herbaceous vegetation, shrubs and trees. The study was conducted in south-eastern Madagascar in a steep transition zone along an altitudinal and a sharp precipitation gradient between a high altitude rainforest and a lowland dry tropical forest. The restoration of gaps created by abandoned fields in this narrow, winding corridor could be essential to maintain connectivity between two areas (areas 1 and 2) of Andohahela National Park. Prior to implementing restoration, baseline ecological information is needed on the reference ecosystem and vegetation resilience must be studied to identify restoration needs. This study aims to (1) assess whether cultivation practices (irrigated rice vs. cassava, maize and sweet potato) influence vegetation dynamics after abandonment; (2) study vegetation dynamics and soils over time since abandonment, and (3) compare secondary forest vegetation and soils with those of mature forest patches. Surveys of vegetation and soil were conducted in 26 secondary forest patches abandoned from 3 to >25 years (synchronic approach) and in 19 adjacent mature forest patches (controls). No relationship between age of abandonment and vegetation species richness, composition or structure was found, but clear differences were detected between secondary and mature forest patches. Secondary forests are not colonized by species from mature forests, but instead their vegetation dynamics appear to lead to the establishment of thorny thickets dominated by Mimosa delicatula, which is absent from the mature forest.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"DeFloor, I., Leijskens, R., Bokanga, M., Delcour, J.A.",1994,Impact of genotype and crop age on the breadmaking and physico-chemical properties of flour produced from Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) planted in the dry season,Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,66,2,10.1002/jsfa.2740660213,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4432/,"The breadmaking potential of cassava flour (in cassava flour/defatted soya flour/glyceryl monostearate recipes (80203, w/w)) prepared from 10 IITA cassava genotypes harvested at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) at 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 months after planting, was investigated. Bread quality in general was much more dependent on the age of the cassava at harvest time than on the effects of genotype. Thus, the quality of the bread (judged by the regularity of the crumb) produced from flour from crops harvested 12 months after planting was the best in general, with that from flour resulting from 9-month plants superior to that resulting from 6-month plants. Harvesting at 15 or 18 months led to a reduction in bread quality although the effects varied for different genotypes. Brabender peak viscosity varied widely within each set of flour samples harvested at any particular harvest time, but also with the harvest time itself. By differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) (moisture dry matter ratio 2.1 w/w), the 6-month samples were characterised by two endothermic transition peaks, one at ca 72 degrees C and one at ca 78 degrees C. With increasing age at harvest time (up to 15 months), the 72 degrees C peak became relatively more important, resulting in a 'disappearance' of the 78 degrees C peak in the thermogram. The 18-month samples again showed a 78 degrees C gelatinisation peak or at least a shoulder thereof. The peak multiplicity of the 6-month samples also occurred in DSC experiments with moisture dry matter ratio of 6.0 (w/w), showing that such samples have a unique gelatinisation pattern. Differences in the analytical values (alpha-amylase activity, and starch, fibre and protein content) could not explain the differences in breadmaking potential.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"DeFloor, I., Leijskens, R., Bokanga, M., Delcour, J. A.",1995,"Impact of genotype, crop age and planting season on the breadmaking and gelatinisation properties of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) flour",Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,68,2,10.1002/jsfa.2740680206,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4433/,"The breadmaking potential of cassava flour (in cassava flour/defatted soya flour/glyceryl monostearate recipes (80/20/3, w/w/w)) is not merely dependent on the age of the crop at harvest, but also on the season of planting and time of harvesting. Effects of cassava genotype are less important for determining bread quality. In flours obtained from crops harvested at different times after planting, differences in gelatinisation onset temperatures measured by Brabender visco-amylography and by differential scanning calorimetry accounted for the observed differences in breadmaking potential of cassava flour of single genotypes and planting seasons to some extent. Cassava starch produced breads with a drier crumb, with a finer structure and with a more bulged crust than cassava flour. Differentiations in baking performance between starch samples, although smaller, still existed. This showed that the breadmaking potential of cassava flour samples is determined both by the starch and by the non-starch fractions. Differentiation of cassava samples in the breadmaking process did not occur at the mixing or fermentation stage of the batter but during baking.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Defloor, I., Dehing, I., Delcour, J.A.",1998,Physikalisch-chemische Eigenschaften von Cassavastaerke,,v. 50,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4451/,"Cassava starch was isolated from flour of four IITA (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria) cassava genotypes planted in the dry and in the rainy season and harvested at 6, 9, 12,15 and 18 months after planting. The amylose contents of the starch samples varied between 17.9 and 23.6%. Within a single genotype and planting season, no systematic changes in particle size distribution as a function of crop age at harvest were found; particle sizes varied between 9.5 and 12.7 micro/m and between 11.8 and 13.6 micro/m for samples of the dry season and the rainy season, respectively. The starch samples varied in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) gelatinisation temperature and exhibited peak multiplicity depending or planting season and harvest Lime. Even at a moisture dry matter ratio of 6.0 (w/w) peak multiplicity was still observed, suggesting that the phenomenon is a property of the starch itself rather than resulting from low moisture gelatinisation.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Dejtanon, W., Lopandung, J., Pimpan, P., Keeratiurai, P., Patamatamkul, S., Prempridi, T., Iaprasert, W.",2012,"Extended Deming's Model and Linear Programming Approach for Agriculture Land Use for Energy Crops Management A Case Study of Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand",Procedia Engineering,50,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4454/,"Global warming from increasing greenhouse gases cause environmental impacts, especially in terms of fuel burn and lead to finding ways to reduce greenhouse gases. The use of ethanol as a renewable energy alternative to help reduce these impact. Evaluation of production of ethanol from sugar cane, cassava and sweet sorghum for the cost and environmental impact of producing ethanol using the extended Deming and linear programming and agricultural land for planting energy crops in an efficient and effective and minimal impact on the environment which can be used as a guide in the preparation of plans to promote the production of ethanol to the next. (C) 2012 Elsevier B. V ... Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Bin Nusantara University",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Dela Cruz, R.T.",2016,Abating the menace of cassava phytoplasma disease,,v. 18,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4459/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Delalibera Jr, I., Hajek, A. E.",2004,Pathogenicity and specificity of Neozygites tanajoae and Neozygites floridana (Zygomycetes Entomophthorales) isolates pathogenic to the cassava green mite,Biological Control,30,3,10.1016/j.biocontrol.2004.02.008,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4464/,"The cassava green mite (CGM), Mononychellus tanajoa, a native of South America was accidentally introduced into Africa where it causes serious crop losses. The possibility of introducing classical biological agents from the native home of CGM into Africa was investigated. Thus, we conducted a series of laboratory assays of the native fungal pathogens, Neozygites tanajoae from Brazil and Neozygites floridana from Colombia and Brazil, and compared them with N. tanajoae isolates from Benin. Infectivity of both fungal species, was assayed against the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, and against the red mite, Oligonychus gossypii. Pathogenicity against CGM and host range studies were conducted by transferring adult females of each mite species to leaf discs containing sporulated cadavers with a halo of conidia of each fungal isolate. All isolates caused some degree of infectivity to CGM. None of the isolates of N. floridana and N. tanajoae tested were pathogenic to O. gossypii, and only two isolates infected T. urticae. Most isolates from Brazil were highly virulent and infected only CGM. Sixteen N. tanajoae isolates caused more than 89% mortality and more than 62% of the CGM became mummified. A mummified CGM is characteristically a swollen, brown fungus-killed mite that has great potential to produce conidia. However, high mortality was not always associated with high mummification. The median mummification time ranged from 4.4 to 6.7 days. Five Brazilian isolates caused >75% mummification with a median mummification time <5 days. Isolates that cause high mummification in a short period of time would be more likely to cause epizootics and to establish in the new environment. Therefore, these isolates would be the best candidates for introduction to Africa. 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Delalibera, I. Jr. (CPATSA/EMBRAPA, Petrolina, Brazil), Gomez, D.R.S., Moraes, G.J. de",1992,Infection of Mononychellus tanajoa (Acari Tetranychidae) by the fungus Neozygites sp. (Entomophthorales) in northeastern Brazil,,v. 75,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4469/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Dembner, S.A.",1995,Forest-dependent livelihoods: links between forestry and food security,Unasylva (FAO),46,182,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4490/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Demolin Leite, G. L., Picano, M., Newandram Jham, G., Rafael Gusmo, M.",2002,"Effects of leaf compounds, climate and natural enemies on the incidence of thrips in cassava",Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira,37,11,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4496/,"The objective of this study was to determine the effects of rainfall, temperature, sunlight and relative humidity, as well as predators and parasitoids, leaf chemical composition and levels of leaf nitrogen and potassium on the intensity of Scirtothrips manihoti (Thysanoptera Thripidae) attack on cassava Manihot esculenta Crantz var. Cacau. The leal compounds (E)-farnesene/trans-farnesol and D-friedoolean-14-en-3-one correlated significantly with the population of S. manihoti. Insect population decreased in the dry and cold season probably due to leaf senescence. Significative correlation was observed between Syrphidae with S. manihoti populations.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Adu-Mensah, J.",2002,Development of a trap to contaminate variegated grasshoppers (Zonocerus variegatus L.) (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) with Metarrhizium flavo-viride Gams & Rozsypal in the field,Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science,35,1,10.4314/gjas.v35i1.1845,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/450/,"Locusts and grasshoppers are important pests of agriculture in West Africa. Application of chemical insecticides is the major control mechanism. However, concerns arising from human health problems and environmental hazards have put forward a strong case for biological control. A simple trap incorporating an attractant and a biological control agent, Metarrhizium flavo-viride, to contaminate the cassava pest, Zonocerus variegatus is described. The attractant, an extract of the Siam weed, Chromolaena odorata, attracted significantly more adults and 5th 16th instars in the field than plant parts of C. odorata and cassava leaves presented whole or crushed in distilled water. At a mean Z. variegatus field population density of 1.1m"", the mean trap catch wlls 27.2 trap"" day-l. All insects trapped on the first day died from fungal infection within 10 days (LTso = 6.1 days), with the need to replace the pathogen with a freshly prepared one after 7 days in the field. Trapped insects, infected or uninfected, showed a bimodal pattern of exit from the traps with peaks at 09.00 and 17.00 h. The pattern of spread of infected and uninfected insects after exiting from traps were similar. The farthest group mean displacements from traps were 34.2 and 36.3 m in 5 days for infected and uninfected insects, respectively, leading to a suggested trap density of 2 ha-l.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Denich, M., Vlek, P.L.G., Sa, T.D. de A., Vielhauer, K., Lucke, W.",2005,"A concept for the development of fire-free fallow management in the Eastern Amazon, Brazil","Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment",110,01-Feb,10.1016/j.agee.2005.05.005,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4509/,"Research-based improvements in small-farmer land-use systems are difficult to bring about. Often such improvements developed under research station conditions fail to address the true system problems or farmer concerns. In the search for ways to improve the traditional fallow system of the Eastern Amazon, field experiments were conducted in farmers' fields, but under researcher management with farmers helping to identify the critical needs for improvement. To achieve the objective a phased plan was followed (1) exploratory research, (2) solution-oriented research with technology development and prototype evaluation, and (3) implementation-oriented research. The initial exploratory or diagnostic studies focused on (1) biomass accumulation, (2) nutrient dynamics and (3) fallow regeneration. It was found that (1) the live and dead above-ground biomass of 1-10-year-old fallow vegetation amounts to 10-98 Mg ha-1, (2) in the nutrient balance of a crop/fallow cycle including slash burning and fertilization nutrient losses exceed inputs for N, K, Ca and Mg, but not for P, and (3) vegetative resprouting of trees/shrubs exceeds in importance their regeneration by seeds and mechanized land preparation halves the accumulation of woody biomass of a 2-year-old fallow vegetation, compared to no tillage. Instead of designing an entirely new land-use system, modifications were studied only to those practices and components recognized to be harmful to the sustainability of the traditional system itself. Also, additional components to further improve the system were tested. Thus, various technologies were developed as a set of modules. These include (1) mulch technology, (2) fire-free land clearing with a newly developed tractor-driven bush chopper to transform fallow vegetation into mulch, (3) enrichment planting with Acacia auriculiformis to accumulate twice as much biomass within 2 years as not managed fallows, (4) modification of the cropping period by doubling it, by shifting the planting date, and by re-arranging the crop sequence, and (5) the test of modern low-input crop varieties rice and cassava cultivars were identified for the mulch-based system which yield higher than locally widespread ones. Adoption of these modules is flexible, leaving the farmer in control of the innovation process. This last phase of implementation-oriented research, currently underway, is participatory and multidisciplinary in nature and seeks to develop and assess implementation strategies aimed at the diffusion of the farming system improvements.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Hahn, S. K.",1978,"IITA's role in tropical agriculture with special reference to Programme National Manioc, Zaire","Proceedings of the International Workshop on the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. (Pseudococcidae) held at INERA-M'vuazi, Bas-Zaire, Zaire, June 26-29, 1977",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4515/,"In this opening paper of the workshop, the author reviews the work of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture with particular reference to work on cassava (manioc) in Zaire. Arthropod pests of cassava mentioned are a species of Phenacoccus [afterwards identified as P. manihoti Matile-Ferrero], and the mite Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar), which was introduced into Uganda from Latin America in 1972 and spread into Burundi and eventually the Lake Kivu area of Zaire. The objects of the workshop are stated to be to exchange information on the cassava mealybug problem, to determine the more effective methods for its control, and to draw up recommendations for a practical control programme.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Development, International Fund for Agricultural",1983,Africa-wide project for biological control of cassava pests,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4539/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
,2005,Case Study Summary: Combatting Cassava Mosaic Virus in Uganda,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4540/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Devendra, C., Thomas, D.",2002,Smallholder farming systems in Asia,Agricultural Systems,71,01-Feb,10.1016/S0308-521X(01)00033-6,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4546/,"Agricultural production in Asia emphasises intensive rice and wheat production. Other systems are associated with maize, cassava, trees and a range of secondary crops. Both monoculture and multiple cropping systems are common, with crops being grown for subsistence and cash. Irrigated agriculture is well developed in high potential areas, but most countries are still heavily dependent on rain-fed production systems. In Southeast Asia, shifting cultivation is practised widely and is associated with deforestation, weed invasion and erosion. Multi-purpose livestock are integrated with cropping in small-scale, mixed farming systems that characterise Asian agriculture. 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Devi, C.R.S., Padmaja, P.",1999,"Effect of K and Na applied in different proportions of the growth, yield and nutrient content of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.)",Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science,47,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4550/,"Field experiments were conducted during 1991-1994 to study the effect of K and Na applied in different proportions on the growth, yield and nutrient content of cassava grown on a Rhodic Haplustox. Weight of plants was maximum when the proportion of K and Na applied was 5050 as muriate of potash and sodium chloride (common slat), respectively. Application of Na alone significantly reduced plant weight. Highest number of roots root volume and tuber yield were observed in plants receiving 50% K as muriate of potash and 50% Na as common salt. Proportionate decrease in number of roots and root volume was obtained when the proportion fo Na exceeded 50%. Lower yields at 25 and 75% levels indicated that there was a synergistic effect in the combination of K and Na at 50% level. Content of N and P was more in Na-supplied treatments and K in full K treatment in the early stages of growth. Absorption of N and P decreased and K increased in Na-added treatments towards the later stage of growth. Na content was the highest in 100% Na treatment. Absorption of Ca and Mg was lesser in full K treatment compared to other treatments. Addition of Na did not have any adverse effect on availability of nutrients.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Devos, P., Wilson, G. F.",1979,"Intercropping of Plantains with Food Crops: Maize, Cassava and Cocoyams",Fruits,34,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4554/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Dharmaputra, T.S. (University Brawijaya, Malang (Indonesia))",1975,Indonesia [report on cassava],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4563/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Dharmaputra, T.S. (Brawijaya Univ., Malang (Indonesia). Dept. of Soil Science), Bruijn, G.H. (Agricultural Univ., Wageningen (Netherlands). Dept. of Tropical Crop Science)",1977,"The Mukibat system of cassava production [Manihot glaziovii, M. esculenta, Indonesia]",,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4564/,"The Mukibat system may outyield normal cassava production systems. Individual varieties react differently to the system, therefore it may be possible to select for high yielding varieties that have good eating quality, but which only produce moderately under the normal system. The highest accumulation of dry matter in the root of the Mukibat cassava occurred between 12 and 15 months in all three varieties tested (it was not necessary to make planting holes for the Mukibat system ). Nitrogen was the limiting plant nutrient at one location. Scion material taken from the Mukibat plants was found to be as good as that taken from the original M. glaziovii tree. Two different types of scion were tested: the so called ""black"" type was superior to the ""white"" type at one location, but not at the other.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Aerni, P.",2007,Agricultural biotechnology and its contribution to the global knowledge economy,Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology,107,,10.1007/10_2007_058,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/457/,"The theory of neoclassical welfare economics largely shaped international and national agricultural policies during the Cold War period. It treated technology as an exogenous factor that could boost agricultural productivity but not necessarily sustainable agriculture. New growth theory, the economic theory of the new knowledge economy, treats technological change as endogenous and argues that intangible assets such as human capital and knowledge are the drivers of sustainable economic development. In this context, the combined use of agricultural biotechnology and information technology has a great potential, not just to boost economic growth but also to empower people in developing countries and improve the sustainable management of natural resources. This article outlines the major ideas behind new growth theory and explains why agricultural economists and agricultural policy-makers still tend to stick to old welfare economics. Finally, the article uses the case of the Cassava Biotechnology Network (CBN) to illustrate an example of how new growth theory can be applied in the fight against poverty. CBN is a successful interdisciplinary crop research network that makes use of the new knowledge economy to produce new goods that empower the poor and improve the productivity and nutritional quality of cassava. It shows that the potential benefits of agricultural biotechnology go far beyond the already known productivity increases and pesticide use reductions of existing GM crops. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Affognon, H., Mutlingi, C., Sanginga, P., Borgemeister, C.",2015,Unpacking Postharvest Losses in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Meta-Analysis,World Development,66,,10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.08.002,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/458/,"Reducing postharvest losses (PHL) is a key pathway to food and nutrition security in sub-Saharan Africa. However, knowledge of PHL magnitudes is limited. A meta-analysis has been conducted to expose nature and magnitude of PHL, and the kinds of interventions that have been attempted to mitigate the losses. Findings reveal inadequacies of loss assessment methodologies that result in inaccurate PHL estimates. Moreover, losses are often economic rather than physical product losses. Overall, technologies for loss mitigation fail to address dynamics of supply chains. Consequently, rigorous PHL assessment using systematic methodologies, as well as holistic approaches for losses mitigation are in need.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Diallo, Mariama Dalanda, Stephen A. WoodauthorDepartment of Ecology, Evolution & Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USAAgriculture, Food Security Center, The Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA, Aly DialloauthorDpartement de Biologie Vgtale, Facult des Sciences et Techniques, Universit Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar-Fann, Senegal, Minda Mahatma-SalehauthorDpartement de Biologie Vgtale, Facult des Sciences et Techniques, Universit Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar-Fann, Senegal, Ousmane NdiayeauthorDpartement de Biologie Vgtale, Facult des Sciences et Techniques, Universit Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar-Fann, Senegal, Alfred Kouly TineauthorInstitut National de Pdologie, Hann Mariste, Dakar-Libert, Senegal, Thierno NgambauthorSection Productions Vgtales et Agronomie, UFR des Sciences Agronomiques, de lAquaculture et des Technologies Alimentaires, Universit Gaston-Berger, Saint-Louis, Senegal, Mamadou GuisseauthorInstitut National de Pdologie, Hann Mariste, Dakar-Libert, Senegal, Seynabou SeckauthorInstitut National de Pdologie, Hann Mariste, Dakar-Libert, Senegal, Aliou DiopauthorSection de Mathmatiques Appliques, UFR des Sciences Appliques et Technologie, Universit Gaston-Berger, Saint-Louis, Senegal, Aliou GuisseauthorDpartement de Biologie Vgtale, Facult des Sciences et Techniques, Universit Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar-Fann, Senegal",2015,"Soil suitability for the production of rice, groundnut, and cassava in the peri-urban Niayes zone, Senegal",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4580/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Dias, J. S., Ortiz, R.",2011,"Transgenic vegetable crops: Progress, potentials, and prospects",Plant Breeding Reviews,35,,10.1002/9781118100509.ch4,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4599/,"Vegetables are considered essential for well-balanced diets and are grown worldwide, on large and small farms, on good and marginal land, and by large commercial growers and small subsistence farmers. The consumption and caloric contribution of vegetables to the diet vary widely with geographical region, nationality, local customs, and cuisine. Vegetable production, due to their cultivation intensity, suffers from many biotic stresses caused by pathogens, pests, and weeds and requires high amounts of pesticides per hectare. Pesticide residues can affect the health of growers and consumers and contaminate the environment. This chapter reviews the status of transgenic vegetables to improve vegetable production, emphasizing its place in integrated pest management. Examples are drawn from advances and potentials in transgenic research on tomato, eggplant, potato, cucurbits, brassicas, lettuce, alliums, sweet corn, cowpea, cassava, sweet potato, and carrots. Highlighted are host plant resistance to pathogens and pests, tolerance to herbicide, quality (both fresh and processed), and vaccine delivery in transgenic vegetables. Although conventional plant breeding that utilizes nontransgenic approaches will remain the backbone of vegetable genetic improvement strategies, the advantages of genetically modified technology for improvement of vegetables include reduced pesticide use, increased yields, added health benefits, and lower production costs. These advantages should provide incentive for integration of this technology into vegetable breeding, if consumer resistance can be overcome or mollified.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Diaz Duque, Rafael Orlando",1990,Methologic frame for the planning of a production project of cassava and companion crops: monitoring applications,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4603/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Diaz, Rafael O., Pinstrup-Anderson, P., Estrada, D. O.",1974,Costs and use of inputs in cassava production in Colombia: a brief description,Costs and use of inputs in cassava production in Colombia: a brief description,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4605/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Dijken, M.J. van, Alphen, J.J.M. van (Leiden Univ. (Netherlands). Dept. Population Biology)",1991,Mutual interference and superparasitism in the solitary parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi,"Rijksuniversiteit Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Gent",v. 43,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4631/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Dilokpatanamonkol, Wanna",1987,Impact of deforestation on agricultural production in the Northeast,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4635/,"Northeast has had the highest rate of deforestation in the country during the past two decades. The forest area declined from 42 percent of the total land area in 1961 to 14 percent in 1985. Forest destruction has resulted in soil infertility, loss of groundwater storage capacity, drought, excessive runoffs, and floods. The effects on agricultural production have been mixed. Regression analysis shows that the loss of forest area has resulted in declining yields of rice and cassava production. A projection of deforestation at a declining rate of 0.6 percent annually shows that by the year 2000, the yield of rice, maize and cassava will decline to 147,258 and 999 kg./rai respectively. The production of rice, maize and cassava will increase to 9,350, 1,049 and 15,066 thousand tons, respectively.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Dimyati, Ahmad., Manwan, Ibrahim.",1992,National Coordinated Research Program,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4636/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Diouf, M.",1997,"Research on African vegetables at the Horticultural Development Centre (CDH), Senegal","Traditional African Vegetables. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 16. Proceedings of the IPGRI International Workshop on Genetic Resources of Traditional Vegetables in Africa: Conservation and Use, 29-31 August 1995, ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi, Kenya",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4649/,"Research has been carried out by the Horticultural Development Centre (CDH) on the following traditional African vegetables: cassava, sweet potato, okra, African eggplant and bissap (Hibiscus sabdariffa). Technical pamphlets have been produced describing the genotypes that are adapted to our ecological, climatic and cropping conditions. These plant genetic resources are conserved in field genebanks (cassava and sweet potato) or as seed samples stored in freezers (African eggplant, okra and bissap). The main uses of these vegetables are: leaf vegetable and flour (cassava); chips, leaf vegetable and jam (sweet potato); fruit vegetable (okra, African eggplant, bissap - green calyx); juice (bissap - red calyx). The objectives of current research are: widening the range of available adapted varieties, improving the productivity of the varieties that have already been developed, and identifying varieties resistant to nematodes, the main pests in Senegal.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Dixon, J.",1979,Production and consumption of cassava in Indonesia,Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies,15,3,10.1080/00074917912331333601,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4654/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Dixon, A.G.O., Asiedu, R., Bokanga, M.",1994,"Breeding of cassava for low cyanogenic potential problems, progress and prospects",Acta Horticulturae,375,,10.17660/ActaHortic.1994.375.13,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4655/,"The starchy staples of cassava (tuberous roots) provides more than half the calories consumed by more than 200 million people in sub-Saharan Africa, and the leaves are often used as a vegetable providing protein, vitamins and minerals. The cyanogenic potential of cassava has often been cited as a causal factor of health problems, particularly in areas where cassava roots are not properly processed. Provision of improved genotypes with low cyanogenic potential would ameliorate these problems. Breeding of cassava for low cyanogenic potential has been a high priority of the Root and Tuber Improvement Program at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture since its inception. This paper discusses the role of IITA in breeding for low cyanogenic potential, and addresses problems, progress and future strategies.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Dixon, A. F. G., Hemptinne, J. L., Kindlmann, P.",1997,Effectiveness of ladybirds as biological control agents Patterns and processes,Entomophaga,42,01-Feb,10.1007/BF02769882,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4657/,"Aphidophagous species of ladybirds have generally proved ineffective biocontrol agents, whereas many coccidophagous species have proved very effective, especially Rodolia cardinalis (Caltagirone & Doutt, 1989). Two hypotheses have been proposed to account for this pattern the optimum food utilization/satiation hypothesis (Mills, 1982) and the generation time ratio hypothesis (Kindlmann & Dixon, 1996). In this paper the extensive literature on ladybirds is used to test these hypotheses.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Dixon, A.G.O., Ogbe, F.O., Okechukwu, R.U.",2010,Cassava mosaic disease in Sub-Saharan Africa: a feasible solution for an unsolved problem,Outlook on Agriculture,39,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4661/,"Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) is a widespread viral disease that causes high yield losses in susceptible genotypes in Sub-Saharan Africa. Effective control of CMD is beneficial and justifiable since cassava is an important source of carbohydrates for over 200 million people in most African countries where the crop is grown. Despite much research effort, CMD has not been completely brought under control, and this remains a tremendous challenge to scientists and other stakeholders. This paper highlights and discusses some of the challenges in controlling CMD and offers some solutions. The need to diversify cassava utilization as food, feed and industrial raw material is crucial for the commercialization of the crop, and this diversification will eventually lead to farmers making extensive use of improved CMD-resistant genotypes and other inputs.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Afolami, C. A., Obayelu, A. E., Vaughan, I. I.",2015,Welfare impact of adoption of improved cassava varieties by rural households in South Western Nigeria,Agricultural and Food Economics,3,1,10.1186/s40100-015-0037-2,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/467/,"Low adoption of modern agricultural technologies amongst farmers in Nigeria has been identified as one of the main reasons for the low agricultural productivity and increase in poverty level. The general objective of this study is to examine the welfare impact of farm households adoption of improved cassava varieties in Southwestern (SW) Nigeria using poverty as an indicator. It utilizes cross-sectional farm household level data collected in 2013 from a randomly selected sample of 312 cassava producing households (186 in Ogun State and 126 in Osun State). The data obtained were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistical analysis such as Foster, Greer and Thorbecke (FGT) poverty measure and Logit regression model. The results revealed that adoption of improved cassava varieties increases the annual income and the annual consumption expenditure of producing households thus increasing welfare in the SW Nigeria. An analysis of the determinants of adoption with logistic regression model showed that access to improved cassava cuttings within the villages, use of radio, farming experience and farming as a major occupation are significant factors influencing adoption of improved cassava varieties in the study area. In order to achieve the much desired poverty reduction and generate an improvement in farming households welfare in SW Nigeria, efforts should be intensified in ensuring that farmers have access to adequate improved cassava cuttings at the right time and place. All programs, strategies and policies that would promote farmers education on the technology and consequently lead to improved adoption should be pursued.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Dlott, J., Perfecto, I., Rosset, P., Burkham, L., Monterrey, J., Vandermeer, J.",1993,Management of insect pests and weeds,Agriculture and Human Values,10,3,10.1007/BF02217834,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4674/,"The Cuban government has undertaken the task of transforming insect pest and weed management from conventional to organic and more sustainable approaches on a nationwide basis. This paper addresses past programs and current major areas of research and implementation as well as provides examples of programs in insect and weed management. Topics covered include the newly constructed network of Centers for the Reproduction of Entomophages and Entomopathogens (CREEs), which provide the infrastructure for the implementation of biological control on state, cooperative, and private farm operations. CREE programs include the mass rearing and release of Trichogramma spp. to manage insect pests of cassava, tobacco, sugarcane, and improved pasture. The entomopathogens, Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Verticillium lecanii, are being mass produced in the CREEs and applied to control a number of key insect pests. A traditional method employed by peasant farmers of using the predatory ant Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius) in the biological control of sweetpotato and banana insect pests has been further developed and implemented. Efforts are underway to rear nematode species that attack insect pests and identify plant extracts with insecticidal qualities as potential management tools. Weed management has moved away from dependence on herbicides and toward alternative techniques that include weed suppression based on rotation schemes, limited use of selective herbicides, and new tillage equipment and practices. 1993 Kluwer Academic Publishers.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Afonja, B.",1968,Analysis of a uniformity trial on Cassava,Experimental Agriculture,4,2,10.1017/S0014479700022468,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/468/,"The analysis of a uniformity trial on cassava is briefly discussed, mentioning possible effects of plant losses on the methods of analysis. Two methods of calculating comparable variances, on a per plant and per unit area basis, gave very high values for the index of heterogeneity, with a mean of 0.94. When the ratio of overall cost per plot to cost per unit area lies between one and two, an optimum plot size of between 16 and 32 plants is obtained. The comparable plot sizes would range from 192 to 385 sq. ft and give a coefficient of variation less than twenty.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Dodinet, E., Selosse, M. A., Pujol, B.",2013,Special Feature Quantitative Genetics,Acta Botanica Gallica,160,03-Apr,10.1080/12538078.2013.851858,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4686/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Doku, E.V.",1966,Cultivated cassava varieties in Ghana,Ghana Journal of Science,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4691/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Doku, E.V.",1977,"Soil volume, sink size and expression of cassava mosaic virus disease (CMVD) symptoms",Acta horticulturae,"v. Apr 1977, 53",,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4693/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Doku, E.V. (University of Ghana, Legon, Accra. Crop Science Dept.)",1984,Production potentials of major tropical root and tuber crops,"Tropical root crops: Research strategies for the 1980s proceedings of the first triennial root crops symposium of the international society for tropical root crops Africa branch, 8-12 September 1980, Ibadan, Nigeria",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4694/,"In comparison with the temperate regions, the tropical environment has lower solar radiation levels, shorter photoperiods, and, hence, a lower potential productivity. Productivity of cassava, yams, sweet potato, and cocoyams, the four most important tropical root and tuber crops, has other constraints as well inadequate water supply (in arid areas with optimal solar radiation levels); pests and diseases; long maturation; and difficult to harvest roots and tubers with poor keeping quality. Research so far has been insufficient to break the numerous bottlenecks, although there is great promise from exploration, conservation, identification, evaluation, and breeding of germ plasm and some high yielding, adaptive, pest and disease resistant varieties have already been developed for distribution throughout Africa. Although yields of the highest yielding varieties currently available are only about one third to one half of estimated potentials, recent research on the continent is rapidly amassing knowledge with a concomitant crop improvement achievement in the following order of priority cassava, sweet potato, yam, and cocoyam. By the end of the decade, yield levels of commercial varieties of the four crops should approach their potential.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Doku, E. V., Lamptey, P.",1977,Control of cassava bacterial blight in Ghana,"Cassava bacterial blight: report of an interdisciplinary workshop held at IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 1-4 November 1976",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4695/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Doll, J.D., Piedrahita-C, W.",1976,Methods of weed control in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),,"v. June 1976, 21",,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4697/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Doll, J., Pinstrupandersen, P., Diaz, R.",1977,An agro‐economic survey of the weeds and weeding practices in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Colombia,Weed Research,17,2,10.1111/j.1365-3180.1977.tb00459.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4698/,"A survey of weeds and weeding practices was carried out by a team of agricultural economists and agronomists on 283 farms in five Cassava growing regions of Colombia at three times during a cropping season.

Seventy‐one to 78% of all weed species present were broadleaved species. As cassava grew older, grass species were present to a greater and sedge species to a lesser relative frequency. Surprisingly Pteridiumaquilinum (L.) Kuhn was the most frequently listed species and Bidens pilosa L. and Cyperus rotundus L. were other frequent problems. Regional variations in the most frequently encountered species were found but several of the weeds were common to many zones. The most frequently encountered species did not usually have the highest plant populations. Most of the annual grasses, sedges and broadleaf weeds found can be controlled by currently recommended herbicides for cassava but further research is needed on Imperata cylindrica (L) Beauv., Melinis minutlftora Beauv., P. aquilinum and Sida spp.

The average number of manual weedings was 3.3 per crop, occupying 48 man‐days/ha which is 50% of the total labor requirements for cassava production, and more than one‐third of the total costs. Reasons for not using herbicides were (1) relative costs of herbicides and labor. (2) lack of information, (3) lack of capital, (4) right herbicides were not available, and (5) herbicides were not available in small packages.

This survey has usefully identified new field problems and has suggested further research programs to solve them.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Doll, J., Pinstrup-Andersen, P., Dïaz, R.",1977,An agroeconomic survey of the weeds and weeding practices in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Colombia,Weed Research,17,2,10.1111/j.1365-3180.1977.tb00459.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4699/,"A survey of weeds and weeding practices was carried out by a team of agricultural economists and agronomists on 283 farms in five Cassava growing regions of Colombia at three times during a cropping season. Seventy-one to 78% of all weed species present were broadleaved species. As cassava grew older, grass species were present to a greater and sedge species to a lesser relative frequency. Surprisingly Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn was the most frequently listed species and Bidens pilosa L. and Cyperus rotundus L. were other frequent problems. Regional variations in the most frequently encountered species were found but several of the weeds were common to many zones. The most frequently encountered species did not usually have the highest plant populations. Most of the annual grasses, sedges and broadleaf weeds found can be controlled by currently recommended herbicides for cassava but further research is needed on Imperata cylindrica (L) Beauv., Melinis minutiflora Beauv., P. aquilinum and Sida spp. The average number of manual weedings was 3.3 per crop, occupying 48 man-days/ha which is 50% of the total labor requirements for cassava production, and more than one-third of the total costs. Reasons for not using herbicides were (1) relative costs of herbicides and labor. (2) lack of information, (3) lack of capital, (4) right herbicides were not available, and (5) herbicides were not available in small packages. This survey has usefully identified new field problems and has suggested further research programs to solve them.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Dominique, Dufour",1995,[Study of cassava use potential colaboration CIRAD-SAR/CIAT 1994 activity report]. [French); En (English],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4704/,,Excluded,Language Barrier
"Doreste, E.",1984,Spider mites as important pests of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Acarology VI,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4721/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Dorosh, P.",1988,"Cassava (production, consumption and marketing)",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4723/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Dovi, L.J.K.",1980,Population growth and land use patterns in the Klikor tradition area of Ghana - a case study in agricultural geography,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4743/,"The inter-relationship between population growth and pressure on arable land, and the consequences arising therefrom, for food production in the Klikor area of Ghana are examined. Population growth in the area causes such a stress on the land that fallow periods are reduced resulting in depletion of plant nutrients, reduction in vegetative cover which leads to soil erosion and inhibits maximum returns to labour per unit of land. This has induced a shift from maize cultivation to cassava production with more intensive cultivation irrespective of the fixed assets of land, with farmers adopting the annual cropping and even multicropping systems. This is the logical consequence of population induced land shortage and exhaustion. The people of Klikor area should make a deliberate effort at resource conservation by careful planning of land use, promote good agricultural production methods to avoid soil erosion and embrace family planning methods to control population growth",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Downer, A.V.",1974,Cassava varieties in Guyana,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4745/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Drechsel, P.",2002,"Comparing soil nutrient depletion in typical urban, peri-urban and rural farming systems in Ghana",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4748/,"In a response to rapid urban growth in Africa, specialized urban and peri-urban vegetable production systems emerge and contribute significantly to urban food security. These production systems are dominated by smallholders and can achieve despite poor soils astonishing high profits. This, however, require intensive fertilization (e.g. 100-200 t/ha poultry manure) and year-round irrigation of 600-1600 mm, which adds further nutrients but also contributes to nutrient leaching. In this highly dynamic input-output system farmers are demonstrating that ""permanent"" cropping is possible on poor tropical soils but for the price of high N and K losses and water eutrophication. The situation is described for the case of lettuce, cabbage and spring onion farming in and around Kumasi, Ghana. Nutrient balances and depletion costs have also been calculated for the more conventional (rural) maize-cassava intercrop for comparison as well as rainfed tomato farming. From farmers point of view, the ""costs"" of nutrient mining vary with the availability of farm land. In the conventional system, farmer still can to shift when soil fertility is low, thus pay only for the preparation of a new field. In the land constrained urban vegetable system the costs of nutrient mining can best be assessed through their replacement costs via poultry manure or mineral fertilizer. Additional off-site costs of the vegetable system might be balanced through the fertilizer value of the water (for irrigation) and appears in general marginal in comparison with water pollution through the urban run-off.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Drennan, P. M., van Staden, J.",1992,The effect of ethrel and temperature on the germination of Manihot glaziovii Muell. Arg. seeds,Plant Growth Regulation,11,3,10.1007/BF00024566,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4751/,Dormancy in seeds of Manihot glaziovii is overcome at 25°C by application of ethrel at effective ethylene concentrations equal to and greater than 10 μll−1. Imbibition of seeds in ethrel broadens the temperature optimum for germination but does not prevent the development of secondary dormancy at temperatures of 35°C and greater and 15°C and lower. Secondary dormancy must be due to factors other than reduced ethylene production.,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Drennan, P.M., Van Staden, J.",1992,The effect of ethrel and temperature on the germination of Manihot glaziovii Muell. Arg. seeds,Plant Growth Regulation,11,,10.1007/BF00024566,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4752/,Dormancy in seeds of Manihot glaziovii is overcome at 25 degrees C by application of ethrel at effective ethylene concentrations equal to and greater than 10 microliter l(-1). Imbibition of seeds in ethrel broadens the temperature optimum for germination but does not prevent the development of secondary dormancy at temperatures of 35 degrees C and greater and 15 degree C and lower. Secondary dormancy must be due to factors other than reduced ethylene production.,Excluded,Duplicate
"Duan, X. G., Xu, J., Ling, E. J., Zhang, P.",2013,Expression of Cry1Aa in cassava improves its insect resistance against Helicoverpa armigera,Plant Molecular Biology,83,01-Feb,10.1007/s11103-012-0004-1,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4773/,"Lepidopteran insects affect cassava production globally, especially in intercropping system. The expression of Cry toxins in transgenic crops has contributed to an efficient control of insect pests, leading to a significant reduction in chemical insecticide usage. Helicoverpa armigera is a Lepidopteran pest that feeds on a wide range of plants like cotton and cassava. In the present study, transgenic cassava plants over-expressing Cry1Aa, which we named as Bt cassava, were developed and used to evaluate its efficacy against H. armigera as a model. Insect feeding assays were carried out to test the effects of Bt cassava leaves on the development and survival of H. armigera. Significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the survival and weight were detected on larvae fed with Bt cassava leaves in comparison with those fed with wild-type cassava leaves. The higher expression of Cry1Aa in transgenic cassava caused the lethal effect in larvae, in contrast to the normal growth and development of adults and pupation observed when fed with wild-type leaves. Morphological observation on the larval midguts showed that the consumption of Bt cassava affected the gut integrity of H. armigera. The columnar cells of the midgut epithelium were dramatically damaged and showed loose or disordered structure. Their cytoplasms become highly vacuolated and contained disorganized microvilli. Our study demonstrated that the transgenic cassava expressing the Cry1Aa is effective in controlling H. armigera. Our Bt transgenic cassava plant would provide a long-term beneficial effect on all crops in intercropping system, which in-turn, will be profitable to the farmers.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Duangpatra, Piya",1980,Fertilization and soil management for maintaining and increasing the productivity of cassava cultivated soils,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4774/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Duangpatra, Piya",1982,"Fertilization [NPK] and soil management for maintaining and increasing the productivity of cassava cultivated soils [Chonburi province, Thailand]",,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4775/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Dubert, A., Robinson, R.",2002,Tap into tapioca,Dairy Industries International,67,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4782/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Dufour, D. L.",1989,Effectiveness of Cassava Detoxification Techniques Used by Indigenous Peoples in Northwest Amazonia,Interciencia,14,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4790/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Dufour, Dominique, O'Brien, Gerard M., Best, Rupert",1996,Cassava Flour and Starch: Progress in Research and Development,Cassava Flour and Starch: Progress in Research and Development,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4797/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Dumaluan, D.L.",1985,Water use studies by crops under different management and environmental conditions in Eastern Visayas Region,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4807/,"Five soil types, namely, Umingan clay loam, Palo clay loam, Faraon clay loam, San Manuel silt loam, and Mandaue clay were used. The rootcrops studied were sweet potato, cassava, kalpao gabi, lowland gabi, sweet potato combined with cassava, sweet potato combined with kalpao gabi, and cassava combined with lowland gabi. Field capacity of the soil were measured. Daily water consumptive use in mm of different crops during wet and dry seasons were presented",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Agbamu, J. (Tokyo Univ. of Agriculture (Japan)), Fujita, Y., Idowu, I., Lawal, A.",1996,Effects of socio-economic factors on adoption of new varieties of maize [Zea mays] and cassava [Manihot esculenta] A case study of Ogun State in Nigeria,Journal of Agricultural Development Studies,v. 6,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/481/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Duncan, E. J., McPherson, G. I.",1974,"Changes in the petiole of leaves of Manihot esculenta (Crantz), on rooting",Annals of Botany,38,2,10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a084810,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4812/,"The effects of age of leaf and of application of synthetic hormone on the ability to produce roots, were investigated in leaves of Manihot esculenta. It was found that the age of the leaf was not critical to the process, but that the application of hormone resulted in an early and prolific production of roots.The anatomy of the rooted petiole was investigated and was found to differ from that of an unrooted petiole in three respects in an increase in the amount of secondarily produced tissues; in the incomplete lignification of the secondary xylem and in the production of adventitious roots from the interfascicular regions of the basal end.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Agbede, O.O. (Forestry Research Inst. of Nigeria, Ibadan (Nigeria))",1985,Improving agroforestry in Nigeria effect of plant density and interaction on crop production,,v. 11,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/483/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Duque, Luis O., Setter, Tim L.",2013,"Cassava Response to Water Deficit in Deep Pots: Root and Shoot Growth, ABA, and Carbohydrate Reserves in Stems, Leaves and Storage Roots",Tropical Plant Biology,6,4,10.1007/s12042-013-9131-3,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4831/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) is an important staple crop for tropical climates worldwide, including drought-prone environments where it is valued for its reliable yield. The extent to which stress tolerance involves regulation of growth and carbon balance aided by remobilization of carbohydrate from various plant parts was investigated. Plants were grown in 1-meter high pots to permit observation of deep rooting while they were subjected to four soil water regimes over a 30-d period. Transpiration declined abruptly in conjunction with leaf ABA accumulation and severe leaf abscission. In water stressed plants, growth of all plant parts decreased substantially; however, a basal rate of leaf growth continued to provide some new leaves, and although growth of fibrous lateral roots was reduced, main root elongation to deeper regions was only modestly decreased by stress. In leaf blades and petioles, sugars were the predominant form of nonstructural carbohydrate and about one third was in starch; these reserves were depleted rapidly during stress. In contrast, stems and storage roots maintained relatively high starch concentrations and contents per organ until final harvest. Stems gradually lost starch and had sufficient reserves to serve as a prolonged source of remobilized carbohydrate during stress. The amount of starch stored in stems represented about 35 % of the reserve carbohydrate in the plant at the onset of water stress (T), and 6 % of total plant dry mass. We suggest that this pool of carbohydrate reserves is important in sustaining meristems, growing organs, and respiring organs during a prolonged stress and providing reserves for regrowth upon resumed rainfall.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Dutra, P. M. L., Dias, F. A., Santos, M. A. A., Rodrigues, C. O., Romeiro, A., Attias, M., Souza, W. de, Lopes, A. H. C. S., Meyer-Fernandes, J. R.",,Secreted phosphatase activities in trypanosomatid parasites of plants modulated by platelet-activating factor,Phytopathology,Apr 2001. v. 91 (4),,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4838/,"The secreted phosphatase activities of two trypanosomatid parasites were characterized and compared with supernatants of living cells. The plant parasite Phytomonas francai and the phytophagous hemipteran parasite Herpetomonas sp. hydrolyzed p-nitrophenylphosphate at a rate of 15.54 and 6.51 nmol Pi/mg of protein per min, respectively. Sodium orthovanadate (N(a)VO(3)) and sodium fluoride (NaF) decreased the phosphatase activities. The phosphatase activity of P. francai was drastically diminished (73% inhibition) in the presence of sodium tartrate, whereas the phosphatase activity of Herpetomonas sp. was inhibited by 23%. Cytochemical analysis showed the localization of these enzymes on the external surface and in the flagellar pocket of the two trypanosomatids. Sodium tartrate inhibited this reaction, confirming the biochemical data. Platelet-activating factor modulated the phosphatase activities, inhibiting P. francai activity and stimulating Herpetomonas sp. phosphatase activity.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Dyer, G. A., Gonzlez, C., Lopera, D. C.",2011,"Informal ""seed"" systems and the management of gene flow in traditional agroecosystems The case of cassava in Cauca, Colombia",PLoS ONE,6,12,10.1371/journal.pone.0029067,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4851/,"Our ability to manage gene flow within traditional agroecosystems and their repercussions requires understanding the biology of crops, including farming practices' role in crop ecology. That these practices' effects on crop population genetics have not been quantified bespeaks lack of an appropriate analytical framework. We use a model that construes seed-management practices as part of a crop's demography to describe the dynamics of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Cauca, Colombia. We quantify several management practices for cassava-the first estimates of their kind for a vegetatively-propagated crop-describe their demographic repercussions, and compare them to those of maize, a sexually-reproduced grain crop. We discuss the implications for gene flow, the conservation of cassava diversity, and the biosafety of vegetatively-propagated crops in centers of diversity. Cassava populations are surprisingly open and dynamic farmers exchange germplasm across localities, particularly improved varieties, and distribute it among neighbors at extremely high rates vis--vis maize. This implies that a large portion of cassava populations consists of non-local germplasm, often grown in mixed stands with local varieties. Gene flow from this germplasm into local seed banks and gene pools via pollen has been documented, but its extent remains uncertain. In sum, cassava's biology and vegetative propagation might facilitate pre-release confinement of genetically-modified varieties, as expected, but simultaneously contribute to their diffusion across traditional agroecosystems if released. Genetically-modified cassava is unlikely to displace landraces or compromise their diversity; but rapid diffusion of improved germplasm and subsequent incorporation into cassava landraces, seed banks or wild populations could obstruct the tracking and eradication of deleterious transgenes. Attempts to regulate traditional farming practices to reduce the risks could compromise cassava populations' adaptive potential and ultimately prove ineffectual. 2011 Dyer et al.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Dyer, George A., Gonzlez, Carolina, Lopera, Diana Carolina",2011,"Informal “Seed” Systems and the Management of Gene Flow in Traditional Agroecosystems: The Case of Cassava in Cauca, Colombia",PLoS ONE,6,12,10.1371/journal.pone.0029067,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4852/,"Our ability to manage gene flow within traditional agroecosystems and their repercussions requires understanding the biology of crops, including farming practices’ role in crop ecology. That these practices’ effects on crop population genetics have not been quantified bespeaks lack of an appropriate analytical framework. We use a model that construes seed-management practices as part of a crop’s demography to describe the dynamics of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Cauca, Colombia. We quantify several management practices for cassava—the first estimates of their kind for a vegetatively-propagated crop—describe their demographic repercussions, and compare them to those of maize, a sexually-reproduced grain crop. We discuss the implications for gene flow, the conservation of cassava diversity, and the biosafety of vegetatively-propagated crops in centers of diversity. Cassava populations are surprisingly open and dynamic: farmers exchange germplasm across localities, particularly improved varieties, and distribute it among neighbors at extremely high rates vis-à-vis maize. This implies that a large portion of cassava populations consists of non-local germplasm, often grown in mixed stands with local varieties. Gene flow from this germplasm into local seed banks and gene pools via pollen has been documented, but its extent remains uncertain. In sum, cassava’s biology and vegetative propagation might facilitate pre-release confinement of genetically-modified varieties, as expected, but simultaneously contribute to their diffusion across traditional agroecosystems if released. Genetically-modified cassava is unlikely to displace landraces or compromise their diversity; but rapid diffusion of improved germplasm and subsequent incorporation into cassava landraces, seed banks or wild populations could obstruct the tracking and eradication of deleterious transgenes. Attempts to regulate traditional farming practices to reduce the risks could compromise cassava populations’ adaptive potential and ultimately prove ineffectual.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Dziedzoave, N.T., Ellis, W.O., Oldham, J.H., Osei-Yaw, A.",1999,Subjective and objective assessment of 'agbelima' (cassava dough) quality,Food Control,v. 10,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4854/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Pimentel, E. A.",1986,The amelioration of an extremely acid upland soil in the Alimodian series of Panay Islands for better yield of crops,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4862/,"Magsanaya upland rice and yellow corn variety yielded just as well at soil pH 4.0 and pH 5.6 while the other test crops yielded lesser at soil pH 4.0. Liming to pH 5.6 and fertilization significantly increased the yield of IPB hybrid corn, Phil 6019 sugarcane, peanut and mungo-pag-asa variety. In a fertilized alimodian clay loam soil with pH 4.0, different rates of liming gave significant results to the different field crops. The highest net return among the test crops was shown by Magsanaya upland rice. All the other test crops showed considerable reduction in net profit.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"E.A., Vasquez, C.J.Y., Duatin",1995,Evaluation of botanical pesticides for the treatment of cassava seedpieces,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4864/,"Pesticidal substances were extracted from several plant species previously reported as having pesticidal activities. These crude extracts were used in the preplanting treatment of cassava cuttings to substitute commercial pesticides used against the white peach scale insect, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti). Of the substances evaluated and bioassayed, the extract from Asiatic bitter yam, Dioscorea hispida Dennst. was found most effective at a concentration of 5 percent and soaking period of 12-24 hours. Field evaluation of the effectiveness of both D. hispida extract and commercial insecticides like dimethoate and malathion in controlling scale insect infestation showed comparable results. Germination of chemically-treated seedpieces was significantly lower than D. hispida-treated and untreated ones. Although there was no significant difference between the yields of plants in the two treatments, those treated with D. hispida gave higher cost and return values than those under chemical treatment.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Holmes, E.B., Wilson, L.A",1977,The relationship between yield quantitative shoot morphology and the development of individual leaves in six Trinidad Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars,Nouvelles Agronomiques des Antilles et de la Guyane,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4867/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Agbetoye, L.A.S. (Federal Univ. of Technology, Akure (Nigeria).), Kilgour, J., Dyson, J.",1998,Performance evaluation of three pre-lift soil loosening devices for cassava root harvesting,,v. 48,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/487/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Fernandes, E.C.M., Davey, C.B., Nelson, L.A.",1993,"Alley cropping on an acid soil in the upper Amazon: mulch, fertilizer, and hedgerow root pruning effects",Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture in the Tropics,ASA Special Publication 56,,10.2134/asaspecpub56.c7,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4870/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"E.C., Nwauzor, O.C., Nwankwo",1989,"Reaction of some cassava cultivars/lines to root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita race 2",International Nematology Network Newsletter,v. 6,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4873/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"E.F., Moran",1976,Manioc deserves more recognition in tropical farming,World Crops,v. 28,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4875/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"E.N., Bernardo",1979,"Arthropod pest problems on cassava, taro and yam in VISCA [Visayas State Coll. of Agriculture, Baybay, Leyte, Philippines] and vicinity",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4884/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"E.R., Terry",1976,Cassava bacterial blight in Africa [Africa south of Sahara],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4889/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Agbetoye, L. A. S., Ilevbare, I.",2012,"Evaluation of L-tines for soil disturbance during mechanised cassava harvesting C3 - American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting 2012, ASABE 2012",An ASABE Meeting Presentation,6,,10.13031/2013.41993,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/489/,"Manual harvesting of cassava consumes a lot of energy and time. Although, Nigeria is the largest producer of cassava in the world, harvesting is not mechanized. Over the years, researchers have worked extensively in an attempt to come up with effective cassava harvester. These research efforts include manual, semi-mechanized/mechanized methods. In this work, a pair of L-Tines was designed, fabricated from locally sourced materials and evaluated for performance in terms of soil disturbance in the cassava root zone during mechanized harvesting. Experiments were conducted under soil bin and field conditions. The L-Tines were attached to a tool bar of an implement carriage designed specially to fit into an outdoor soil bin. The depth of operation was varied five times at a constant speed of 0.67m/s. The depth of operation was varied from 0.25 m to 0.45 m at 0.05 m interval; and at three different spacing of 0.35 m, 0.45 m and 0.55 m in a 5x3x3 factorial experiment with three replicates. This amounted to 45 experimental runs for the soil bin experiment. The same experiment was repeated in the field. Results indicated that there is a positive relationship between L-tine spacing (width) and cross-sectional area of a soil disturbance; as well as between depth of operation and cross-sectional area of soil disturbance. In each treatment, the tine width and tine spacing increased the cross-sectional area of soil disturbance significantly. It is hoped that the outcome of this work would generate relevant data for the development of mechanized cassava harvester.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Terry, E.R., Oyekan, J.O.",1976,Cassava diseases in Africa reviewed,Span,19,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4890/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Terry, E.R., MacIntyre, R.",1976,The international exchange and testing of cassava germ plasm in Africa,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4891/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Terry, E.R.",1977,Diagnosis of cassava bacterial blight disease,"Cassava Bacterial Blight. Report of an Interdisciplinary Workshop held at IITA, lbadan, Nigeria, 1-4 November 1976",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4893/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Terry, E.R.",1977,Fear of cassava bacterial blight in Africa makes control imperative,World Crops and Livestock,29,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4894/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"E.R., Terry, G.A., Schaefers, M.J., Garber",1977,Preferential feeding and damage to cultivars of Nigerian cassava by the variegated grasshopper (Zonocerus variegatus),,v. 85,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4895/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"E.R., Terry, S.K., Hahn",1982,Increasing and stabilizing cassava and sweet potato productivity by disease resistance and crop hygiene,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4896/,"Vegetative propagation encourages the perpetuation and dissemination of the major disease agents affecting cassava and sweet potato. This article describes the major virus and bacterial diseases of both crops with special reference to Africa. Data on crop-yield reductions caused by the diseases are also reviewed. Evidence of host-plant resistance to cassava mosaic and cassava bacterial blight diseases and to the sweet-potato virus disease is presented and review. The possibilities for integrated disease control by the use of the available levels of disease resistance, together with sound crop hygiene, to increase and stabilize the yields of both crops are set forth.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Castillo, E. T.",1986,Effect of cropping pattern on soil erosion and surface runoff in the Agusan River Basin,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4898/,"Results showed that cropping pattern A which includes crop planting of cassava, corn and camote was the most effective scheme in reducing surface runoff and sediment yield in the area. Total surface runoff was 764.41 liters for CPA (cropping pattern A) versus 867.63 liters for cropping pattern C (corn-camote-cassava) and 842.87 liters for cropping pattern B (camote-peanut-corn). Average surface runoff of CPA was 41.58% lower than the bare plot. Total sediment yield were 621.36 kg/ha, 748.01 kg/ha and 740.44 kg/ha for CPA, CPB, CPC respectively. During the peak precipitation period which occurred during the third month of each cropping season, camote consistently produced the lowest surface runoff and sediment yield, closely followed by cassava. Both crops were found to attain a hundred percent relative cover before the peak rainfall set in while corn maintained 70% relative cover until the last month. Cropping pattern, cropping season and the interaction of cropping season and cropping pattern accounted most for the observed variation. The variation in surface runoff and sediment yield was largely explained by crop growth habits and sequencing of crops. With respect to productivity, obtained crop yield were very low compared to national average yield. This can be attributed to the poor soil physical and chemical properties which were observed to decline with time.",Excluded,Duplicate
"E.U., Odigboh",1976,Mechanisation of Nigerian cassava production and processing Research needs and interests,Agricultural Engineer,v. 31,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4900/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Weber, E., Nestel, B., Campbell, M.",1979,"Intercropping with cassava: Proceedings of an international workshop held at Trivandrum, India, 27 Nov-1 Dec 1978","Intercropping with cassava: Proceedings of an international workshop held at Trivandrum, India, 27 Nov-1 Dec 1978",,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4903/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Agbim, N. N.",1985,Potentials of Cassava Peels as a Soil Amendment .2. Field-Evaluation,Journal of Environmental Quality,14,3,10.2134/jeq1985.00472425001400030020x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/492/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Ebhoaye, J.E. (Ambrose Alli Univ., Ekpoma (Nigeria). Dept. of Chemistry), Dada, J.O.",2004,The effect of fresh and aged Cassava processing effluent on the physico- chemical properties of soil,,v. 47,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4921/,"Fresh Cassava processing effluent was obtained from a Cassava processing mill in Ekpoma, Edo State. One half of the fresh effluent was used to pollute top soil while the second half was aged for 7 days before use. The relative effects of the fresh and aged Cassava effluents on the physiochemical properties of soil were determined. The effects of pollution varied with the soil/effluent contact period and the nature of the effluent. The result showed increase in the levels of pH, organic carbon, phosphorus, sodium, potassium; and decrease in calcium, magnesium and nitrogen in the soil after treatment with the effluents. There were no marked differences in the particle size distribution nature of the soil and the level of the exchangeable acidity after treatment with the effluents. The results showed that the disposal on the top soil of fresh and aged Cassava processing effluent could have diverse effects on the nutrient availability in the soil.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ebregt, E., Struik, P. C., Abidin, P. E., Odongo, B.",2004,Farmers' information on sweet potato production and millipede infestation in north-eastern Uganda. I. Associations between spatial and temporal crop diversity and the level of pest infestation,NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences,52,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4923/,"Farmers in five districts of north-eastern Uganda were interviewed to generate information on sweet potato production and constraints, with emphasis on damage by millipedes. Participatory rural appraisal methodology was used to interview 148 farmers. The peak period of planting sweet potato was from the end of May till the beginning of July in order to produce dried form food (amukeke) for storage in the dry season, which sets in around November. Vine cuttings were usually planted on mounds and weeding was mostly done only once. Osukut, Araka Red and Araka White were the most popular varieties. Many respondents obtained planting material from volunteer plants. Separation of plots over time and in space was often not practised. Sweet potato crop rotations were diverse. Millet, groundnut and maize were commonly grown after sweet potato. Cassava, sweet potato, groundnut and maize are host crops for millipedes and were often grown in succession. Millipede incidences were not statistically different for the three agro-ecological zones of north-eastern Uganda, but depended on the frequency of millipede hosts (including sweet potato) in the crop rotations. Groundnut planted after sweet potato had high levels of millipede attack. Millipede incidence was often associated with the incidence of weevils. The results of this inventory show that most farmers consider millipedes as a pest of sweet potato and other major food and cash crops, but that many farmers lack the knowledge to control them.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Agboh-Noameshie, A., Jackai, L.E.N., Agboola, A.A., Ezumah, H.C.",1997,Manipulating canopy structure in cassava intercropped with cowpea and its effects on cowpea insect population densities,Tropical Agriculture,v. 74,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/495/,"Pest populations on cowpea intercropped with cassava were studied in relation to changes in the canopy structure of the cassava crop canopy. Flower thrips (Megalurothrips sjostedti Tryb.), the legume pod borer, (Maruca vitrata Fabricius), and pod sucking bug complex were the pests of interest. Four month old cassava was pruned during the second crop season of 1987 and 1988 as follows no pruning; two-thirds debranching; total defoliation; and cut-back to 60 cm above ground. There were significant differences between the pest density on cowpea in the pruned cassava treatments and that of sole cowpea. Seasonal means of 408, 387, and 298 flower thrips per 20 flowers were recorded in the cut-back, the two-thirds debranched, and the defoliated cassava, respectively, compared to 1080 flower thrips per 20 flowers in the sole cowpea. The micro-environment created by the intercrops reduced the populations of flower thrips but increased those of the pod borer. Seasonal means of 22, 17.5, 21.4, and 16.7 pod borers per 20 flowers were recorded in the intercrops compared to 15.8 in the sole crops. Pod-sucking bugs followed the same trend as that of flower thrips. Intercropping cassava with cowpea can be manipulated such that it contributes to the management of cowpea pests.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Agboka, K., Gounou, S., Tamo, M.",2006,The role of maize-legumes-cassava intercropping in the management of maize ear borers with special reference to Mussidia nigrivenella Ragonot (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae),Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France,42,03-Apr,10.1080/00379271.2006.10697484,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/496/,"The effects of intercropping maize with cowpea, lima bean, soybean, three leguminous cover crops (Tephrosia vogelii Hook F., Canavalia ensiformis L., Sesbania rostrata Bremek. & Oberm.) and cassava on the infestation of Mussidia nigrivenella Ragonot (Lepidoptera Pyralidae) and other lepidopteran ear borers were studied. Field experiments were conducted in four locations in Benin using a 4x2 pattern of maize-legumes or maize-cassava planting. Intercropping reduced the number of eggs (by >25%) and larvae (by 17.953%) of M. nigrivenella compared with the monocrop. Maize-C. ensiformis and maize-T. vogelii proved to be the most effective combinations for reducing M. nigrivenella populations in the different locations. Grain loss and ear damage, which were significantly correlated with the number of insects in the ear, were significantly affected by the intercrops, with losses abated by 4784% in the four sites. No parasitized larvae were found in any of the locations.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Edwards, D.",,An economic study,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4965/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Edwards, D.G., Asher, C.J., Wilson, G.L. (University of Queensland, St. Lucia (Australia). Dept. of Agriculture)",1977,Mineral nutrition of cassava and adaptation to low fertility conditions,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4967/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Effendi, S.",1979,Cassava intercropping patterns and management practices in Indonesia,"Intercropping with cassava: Proceedings of an international workshop held at Trivandrum, India, 27 Nov-1 Dec 1978",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4977/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Effiong, G. S., Ayolagha, G. A.",2010,"Characteristics, constraints and management of mangrove soils for sustainable crop production","Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry",9,6,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4978/,"Six representative soil profiles were studied to characterize and assess the constraints and management of mangrove soils for sustainable crop production in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. Profiles were sited at Urua-Essien Etuk (KS10), Okobo Ebughu I (DR11) and II (DR18), Oron I (RN12) and II (RN13) and Ikot Akpan Udo (KS14). Results indicate soil texture varied widely from sandy (KS10) to predominantly silty loam (RN12, RN13 and KS14) and sandy clay loam (DR11) with a mixed clayey/silty loam (DR18) texture. The high silt (388 - 528gkg-1) and clay (188.8 - 448gkg-1) contents indicate high water-holding capacity. Soil colour values were dominantly dark grayish brown (2.5 Y 3/2) to black (2.5 Y 2/0). Soil pH (H2O, dry) ranged from strongly to moderately acid (3.1 - 5.5) while pH in field moist soil varied from slightly acid to slightly alkaline (6.6 - 7.5). Organic C (12.4 - 180.5gkg-1), total N (0.5 - 7.7 gkg-1) and exchangeable Mg (0.6 - 5.33cmolkg-1) levels were high while exchangeable Ca, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and available P contents were low. Poor drainage, high acidity (low pH), high electrical conductivity, loamy texture, low P, Ca and CEC levels were the major constraints of the soil against sustainable crop production. Management measures to be adopted should include reduction of excess water (drainage), application of soil amendments (gypsum/lime), cultivation of promiscuous soybean variety and planting of Al-resistant and Al-tolerant crops such as tea, cassava, rice, cowpea, mango, guava and rubber. Addition of both organic and mineral fertilizers after reclamation are also recommended.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Egesi, C.N., Ilona, P., Ogbe, F.O., Akoroda, M., Dixon, A.",2007,Genetic Variation and Genotype x Environment Interaction for Yield and Other Agronomic Traits in Cassava in Nigeria,Agronomy Journal,99,4,10.2134/agronj2006.0291,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4984/,"The identification of superior genotypes and mega-environments on the basis of multiple traits is a key objective of multi-environment trials in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). The objective of this study was to examine the genetic variation and genotype x environment interaction (GEI) effects for fresh root yield, six other agronomic traits, and severity ratings for cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and cassava green mite (CGM) in 40 genotypes of cassava. Experiments were conducted using a randomized complete-block design with four replications for 2 yr in three representative agro-ecological zones in Nigeria. Site regression (SREG) analysis revealed that GEI was a major source of fresh root yield variation and the different testing sites discriminated among the genotypes. Genotypes TMS 98/0581, TMS 97/4763, TMS 98/0002, TMS 99/3073, and M98/0068 were highest yielding at Otobi and Umudike, whereas TMS 98/0510, TMS 97/4779, and TMS 92B/00068 yielded the most at Ishiagu. TMS 98/2226, TMS 92/0325, and M98/0028 had the poorest performance across all locations. Genotypes with the highest yield showed the lowest CMD scores, whereas very tall (well above 2 m) plants had low harvest index on the basis of multiple trait analysis. We identified optimally adapted genotypes for commercial cassava production in different areas in Nigeria.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Eggleston, G., Omoaka, P. E., Arowshegbe, A. U.",1993,"Flour, starch and alternative (wheatless) breadmaking quality of various cassava clones",Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,62,1,10.1002/jsfa.2740620108,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/4987/,"Alternative (wheatless) cassava breads were made with cassava flour from eight different cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) clones fortified with soya flour (200 g kg1 total flour) using margarine and egg white, or xanthan, as additives. In this study, bread specific volumes were reliably predicted from only the diastatic activity and maximum paste viscosity of the cassava flour, although further variables still need to be investigated. Flours with diastatic activities above 145 mg of maltose, and indirectly low maximum paste viscosities, produced dense, puddinglike structures with completely gelatinised crumbs. The flour diastatic activity was dependent on the moisture content of the freshly harvested tuberous root; above a critical threshold moisture ( 75 %) content the specific air intake of the loaves decreased sharply. The extent of starch gelatinisation and solubilisation did not critically affect loaf volumes but affected crumb structures.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Eggleston, G., Omoaka, P. E., Arowshegbe, A. U.",1993,"Flour, starch and composite breadmaking quality of various cassava clones",Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,62,1,10.1002/jsfa.2740620107,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4988/,"Bread was made using a straightdough baking process from a local soft wheat flour partially substituted at four levels with flour from nine different cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) clones. The physicochemical properties of the blended flouts, including starch quality, were determined and related to dough rheology, bread volume and crumb characteristics. Breadmaking quality at substitution levels of 100 and 200 g kg1 of mixed flour was reliably predicted from the cassava flour diastatic activity only. Flours with relatively high diastatic activities, ie above 145 mg of maltose, had deleterious breadmaking effects. Baking absorption effects were more critical at substitution levels of 300 and 400 g kg1. Cassava flour diastatic activity was highly dependent on the moisture contents of the respective tuberous roots, and affected the extent of starch gelatinisation in the breadcrumbs.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Eggleston, G., Asiedu, R.",1994,"Effects of boiling on the texture of cassava clones a comparison of compressive strength, intercellular adhesion and physicochemical composition of the tuberous roots",Tropical Science,v. 34,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4989/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ehl, P., Ceska Zemedelska Univ., Prague (Czech Republic). Inst. Tropu a Subtropu, Banout, J., Ceska Zemedelska Univ., Prague (Czech Republic). Inst. Tropu a Subtropu, Lojka, B., Ceska Zemedelska Univ., Prague (Czech Republic). Inst. Tropu a Subtropu, Polesny, Z., Ceska Zemedelska Univ., Prague (Czech Republic). Inst. Tropu a Subtropu, Lojkova, J., Ceska Zemedelska Univ., Prague (Czech Republic). Inst. Tropu a Subtropu",2010,Post harvest processing of selected tropical crops using a natural circulation solar dryer,AGRICULTURA TROPICA ET SUBTROPICA,v. 43,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/4999/,"Agricultural products are practically the only financial resource for the people near Pucallpa city in the Peruvian Amazon. Large quantities of tropical fruits (e.g. bananas, pineapples and papayas) are produced, but there is a lack of suitable processing method to improve the income for the farmers. The goal of the study was to design a direct natural-circulation solar dryer, and compare its performance with the traditional open-to-sun drying. The design of the dryer was made to suit the local farmers' needs, as a small-scale home drying unit with a capacity from 3 kg to 8 kg in relations to the product being dried. The dryer was built from materials available on the local market, therefore making it possible to construct more units by the farmers themselves. A series of seven tests were completed. The use of the dryer led to considerable drying time reduction and final product quality compared to the open-to-sun method. In conclusion, the use of a direct natural-circulation solar dryer is an appropriate technology for the preservation of some agricultural products in Pucallpa.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"A.P., Gutierrez, P., Neuenschwander, F., Schulthess, H.R., Herren, J.U., Baumgaertner, B., Wermelinger, B., Lohr, C.K., Ellis",1988,Analysis of biological control of cassava pests in Africa. II. Cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti,Journal of Applied Ecology,25,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/50/,"(1) The effects of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr., on cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz, growth, development and yields as modified by weather, soil water and nitrogen, and natural enemies were examined. (2) Rainfall-induced mortality and plant carbohydrate stress were the major determinants of P. manihoti population patterns prior to the introduction of exotic natural enemies. (3) The contribution of the introduced parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (DeSantis) and indigenous predators of Hyperaspis and Exochomus to the biological control of P. manihoti was assessed. Native coccinellid predators were not important regulating agents of P. manihoti before the introduction of exotic parasitoids. (4) The contribution of native coccinellids to total P. manihoti mortality appears largely dispensable after the introduction of E. lopezi. (5) The effect of rainfall on density-dependent regulation of P. manihoti by the parasitoid E. lopezi in the field was examined.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Eiumnoh, Apisit",1982,"Soil, land capability, and geomorphology of soils under cassava in Thailand",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5003/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ekanayake, II",1993,Low-Temperature Influenced Growth Pertubations in Cassava (Manihot-Esculenta Crantz),Plant Physiology,102,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5016/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ekanayake, I. J., Okarter, U. C., Olusegunogundapo, M. T.",1995,Alterations in Photosynthetic Functioning of Cassava Leaves Exposed to Harmattan Dust,Plant Physiology,108,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5017/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ekanayake, I. J.",1997,Biochemical characterization of sources of drought tolerance in cassava proline accumulation under long season drought,Plant Physiology,114,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5019/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ekanayake, Indira J., Oyetunji, O. Jacob, Osonubi, O., Lyasse, Omar",2004,The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and water stress on leaf chlorophyll production of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),"Food, Agriculture & Environment",2,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5021/,"Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are well known phyto-stimulators of various growth processes of its symbiotic plants. Semi-controlled experiments were conducted in large container cultured cassava to investigate the influence of AM inoculation and water stress on leaf chlorophyll production from sprouting to 6 months after sprouting with the aim to better understand stressful conditions on its growth habit. Two AM species Glomus clarum and G. mosseae were used to inoculate two cassava cultivars, TMS 4(2) 1425 (an improved cultivar) and TME1 (a landrace). A 3-factor factorial complete randomized design, with three replications was used to arrange the containers. Water stress was begun one month after planting (MAP) and compared to non-water stressed. The results indicated that plant water stress levels based on more negative leaf Ψ had a detrimental effect on leaf chlorophyll contents of both genotypes. There were significant cultivar x AM species x irrigation treatment interactions during stress and post-stress recovery periods. The introduced AM fungi species were also found to enhance chlorophyll production both under well watered and water stressed conditions. G. clarum remained more effective on chlorophyll synthesis under both water regimes. The improved cultivar also responded more positively to AM fungi inoculation with regard to chlorophyll production. Our data suggest that genotypic differences between the Glomus spp. and also that of cassava genotypes and their interactions have to be considered in the successful use of AM technology in cassava cultivation",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ekechukwu, O.V., Norton, B. (Energy Research Centre, University of Nigeria, Nsukka (Nigeria))",1998,Effects of seasonal weather variations on the measured performance of a natural-circulation solar-energy tropical crop dryer,,v. 39,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5031/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ekeleme, F., Hauser, S., Atser, G., Dixon, A., Weller, S., Olorunmaiye, P., Usman, H., Olojede, A., Chikoye, D.",2016,Weed management in cassava in Africa: Challenges and opportunities,Outlooks on Pest Management,27,5,10.1564/V27_OCT_04,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5039/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a major staple root crop, grown on 21 million ha in the tropics. Cassava provides calories to a large portion of the population in countries where it is grown. Cassava continues to increase in importance as a food crop and source of starch for food processing and it has been transformed from a food security crop to a cash crop, providing a source of food and income for about 500 million people in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Cassava production is concentrated in the tropical regions. Africa grows 55% of the worlds cassava with Nigeria, and the Democratic Republic of Congo leading production. Southeast Asia grows 33% of the worlds cassava with Thailand and Indonesia being major producers. Brazil is the major Latin American producer growing about 13% of the world supply. Africa now faces rising youth unemployment and food insecurity leading most African countries to embark on economic diversification emphasizing agriculture as a major pillar and cassava as a strategic crop in the humid zone of Sub-Saharan Africa. However, despite cassavas wide distribution, high economic and food security importance, very little research on cassava field production has been conducted. The consequence is that the current transformation of cassava from subsistence to a commercial crop is hampered by a lack of concrete, reliable and site specific recommendations on most agronomic issues. Furthermore, a crop grown on 21 million hectares worldwide has not yet attracted the interest of private industry to supply inputs, for improved plant nutrition, plant protection and weed control specifically suited to support cassava production.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ekpere, Johnson Avbiniovurue.",1986,"a situation analysis for Oyo State, Nigeria",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5047/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"El-Fieshawy, M.A.H.",1986,Evaluation of some agronomic characters related to growth and yield of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5065/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"El-Fieshawy, M.A.",1990,Cassava yield and its components as affected by irrigation water quality and intervals in newly reclaimed soils,Zagazig Journal of Agricultural Research,17,2a,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5066/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"El-Sharkawy, M.A., Cock, J.H., Cadena, G. de.",1984,"Stomatal characteristics among cassava cultivars and their relation to gas exchange [Anatomy, Manihot esculenta, photosynthesis, transpiration]",Experimental agriculture,v. 20,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5074/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"El-Sharkawy, M.A. (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali (Colombia)), Cock, J.H.",1987,Response of cassava to water stress,,v. 100,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5075/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"El-Sharkawy, M. A., De Tafur, S. M., Cadavid, L. F.",1993,Photosynthesis of cassava and its relation to crop productivity,Photosynthetica,28,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5081/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"El-Sharkawy, M.A.",1993,"Drought-tolerant Cassava for Africa, Asia, and Latin America: Breeding projects work to stabilize productivity without increasing pressures on limited natural resources",BioScience,43,7,10.2307/1311903,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5082/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"El-Sharkawy, M. A.",2003,Cassava biology and physiology,Plant Molecular Biology,53,5,10.1023/B:PLAN.0000019109.01740.c6,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5085/,"Cassava or manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz), a perennial shrub of the New World, currently is the sixth world food crop for more than 500 million people in tropical and sub-tropical Africa, Asia and Latin America. It is cultivated mainly by resource-limited small farmers for its starchy roots, which are used as human food either fresh when low in cyanogens or in many processed forms and products, mostly starch, flour, and for animal feed. Because of its inherent tolerance to stressful environments, where other food crops would fail, it is often considered a food-security source against famine, requiring minimal care. Under optimal environmental conditions, it compares favorably in production of energy with most other major staple food crops due to its high yield potential. Recent research at the Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) in Colombia has demonstrated the ability of cassava to assimilate carbon at very high rates under high levels of humidity, temperature and solar radiation, which correlates with productivity across all environments whether dry or humid. When grown on very poor soils under prolonged drought for more than 6 months, the crop reduce both its leaf canopy and transpiration water loss, but its attached leaves remain photosynthetically active, though at greatly reduced rates. The main physiological mechanism underlying such a remarkable tolerance to drought was rapid stomatal closure under both atmospheric and edaphic water stress, protecting the leaf against dehydration while the plant depletes available soil water slowly during long dry periods. This drought tolerance mechanism leads to high crop water use efficiency values. Although the cassava fine root system is sparse, compared to other crops, it can penetrate below 2 m soil, thus enabling the crop to exploit deep water if available. Leaves of cassava and wild Manihot possess elevated activities of the C-4 enzyme PEP carboxylase but lack the leaf Kranz anatomy typical of C-4 species, pointing to the need for further research on cultivated and wild Manihot to further improve its photosynthetic potential and yield, particularly under stressful environments. Moreover, a wide range in values of K-m (CO2) for the C-3 photosynthetic enzyme Rubisco was found among cassava cultivars indicating the possibility of selection for higher affinity to CO2, and consequently higher leaf photosynthesis. Several plant traits that may be of value in crop breeding and improvement have been identified, such as an extensive fine root system, long leaf life, strong root sink and high leaf photosynthesis. Selection of parental materials for tolerance to drought and infertile soils under representative field conditions have resulted in developing improved cultivars that have high yields in favorable environments while producing reasonable and stable yields under stress.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"El-Sharkawy, M.A.",2006,"International research on cassava photosynthesis, productivity, eco-physiology, and responses to environmental stresses in the tropics",Photosynthetica,44,4,10.1007/s11099-006-0063-0,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5087/,"The review sums up research conducted at CIAT within a multidiscipline effort revolving around a strategy for developing improved technologies to increase and sustain cassava productivity, as well as conserving natural resources in the various eco-edaphic zones where the crop is grown, with emphasis on stressful environments. Field research has elucidated several physiological plant mechanisms underlying potentially high productivity under favourable hot-humid environments in the tropics. Most notable is cassava inherent high capacity to assimilate carbon in near optimum environments that correlates with both biological productivity and root yield across a wide range of germplasm grown in diverse environments. Cassava leaves possess elevated activities of the C phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) that also correlate with leaf net photosynthetic rate (P N) in field-grown plants, indicating the importance of selection for high P N. Under certain conditions such leaves exhibit an interesting photosynthetic C-C intermediate behaviour which may have important implications in future selection efforts. In addition to leaf P N, yield is correlated with seasonal mean leaf area index (i.e. leaf area duration, LAD). Under prolonged water shortages in seasonally dry and semiarid zones, the crop, once established, tolerates stress and produces reasonably well compared to other food crops (e.g. in semiarid environments with less than 700 mm of annual rain, improved cultivars can yield over 3 t ha- oven-dried storage roots). The underlying mechanisms for such tolerance include stomatal sensitivity to atmospheric and edaphic water deficits, coupled with deep rooting capacities that prevent severe leaf dehydration, i.e. stress avoidance mechanisms, and reduced leaf canopy with reasonable photosynthesis over the leaf life span. Another stress-mitigating plant trait is the capacity to recover from stress, once water is available, by forming new leaves with even higher P N, compared to those in nonstressed crops. Under extended stress, reductions are larger in shoot biomass than in storage root, resulting in higher harvest indices. Cassava conserves water by slowly depleting available water from deep soil layers, leading to higher seasonal crop water-use and nutrient-use efficiencies. In dry environments LAD and resistance to pests and diseases are critical for sustainable yields. In semiarid zones the crop survives but requires a second wet cycle to achieve high yields and high dry matter contents in storage roots. Selection and breeding for early bulking and for medium/short-stemmed cultivars is advantageous under semiarid conditions. When grown in cooler zones such as in tropical high altitudes and in low-land sub-tropics, leaf P N is greatly reduced and growth is slower. Thus, the crop requires longer period for a reasonable productivity. There is a need to select and breed for more cold-tolerant genotypes. Selection of parental materials for tolerance to water stress and infertile soils has resulted in breeding improved germplasm adapted to both favourable and stressful environments.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"El-Sharkawy, M. A.",2007,Physiological characteristics of cassava tolerance to prolonged drought in the tropics Implications for breeding cultivars adapted to seasonally dry and semiarid environments,Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology,19,4,10.1590/S1677-04202007000400003,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5088/,"The paper summarizes research conducted at International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) on responses of cassava to extended water shortages in the field aided by modern gas-exchange and water-relation techniques as well as biochemical assays. The aim of the research was to coordinate basic and applied aspects of crop physiology into a breeding strategy with a multidisciplinary approach. Several physiological characteristics/traits and mechanisms underpinning tolerance of cassava to drought were elucidated using a large number of genotypes from the CIAT core germplasm collection grown in various locations representing ecozones where cassava is cultivated. Most notable among these characteristics are the high photosynthetic capacity of cassava leaves in favorable environments and the maintenance of reasonable rates throughout prolonged water deficits, a crucial characteristic for high and sustainable productivity. Cassava possess a tight stomatal control over leaf gas exchange that reduces water losses when plants are subjected to soil water deficits as well as to high atmospheric evaporative demands, thus protecting leaves from severe dehydration. During prolonged water deficits, cassava reduces its canopy by shedding older leaves and forming smaller new leaves leading to less light interception, another adaptive trait to drought. Though root yield is reduced (but much less than the reduction in top growth) under water stress, the crop can recover when water becomes available by rapidly forming new canopy leaves with much higher photosynthetic rates compared to unstressed crops, thus compensating for yield losses with final yields approaching those in well-watered crops. Cassava can extract slowly water from deep soils, a characteristic of paramount importance in seasonally dry and semiarid environments where deeply stored water needs to be tapped. Screening large accessions under seasonally dry and semiarid environments showed that yield is significantly correlated with upper canopy leaf photosynthetic rates, and the association was attributed mainly to nonstomatal (anatomical/biochemical) factors. Parental materials with both high yields and photosynthetic rates were identified for incorporation into breeding and selection programs for cultivars adapted to prolonged drought coupled with high temperatures and dry air, conditions that might be further aggravated by global climate changes in tropical regions.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"El-Sharkawy, M. A.",2007,"International research on cassava photosynthesis, productivity, eco-physiology, and responses to environmental stresses in the tropics (vol 44, pg 481, 2006)",Photosynthetica,45,3,10.1007/s11099-007-0067-4,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5090/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"El-Sharkawy, M. A.",2009,Pioneering research on C4 photosynthesis implications for crop water relations and productivity in comparison to C3 cropping systems,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5093/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"El-Sharkawy, M. A.",2010,Cassava: Physiological mechanisms and plant traits underlying tolerance to prolonged drought and their application for breeding improved cultivars in the seasonally dry and semiarid tropics,Ecophysiology of Tropical Tree Crops,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5096/,"This chapter summarizes research conducted at International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) on responses of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) to extended water shortages in the field aided by modern gas-exchange, water-relation techniques and biochemical assays. The aim of the research was to coordinate basic and applied aspects of crop physiology into a breeding strategy with a multidisciplinary approach. Several physiological characteristics/traits and mechanisms underpinning tolerance of cassava to drought were elucidated using a large number of genotypes from the CIAT core germplasm collection grown in various locations representing ecozones where cassava is cultivated. Most notable among these characteristics are the high photosynthetic capacity of cassava leaves in favorable environments and the maintenance of reasonable rates throughout prolonged water deficits, a crucial characteristic for high and sustainable productivity. Cassava possess a tight stomatal control over leaf gas exchange that reduces water losses when plants are subjected to soil water deficits as well as to high atmospheric evaporative demands. During prolonged water deficits, cassava reduces its canopy by shedding older leaves and forming smaller new leaves leading to less light interception. Though root yield is reduced (but much less than the reduction in top growth) under water deficit, the crop can recover when water becomes available by rapidly forming new canopy leaves with much higher photosynthetic rates compared to unstressed crops. Cassava can extract slowly water from deep soils, a characteristic of paramount importance in seasonally dry and semiarid environments where deeply stored water needs to be tapped. Screening large accessions under seasonally dry and semiarid environments showed that yield is significantly correlated with upper canopy leaf photosynthetic rates, and the association was attributed mainly to nonstomatal (anatomical/biochemical) factors. Parental materials with both high yields and photosynthetic rates were identified for incorporation into breeding and selection programs for cultivars adapted to prolonged drought coupled with high temperatures and dry air, conditions that might be further aggravated by global climate changes in tropical regions.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"El-Sharkawy, M. A.",2014,Global warming: causes and impacts on agroecosystems productivity and food security with emphasis on cassava comparative advantage in the tropics/subtropics,Photosynthetica,52,2,10.1007/s11099-014-0028-7,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5097/,"Earths climate has experienced notable changes during the past 5070 years when global surface temperature has risen by 0.8C during the 20th century. This was a consequence of the rise in the concentration of biogenic gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and ozone) in the atmosphere that contribute, along with water vapor, to the so-called greenhouse effect. Most of the emissions of greenhouse gases have been, and still are, the product of human activities, namely, the excessive use of fossil energy, deforestations in the humid tropics with associated poor land use-management, and wide-scale degradation of soils under crop cultivation and animal/pasture ecosystems. General Circulation Models predict that atmospheric CO concentration will probably reach 700 mol(CO) mol. This can result in rise of Earths temperature from 1.5 to over 5C by the end of this century. This may instigate 0.601.0 m rise in sea level, with impacts on coastal lowlands across continents. Crop modeling predicts significant changes in agricultural ecosystems. The mid- and high-latitude regions might reap the benefits of warming and CO fertilization effects via increasing total production and yield of C plants coupled with greater water-use efficiencies. The tropical/subtropical regions will probably suffer the worst impacts of global climate changes. These impacts include wide-scale socioeconomic changes, such as degradation and losses of natural resources, low agricultural production, and lower crop yields, increased risks of hunger, and above all waves of human migration and dislocation. Due to inherent cassava tolerance to heat, water stress, and poor soils, this crop is highly adaptable to warming climate. Such a trait should enhance its role in food security in the tropics and subtropics.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"El-Sharkawy, M. A., de Tafur, S. M., Lopez, Y.",2014,Eco-Physiological Research for Breeding Improved Cassava Cultivars in Favorable and Stressful Environments in Tropical/Subtropical Bio-Systems,Environmental Research Journal,6,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5098/,"This chapter highlights eco-physiological, breeding and agronomical research on the tropical starchy root crop cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) conducted at CIAT. The objectives were developing improved technologies needed to enhance productivity, root quality for human consumption and other uses, as well as conserving natural resources in different tropical/subtropical bio-systems where the crop is grown. Laboratory and field studies have elucidated several physiological/biochemical mechanisms and plant traits underlying productivity in favorable conditions and tolerance to stressful environments such as prolonged water stress and marginal low-fertility soils. Cassava is endowed with inherent high photosynthetic capacity expressed in near optimal environments that correlates with biological productivity and storage root yield across environments and wide range of germplasm. Long leaf life, and hence better leaf retention, with reasonable photosynthetic rates was also associated with high yields, particularly in prolonged drought conditions. Extensive fine rooting systems capable of exploring deeper wet soils is another mechanism enhancing tolerance to water stress coupled with stomatal sensitivity to both atmospheric humidity and soil water shortages. Cassava leaves possess elevated activities of the C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) enzyme that correlate with photosynthesis and productivity in field-grown crops, indicating its importance as another selectable trait particularly for stressful environments. When cassava recovers from stress, it rapidly forms new leaves with higher photosynthetic capacity, which compensates for yield reductions from the previous prolonged stress. Selecting for medium-statured and short cassava instead of tall cassava is advantageous for saving on nutrient uptake and ensuring higher nutrient-use efficiency for root production without sacrificing potential yield. Germplasm from the core collection was screened for tolerance of soils low in P and K, resulting in the identification of several accessions with good levels of tolerance. In cooler zones such as higher altitudes in the tropics and lowland subtropics, cassava growth is slower and the crop stays in the ground for longer time to achieve adequate yields. Under these conditions, leaf formation is slower, leaf photosynthesis is much reduced, but leaf life is longer. Wide genetic variations exist for photosynthesis that may be valuable for selecting and breeding for genotypes that better tolerate cool climates. Combining enhanced leaf photosynthesis with the normally longer leaf life in cool climates may improve productivity. Results also point to the importance of field research versus greenhouse or growth-chamber studies that do not calibrate for representative environments to account for acclimation factors. Calibration becomes even more critical when data from indoor-grown plants are used to extrapolate to the field or to develop crop models. Basic research can be cost-effective, with high returns, even if slower. It can be especially successful when conducted in collaboration with multidisciplinary and/or multi-institutional teams that follow well-planned strategies and are focused towards fulfilling a set of high priority goals and objectives. Much remains to be done to further improve productivity while conserving dwindling natural resources such as water and land in view of the observed global climate changes. Developing countries, in particular, need more support to continue with maintenance research, which aims to upgrade previous findings and technologies; contribute to sustainable agricultural, economic, and social developments; and enhance food supply to meet increasing demands.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"El-Sharkawy, M. A.",2016,"Prospects of photosynthetic research for increasing agricultural productivity, with emphasis on the tropical C4 Amaranthus and the cassava C3-C4 crops",Photosynthetica,54,2,10.1007/s11099-016-0204-z,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5099/,"Productivity of most improved major food crops showed stagnation in the past decades. As human population is projected to reach 910 billion by the end of the 21 century, agricultural productivity must be increased to ensure their demands. Photosynthetic capacity is the basic process underlying primary biological productivity in green plants and enhancing it might lead to increasing potential of the crop yields. Several approaches may improve the photosynthetic capacity, including integrated systems management, in order to close wide gaps between actual farmers and the optimum obtainable yield. Conventional and molecular genetic improvement to increase leaf net photosynthesis (P N) are viable approaches, which have been recently shown in few crops. Bioengineering the more efficient CC into C system is another ambitious approach that is currently being applied to the C rice crop. Two under-researched, yet old important crops native to the tropic Americas (i.e., the CC amaranths and the C-CC intermediate cassava), have shown high potential P N, high productivity, high water use efficiency, and tolerance to heat and drought stresses. These physiological traits make them suitable for future agricultural systems, particularly in a globally warming climate. Work on crop canopy photosynthesis included that on flowering genes, which control formation and decline of the canopy photosynthetic activity, have contributed to the climate change research effort. The plant breeders need to select for higher P N to enhance the yield and crop tolerance to environmental stresses. The plant science instructors, and researchers, for various reasons, need to focus more on tropical species and to use the research, highlighted here, as an example of how to increase their yields.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Putnam, A.R.",1981,Allelopathy: a new approach to weed control in vegetable crops,Annual Report the Oregon Horticultural Society,72,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/51/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"El-Sharkawy, M. A., Cock, J. H.",1984,Water use efficiency of cassava. I. Effects of air humidity and water stress on stomatal conductance and gas exchange,Crop Science,24,3,10.2135/cropsci1984.0011183X002400030017x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5100/,"Measurements of CO2 and H2O exchange of attached cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaves in water stressed and control plants of cultivars M Col 90 and M Col 88 were made at various leaf-air vapor pressure differences (VPD) (0.8 to 4.5 kPa). Apparent photosynthesis and transpiration were sharply reduced by increase in VPD above 1.8 to 2.0 kPa in both stressed and nonstressed plants. This trend coincided with changes in leaf conductance over similar ranges of VPD. The rapid closure of stomata in dry air was independent of bulk leaf water potential (ψl). Furthermore, the response was completely reversible in humid air after short exposure to dry air, suggesting a direct response to changes in air humidity. Water use efficiency decreased as VPD increased over the range of 1 to 4 kPa. The significance of the Stomatal response to humidity is discussed in relation to WUE in long dry periods.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Elazegui, D.D., Calderon, R.P.",2003,"Root crop development from ""starch"" to finish?",CPAF [College of Public Affairs] Policy Brief (Philippines),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5116/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Agboton, Bonaventure V., Hanna, Rachid, von Tiedemann, Andreas",2011,"Molecular detection of establishment and geographical distribution of Brazilian isolates of Neozygites tanajoae, a fungus pathogenic to cassava green mite, in Benin (West Africa)",,v. 53,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/512/,"Diagnostic PCR with two specific primer pairs (NEOSSU and 8DDC) were used to monitor the establishment and geographical distribution of Brazilian isolates of Neozygites tanajoae Delalibera, Hajek and Humber (Entomophthorales Neozygitaceae) released in Benin for the biological control of the cassava green mite, Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) (Acari Tetranychidae). A total of 141 cassava fields were visited and samples of M. tanajoa suspected to be infected by N. tanajoae were collected in 60 fields distributed between the coastal Southern Forest Mosaic (SFM) and the Northern Guinea Savanna (NGS) zones of Benin, West Africa. Analysis of DNA samples of dead mites using the species specific NEOSSU primers revealed the presence of N. tanajoae in 46 fields. The second country specific pair of primers 8DDC revealed the presence of Brazilian isolates of N. tanajoae in 36 fields, representing 78.3% of fields positive for N. tanajoae. Brazilian isolates occurred from SFM to NGS zones in Benin, however, they were concentrated in fields located within former release zones (e.g. Department of Oum in the South and Borgou in the North). In contrast, the indigenous African isolates of N. tanajoae were evenly distributed in the sub-humid and humid savannah zones of the country. The mean infection rate of M. tanajoa with indigenous isolates of N. tanajoae was relatively low (5.3%) compared to Brazilian isolates (28%), indicating a higher biocontrol potential of the latter. This first post-release monitoring using PCR techniques showed that the Brazilian strains of N. tanajoae is well established in Benin and spread effectively in this area.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Eleazu, C. O.",2012,"Determination of the proximate composition, total carotenoid, reducing sugars and residual cyanide levels of flours of 6 elite yellow and white cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) varieties",International Journal of Toxicological and Pharmacological Research,4,4,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5125/,"The proximate composition, total carotenoid, reducing sugars and residual cyanide levels of flours of 6 elite yellow and white cassava varieties TMS01/1371, TMS01/1368, TMS01/1412, TMS05/0473, TMS05/1636 and TMS98/0505 were determined using standard techniques. Results indicate that all the cassava varieties had low moisture contents with TMS98/0505, TMS01/1368, TMS01/1412 and TMS05/1636 having significantly higher (P < 0.05) moisture contents than other varieties studied while that of TMS05/0473 and TMS01/1371 were significantly the least while the reverse was the case for the dry matter contents of the cassava varieties where they were observed to be very high. There was no observed significant difference (P > 0.05) in the crude fibre and ash contents of all the cassava varieties investigated and their ash contents were observed to be low in addition. TMS01/1412 was observed to have significantly higher quantities of fats (P < 0.05) among the cassava varieties studied while the fat contents of the other varieties were observed to be statistically the same (P > 0.05). The flours were observed to have very low residual cyanide which was higher with the yellow varieties compared with the white varieties. The yellow varieties were also observed to have higher quantities of reducing sugar and carotenoid compared with the white varieties. Results indicate that the yellow varieties may have dual utility both for human consumption and for industrial purpose while the white variety may be confined to domestic use. In addition, their low moisture and high dry matter contents suggest longer storage lives and better cooking qualities for the cassava varieties.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Agboton, Bonaventure Vidjannagni, Hanna, Rachid, Onzo, Alexis, Vidal, Stefan, von Tiedemann, Andreas",2013,Interactions between the predatory mite Typhlodromalus aripo and the entomopathogenic fungus Neozygites tanajoae and consequences for the suppression of their shared prey/host Mononychellus tanajoa,Experimental and Applied Acarology,60,2,10.1007/s10493-012-9630-1,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/513/,"The predatory mite Typhlodromalus aripo and the entomopathogenic fungus Neozygites tanajoae, both introduced from Brazil for control of the cassava green mite (CGM) Mononychellus tanajoa, now co-occur in cassava fields in Benin. However, studies on interactions between these two natural enemies and how they might affect CGM biological control are lacking. We determined in screenhouse experiments the effects of single and combined releases of N. tanajoae and T. aripo on CGM suppression. In the single natural enemy treatment, both T. aripo and N. tanajoae significantly reduced CGM densities, but the results of the predator (T. aripo) are more quickly measurable than those of the pathogen (N. tanajoae) in our short-term experiment. The level of CGM suppression in the combined natural enemy treatment was reduced considerably compared with T. aripo-alone, but only slightly when compared with N. tanajoae alone, with a simultaneous reduction in T. aripo and N. tanajoae abundance or prevalence. In a laboratory experiment, T. aripo fed more on N. tanajoae-infected CGM than on healthy CGM and its oviposition and survival were reduced when fed on the former compared with the latter, which can help in explaining the reduction in numbers of T. aripo and consequently the considerable loss in suppression of CGM in the combined natural enemy treatment in the screenhouse experiment. Together, the screenhouse and the laboratory experiments predicted negative interactions between the two natural enemies with negative consequences for CGM biological control. Long-term field observations and rigorous field experiments that simultaneously manipulate T. aripo and N. tanajoae abundance and prevalence are needed to validate the prediction of this study.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Elliot, Simon L., de Moraes, Gilberto J., Mumford, John D.",2008,"Failure of the mite-pathogenic fungus Neozygites tanajoae and the predatory mite Neoseiulus idaeus to control a population of the cassava green mite, Mononychellus tanajoa",,v. 46,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5161/,"Monitoring of a population of the phytophagous cassava green mite, Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar), and its natural enemies was undertaken in central Bahia, Brazil, in mid-1996. In spite of the presence of extremely high densities of the predatory phytoseiid mite Neoseiulus idaeus Denmark & Muma, the phytophagous mite population reached such high densities itself that there was total overexploitation of the cassava plants, leading to total leaf loss. Meanwhile, the mite-pathogenic fungus Neozygites tanajoae Delalibera, Humber & Hajek did not affect the M. tanajoa population in its growth phase as there was no inoculum present, even though we predict from a simple regression model that there was the potential for epizootics at that time. Soon after the M. tanajoa population crashed due to defoliation, there could have been an epizootic but there were simply no mite hosts to infect. These data demonstrate the ineffectiveness of one natural enemy (the predator) in terms of prey population regulation and demonstrate the importance of timing in the possible effectiveness of the other (the pathogen). For the pathogen, this probably explains its sporadic effect on host populations as previously reported. We conclude that the fungus is likely to be most useful as an adjunct to biological control with predatory mites other than N. idaeus.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ellis-Jones, J., Power, J., Chikoye, D., Nielsen, O. K., Kormawa, P. M., Ibana, S., Tarawali, G., Udensi, U. E., Avav, T.",2003,Scaling-up the use of improved Imperata management practices in the sub-humid Savannah of Nigeria,"Bcpc International Congress Crop Science & Technology 2003, Vol 1 and 2, Congress Proceedings",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5165/,"One of the most invasive weeds in sub-humid Savannahs of West Africa is Imperata cylindrica. Increasing spread threatens the sustainability of the natural resource base and rural livelihoods. Although farmers achieve some control through hand weeding, fallow, burning and limited use of chemicals, Imperata remains a serious problem. A participatory approach involved stakeholders in problem diagnosis, action planning, with farmer-led monitoring and evaluation of control methods. Major determinants for farmer choice of control technique were identified as cost, labour requirement, effectiveness, input availability, yield increases, knowledge and long-term sustainability. Farmers ranked herbicide as the most effective method of controlling Imperata particularly in maize, cassava and soya-bean, second was a combination of Mucuna and herbicide, third Mucuna and hand-weeding and fourth hand-weeding only with noticeable gender and age differences between farmers. Although herbicides increase cash needs, they reduce labour requirement, contribute to higher income, food security, and sustainability. Action is now taking place to scale up results of this approach through expanding extension, NGO, private sector and farmer involvement in problem diagnosis, farmer-led evaluation, improving input availability, providing access to credit and increasing farmer knowledge of chemical use. Improving public/private partnerships is seen as key to achieving this goal.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ellis, R.H., Hong, T.D., Roberts, E.H.",1982,Investigation of the influence of constant and alternating temperature on the germination of cassava seed using a two-dimensional temperature gradient plate,Ann. Bot,v. 49,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5170/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ellis, D.W.",1987,Insect and mite pests of cassava,Caribbean Farming,v. p. 6-7,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5172/,"Appearance and habit, damage and control of some of the major insects and mites attacking cassava are described. These include leafhoppers, lacewing bug (Corythucha sp.), cassava hornworm (Erinnyis ello), cassava budworm (Lonchaea chalybea), green spidermite (Mononychellus sp.) and red spidermite (Tetranychus telarius)",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Agili, S.M., Pardales, J.R. Jr. (Visayas State Coll. of Agriculture, Baybay, Leyte (Philippines). Philippine Root Crop Research, Training Center)",1997,Influence of moisture and allelopathic regimes in the soil on the development of cassava and mycorrhizal infection of its roots during establishment period,Philippine Journal of Crop Science,v. 22,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/518/,"Soil moisture regime had highly significant effect on the shoot development of cassava. Moisture content equivalent to 30 percent of the field capacity (30 percent FC) of the soil used significantly reduced plant height, number of leaves and shoot fresh and dry weights of the plants when compared with those under soil moisture contents of 80 percent FC or 100 percent FC. In contrast with the higher moisture regimes, 30 percent FC significantly inhibited the mycorrhizal root infection in cassava and reduced the total length and total dry weight of mycorrhiza-infected roots. The number and length of the different root system components of cassava were generally reduced by the low moisture regime. An increase in soil moisture from 30 percent FC to 80 percent FC numerically increased the number of the different root system components including the total length of the adventitious roots. Further increase in moisture from 80 percent to 100 percent FC caused relative reduction in the total length of the first and second order lateral roots. The shoot development parameters of cassava were highly retarded by the allelopathic regime in the soil. Mycorrhizal root infection and the total length and dry weight of the mycorrhiza-infected roots were also significantly decreased by allelopathy. This factor, however, did not have significant influence on the number and total length of the adventitious roots and their attendant laterals. The length of the longest root, root volume and root dry biomass which were highly affected by moisture regime were not markedly influenced by allelopathy although under alelopathic regime the value of the different root parameters were generally reduced",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Emperaire, L., Peroni, N.",2007,Traditional Management of Agrobiodiversity in Brazil: A Case Study of Manioc,Human Ecology,35,6,10.1007/s10745-007-9121-x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5188/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ene, L.S.O.",1990,"Expansion of root and tuber crops production, Benin. Consultancy report",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5194/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Eneje, R. C., Oguike, P. C., Osuaku, S.",2007,"Temporal variations in organic carbon, soil reactivity and aggregate stability in soils of contrasting cropping history",African Journal of Biotechnology,6,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5195/,"We studied the effect of incorporating agricultural wastes on soil aggregate stability (AS), organic carbon (OC), and soil reactivity (pH) of similarly textured soils under different managements (vegetable, (VG) and Orchard (OR) farming), in South-eastern Nigeria. The agricultural wastes were cow dung (CD,) cassava peels (CP), and kola nut pods (KP). The air dried agricultural wastes were crushed and sieved using a 2 mm wire mesh and decomposed under shade for two weeks. The decomposed amendments were applied in combination (CD+CP, CD+KP), or alone (KP, CP, CD) at the rates of 100 and 200 Mg/ha. Samples for physical and chemical analysis were collected in triplicate after two and four weeks of incubation and analyzed for selected physiochemical properties. Results show that combinations of wastes of plant and animal origin (CD+CP or CD+KP) enhanced the soil properties better than their single applications. The immediate effect of agricultural wastes in improving the pH (20-40 or 30-50%, respectively, for vegetable and orchard farm management) gave corresponding increases in organic carbon and soil aggregate stability and suggested that decomposition of agricultural wastes prior to incorporation is necessary to sustain vegetable or orchard farming. Significant positive correlation coefficients of 0.893 and 0.911 for the first and second sampling times indicated that organic carbon accounted for 79.7 and 83% of the soil aggregate stability at both periods. For the vegetable farm, 70% of soil aggregate stability depended on the level of organic carbon while about 87% of soil aggregate stability is accounted for in the Orchard farm by organic carbon.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Enete, A.A., Nweke, F.I., Okorji, E.C.",1995,Trends in food crop yields under demographic pressure in sub-Saharan Africa: the case of cassava in southeast Nigeria,Outlook on Agriculture,24,4,10.1177/003072709502400409,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5198/,"Research in 1973 attributed large cassava root yield differences among three villages in southeast Nigeria to equally large population density differences. In 1993, the Nigerian national team of the Collaborative Study of Cassava in Africa (COSCA) went back to the three villages to see whether population growth had led to yield declines. They found that the wide gap in yields between the high and low population density villages was maintained, apparently due to differences in soil type, fallow periods, cassava plant densities and harvest dates. Cassava root yield had doubled in the high population density area, increased but not doubled in the medium population density area and declined in the low population density area. The differences in the yield trends among the three villages were due to the use of improved cassava varieties in the high population density area.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Engelmeyer, C.",1987,Cassava (Manihot esculenta) experiments in Zambia: 1941-1986,Research Memorandum (Zambia),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5209/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ennin, S.A., Asafu-Agyei, J., Dapaah, H.K.",1999,Intercropping maize with cassava or cowpea in Ghana,Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science,32,2,10.4314/gjas.v32i2.1893,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5212/,"Maize/cassava and maize/cowpea intercrops were evaluated in southern Ghana, over a 5-year period to determine the optimum combination of component crop varieties and component plant population densities to optimize productivity of maize-based intercropping systems. Results indicated that some cowpea varieties which perform well under sole cropping tend to climb under intercropping and may not be adapted for intercropping. Selection of improved cowpea lines under intercropping might, therefore, be necessary. Full-season maize intercropped with short-duration cassava (LER=1.5), and medium-maturing cowpea intercropped with early-maturing or full-season maize (LER=1.4-1.53) resulted in high productivity of the intercrops. The optimum plant population density of the intercropped maize (50,000 to 58,000 plants ha-1) was similar to the recommended optimum sole crop maize plant population density. It is recommended that intercropped cassava population density should not exceed 15,000 plants ha-1 to obtain marketable sizes of cassava roots. Planting double rows of cowpea between two rows of maize was a better alternative (LER=1.60-1.62) to sole cropping.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Ennin, S. A., Asafu-Agyei, J. N., Dapaah, H. K., Ekyem, S. A.",2001,Cowpea rotation with maize in cassava-maize intercropping systems,Tropical Agriculture,78,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5213/,"Maize (Zea mays)-cassava (Manihot esculenta) intercrop is a prominent cropping system in Ghana, grown with little or no fertilizer and component crops planted randomly. One approach to ensure sustainable production of the system is to exploit the biological nitrogen fixation capacity of leguminous crops by using maize and cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] rotation and row planting in the intercrop. The study was conducted at three sites in the forest and forest-savannah transition zones of Ghana from 1997 to 1999. The objective was to develop a stable and highly productive maize-cassava-cowpea intercropping system. There were two cassava varieties (main-plots) Gblemodoade and Ankra, combined with five row arrangements (sub-plots) in a split plot design. The row arrangements were A1, 1 row cassava (1 m within row)-1 row maize-1 row cowpea after maize harvest; A2, 1 row cassava (0.5 m within row)-1 row maize-1 row cowpea; A3, 1 row cassava (1 m within row)-2 rows maize-3 rows cowpea; A4, 1 row cassava (0.5 m within row)-2 rows maize-3 rows cowpea; and A5, 1 row cassava-3 rows maize-5 rows cowpea. The A1, A2, A3 and A5 arrangements with Ankra and A1 and A3 arrangements with Gblemodoade were the most productive (Land Equivalent Ratio = 1.25-2.83) and stable. The stability of these cropping systems was apparently due to the high yield stability of Ankra and Gblemodoade in arrangement A5. These five cropping systems are recommended for on-farm verification.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Agostini, B., Greenfield, J.N.",1984,Production and trade of cassava in the world,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/522/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Enyi, B.A.C.",1970,The effect of age on the establishment and yield of cassava setts (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Beitrage zur Tropischen und Subtropischen Landwirtschaft und Tropenveterinarmedizin,8,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5220/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Enyi, B. A. C.",1972,"Effect of Shoot Number and Time of Planting on Growth, Development and Yield of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)",Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology,47,4,10.1080/00221589.1972.11514489,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5221/,"Root tuber yield, weight of individual tubers, root tuber/stem weight ratio at harvest, mean bulking rate, portion of total dry matter diverted into the root tubers, and net assimilation and relative growth rates were greater in single-shoot than in multi-shoot plants. Multi-shoot plants, however, had greater leaf area and leaf area duration. Early planting encouraged the production of greater leaf area, root tuber number per plant, root tuber yield, individual tuber size and dry matter. Bulking rate was positively related to net assimilation rate. In single-shoot plants differences in leaf area duration accounted for 95% of the variation in yield between treatments, and in both single-and multi-shoot plants differences in the product of leaf area duration and mean net assimilation rate accounted for 75% of the total variation in yield between treatments.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Enyi, B.A.C.",1972,"effects of spacing on growth, development and yield of single and multi-shoot plants of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). II. Physiological factors",East African Agricultural and Forestry Journa,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5222/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Enyi, B.A.C.",1972,"effects of spacing on growth, development and yield of single and multi-shoot plants of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Grantz). I. Root tuber yield and attributes",East African Agricultural And Forestry Journal,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5223/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Enyi, B. A. C.",1973,Growth rates of three cassava varieties (Manihot esculenta Crantz) under varying population densities,Journal of Agricultural Science,81,1,10.1017/S0021859600058251,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5225/,"The effect of variety and spacing on growth, development and yield of cassava and the relationship between growth, development and yield in three cassava varieties were investigated during the 1971 and 1972 growing seasons. Msitu Zanzibar outyielded Aipin Valenca and these two varieties in turn outyielded Amani 4026/16. The varietial effect was associated with differences in the rate of bulking. Increase in plant density led to an increase in the yield of tubers per hectare, the mean increase with increasing plant density being greater in Aipin Valenca than in either Amani 4026/16 or Msitu Zanzibar. Increase in plant density from 12000 to 18000 plants/ha led to a decrease in root tuber yield in Amani 4026/16. The calculated optimum density for maximum yield was 6·7, 6·4 and 5·6 plants/m2 respectively for Msitu Zanzibar, Aipin Valenca and Amani 4026/16. The spacing effect on tuber yield was associated with differences in the rate of bulking. Aipin Valenca was usually taller than the other varieties and, in general, increase in plant density increased the height of the plants.

Final total dry matter/m2 was greater in Aipin Valenca and Msitu Zanzibar than in Amani 4026/16 and, with the exception of the last variety, total dry matter/m2 increased with increasing plant density. Total dry matter produced per plant was greater in Msitu Zanzibar than in Aipin Valenca and these two varieties had greater dry weight per plant than Amani 4026/16. In the three cassava varieties, the dry weight per plant increased with decreasing plant density.

A greater proportion of the total dry matter was diverted into the root tubers of Aipin Valenca and Msitu Zanzibar than in Amani 4026/16. Generally, increase in plant density decreased the proportion of total dry matter diverted into the root tubers. Mean crop growth rate increased with increasing plant density while mean net assimilation rate and relative growth rate decreased with increasing plant density. Amani 4026/16 and Aipin Valenca had a greater mean crop growth rate and a greater net assimilation rate than Msitu Zanzibar. Mean relative growth rate was greater in the latter than in the former two varieties.

Leaf area index and leaf area duration were greater in Msitu Zanzibar than in the other two varieties and these tended to increase with increasing plant density.

There was a close and positive relationship between rate of bulking and root tuber yield and the lack of a positive relationship between leaf area duration and tuber yield is discussed.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Epila, J.S.O., Ruyooka, D.B.A.",1988,Cultural method of controlling termite attacks on cassava (Manihot esculenta) with Vitex doniana: a preliminary study (Isoptera),Sociobiology,14,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5228/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Erdmann, T. K.",2011,Tavy bôka: A malagasy alternative to slash and burn agriculture,Agroforestry as a Tool for Landscape Restoration,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5234/,"Traditional, shifting agricultural systems employing fire continue to ravage hilly landscapes throughout eastern Madagascar. This practice also constitutes the main pressure on remaining, biodiversity-rich, natural forests. The Ecoregional Initiatives project was conceived by USAID to promote alternatives to slash and burn agriculture. One of the most promising techniques - promoted by this project - for stabilizing and intensifying land use as well as providing biodiversity conservation benefits in these areas builds upon a largely forgotten traditional practice known as tavy bka or humid, slash agriculture. Combining this technique with woody contour hedgerows, mulch, cover crops, and direct seeding can lead to an increasingly sedentary agricultural system. Training sessions during establishment of demonstration plots stress the principles of keeping the soil covered and eschewing fire. Demonstrations of this technique have been established at many agricultural diffusion points around the Ankeniheny-Zahamena forest corridor. The first season consists of creating a thick mulch out of cleared vegetation and installing contour hedgerows with Gliricidia sepium, Flemingia congesta, or Tephrosia vogelii. Contours are located using simple, A-frame tools and woody components are often combined with vetiver grass. Crops such as rainfed rice, cassava and maize are directly seeded or planted in the mulch. Leguminous cover crops such as Mucuna pruriens, Vigna unguiculata, and Vigna umbellata, are introduced between the hedgerows during the second season. Crops are rotated and again directly seeded or planted into the vegetative cover. Depending on growth, shrub hedgerows can be pruned and their biomass used to create mulch in some areas of the parcels. In areas closer to the natural forest, farmers are experimenting with planting fruit trees, cloves and black pepper on Gliricidia stakes in the bands between the hedgerows. This land use can create a permaculture or perennial tree crop buffer zone in areas adjacent to the natural forest corridor.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Erhabor, P. O., Emokaro, C. O.",2007,"Relative technical efficiency of cassava farmers in the three agro-ecological zones of edo state, Nigeria",Journal of Applied Sciences,7,19,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5236/,"This study employed the use of the Stochastic Frontier Production Function in the comparative economic analysis of the relative technical efficiency of cassava farmers in the three agro-ecological zones of Edo State. A multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 156 cassava farmers from the three agro-ecological zones of the State and the differences in the results obtained were discussed. The empirical estimates showed individual technical efficiency values that ranged from 23 to 95%, 43 to 97% and 52 to 98% with a mean of 72, 83 and 91%, for Edo South, Edo North and Edo Central agro-ecological zones, respectively. This shows that systemic differences in relative technical efficiency levels exist between the three zones and these differences were shown to be related to particular farmer's characteristics. Non-physical factors that served as determinants of technical inefficiency in the three zones were, farmers level of education, age, farming experience and variety of planting materials used. Gender and family size were however, not found to be significant determinants of the technical inefficiency of cassava farmers in the State. Apart from this estimates serving as a guide to potential investors in the cassava industry in the State, the relative variations in technical efficiency is also an indication of the gaps that exist in the current production technologies employed by cassava farmers in the three agro-ecological zones of the State. The gaps should serve as intervention points for government and non-governmental agencies as well as other stakeholders in the emerging cassava industry in Nigeria. 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Escalada, R.G., Javier, R.R., Fabre, B.E.",1980,"Crop rotation of sweet potato, cassava and gabi with legumes as a cultural management system",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5250/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Escalada, R.G., Javier, R.R., Fabre, B.E.",1980,"Intercropping of sweet potato, cassava and gabi with legumes as a cultural management system",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5251/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Agricola, U., Fischer, H.U.",1991,"Hyperparasitism in two newly introduced parasitoids, Epidinocarsis lopezi and Gyranusoida tebygi (Hymenoptera Encyrtidae) after their establishment in Togo",,v. 81,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/526/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Escobar, R.H., Hernandez, C.M., Larrahondo, N., Ospina, G., Restrepo, J., Munoz, L., Tohme, J., Roca, W.M.",2006,Tissue culture for farmers: participatory adaptation of low-input cassava propagation in Colombia,Experimental Agriculture,42,,10.1017/S001447970500311X,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5261/,"The lack of good quality planting material of farmers' cassava varieties, produced locally and at low cost, is a major constraint limiting the expansion of cassava production in Colombia. This article describes the adaptation of conventional cassava propagation to a low-input scheme for rural tissue-culture multiplication, developed and run by small, resource-poor farmers (referred in this article as an informal-farmers' seed production system). Developed through a two-phase participatory process by a group of women farmers, a non-governmental organization and International Center for Tropical Agriculture scientists in a farmers' community in the hillsides of southern Colombia, the project resulted in alternative, economical and readily available sources of tissue-culture material and equipment. Rates of multiplication achieved with the system were as high as with conventional tissue-culture procedures.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Esechie, H. A.",1987,"Total Nonstructural Carbohydrate Distribution in Cassava during Growth in a Rain-Forest Zone, Nigeria",Tropical Agriculture,64,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5266/,"Changes in the nonstructural carbohydrates in the leaves, stem and tubers (roots) of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) during growth were examined. From the fifth month after planting, monthly samples were taken for analysis up to the ninth month when the tubers matured and were harvested. Generally, all the nonstructural carbohydrate components increased appreciably in concentration as the plant matured. Sucrose formed the bulk of the sugars, with maltose presenting the least concentration in all plant parts at the different stages of growth. The other sugars were glucose and fructose. Starch accounted for the highest proportion of the nonstructural carbohydrates and was predominant in the tubers.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Esekhade, T. U., Ogeh, J. S., Akpaja, E. O.",2006,"Impact of research findings on the agronomic, sociocultural and economic base of small holder rubber farmers-A case study of two farm settlements in Southern Nigeria",Journal of Applied Sciences,6,11,10.3923/jas.2006.2496.2500,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5268/,"A survey to evaluate the impact of research findings on the agronomic, socio cultural as well as the economic base of small holder rubber farmers was conducted in two farm settlements on acid soils in Southern Nigeria. The survey was conducted to provide information on the present state of rubber-based cropping systems in the farm settlements with a view to conducting research oriented towards the management of the environmental resource base to ensure sustainability. Data was generated through a single-visit questionnaire survey of a sample of rubber farmers. Results however showed that all the farmers surveyed intercropped arable crops with rubber saplings. Melon/maize/cassava ranked the highest in the choice of cropping pattern in a 1 year cropping cycle. The mean rubber area of 1-5 years with 1.52 ha was the highest in the two farm settlements. Seventy percent of the farmers surveyed use chemical fertilizers. Cash income of N72,000 from rubber at Mbiri farm settlements ranked highest in the two farm settlements. The highest cash income from other crops was N55,000 and from Mbiri farm settlement. Non cash income was highest at Mbiri while mean gross income of N134,000 and mean net income of N42,000 was also highest at Mbiri farm settlements. On cropping pattern basis income that accrued to farmers were N17,000, N26,500 and N15,000 for rubber/melon/maize/cassava (1 year), rubber/melon/maize/yam/cassava (2 years) and rubber/melon/ pineapple (3 years), respectively. The study highlighted the need to take low input technology developed to farmers in the farm settlements. The lack of technical assistance have affected the net earnings of the settlers. 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Agricola, U., Fischer, H. U.",1991,"Hyperparasitism in two newly introduced parasitoids, Epidinocarsis lopezi and Gyranusoidea tebygi (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) after their establishment in Togo",Bulletin of Entomological Research,81,2,10.1017/S0007485300051178,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/527/,"In 1988/89 the nature and degree of hyperparasitism in two newly introduced parasitoids of exotic mealybug plant pests were examined in Togo. Associated with Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) (cassava mealybug) five indigenous hymenopterous hyperparasitoids were found adapted to the primary parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis): Chartocerus sp. A (Signiphoridae), Prochiloneurus insolitus (Alam), P. aegyptiacus (Mercet) (Encyrtidae), Tetrastichus sp. (Eulophidae), and Marietta leopardina Motschulsky (Aphelinidae). The rate of hyperparasitism varied considerably (20–90%). At one sampling site Chartocerus sp. A was most frequent (52%), at the other site P. insolitus was found to dominate (55%). The same hyperparasitoids were associated with Rastrococcus invadens Williams (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), but with an additional Chartocerus (sp. B). Hyperparasitism ranged from 56 to 86%, with Chartocerus sp. A being the most important species. Multiple parasitism was observed on several occasions. In spite of generally high hyperparasitism, no detrimental effect on the control efficiency of either primary parasitoid was noticed.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Esguerra, N.N.",1982,"Status of integrated pest management on root crops [cassava, sweet potato, taro and yam] in the Philippines",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5270/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Eshett, E.T., Omueti, J.A.I., Juo, A.S.R.",1989,Soil properties and mineralogy in relation to land use on a sedimentary toposequence in south-eastern Nigeria,The Journal of Agricultural Science,112,3,10.1017/S0021859600085828,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5271/,"The mineralogy of the clay fraction (<2 μm) of nine soil samples representing three physiographic positions of a toposequence in Ochon, south-eastern Nigeria, was determined by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.

Soils in the crest and middle slopes (pedons TE1 and TE2, respectively) of the toposequence, formed over fine-grained sandstone, were coarse-textured, well-drained and acidic and had low effective cation exchange capacity and percentage base saturation. Kaolinite, mica, quartz, goethite and gibbsite were the principal minerals identified in the clay fraction of these soils. Soils in the valley bottom (pedon TE3) formed over arenaceous shale were, on the other hand, fine-textured, poorly drained and weakly acidic with higher cation exchange capacity and percentage base saturation. Their clay fraction mineralogy was similar to that of the well-drained upland soils but additionally included feldspar and smectite/vermiculite mixed layer minerals.

Mixed cropping of yam, cassava, maize and other annuals under traditional methods was carried out on the drier, well-drained crest and upper slopes while sole cropping of lowland rice occurred in the poorly drained, more fertile valley-bottom site. The valley-bottom soils show greater potential for improvement in agricultural productivity under good management than the upland soils.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Essegbey, G.",2009,"Ghana: Cassava, Cocoa, and Poultry",Agribusiness and Innovation Systems in Africa,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5288/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Agriculture, Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on, Division., Research, Exploitation., Ministry of Food Production, Marine, Tobago, Trinidad, and Tobago., Office in Trinidad and",1989,Cassava,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/529/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
IITA,1990,Cassava in Tropical Africa: A Reference Manual,Cassava in Tropical Africa: A Reference Manual,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/530/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Essono, G., Ayodele, M., Akoa, A., Foko, J., Gockowski, J., Olembo, S.",2008,Cassava production and processing characteristics in southern Cameroon An analysis of factors causing variations in practices between farmers using Principal Component Analysis (PCA),African Journal of Agricultural Research,3,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5308/,"A questionnaire-based survey study was carried out during a 3 month period, from January to April 1998, in 45 villages belonging to three locations (Yaounde, Mbalmayo, and Ebolowa) of southern Cameroon. The survey was aimed at collecting constraints and processing practices related information from farmers growing cassava and transforming it into chips. Information in the questionnaire contained some characteristics associated with cassava chips production (processing methods, forms of chips produced, their end uses, drying and storage facilities used, the major problems associated with their production) and cassava cultivation (cassava varieties, harvesting periods of these varieties, and their preferred attributes). A total of 225 farmers were interviewed and the results obtained showed that farmers in Yaounde and Mbalmayo processed and stored chips in similar ways. Similarly, harvesting periods after planting also differed between Ebolowa and both Yaounde and Mbalmayo. Storage methods and storage facilities were mainly related to the different forms of chips produced. Chips' discoloration frequently reported by the majority of farmers (87%) was as a result of their insufficient drying. Principal component analysis was implemented to determine those factors accounting for differences observed in farmers' practices. Eleven principal components were derived from the variables used in analysis. Five principal components accounting for 72.75% of the total variations were associated with the data set collected in Yaounde and Mbalmayo. An equal number expressing 78.2% of the overall variance was likewise obtained at Ebolowa. For a number of reasons such as traditional patterns of nutrition, market purposes, the relative proximity with the nearest city, these components suggested that storage methods, end uses, and production constraints were differently perceived by the respondents. They also showed that the different forms of chips produced were more market oriented, and that a number of constraints experienced by farmers were closely related to the way they managed their fields, or market outlets.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Agriculture, International Institute of Tropical",1991,Integrated pest management in root and tuber crops,"Summary proceedings of a workshop held at the Biological Control Center for Africa, 10-14 Dec. 1990, Cotonou, Benin",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/531/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Agriculture, International Institute of Tropical",1994,progress report no 4,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/532/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Evangelio, F.A., Villanueva, M.R., Alcala, E.A., Silapan, J., Maturan, C.P. (Visayas State Coll. of Agriculture, Baybay, Leyte (Philippines). Philippine Root Crop Research, Training Center)",1989,Some physiological and agronomic considerations in the production of cassava (2 studies),Philippine Journal of Crop Science (Philippines),v. 14,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5333/,"The study to determine the interaction between shoot number and method of planting and their effect on cassava production revealed that neither the planting method nor the shoot number significantly influenced the root yield of cassava. Although the result was not consistent in all plantings, single-shoot plants seemed to have the tallest height and produced the most number of leaves per plant. Maintaining the desired number of shoots per plant was observed laborious and expensive. Vertical planting exhibited uniform tuber distribution with reference to the original planting materials. In the study to determine the polarity and optimum depth of planting, all planting showed that the growth and development of cassava was affected by polarity but not by depth of planting. Inverted stakes showed superiority in height, number of leaves and stalk number per plant than the upright or normal planting. However, neither depth nor polarity of planting significantly affected root yield. Deeper planting of stakes resulted to swelling of the original planting materials.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Evangelio, F.A., dela Rosa, L.S., Sales, C.L., Ladera, J.C., Sanchez, L.P.",1991,Investigation of soil and location factors affecting the organoleptic quality and chemical characteristics of root crops,Philippine Journal of Crop Science,16,Supplement 1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5334/,"Generally results from all the trials conducted consistently showed that soil and location factors affected the physical and chemical characteristics but not the organoleptic quality of both cassava and ubi. Bohol [ Philippines] grown cassava had the highest percentage of dry matter and other chemical constituents in the roots while those planted in ViSCA [Baybay, Leyte, Philippines] obtained the highest moisture content. Organoleptic test revealed that cassava roots were all acceptable in all locations and soil used, although in Bubon and Loon grown roots gave relatively low ratings because of the slight bitterness of cooked roots. HCN contents of the roots in these location were found to be highest. Similarly ubi tubers planted in Bohol generally showed higher percentage of the dry matter and other chemical constituents than the ViSCA grown tubers. However, the sensory qualities of the tubers were similar in all locations. Although Bohol grown tubers numerically obtained high scores, they did not differ significantly from the ViSCA grown tubers",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Evangelio, F.A., Villamayor, F.G. Jr., Ecleo, D.G., Howeler, R.H.",1994,Erosion control strategies for cassava grown in sloping lands,Philippine Journal of Crop Science,19,Supplement 1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5335/,"Field trials on erosion control practices were conducted from 1989 to 1993 in a 25 percent slope area that has been fallowed for about four years. The different treatment to control erosion were either retained, changed or improved as the trial progressed. In the first trial, the minimum tillage (MT) treatment with underbrushing brought about the lowest soil loss (3 t/ha/8 months cropping cycle of cassava) while conventional tillage (CT) treatment with clean culture (periodic handweeding without fertilizer application) gave the highest soil loss (90 t/ha). In the second and third trials, CT with Desmodium intercrop brought about low soil loss of only 6 and 0.7 t/ha, respectively. Highest soil loss (37 and 8t/ha in the second and third trials, respectively) was observed in the CT with fertilizer applied. In the fourth trial where vetiver and lemon grass were planted as contour barriers as one of the erosion control treatments for the first time, high soil losses (71 and 63 t/ha, respectively) were observed in these treatments. Grass mulch application was seen as an effective erosion control measure (28 t/ha soil loss) in the same trial. During the fifth trial, plots that were simply fertilized with complete fertilizer showed the highest soil loss (40 t/ha) whereas the lowest (6 t/ha) was manifested by plots applied with grass mulch",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Evangelio, F.A., Abenoja, E., Dingal, A.G., Ferraren, D.O.",1996,Production of foliage and effects of defoliation on root production in cassava,Philippine Journal of Crop Science,v. 21,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5337/,"No significant effect of defoliation on root yield was observed. Likewise, the frequency of topping did not reduce the root yield of cassava. Application of nitrogen did not show significant increase in the amount of foliage in cassava. However, the amount of foliage was significantly highest at a population density of 26,667 per ha. Similarly, total root yield was not affected by nitrogen level but significantly influenced by population density (i.e., superior at 13,333 plants per ha). Topping cassava at different age and frequency did not affect the moisture content and dry matter yield of cassava shoot. However, the protein content of the topped shoots increased with the age of topping. Plants topped at 6 MAP gave the highest protein content of 27.39 percent. Continuous topping every 6 and 8 weeks gave higher protein content than topping at 4 weeks interval. Age and frequency of topping did not give significant effect on the production of marketable and nonmarketable roots",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Evans, K.",1991,Agricultural zoology reviews. Volume 4,Agricultural zoology reviews. Volume 4,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5340/,Papers examine managing pest losses to soybean (see 92L/00837); sorghum insect pests (92L/00836); tropical stored-product insects; cassava pest management in subtropical Africa (92L/00838); trap and target techniques in tsetse fly control (92L/00829); anhydrobiotic nematodes (92L/00478); the plant parasitic nematode Rotylenchulus reniformis (92L/00794); plant resistance to cyst and root-knot nematodes (92L/00795); and utilization of organic wastes by earthworms (92L/01017). -P.J.Jarvis,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Evenson, J.P., Keating, B.A.",1980,Cassava cultivar evaluation in southeast Queensland,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5344/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ewel, J.J., Mazzarino, M.J., Berish, C.W.",1991,Tropical soil fertility changes under monocultures and successional communities of different structure,Ecological Applications,1,3,10.2307/1941758,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5349/,"For 5 yr we monitored the fertility of a volcanic-ash derived Inceptisol at a site in the humid tropics of Costa Rica. After forest felling and burning, we established four treatments in a randomized block design with six blocks: a sequence of monocultures (two crops of maize [Zea mays] followed by cassava [Manihot esculenta], then the tree species Cordia alliodora), successional vegetation, a mimic of successional vegetation that was physiognomically similar to the model but shared no species with it, and a species—enriched version of successional vegetation. In addition, one plot was maintained free of vegetation. Species-rich successional vegetation was effective at maintaining soil fertility, although we observed general trends of soil-nutrient decline beneath all treatments, presumably because of plant uptake. It proved possible to imitate the fertility-maintaining characteristics of successional vegetation by creating an equally species-rich community of different floristic composition, but the maintenance of fertility was not enhanced by further species enrichment. Successive peaks of nitrate-nitrogen in soil solution, extractable phosphorus, and extractable potassium occurred during the 1st yr, perhaps driven by an early increment of organic matter from postburn debris and roots. Organic matter, total nitrogen, and extractable sulfur were remarkably stable during the 5-yr period. Depletions of cations, decreases in effective cation exchange capacity (CECe), and increases in acid saturation were related to treatment in the following order: bare soil > monocultures > the three diverse, successional communities. In the bare-soil plot, fertility decreased dramatically: there was a net loss of exchangeable cations and inorganic nitrogen, the phosphorus-fixation capacity increased, and acid saturation reached a potentially toxic 86%. At the start of the study, three of the blocks had soil with lower pH, lower CECe, and higher acid saturation. During the study this less fertile soil lost proportionally more cations and increased more in acid saturation and phosphorus-fixation capacity. The less fertile soil under monocultures proved exceptionally vulnerable to loss of fertility; after 5 yr under monocultures, for example, acid saturation reached 38% in the more fertile soil and 75% in the less fertile soil. In the species-rich communities, however, changes in soil fertility were far less marked.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Eyinla, T., Maziya-Dixon, B., Sanusi, R., Alamu, O.",2017,B-Carotene Retention in Yellow Cassava Is Not Only Dependent on Genotype but Also on Processing Method,Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism,71,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5352/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ezealor, A. U., Giles, R. H., Jr.",1997,Vertebrate pests of a sahelian wetland agro-ecosystem: Perceptions and attitudes of the indigenes and potential management strategies,International Journal of Pest Management,43,2,10.1080/096708797228762,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5359/,"Information gathered from informal interviews and questionnaires to groups of men in local communities, together with observations made over exploratory transects, were used to appraise the nature of agriculture- wildlife conflicts and the perceptions of indigenous people in a Sahelian wetland about vertebrate pests. Twenty-one taxa of birds were reported as important as occasional pests of rice, millet, sorghum, wheat, cowpeas, tomatoes, peppers, and guava. Nine mammalian taxa were listed. Mammals also were perceived to produce losses in groundnuts, maize, and cassava. The relative effects of these animals on community livelihood or quality of life varied from 36% (pests), 28% (source of food), 16% (folklore and naturopathy), 12% (seasonal calender), to 8% (aesthetic). These people, many at subsistence levels, said they would tolerate 5% loss (six communities), 10% (eight), 15% (two), 20% (five), one each would tolerate up to 30-35% loss, and two reported 50% tolerable-loss levels. Many techniques to reduce these losses were listed. Most communities used acoustic scaring devices. Wild depredatory vertebrates of the area and local management practices were identified. A systems approach is recommended as a means of improving the output of agricultural goods and other beneficial resources from the wetland. The approach incorporates a concept of integrated vertebrate faunal damage management (IVFDM), in which emphasis is directed towards damage management rather than controlling the pest species per se. Water management is suggested as one technique in IVFDM.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ezeh, N.O.A.",1988,Comparative economic analysis of NAFPP and traditional cassava/maize production technologies in rivers state of Nigeria,Agricultural Systems,27,3,10.1016/0308-521X(88)90059-5,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5364/,"Farmers will relinquish an existing production technique and adopt a new one only if it would give them higher returns. The purpose of this paper is to compare the economics of two systems of cassava/maize production in Rivers State of Nigeria. These are the National Accelerated Food Production Project (NAFPP) and the Traditional Technology. Results show that NAFPP technology is more labour-intensive than the traditional technology (employing 357 man-days, as against 281 man-days per hectare used by traditional technology). Labour is a dominant cost item in both technologies of production—though it is relatively higher in the traditional system (90% as against 88% of total costs recorded for NAFPP technology). Though the total production costs in NAFPP technology are higher, this system gives a net operating margin of N964 per hectare as contrasted with the traditional system which gives a negative margin (–N492 per hectare). Thus, the analysis clearly demonstrates the superiority of NAFPP technology over the existing, traditional technology of cassava/maize production in Rivers State.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ezeh, N.O.A.",1989,Relative use of family and hired labour and gender role in cassava-maize production in the Rivers State of Nigeria,Beitraege zur tropischen Landwirtschaft und Veterinaermedizin,27,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5365/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ezeh, N.O.A., Unamma, M.N.",1989,Socio-economic factors influencing the adoption of NAFPP cassava-maize production technology by smallholders in southeastern Nigeria,Beitrage zur Tropischen Landwirtschaft und Veterinarmedizin,v. 27,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5366/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ezeilo, W.N.O.",1977,The effect of fertilizers and other inputs on yield and nutritive value of cassava and other tropical root crops,Fertilizer Use and Production of Carbohydrates and Lipids: Proceedings of the 13th Colloquium of the International Potash Institute held in York/United Kingdom 1977,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5368/,"Tropical root crops are important to the producing countries as a source of human and animal food. They are also increasingly important in international trade. There is a need to increase production of these crops to cover food deficits forecast for the 1980s. Discussion of the nutrient requirements of cassava and other root crops and of the effect of fertilizer application is followed by discussion of the contribution to increased yield which can be made by genetic improvement, consideration of the effect of climatic and soil conditions and the influence of the farming system, notably of the effect of increasing population in shortening the fallow period and thus causing soil deterioration. Factors which affect the efficacy of fertilizers in ameliorating the adverse effects of shortening fallow periods are discussed. Consideration is also given to the constraints imposed by farm management problems in the humid tropical areas of the developing countries. Examples of the effectiveness of fertilizers applied in a 'package' of improved practices are drawn from results achieved in cassava cultivation under the Nigerian National Accelerated Food Production Project.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Ezeilo, W.N.O.",1979,Intercropping with cassava in Africa,"Intercropping with cassava: Proceedings of an international workshop held at Trivandrum, India, 27 Nov-1 Dec 1978",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5369/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Agudelo-Silva, F.",1980,Parasitism of Erinnyis ello eggs (Lepidoptera Sphingidae) by Telenomus sphingis (Hymenoptera Scelionidae) in the Dominican Republic,,v. 9,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/537/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Ezeilo, W. N. O.",1977,Control of cassava bacterial blight in Nigeria,"Cassava bacterial blight: report of an interdisciplinary workshop held at IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 1-4 November 1976",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5370/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ezeribe, A.C., Palada, M.C.",1988,Crop yields,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5373/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ezeribe, A.C., Palada, M.C. (International Inst. of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria))",1988,Management of the trials,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5374/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Agudelo-Silva, F.",1980,Parasitism of Erinnyis ello eggs [in cassava] (Lepidoptera Sphingidae) by Telenomus sphingis (Hymenoptera Scelionidae) in the Dominican Republic,Enviromental Entomology,v. 9,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/538/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ezulike, T.O., Egwuatu, R.I.",1990,Effects of planting methods of mite-infested cassava cuttings on the reinfestation of new farms by Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) in Nigeria,Beitrage zur tropischen Landwirtschaft und Veterinarmedizin,28,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5384/,"In Nigeria, 2 methods of planting cassava as a cultural control for the green spider mite Mononychellus tanajoa were compared: horizontal and slanting positions. Mite-infested and clean (healthy) cuttings of 2 cassava varieties, TMS 30555 and U/41044, were used. Both planting methods resulted in good sprouting and establishment. The mean number of cassava stakes per plot was statistically higher in cuttings planted in a horizontal position than in a slanting position. Mite-infested cuttings planted in a slanting position had mites on the leaves after sprouting, whereas there were no mites found on mite-infested cuttings planted in a horizontal position and also on clean cuttings planted both in slanting and horizontal positions. There were no statistical differences in cassava root yield and in the yield of the 2 cassava varieties.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Ezulike, T. O., Igwatu, R. I.",1993,Effects of Intercropping Cassava and Pigeon Pea on Green Spider-Mite Mononychellus-Tanajoa (Bondar) Infestation and on Yields of the Associated Crops,Discovery and Innovation,5,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5386/,"Pigeon pea, Cajanus cajan (L.) was intercropped with cassava, Manihot esculenta (Crantz) in order to find if it affects green spider mite, Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) infestation on cassava. There were six planting patterns for the crop mixture using two cassava varieties, U/41044 and TMS 30555. The mean mite damage was least on cassava intercropped with pigeon pea and highest on cassava cropped sole. Pigeon pea neither harboured mites nor supported mite growth, and offered some protection to cassava by reducing mite infestation in the crop mixture. Cassava intercropped with pigeon pea in triple and double rows gave higher root yields than where it was alternated in single row, on the same row or where cassava was planted sole. There was no statistical difference among the grain yield of pigeon pea in the treatments.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ezumah, H.C., Kabonyi, S., Beya, K.",1976,Guidelines for the Establishment of a Cassava Improvement Project: the Zaire Model,"The International Exchange and Testing of Cassava Germ Plasm in Africa: Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Workshop held at IITA, lbadan, Nigeria, 17-21 November 1975",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5388/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ezumah, H.C., Okigbo, B.N.",1980,Cassava planting systems in Africa,"Cassava cultural practices: proceedings of a workshop held in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 18-21 March 1980",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5390/,"The target of research on cassava planting systems in Africa continues to be the small farmer who plants fewer than 2 ha, often at scattered locations, and who cultivates and weeds using hand tools. In Africa, cassava is generally grown in combination with other crops. As the last crop in an intensive cropping system that may involve 2-4 years of land utilization with crops such as vegetables, legumes, tree crops, etc. before cassava is finally introduced, cassava may be harvested from fields that have attained various stages of fallow. The planting practices, land preparation, and bush clearance methods are influenced by soil-water relations, consideration for which crop is intercropped with cassava, and the cropping history of the land. Among the important factors resulting in low root yields in Africa are late planting (10% root yield reduction for every month's delay), untimely and inadequate weed control, and high incidence of diseases and pests. The enormous drudgery involved in land preparation and weed control, lack of a ready and sure market for the fresh roots, and transportation and processing problems combine to limit the scale of cassava-growing operations in Africa.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Ezumah, H.C., Lal, R., Okigbo, B.N. (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320, Ibadan (Nigeria))",1980,Soil and water conservation and management for cassava production in Africa,"Cassava cultural practices: Proceedings of a workshop held in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil,18-21 March1980",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5391/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Ezumah, H.",1987,The effect of harvesting leaves on cassava yield in Zaire,Agriculture international,39,5,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5393/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ezumah, H.C.",1988,Cassava-based cropping systems research collaboration,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5394/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ezumah, H.C.",1988,"Cropping pattern and population in complex mixtures of cassava, maize, okra and cowpea",IITA Resource and Crop Management Program. Annual Report 1986,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5395/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ezumah, H.C., Arthur, J.",1988,Genotype evaluation for intercropping: effects of maize architecture on maize and cassava,IITA Resource and Crop Management Program. Annual Report 1986,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5396/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ezumah, H.C., Nweke, F.I., Kalabare, N.D., Karunwi, A. (International Inst. of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria))",1988,Response of a cassava-maize intercrop to nitrogen in two-year sequential cropping,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5397/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ezumah, H.C., Kalabare, N.D.N.",1988,"Yield stability studies; effects of tillage, mulching and fertilizing on cassava",IITA Resource and Crop Management Program. Annual Report 1986,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5398/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ezumah, H. C., Lawson, T. L.",1990,Cassava and Maize Intercropping Systems - the Effects of Varieties and Plant-Populations,Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science,164,5,10.1111/j.1439-037X.1990.tb00823.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5399/,"Maize dominated cassava irrespective of cassava or maize growth habit and the optimum maize population giving the highest production based on relative yield total or land equivalent ratio varied with maize variety in a tropical Alfisol at Ibadan, transition humid/subhumid zone in West Africa. The sparsely vegetative, early maize supported higher intercrop maize population (up to 80,000 ha−1) than the late maturing, highly vegetative TZSRW. Because there is a compensatory relationship in the yields of the two crop components, the choice of an appropriate crop type and maize population in cassava + maize intercrop system will depend on the relative economic importance of each crop component.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Downer, A.V.",1974,Cassava varieties in Guyana,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/54/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"F.C., Madigan, I.S., Sealza",1986,Cassava industry in Bukidnon province [Philippines],Philippine Studies,v. 34,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5405/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ogbe, F.O., Nnodu, E.C., Odurukwe, S.O.",1996,Control of African cassava mosaic disease incidence and severity,Tropical Science,36,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5413/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Martin, F. W.",1981,Cassava: Manihot esculenta,CRC Handbook of Biosolar Resources,2,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5417/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Nartey, F., Moller, B.L.",1976,Amino acid profiles of cassava seeds (Manihot esculenta),Economic Botany,30,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5419/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Chandler, F., Leach, J.R.",1986,Cassava - a potential crop for diversification,Barbados Sugar Review,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5425/,"Outlines the work at CARDI on the development of the cassava crop. Focus is on the following areas introduction and rapid propagation of high yielding varieties, selection and treatment of planting material, mechanised planting using locally built equipment, fertilizer application (with emphasis on potassium), weed control, pests, mechanical harvesting using the locally constructed yam digger and yield determination (70-87 tonnes/acre in 10 to 14 months have been achieved).",Excluded,Cannot Find
"FAO, Santiago (Chile). Regional Office for Latin America, the Caribbean",1987,Report. Workshop on Research and Production of Tropical Root and Tuber Crops,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5439/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"FAO, Santiago (Chile). Regional Office for Latin America, the Caribbean. Workshop on Research, Production of Tropical Root, Tuber Crops. St. John' s (Antigua, Barbuda). 29 Aug 1987.",1987,Report. Workshop on Research and Production of Tropical Root and Tuber Crops. Technical Cooperation Network on Food Crop Production,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5440/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"FAO, Rome (Italy). Agriculture Dept.",1987,Training in Biological Control of Cassava Mealybug and Green Spider Mites. Terminal statement,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5441/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"FAO, Rome (Italy). Agriculture Dept.",1987,Training in Biological Control of Cassava Mealybug and Green Spider Mites. Terminal statement. Prepared for the Organization of African Unit,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5442/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"FAO, Rome (Italy). Agricultural Operations Div.; Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock Development, Dar es Salaam (Tanzania). Marketing Development Bureau",1988,"Annual review of sorghum, millet, cassava and beans (Mtama, ulezi, muhogo, maharage), 1988",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5444/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
FAO,1991,"Yams and Cassava Development, Latin America and the Caribbean Region Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago. Terminal statement",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5447/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"FAO, Rome (Italy). Agriculture Dept.",1993,Biological Control of Food Crop Pests. Organization of African Unity. Project findings and recommendations,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5448/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
FAO,1994,"African experience in the improvement of post-harvest techniques. Synthesis. Based on the Workshop held in Accra, Ghana, 4-8 July 1994",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5449/,"The objective of this synthesis is to provide an updated analysis of the evolution of postharvest technologies used for the processing and conservation of grains and tubers by African farmers. These technologies permit to ensure food security to rural families, and avoid losses during harvesting, threshing or damage by pests or inadequate processing methods. Farmers will only increase their production if they are provided with adequate post-harvest techniques. The majority of post-harvest techniques used in Africa are still based on traditional practices, however, there has been a large effort to improve existing practices. There have been various post-harvest projects executed by several organizations and a large number of projects operated by the Agricultural Engineering Service (AGSE) and the Prevention of Food Losses Programme (PFL) of FAO. This synthesis has been based on a collection of data from FAO projects as well as on contributions of the participants in the Workshop on African Experience in the Improvement of Post-Harvest Technology, organized in Accra in July 1994 by the Ministry of Agriculture in collaboration with the Agricultural Engineering Service of FAO (AGSE). The Government of France and the Prevention of Food Losses Prograrnme of FAO have provided a financial contribution to the Workshop.",Excluded,Cannot Find
FAO and IFAD,2000,"The world cassava economy: facts, trends and outlook",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5453/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"FAO, Rome (Italy). Plant Production, Protection Div.IFAD, Rome (Italy)",2001,Proceedings. v. 1 The global cassava development strategy and implementation plan.- v. 3 A review of cassava in Asia with country case studies on Thailand and Viet Nam.- v. 4 A review of cassava in Latin America and the Caribbean with country case,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5455/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Aguiar, E. B., Valle, T. L., Lorenzi, J. O., Dias Kanthack, R. A., Filho, H. M., Granja, N. P.",2011,Effect of plant densities and harvest dates on the production of sweet cassava roots,Bragantia,70,3,10.1590/S0006-87052011000300011,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/546/,"In sweet cassava production, economic yields of high quality roots are obtained only after a growing season of eight to ten months. In addition, cassava plants under little competition present higher yields per plant. The objective of this work was to study the handling of population densities in the sweet cassava crop, as a tool to obtain high yield of high quality roots in earlier harvests. Seven plant densities, from 5,000 to 20,000 plants ha-1, were tested with growing cycles of six, eight, ten, twelve, fourteen and sixteen months, in a field trial using the cv. IAC 576-70. Total root yields increased with time, being the highest values obtained with the highest plant densities. It was estimated, with a regression model, a maximum yield of 26.8 t ha-1, when using 20,000 plants ha-1 and a growing cycle of sixteen months. On the other hand, the highest yields of marketable roots were obtained with smaller plant densities in all harvests, which was caused by lower root discard rate at low populations. The maximum yield was 19.1 t ha-1 in the latest harvest by using 5,000 plants. In earlier harvests, after six and eight months, the marketable yields estimated were 5.9 t ha-1 and 11.1 t ha-1, when using 5,000 plants; and 5.0 t ha-1 and 7.2 t ha-1 with 20,000 plants. In this way, low population densities for the sweet cassava crop enable earlier harvests, at six, eight and ten months after planting with good yields of commercial roots.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Fabres, G.",1981,Entomophagous insects associated with the cassava mealybug in Congo,Tropical Pest Management,27,1,10.1080/09670878109414189,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5462/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Fabres, G. (Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer, Brazzaville (Congo))",1981,Dynamics of cassava mealybug populations in the People's Repbulic of Congo,"Tropical root crops: Research strategies for the 1980s proceedings of the first triennial root crops symposium of the international society for tropical root crops Africa branch, 8-12 September 1980, Ibadan, Nigeria",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5463/,"I undertook a study of the succession of generations of Phenacoccus manihoti and the variations in population sizes. I used the method of Benassy (1961) adapted by Fabres (1979) and counts of the populations on leaves and shoot apexes and found extreme variation on apexes, ranging from 1-3 mealybugs in the rainy season to more than 70 during pullulation. The role of rain in halting the growth in population is clear. There were three successive generations in the dry season, enabling the pest's population to multiply by a factor of almost 20. Altogether there were nine generations",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Fabres, G., Kiyndou, A.",1984,"Comparative bioecology of two coccinellids, predators of the cassava mealybug, in the Congo",Tropical Root Crops: Production and Uses in Africa,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5465/,"Within the biocenosis of the cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti), two coccinellid species, i.e., Exochomusfiaviventris and Hyperaspissenegalensis hottentotta. stand out because of their large numbers and their constant presence in the ecosystem. The biological parameters of these two predators were studied in the laboratory. The biological cycle, development time of different stages, sex ratio, as well as fertility and longevity of the females were determined. Using the data, we calculated the intrinsic rate of multiplication of each species and compared the control potential of these two local aids to pest control. In the field, population dynamics were studied along with those of the mealybug. The range of variation in population numbers in each species and the time of emergence in the field were recorded. This information allows one to define the role played by the species in regulating mealybug populations. It also should serve to direct the choice of exotic species to be introduced to supplement these insects' predatory activity.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Fabres, G. (Office de la recherche scientifique et technique outre-mer, Brazzaville (Congo)), Kiyindou, A. (Direction de la recherche scientifique, Brazzaville (Congo))",1984,"Comparative bioecology of two coccinellids, predators of the cassava mealybug, in the Congo",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5466/,"Within the biocenosis of the cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti), two coccinellid species, i.e., Exochomus flaviventris and Hyperaspis senegalensis hottentotta, stand out because of their large numbers and their constant presence in the ecosystem. The biological parameters of these two predators were studied in the laboratory. The biological cycle, development time of different stages, sex ratio, as well as fertility and longevity of the female were determined. Using the data, we calculated the intrinsic rate of multiplication of each species and compared the control potential of these two local aids to pest control. In the field, population dynamics were studied along with those of the mealybug. The range of variation in population numbers in each species and the time of emergence in the field were recorded. This information allows one to define the role played by the species in regulating mealybug populations. It also should serve to direct the choice of exotic species to be introduced to supplement these insects' predatory activity.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Fafunso, M. A., Oke, O. L.",1976,Leaf protein from different cassava varieties,Nutrition Reports International,14,6,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5473/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Aguilar Sanmiguel, M.",1994,"Cassava genetic resources in Mexico, central America and the Caribean region",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/548/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Fagundes, L. K., Streck, N. A., Rosa, H. T., Walter, L. C., Zanon, A. J., Lopes, S. J.",2010,"Development, growth and yield of cassava in different sowing season in a subtropical region",Ciencia Rural,40,12,10.1590/S0103-84782010001200004,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5482/,"Cassava is an important crop grown in different parts of Brazil, but needs to be more studied in subtropical regions. The objective of this study was to characterize some developmental and growth parameters, and yield components of stem and tuber roots of a cassava variety in several sowing season in a subtropical location. A field experiment was conducted during the 2006/2007 growing season in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, with the variety FEPAGRO RS 13. Treatments were in four sowing season (26 September 2006, 18 October 2006, 08 November 2006, and 28 November 2006) with a plant density of 16,000 plants ha-1, in a completely randomized design with six sampling plants inside the plots. Development (date of developmental stages) growth variables (stem length and diameter, leaf area, and plant height), and yield components were measured. Earlier plantings increased the developmental rate until the onset of starch accumulation and until the appearance of sympodial branches. Stems growth decreased as planting was delayed. Stems within first and second order branches had different growth. Tuber roots yield was not affected by the sowing season.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Failla, M., Thakkar, S., Maziya-Dixon, B.",2009,"BIOACCESSIBILITY OF beta-CAROTENE IN CASSAVA (MANIHOT ESCULANTA, CRANTZ) ROOT IS AFFECTED BY GENOTYPE AND STYLE OF COOKING",Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism,55,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5485/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Failla, M. L., Thakkar, S. K., Kim, J. Y.",2009,"In Vitro Bioaccessibility of beta-Carotene in Orange Fleshed Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas, Lam.)",Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,57,22,10.1021/jf900415g,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5486/,"Substitution of white with orange fleshed varieties of sweet potatoes (OFSP) was recently shown to alleviate vitamin A deficiency in children in Africa. However, the relationship between beta-carotene (BC) content of different cultivars of OFSP and its bioavailability is unknown. Here, we used the three phase (oral, gastric and small intestinal) in vitro digestion procedure to examine the bioaccessibility of BC from eight cultivars of boiled OFSP. All-trans BC (all-E-BC) was the only isomer of BC detected in raw roots for cultivars of OFSP with amounts ranging from 112 to 281 mu g/g. Boiling OFSP decreased all-E-BC content by 11% with conversion to 13-cis BC (13-Z-BC). The efficiency of BC micellarization during simulated digestion of boiled OFSP was only 0.6-3%. Addition of soybean oil (2% vol/wt) to boiled OFSP prior to in vitro digestion more than doubled partitioning of all-E-BC in the micelle fraction for all cultivars. The relatively poor bioaccessibility of all-E-BC was not a limitation of the in vitro model as micellarization was proportional to amount of OFSP digested from 0.5 to 3.0 g and minimally altered by increasing bile salt content during small intestinal digestion. Moreover, micellarization of all-E-BC from boiled fresh OFSP and commercially processed OFSP was significantly less than from carrots processed identically. These results indicate the need for further efforts to elucidate the basis for relatively poor bioaccessibility of BC from OFSP.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Failla, M. L., Chitchumroonchokchai, C., Siritunga, D., de Moura, F. F., Fregene, M., Sayre, R.",2011,Retention and bioaccessibility of B-carotene (BC) in biofortified cassava,Faseb Journal,25,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5487/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"A., Van Schoonhoven",1974,Resistance to thrips [Frankliniella and Corynothrips stenopterus] damage in cassava,,v. 67,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/55/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Afolami, C.A., Falusi, A.O.",2000,Effect of technology change and commercialisation on income equity in Nigeria: the case of improved cassava,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5509/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Aguilar, E.A., Sta. Cruz, P.C., Edao, M.S., Magnaye, A.M.A., Santiago, D., Libuit, R.M., Baer, B.T., Garcia, G.R.",2014,Developing and testing climate resilient crops and varieties for integration in small hold coconut farms in Quezon Province [Philippines],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/551/,"Experiments were conducted in four coconut areas in Tayabas [Philippines] to test climate resilient alternative staples/ crop varieties in rainfed coconut-based farms. The experiment also evaluated the effect of different fertilizer treatments (Farmer's Practice and 25% RR + Biofertilizer) to corn and cassava. The experiment also had a counterpart in open field to serve the unshaded control. Inadequate rainfall during the growing season may have generally affected the growth of test crops. Under coconut, shading caused more than 60% light reduction in both corn and cassava plots with reference to open field. As a result, growth and yield of both crops under coconut were significantly reduced. Compared to open field, there was reduction in total dry matter (48.34%) and yield (75%) of corn under coconut, and in plant height (30.34%), stem girth (36.53%), total number of leaves (40.63%) and total dry matter (81.23%) at 3 months after planting of cassava under coconut. Application of 25% RR + Bio-N in corn resulted in 34.30% higher corn yield than FP, while 25% RR + Mykovam application in cassava resulted in taller plants, thicker stems, more leaves and greater dry weight, which are contributing factors to cassava yield. The use of 25% RR + biofertilizer as fertilizer in intercrops in coconut land is a promising practice as it can result in better yield than farmers' practice at a lower input cost. While corn and cassava growth and yield are more suited in the open area than under coconut to maximize yield, planting these intercrops under coconut may still contribute to farm income, especially if appropriate management strategies are used, i.e. fertilizer management.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Aguilar, E.A., Sta. Cruz, P.C., Edao, M.S., Magnaye, A.M.A., Santiago, D., Libuit, R.M., Baer, B.T., Garcia, G.R.",2014,Developing and testing white corn varieties and other alternative staples in small hold annual crop-based upland farms in Quezon Province [Philippines],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/552/,"The experiments conducted in three open upland areas in Tayabas [Philippines] evaluated the effect of different fertilizer treatments to corn and cassava. Included in the treatments are Farmers' Practice (0 fertilizer for cassava and sub-recommended rate for corn), FP + biofertilizer (Bio-N for corn and Mykovam for cassava) and recommended rates of inorganic fertilizer (RR). Although no significant fertilizer effect on total dry matter accumulation at harvest was observed, RR resulted in the highest yield in corn, followed by FP + Bio-N, but with no significant difference between the two. In cassava, significant difference was only obtained in stem girth. While Mykovam alone was not enough to increase stem girth, addition of 25% RR to Mykovam managed to increase stem girth similar to that of RR. Extrapolating previously reported positive correlation between stem girth and yield, the use of only 25% RR + Mykovam can potentially produce yields similar to plants applied with 100% RR. The promising results in corn and cassava show that addition of biofertilizer input can potentially achieve yields like that in RR with minimal additional cost.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Fanambinantsoa, Noromiarilanto, Katja, Brinkmann, H., Miadana, Faramalala, Andreas, Buerkert",2016,Assessment of food self-sufficiency in smallholder farming systems of south-western Madagascar using survey and remote sensing data,Agricultural Systems,149,,10.1016/j.agsy.2016.09.005,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5525/,"Madagascar is among the countries with a very high level of poverty and food insecurity. This holds particularly true for the south-western (SW) region with its chronic food shortages. Information on crop production, food availability and coping strategies of smallholders to deal with food shortages are scarce but urgently needed to assess the local food security status for more effective land management planning and famine prevention. This study, therefore, investigated farmers' coping strategies and determined the food security index (FSI), the food self-sufficiency ratio (FSSR) and cassava self-sufficiency (CSS) at the household level in three typical villages of the Mahafaly region in SW Madagascar. To this end we used household consumption surveys, land use mapping, crop field measurements, allometric equations and canopy cover estimations from aerial photographs for cassava yield assessments. For the majority of sampled households the daily calorie intake was insufficient (FSI<1) and the most frequent food insecurity coping strategies encountered were collection of wild food, off-farm activities and a reduction of meals. There was a high seasonal variation in food consumption, FSI and FSSR with different patterns on the plateau and in the coastal area. The main factors influencing FSSR were cassava yield, the livestock richness and landholding, whereas the number of off-farm activities determined FSI. Altogether, our results revealed that annual cultivated food crops provided up to 64% of people's diet. Cassava was the most important staple and played a key role for food self-sufficiency. However, cassava yields averaged only 0.69tha1 and CSS ranged between 39 and 54%. Although there exists a high climate-induced risk in crop production, there is still room for improvements of agricultural techniques to enhance food self-sufficiency. However, enhancing access to off-farm income opportunities is similarly important to sustain local livelihoods in the long-term.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Fargette, D., Thresh, J.M., Otim-Nape, G.W.",1994,The epidemiology of African cassava mosaic geminivirus: reversion and the concept of equilibrium,Tropical Science,34,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5544/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Fargette, D., Thresh, J. M.",1994,The Ecology of African Cassava Mosaic Geminivirus,Ecology of Plant Pathogens,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5545/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Farrell, G., Schulten, G. G. M.",2002,Larger grain borer in Africa; a history of efforts to limit its impact,Integrated Pest Management Reviews,7,2,10.1023/A1026345131876,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5557/,"The story of Prostephanus truncatus in Africa is described from its original outbreak in Tanzania in the late 1970s to the present day. Information is given on the differing control methods put in place by infested countries and how co-ordination of local programmes and inputs from technical assistance agencies was approached by UN agencies. The influence of changes in development thinking on the management of storage pests is considered. The current status of P. truncatus is addressed, inlcuding its impact on the international maize trade, particularly that provided for famine relief. The introduction of Teretrius nigrescens as a biological control agent is described. We also provide some milestones in efforts to manage the pest, describe the effectiveness of pest management in terms of cost benefit and suggest some new avenues that may lead to a sustainable reductioning in P. truncatus in Africa.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Agumagu, A., Adesope, O. M., Matthews-Njoku, E. C.",2008,Perception of infestation problems on cassava farms and preference for weed management practices in humid agro-ecological zone of Nigeria,Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus,73,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/557/,"The problem of weed infestation on cassava farms is a major factor for low crop yield. This problem has caused untold hardship on the small-scale cassava farms where production at the subsistence level and where farmers still manage to produce some quantity for sale. The study examines cassava farmers' perception of problems of infestation and preference for weed management practices in the humid agro-ecological zone of Nigeria. Data was collected with the aid of questionnaire and interviews. Random sampling technique was used to select 117 small-scale cassava farmers in the study area. Data analysis was done by simple descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage and mean. Findings of the study revealed that majority of the respondents (73.5%) grow cassava for both household use and for sale. The major source of labour identified by respondents was family labour (51.3%). About 55% of the respondents obtained cassava planting materials from the open market. Findings showed that the commonest weed control measures used by cassava farmers were hand pulling (100%), and hoes/cutlass (100%). However, the most preferred weed control measures identified include hoes/cutlass (100%), use of machines (100%), and a combination of methods (100%). Major problems affecting cassava farms as identified by respondents include grasses (88%), broadleaf weeds (66.6%), rodents (64.1%), other animals (63.3%), cassava rot (53.9%) and insect pests (48.7%). Extension education should focus on the preferred weed control measures identified by respondents so as to work out modalities for their adequate use. This can be possible if regular extension-farmer forum is ensured.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Fasinmirin, Johnson Toyin, Reichert, Jos Miguel",2011,Conservation tillage for cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) production in the tropics,Soil and Tillage Research,113,1,10.1016/j.still.2011.01.008,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5570/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) is often cultivated on tilled plots, traditionally on mounds and ridges with the use of hand hoes or tractor driven implements. These two conditions alter the soil structural parameters and most times increase the vulnerability of soil to erosion or compaction as a result of frequent machine movement under the conventional tillage system. A review of the effects of tillage systems on soil bulk density, total porosity and penetration resistance was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of soil conservation for the optimum production of cassava in the tropics. Tillage treatments under review were conventional tillage (CT), no-till (NT), minimum tillage (MT) and soil compaction (CP). Our review indicated that the bulk density (BD) in plots under CT was not significantly different (p<0.05) from the value of BD in plots under minimum tillage (MT) within the 05cm soil layer, but was highest in soils under compaction due to traffic passes of heavy duty equipment. Soils under no-till were characterized with lowest bulk density within the 05cm layer, but gradually increased in BD within the 1020cm soil layer, which offers the soil some structural stability. However, the difference in bulk densities between plots under NT and CP treatments were highly significant at p<0.05, with CP plots having the highest bulk density within the 030cm soil layer. Total porosity was highest in soils under conventional tillage (CT) comparatively with other tillage systems. Organic matter accumulation in NT treatment resulted to higher total porosity compared with other systems except CT at the surface soil (05cm) but with reduced porosity at the sub-surface soil. Total porosity was least in plots under traffic passes (compacted plots). Statistically, there were no significant differences in total porosity among plots under conventional tillage with mulch residues, conventional tillage without mulch residues and minimum tillage with mouldboard at the p<0.05. However, plots under minimum tillage without mouldboard had lower total porosity. Penetration resistance was higher in NT plots when compared with plots under CT system, except from compacted plots (CP), which offered highest resistance to penetration. A long term experiment showed that cassava root yield was highest under NT with mulch residues, with or without fertilizer application. The reviewed work further confirmed that cassava can be grown successfully under no-till (NT) to give the optimum growth and yield required of the crop, while conserving the soil physical properties.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Fauquet, C., Fargette, D., Thouvenel, J.C.",1985,Epidemiology of the African cassava mosaic disease: forecasting and control,"Proceedings of the Seminar on Agrometeorology and Pest Forecasting: Fulmer Grange, United Kingdom, 24-28 June 1985",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5578/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Fauquet, C.M., Schopke, C., Chavarriaga A, P., Sangare, A., Beachy, R.N.",1993,Genetic engineering technologies to control viruses and their application to cassava viruses,"Proceedings of the First International Scientific Meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology Network, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, 25-28 August 1992",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5582/,"Resistance to plant viruses through genetic engineering has been investigated with the application of four different approaches. A recent approach is the use of ribozymes, which involves using catalytic RNAs to cause the cleavage of viral RNA molecules. Results of in vitro experiments have documented cleavage of viral RNAs but in vivo experiments has thus far not been reported. The second technique is to attempt to block the translation of viral RNAs by expressing genes that encode sequences complementary (i.e. antisense) to viral genes. Only a limited number of cases have been reported, but little success has been documented. A third approach is to block virus replication, using competitor sequences, subgenomic sequences and satellite RNAs. The last technique is the expression of viral genes which will interfere with virus replication and/or, diffusion in the plants; replicase gene, movement proteins and capsid proteins. The most promising technique is that of the coat protein (CP), which consists of the integration of a gene encoding viral coat protein into the plant genome. An increasing number of examples using the coat protein mediated resistance (CPMR) strategy are available, and resistance specificity and efficacy have been evaluated for viruses belonging to thirteen groups; furthermore, several successful field experiments have been conducted",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Fauquet, C.",1995,Report of the working group on cassava regeneration and transformation,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5583/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Fauquet, C., Henshaw, G.G., Poulter, Nigel H.",1995,Steering committee research highlights report,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5584/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Fauquet, C. M., Taylor, N.",2002,The potential for biotechnology to improve the nutritional value of cassava,Food and Nutrition Bulletin,23,4,10.1177/156482650202300409,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5585/,"Cassava, a starch-rich plant that has poor protein content and usually poor vitamin content, feeds about 600 million people each day. When cereals can no longer be grown because of soil fertility problems, it is often still possible to grow cassava. It is the third most important source of dietary calories in the tropics, and reliance on the crop is especially high in West and Central Africa. The International Laboratory for Tropical Agricultural Biotechnology is promoting research to improve cassava productivity and is a leader in developing genetic engineering to improve the quantitative and qualitative traits of this essential food crop.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Fauquet, C. M., Tohme, J.",2004,The global cassava partnership for genetic improvement,Plant Molecular Biology,56,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5586/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Fauquet, C.",2010,The Fight Against Deadly Cassava Viruses in Africa,In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Animal,46,Supplement 1,10.1007/s11626-010-9338-7,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5588/,"Cassava is affected by many viruses throughout the world but
it is in Africa that the highest impact has been recorded for the
last 100 yr. Until recently, the most devastating viruses were
ssDNA geminiviruses (cassava mosaic disease; CMD) and we
have identified in Africa seven out of the nine known cassava
geminiviruses in the world. A destructive CMD pandemic
started 20 yr ago in Uganda, invaded East African, and went
across the continent via the Congo basin to reachWest Africa.
CMD is estimated to cause a loss of 35Mtons of food per year,
equivalent to the food independence of the African continent.
More recently, a century-old disease called cassava brown
streak disease, caused by an RNA virus, exploded in East
Africa to the point where it is now considered the most
destructive disease of cassava because it prevents planting
cassava in the following year! These two pandemics are
correlated with the explosion of whiteflies, natural vectors of
these two types of viruses. The first successful attempt to
genetically transform cassava dates from 1995, but it took us
another 10 yr to routinely insert genes into this root crop.
Today, we produce more than 1,500 independent transformation
events per year. We now have plants that are resistant to
these different viruses, using two strategies, and we are
bulking up the six necessary genes in the same plant to have a
pan-African control measure. The resistance has been
estimated by DNA bombardment of virus infectious clones,
by whitefly inoculation, and/or by grafting. Some of the best
lines are being planted in Africa for field evaluation in
Uganda, Kenya, and Nigeria. In parallel, we are integrating
these genes into farmers’ preferred cassava cultivars to readily
ensure adoption of these resistant plants.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Fauquet, C. M., Taylor, N. J., Tohme, J.",2012,The Global Cassava Partnership for the 21st Century (GCP21),Tropical Plant Biology,5,1,10.1007/s12042-012-9100-2,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5589/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Fayenuwo, J. O., Akande, M.",2002,The economic importance and control of cane-rat (Thryonomys swinderianus Temminck),Proceedings - Vertebrate Pest Conference,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5595/,"Cane-rat/grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus Temminck) is both a pest of crops in Nigeria and a source of animal protein especially in Western and Central Africa. Cane-rat damages several crop species including rice (Oryza sativa), maize (Zea mays), cassava (Manihot spp.), yam (Dioscorea spp.), sweet potatoes (Ipomea batatas), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), pineapple (Ananas comosus), sugarcane (Saccharium officinarum), guinea corn (Sorghum bicolor), millet (Eleusine coracana) and palm tree (Elaeis guineensis), in the savanna and in the rainforest ecological zones of Nigeria. Rice and cassava were found damaged in both wet and dry seasons of the year. Maize, millet, and guinea corn were usually damaged during wet periods. The annual production of meat of cane-rat exclusively from hunting in Benin is valued at 500 tons, this being about 200,000 heads and does not represent more than 65% of the estimated demands of the Beninese populations. Total revenue from bush meat in 1997 in Ghana was $247m, while cane-rat accounted for 70% of this. The cane-rat can be reared in captivity with minimal capital outlay. Its high prolificacy and fecundity makes it a meat source of high potential to bridge the gap in animal protein deficiency which currently averages 4.82g/head/day in Nigeria as compared to a recommendation of 35g/head/day for an adult. During the pesting activities of cane-rat, they were readily cropped in an attempt to control the pesting problems. The animals were cropped in farmlands during the rainy season and from wild land during the dry season. Fencing, trapping, dog hunting, shooting, clubbing, pitfalls, and use of charms were some of the various methods used by rural people to control pesting activities of cane-rat on farms. There is need to develop both a strategy for effective control of the cane-rat and improving the management in captivity for breeding purposes.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"A., Pradilla, F., Brenes, E., Alvarez Luna",1975,"Analytical and biological studies of a high-yielding, high protein cassava [Manihot esculenta, plantains]",,v. 25,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/56/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Feijen, H.R., Oswald, S., Feijen Van soest, J.J.",1988,"Crop protection manual Zanzibar, tentative first draft",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5610/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Agwu, A. E., Anyaeche, C. L.",2007,"Adoption of improved cassava varieties in six rural communities in Anambra State, Nigeria",African Journal of Biotechnology,6,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/562/,"A survey of 118 randomly selected cassava farmers was conducted in Ukpor, Amichi, Osumenyi, Ezinifite, Ekwulummili and Ebenator, communities in Nnewi South Local Government Area of Anambra State using structured interview schedule, to determine the use of improved cassava and local cassava cultivars in the area. Majority (64%) of the respondents cultivated both local and improved cassava cultivars. The improved cassava cultivars grown by the farmers were TMS 30572, TMS 30555 and TMS 4(2) 1425 while 'akpuocha', 'udukanani' and 'achirinaka' were the most popular local cultivars grown in the area. However, TMS 30572 and 'udukanani' were the most widely grown cassava cultivars with 78.8 and 77.1% of the respondents cultivating them, respectively. Specifically, many of the farmers cultivated TMS 30572 for its high yield, perceived low level of HCN in products, high product quality, pests/disease resistance, ability to shade off weeds and early maturity. Similarly, greater proportion of the farmers cultivated 'udukanani' for its late maturity, ease of harvest and colour of tubers while others cultivated it for its ability to store longer after processing and the palatability of its products. The major factors that limit the effective use of improved cassava cultivars in the area were non-availability of important agrochemicals, high cost of labour and lack of finance. The study recommended investigation of the 'udukanani' cultivar to determine its suitability for future cultivar development. 2007 Academic Journals.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Fermont, A. M., Obiero, H. M., van Asten, P. J. A., Bagurna, Y., Okwuosa, E.",2007,Improved cassava varieties increase the risk of soil nutrient mining: an ex-ante analysis for western Kenya and Uganda,Advances in Integrated Soil Fertility Management in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities,,,10.1007/978-1-4020-5760-1_48,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5636/,"Cassava production in Uganda and western Kenya has been hit hard by the cassava mosaic disease (CMD) epidemic. In response, CMD resistant cassava varieties are currently released on a wide scale. The new varieties yield up to 3 times more than the local varieties. These high yield levels will put major pressure on soil nutrient stocks. Using a local variety, an average farmer will harvest about 10 t ha(-1) fresh roots, thereby removing 26 kg N, 3 kg P and 19 kg K per hectare. Using a good CMD-resistant variety, the same farmer can harvest a 30 t ha-1, thereby removing 83 kg N, 10 kg P and 47 kg K per hectare. If stems are used for planting material and/or firewood, then removal increases to 216 kg of N, 22 kg of P and 102 kg of K per ha for CMD-resistant varieties. Soils in western Kenya and Uganda are predominantly Ferrasols, Acrisols and Nitisols; old weathered soils with small nutrient stocks. Without the use of fertilizers, the rapid depletion of soil nutrient stocks seems unavoidable with the new varieties. This will eventually result in yield decline of cassava and rotational crops. The question arises if traditional cropping systems are suitable for cultivating crops with high nutrient demand. However, production levels of banana, the other important food crop in Uganda, have been sustained for over half a century in several parts of the country, despite K requirements (142 kg ha(-1)yr(-1)) of good yielding bananas (25 t ha(-1)yr(-1)) being similar to that of good-yielding cassava varieties. But, in contrast to cassava fields, traditional banana fields maintain their soil fertility through large amounts of organic inputs, on the expense of annual cropped fields and grassland. Due to the position of cassava in the farming system, it is unlikely that soil management strategies in banana can be successfully adopted by cassava farmers. However, rotating the improved cassava varieties with fertilized cash crops and introducing promiscuous leguminous inter- and relay crops in cassava fields are potential management options to improve the sustainability of the system. Nonetheless, the development of K deficits will remain a serious concern. The high yield levels of the new cassava varieties have already triggered its promotion as a cash crop. Provided that there is a good (industrial) market outlet, farmers can be motivated to use targeted organic & inorganic fertilizer to prevent soil fertility depletion.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Fermont, A.M., van Asten, P.J.A., Giller, K.E.",2008,Increasing land pressure in East Africa The changing role of cassava and consequences for sustainability of farming systems,,v. 128,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5637/,"Increasing land pressure during the past three to four decades has transformed farming systems in the mid-altitude zone of East Africa. Traditional millet-, cotton-, sugarcane- and/or banana-based farming systems with an important fallow and/or grazing component have evolved into continuously cultivated cassava or cassava/maize-based systems. Within three to four decades, cassava cultivation increased from 1-11 to 16-55% of cropped fields in our six study sites. Declining soil fertility, and not labour or food shortage, was apparently the primary trigger for this transformation. The land use changes have increased nutrient offtakes and reduced nutrient recycling rates. Cassava and maize now account for 50-90% of nutrient removal. Whereas single-season fallows were the most important source of nutrient recycling on cropped fields in the past, currently cassava litterfall and maize stover contribute roughly 70% of nutrient recycling, with 50-70% of N, P and K recycled in cassava litterfall. This may explain why many farmers reason that cassava 'rests' the soil. With increasing land use pressure farmers progressively use cassava as an 'imitation fallow' throughout their farm. Farmers increasingly target cassava to poor fertility fields characterized by low pH and available P. High cassava intensities are nonetheless maintained on more fertile fields, probably to guarantee regeneration of soil fertility on all fields. Once cassava is targeted to poor fertility soils, farmers have run out of low-input management options and need to intensify management to maintain system productivity. As cassava is now used by more farmers and on a larger acreage than fallowing in the studied farming systems, cassava cropping could perhaps serve as an excellent entry point to strengthen system sustainability.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Fermont, Anneke Marijke",2009,Cassava and soil fertility in intensifying smallholder farming systems of East Africa,Cassava and soil fertility in intensifying smallholder farming systems of East Africa,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5639/,"Cassava is an important crop in Africa. This thesis focuses on cassava production in the mid altitude zone of East Africa, an area characterized by high population densities, bimodal rainfall patterns and relatively poor soils. The overall aim was to better understand the roles and production constraints of cassava in order to explore opportunities to improve the productivity and sustainability of intensifying cassavabased smallholder farming systems in East Africa. Increasing land pressure has changed agricultural landscapes from traditional millet-, cotton-, sugarcane- or banana-based systems with an important fallow component to continuously, cultivated cassava-based systems. Cassava cultivation on cropped fields increased from 1-11 to 16-55% in three to four decades as farmers believe that cassava improves soil fertility for the subsequent crop and increasingly target cassava to low fertility soils when land pressure increases. The substantial increase in cassava cultivation has allowed farmers to postpone intensification of crop management, but it seems that the elasticity of the traditionally low-input systems is coming to an end as production of the two most important crops (cassava and maize) is limited by nutrients. Farmers in areas of high land pressure have started to adopt fertilizer and manure and to improve crop management. Contrary to existing generalizations, cassava is not a food security crop for poorer farmers in East Africa, but an important food and cash crop for farmers from all wealth classes. Average farm income was not less than in other farming systems in the region, while average food security was higher (>10 months year-1) than in maize-based systems. Cassava is also not predominantly grown as an intercrop, as is often thought, nor is it grown without inputs, because farmers commonly use hired labour and improved genotypes. In addition, its labour requirements are higher than commonly assumed (287 man days ha-1), due to large requirements for weed control. Existing generalizations concerning cassava are therefore either false or half truths and a continued belief in them will hamper the effectiveness of policy and development efforts aimed at improving cassava production. Efforts to increase cassava production in cassava-based farming systems will, for example, improve its scope for commercialization, but will not significantly enhance food security. Average farmer yields for cassava (7-12 t ha-1) are far below attainable yields on farm (30-50 t ha-1). Still, on-farm yields are highly variable. Largest yields were obtained on farms with high labour availability, fertile soils, good weed management and timely (not too early) harvesting. An improved technology package more than doubled average yields in farmer fields, whereby the largest yield increase for a single technology was observed with 100-22-83 kg ha-1 N-P-K fertilizer. Multivariate analysis identified soil fertility, rainfall and weed management as the most important production constraints, while biotic factors were less important. Many fields were affected by multiple and interacting production constraints. Fertilizer responses were governed by the same, interacting factors influencing unfertilized cassava production. Genotype and biotic factors did not influence fertilizer response. Closing the considerable yield gap between actual and attainable cassava yields at farm level, can not be achieved by integrated pest management and breeding alone. Instead, research and development organizations should focus on addressing the whole range of interacting production constraints through the development and evaluation of integrated management packages. Improving cassava production will be more difficult for poorer than for wealthier farmers, as the first have less social and financial capital and less fertile soils and are therefore more likely to face multiple production constraints. The positive impact of cassava on soil fertility perceived by farmers is supported by model simulations and nutrient balances that indicate that cassava may improve SOC contents of low fertility soils compared with maize and contribute to higher N recycling through crop residues. Adoption of higher yielding genotypes and improved production practices will improve yields and increase nutrient removal rates, but may simultaneously have a positive effect on SOC contents and nutrient recycling rates. Improving cassava stem management after harvesting seems an interesting option to improve sustainability of the system. This thesis concludes that there is an urgent need to invest in agronomy and ISFM research and to reform existing research for developments programmes with a strong emphasis on breeding and IPM into integrated programmes that are able to address the multiple production constraints of cassava and thereby significantly contribute to improving the livelihoods of smallholder cassava farmers.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Fernandez, D., Petitot, A. S., de Sa, M. G., Nguyen, V. P., Engler, J. D., Kyndt, T.",2015,Recent Advances in Understanding Plant-Nematode Interactions in Monocots,Advances in Botanical Research,73,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5654/,"Monocotyledonous crops including cereals, sugar cane, banana and cassava make an important tribute to agricultural commodities both in production and value worldwide. Diseases caused by nematodes in monocots are well documented and new data are emerging on interactions of these pathogens with some important monocotyledonous crop species. This review focuses on major monocotyledonous plant-nematode systems describing the biology and genetics of some interactions and highlighting efforts to identify and select resistant genetic resources. Molecular and histological data are presented having in the spotlight sedentary nematodes of the suborder Tylenchina. Histological observations are presented during nematode development and host resistance responses, comparing monocot and dicot plant hosts. Subsequently we focus on the recently published transcriptomics of monocotyledonous plant responses looking at specific metabolic changes and their role during plant-nematode interactions. Insights that may be learned from nematode interactions with dicotyledonous hosts are also discussed. As a final point, we look at nematode effectors during monocots-nematode interactions exploiting de novo transcriptome data produced from root-knot nematodes and cyst nematodes.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ferraro, Vincenza, Piccirillo, Clara, Tomlins, Keith, Pintado, Manuela E.",2016,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and Yam (Dioscorea spp.) Crops and Their Derived Foodstuffs Safety, Security and Nutritional Value",,v. 56,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5659/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and yam (Dioscorea spp.) are tropical crops consumed by ca. 2 billion people and represent the main source of carbohydrate and energy for the approximately 700million people living in the tropical and sub-tropical areas. They are a guarantee of food security for developing countries. The production of these crops and the transformation into food-derived commodities is increasing, it represents a profitable business and farmers generate substantial income from their market. However, there are some important concerns related to the food safety and food security. The high post-harvest losses, mainly for yam, the contamination by endogenous toxic compounds, mainly for cassava, and the contamination by external agents (such as micotoxins, pesticides, and heavy metal) represent a depletion of economic value and income. The loss in the raw crops or the impossibility to market the derived foodstuffs, due to incompliance with food regulations, can seriously limit all yam tubers and the cassava roots processors, from farmers to household, from small-medium to large enterprises. One of the greatest challenges to overcome those concerns is the transformation of traditional or indigenous processing methods into modern industrial operations, from the crop storage to the adequate package of each derived foodstuff.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Agyare, W. A., Clottey, V. A., Mercer-Quarshie, H., Kombiok, J. M.",2006,Maize yield response in a long-term rotation and intercropping systems in the Guinea Savannah zone of Northern Ghana,Journal of Agronomy,5,2,10.3923/ja.2006.232.238,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/566/,"To sustain crop production, cowpea, groundnut, soybean, sorghum and cassava were compared for their potential in crop rotation or as an intercropping partner to maize over an eleven-year period in Northern Ghana. The trial in each year consisted of 12 treatments arranged in an RCBD with five replicates. There was a gradual decline in maize yield for groundnut-maize, soybean-maize and cassava-maize as compared to a rapid decline in the other rotation combinations over the years. The best combination was maize-groundnut rotation with grain yields above 3.0 t ha-1. Intercropping advantage for most combinations in the first two years was not sustained in later years, except for sorghum-maize and cassava-maize systems. Sorghum-maize combination was the best in terms of crop yield, based on Land Equivalent Ratio (LER). Cassava-maize and soybean-maize systems were the best in terms of energy value and protein yield respectively. Maize yields obtained were comparatively better in rotation than intercrops, underlining the superiority of rotation to intercropping in the long-term, consequently its potential to improve on household food security. The results so far indicate that good cropping system and proper agronomic practices can sustain maize production on the same piece of land for more than 10 years. 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Agyei, J.O.M.",1981,The effect of time of harvesting of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz cv Akosua tumtum) foliage on yield and quality of leaves and tubers,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/567/,"The effect of time of leaf harvest on yield of tubers of cassava for optimum use of both leaves and tubers is reported. Foliage harvest at 180 (T1), 195 (T2), 205 (T3) days after planting were used in the determination. There is advantage in cutting leaves at mid-October (about six months of growth) to obtain higher tuber and foliage yields. Two harvests of leaves is preferable to one leaf harvest. Cutting leaves at mid-October would not affect cooking quality adversely but affects the cyanide contents of tubers and foliage. T2 treatment depressed yields and cooking quality of tubers but not T1 and T3 treatments. T3 suppressed yields of leaves and petioles and T1 affected cyanide contents of the leaves",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Figueiredo, P. G., de Moraes-Dallaqua, M. A., Bicudo, S. J., Tanamati, F. Y., Aguiar, E. B.",2015,Development of tuberous cassava roots under different tillage systems: Descriptive anatomy,Plant Production Science,18,3,10.1626/pps.18.241,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5698/,"The interaction between the roots of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and soil physical properties has previously been analyzed. This interaction results in differences in production of plant material and in the physicochemical features of the roots, suggesting that changes in soil physical conditions may be related to changes in root anatomy. This work described the anatomical development of the tuberous cassava roots (cv. IAC 576-70) under different tillage systems. Roots grown under three different tillage systems (minimum, conventional and no tillage) were examined at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days after planting (DAP). The tillage systems did not appear to influence root anatomy during root development; at 15 and 30 DAP roots had early secondary growth; at 60 DAP the process of tuber formation had started; at 90 DAP the secondary xylem had completely differentiated to allow storage of starch; at 120, 150 and 180 DAP roots exhibited a similar anatomical structure to that observed at 90 DAP. From these results we conclude that the anatomical structure of cassava tuberous roots is established by 90 DAP and the sequence of establishment and development of tissues that make up the tuberous roots is not influenced by tillage systems during the first 180 DAP.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"A., Fumagalli",1975,Guatemala [report on cassava],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/57/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Finlay, J.R.",1981,The use of tacca and cassava as intercrops with coconuts on a calcareous sand,Fiji Agricultural Journal,43,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5709/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
,1988,Cassava-Based Cropping Systems Research,"First Annual Meeting of the Collaborative Group. Theme ""Linking similar environments"", Ibadan (Nigeria), 16-19 November 1987",,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5724/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Fischer, K.S.",1988,Biotechnology at IITA,"Biotechnology and the improvement of cassava, yams and plantain in Africa",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5725/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Fish, D.M., Trim, D.S.",1993,review of research into the drying of cassava chips,Tropical science,v. 33,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5728/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Fishpool, L.D.C., Burban, C.",1994,Bemisia tabaci: The whitefly vector of African cassava mosaic geminivirus,Tropical Science,34,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5729/,"The biology of the whitefly B. tabaci is reviewed with emphasis placed upon its ecology on cassava in Africa. Aspects covered include morphology, taxonomy, bionomics, sampling, natural enemies and control.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Flinn, J.C.",1978,Agro-economic considerations in cassava intercropping research,"Intercropping With Cassava Proceedings of an international workshop held at Trivandrum, India, 27 Nov - 1 Dec 1978",,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5742/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Flinn, J. C.",1978,Agro-economic considerations in cassava intercropping research,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5743/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Flood, J., Cooper, R.M., Deshappriya, N., Day, R.C. (School of Biology, Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, Avon BA2 7AY (United Kingdom))",1995,Resistance of cassava (Manihot esculenta) to Xanthomonas blight in vitro and in planta,Aspects of Applied Biology,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5744/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Florchinger, F. A., Leihner, D. E., Steinmuller, N., Muller-Samann, K., El-Sharkawy, M. A.",2000,"Effects of artificial topsoil removal on sorghum, peanut, and cassava yield",Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,55,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5745/,"Topsoil loss by soil erosion frequently results in crop productivity decline. This study evaluated the impact of 5, 10, 13, and 40 cm topsoil removal on the productivity of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. ), and cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). The trial was conducted on the Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) experimental station at Santander de Quilichao, Colombia. The soil was a well drained, kaolinitic-amorphous, isohyperthermic Oxic Dystropept. Organic matter was a key factor for productivity and the yields of these three crops were dramatically reduced by topsoil loss. Fertilizer could not restore lost productivity. The most important constraint to plant growth was aluminum saturation which increased sharply with topsoil loss.",Excluded,Cannot Access
NA,,Sex ratio of Telenomus sphingis (Hymenoptera Scelionidae) parasitizing Erinnyis ello (Lepidoptera sphingidae) eggs in the Dominican republic,Florida entomologist,Sept 1980. v. 63 (3),,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5746/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Floro, V. O., Labarta, R. A., Becerra Lpez-Lavalle, L. A., Martinez, J. M., Ovalle, T. M.",2017,Household Determinants of the Adoption of Improved Cassava Varieties using DNA Fingerprinting to Identify Varieties in Farmer Fields A Case Study in Colombia,Journal of Agricultural Economics,,,10.1111/1477-9552.12247,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5756/,"We examine factors affecting the adoption of improved cassava varieties of 217 households in the Cauca Department in southwest Colombia. Using DNA fingerprinting through Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), we identified different cultivars in farmers fields. We also used this information to remove possible bias in the adoption model that could have resulted from a misclassification of improved varieties (IVs). As a result, we found that farmers substantially overestimate their use of IVs and there are important differences in the determinants of adoption between farmer self-identification and DNA fingerprinting. This finding implies that the incorporation of DNA fingerprinting in IV adoption studies is important to ensure the accuracy of future agricultural economic research and the relevance of subsequent policy recommendations. 2017 The Agricultural Economics Society.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Foda, F.F.A.",1987,Biochemical studies on cassava plant (Tapioca) [Egypt],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5759/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Fogain, R., Kwoseh, C., Daneel, M., De Jager, K.",2004,"Nematode management in subsistence farming in Africa with emphasis on banana, plantain and yam cropping systems",Nematology Monographs and Perspectives,2,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5764/,"Bananas (Musa AAA), plantains (Musa AAB) and food yams of the genus Dioscorea play a major role in the diet of many people in Africa. These crops are also an important source of revenue to farmers in rural areas. World production is estimated at about 86 million tons for bananas and plantains, and about 34.5 million tons for food yams. Nematodes are among the major biotic constraints to these crops in Africa causing significant yield losses. The major species attacking bananas and plantains in Africa are Radopholus similis, Pratylenchus spp. (P goodeyi and R coffeae), Helicotylenchus spp. and Meloidogyne spp. Scuttelonema bradys, R coffeae and nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne are the damaging species on yams. This report presents progress on. the management of these pests on banana, plantain and yams in subsistence farming systems where these crops are often grown in association with tree crops such as coffee and cocoa and other food crops including cassava, cocoyams and maize.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Fokunang, C.N., Ikotun, T. (Ibadan Univ. (Nigeria). Dept. of Crop Protection, Environmental Biology), Dixon, A.G.O., Akem, C.N., Tembe, E.A., Nukenine, E.N.",2000,Efficacy of antimicrobial plant crude extracts on the growth of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis,,v. 3,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5772/,"This study was conducted to investigate a cheap and readily available alternative control measure for cassava anthracnose disease causal agent (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis), through the use of antimicrobial crude plant extracts such as neem (Azadirachta indica), bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina), Ocimum gratissimum and Xylopia aethiopica, on the fungal growth parameters (mycelial growth, sporulation and germ tube development). The extracts at concentration levels of 25, 50, 75 and 100% full strength concentration showed an inhibitory effect on mycelial growth, germ tube development and sporulation of fungal isolates 05FCN, 10FCN, 12FCN and 26FCN. Neem seed and leaf extracts at 100% showed a total reduction in sporulation in most of the fungal isolates. The inhibitory properties of the plant crude extracts indicated a promising control option for consideration in cassava treatments of planting stocks, particularly in areas where farming is at a basic subsistent level, and less available money to meet the high cost of pesticides.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Fokunang, C. N., Dixon, A. G. O., Ikotun, T., Akem, C. N., Tembe, E. A.",2002,Rapid screening method of cassava cultivars for resistance to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f.sp. manihotis,Journal of Phytopathology,150,1,10.1046/j.1439-0434.2002.00708.x,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5774/,"An in vitro method for assessing cassava anthracnose disease (CAD) resistance was developed as a preliminary screen to a CAD-resistant breeding programme. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) media was amended by extracts from the stem cortex of 10 cassava cultivars (30001; 30572, 30211, 88/02549, 88/00695, 88/01336, 91/00344, 91/00313, 91/00684 and 91/00475), and assayed for efficacy of inhibition of the growth of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis isolates (05FCN, 10FCN, 12FCN, and 18FCN). Morphological and physiological data indicated that there was a significant difference (P 0.05), in mycelial growth, spore germination and sporulation among the four isolates on PDA amended with cassava stem extracts. Extracts from cassava cultivars 30211, 91/00684 and 91/00313 showed higher inhibition of germ tube development, mycelial growth and sporulation of the fungal isolates, whereas cultivars 88/02549 and 88/01336 showed the least inhibition. The 10 cultivars were further tested in both greenhouse and field conditions, under disease pressure for two planting seasons, to corroborate resistance to the fungus as observed in vitro. Greenhouse and field trials with the 10 cassava cultivars showed a significant difference (P 0.05) in CAD resistance. Cultivars 88/02549 and 88/01336 were highly CAD-susceptible, as shown in the in vitro assays and confirmed in the greenhouse and field tests. The other eight cultivars were either resistant (30211, 91/00684), or moderately resistant (30572, 88/00695, 91/00475, 91/00344, 30001 and 91/00313) to CAD. The study shows that an in vitro screening assay of cassava for resistance to CAD could serve as a convenient preliminary screening technique to discriminate CAD-resistant from CAD-susceptible cassava cultivars. The in vitro screening method considerably reduces time and labour in comparison with the current screening techniques of cassava, which involve field planting, inoculation and evaluation.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Fokunang, C.N., The Nidgeway Farm, Woodnesborough Road, Kent(UK",2004,"Survival and over-seasoning of Colletotrichum gloeosporioidesF.sp. Manihotis, on post-harvest cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)plant materials and soils",Journal of Biological Sciences (Pakistan),v. 4,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5776/,"The aim of this study was to establish the importance of post-harvest survival and over-seasoning of Colletotrichum gloeosporioidesEsp. manihotis on planting materials and in soil. Infected stemcuttings from twelve cassava clones, harvested from two plot sitesES 24 and BSI, then incubated at 25 plus minus 2 degree C for 8months showed a significant decrease (P=0.05) in fungal survivalamongst cassava clones. The lowest fungal recovery of 15% after 8months incubation was recorded for cassava clones 88/0002336 and30572. Cassava stakes, stored under shade and high relative humidconditions for 16 months showed a gradual monthly decrease infungal survival, up to the 10th month. A gradual increase in fungalrecovery was recorded from the 11th month up to the 16th monthwhen maximum recovery was attained, due to re-infectivity of newlydeveloped twigs by CAD pathogens from parent plants. Survival offungus on soil gradually reduced with time and at the 6th month ofsampling, there was no recovery recorded for 80% of the field plotsites. Burial of infected materials for 150 days below 30 cm depthsignificantly reduced the survival of C. gloeosporioides Esp.manihotis on infected materials. These studies have shown that C.gloeosporioides f sp. manihotis could survive on infected cuttings formore than 8 months, but less likely to survive in soil for more than4 months.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Fokunang, C. N., Dixon, A. G. O., Ikotun, T.",2004,Effect of temperature on the survival and infectivity of Pseudotheraptus devastans vector,Mycopathologia,158,3,10.1007/s11046-004-8667-z,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5777/,"The aim of this study was to investigate under a controlled environment, the effect of temperature on the survival and infectivity of Pseudotheraptus devastans Distant, a cassava anthracnose disease vector. The insect P. devastans was collected from young cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) field plots, at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria. A mixture of the different developmental stages of eggs, first to fifth instar nymphs, and adults, were incubated in controlled environment chambers, under various constant temperatures of 15, 17, 22, 25, 27, 30, and 35C. Relative humidity at different temperature conditions were recorded and maintained at 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, and 60%, respectively. A significant increase in insect survival was observed between 22 and 27C temperature conditions while a significant decrease in survival was observed at 15C and above 30C. Lesion number, lesion diameter and infectivity among the insect stages varied as a function of temperature and relative humidity. Infectivity was highest at 22-25C maintained at 75-80% RH and lowest at 15C and above 30C maintained respectively, at 65% RH and 90% RH. There was considerable low vector infectivity due to low survival of the insects at extreme temperatures.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ahiabu, R.K.A., Klu, G.Y.P. ",1996,Effect of gamma irradiation on ACMV symptom severity and yield of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cv. Bosom Nsia,Joint 15th Biennial Conference of the West African Science Association and Biennial Conference of Ghana Science Association,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/578/,"In-vitro and in vivo planting materials of cassava were irradiated with Cobalt - 60 source at doses of 20, 25, and 30 grays to investigate the effect on ACMV severity and yield. Meristems excised cultured on a two stage culture media to generate fully differentiated plantlets which were subcultured to M1V2 stages, acclimatized and transferred to the field conditions. These in-vitro plants were scored for disease symptoms and weights of tubers taken after twelve months of growth.  In-vivo materials make up of 15 cm cuttings with about twenty axillary buds each were irradiated and planted in the field. Disease score and corresponding weights of tubers were taken as for in vitro plants.  Results indicated a positive effect of irradiation on yield for doses used. Speculative reasons were given for the observed results as a number of factors, singularly or in combinations could be responsible and tests to determine these were beyond the scope and purpose of this work.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Folmer, E. C. R., Geurts, P. M. H., Francisco, J. R.",1998,Assessment of soil fertility depletion in Mozambique,"Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment",71,01-Mar,10.1016/S0167-8809(98)00138-8,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5781/,"In this study soil fertility loss is determined by combining land units (based on soil fertility, precipitation and erosion) and land use types (characterized by crops, scale and occupation percentage of the land) into land use systems. Three nutrient balance-related parameters were derived (1) nutrient depletion calculated for cultivated fields, (2) nutrient depletion averaged per land use system (including non-cultivated areas) and (3) nutrient balance compared with the soil nutrient resources in order to assess the rate at which the soil nutrient buffering capacity is affected in a land use system. At field level the cropping systems with the highest nutrient depletion are maize/cassava, both in small scale and in large scale cropping systems. The land use systems with the highest nutrient depletion on cultivated fields are those receiving more than 1000 mm of annual precipitation, having a high soil fertility and an annual erosion of 25 t ha-1. Buffering capacity breakdown is negligible in the largest part of Mozambique. The spatial distribution of these three parameters is presented in three maps. Each indicator has its own value for planners at different scales.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ahiabu, R.K.A. (Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Kwabenya (Ghana))",1996,"Screening of some cassava [Manihot esculenta] cultivars for resistance to the African cassava mosaic virus, ACMV",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/579/,"Nine cassava cultivars made up of three IITA improved cultivars and six local cultivars, grown under the same field conditions with high vector population, were evaluated for one year. For virus indexing, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with monoclonal antibodies were used. Three cultivars showed absolute resistance, while the others exhibited different levels of tolerance and susceptibilities. Visual characteristics of chlorotic mottling associated with ACMV cannot be used in determining the resistance or susceptibility of a cultivar since some cultivars, which were termed tolerant plants, contained the virus without any signs of disease",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Fondong, V. N., Thresh, J. M., Zok, S.",,Spatial and temporal spread of cassava mosaic virus disease in cassava grown alone and when intercropped with maize and/or cowpea,Phytopathologische Zeitschrift,Aug 2002. v. 150 (7),,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5795/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Ahiamadjie, H., Serfor-Armah, Y., Tandoh, J. B., Gyampo, O., Ofosu, F. G., Dampare, S. B., Adotey, D. K., Nyarko, B. J. B.",2011,Evaluation of trace elements contents in staple foodstuffs from the gold mining areas in southwestern part of Ghana using neutron activation analysis,Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,288,3,10.1007/s10967-011-0979-0,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/580/,"Most studies in gold mining areas in Ghana have been concentrated on soil, sediment and atmospheric pollution, very limited work has been conducted on consumed crops. This work therefore aims at shedding more light on the effects of gold mining activities on selected consumed food crops (""Xanthosoma sagittifolium"", ""Colocasia esculenta"", ""Musa paradisiacal"" and ""Manihot Esculentus"" in Ghana using Neutron Activation Analysis. Arsenic (As) recorded very alarming concentrations averaging about 6.37 mg/kg, which is twice WHO recommended levels for ""Manihot esculentus"", ""Xanthosoma sagittifolium"" and ""Musa Paradisiacal"" from Iduapriem Town. The distributions of the concentration of Mercury were more concentrated in the gold mining towns recording values exceeding WHO recommended values. This calls for a concerted effort to minimize the negative impacts of gold mining in the study area. The distribution of the various elemental concentration in various foodstuffs were accomplished by employing statistical methods like Cluster, Principal Component Analysis and Pearson correlation matrix. Statistically, two separate clusters was observed for foodstuffs from mining and non- mining towns.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Fontana, A., da Silva, C. F., Pereira, M. G., Loss, A., de Brito, R. J., Benites, V. M.",2011,Assessment of organic matter compartments in an Atlantic Forest area,Acta Scientiarum - Agronomy,33,3,10.4025/actasciagron.v33i3.5169,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5804/,"Assessment of organic matter compartments in an Atlantic Forest area. This study has as objective to evaluate the soil organic matter (SOM) compartments in areas with different vegetables coverings in the around of Serra do Mar State Park, Ubatuba, So Paulo State. Were selected areas of cassava (monoculture), banana (agroforest system), scrub and secondary forest (Atlantic Forest) and samples of soil were taken at 0-5 and 5-10 cm depths in July 2003 (winter) and March 2004 (summer). Were quantified the total organic carbon (TOC), the humic substances with tenors of organic carbon in the fulvic acid fraction (C-FAF); humic acid fraction (C-HAF) and humin (C-HUM) and the C-FAH/C-FAF ratio and the light organic matter (LOM). The tenors of COT varied between 26.3 - 35.7 g kg-1 and 20.2 - 33.1 g kg-1, 0-5 and 5-10 cm depth, respectively. The tenors of COT were similar between the forest and banana areas. The tenors of MOL were similar between the banana and scrub areas. For the humic substances, the C-HUM predominated and presented small variation between coverings, followed by C-FAF, which was lesser in the banana and cassava areas and C-HAF with small tenors in the cassava area.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Forno, D. A., Asher, C. J., Edwards, D. G.",,"Mist propagation of cassava tip cuttings for nutritional studies effects of substrate calcium concentration, temperature and shading",Tropical agriculture,"Jan 1976, 53 (1)",,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5811/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Forson, F. K., Akuffo, F. O., Nazha, M. A. A.",1996,"Natural convection solar crop-dryers of commercial scale in Ghana Design, construction and performance",International Journal of Ambient Energy,17,3,10.1080/01430750.1996.9675231,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5815/,"Traditional open sun-drying, the predominant method of food preservation in Ghana, has serious drawbacks leading to significant post-harvest losses (between 20 and 30%). Mechanical dryers can provide high quality products with minimum losses but they require sources of electrical or chemical energy, which, in the case of Ghana, are costly or scarce. This makes the development of an effective natural convection solar dryer an attractive alternative. A mixed-mode natural convection solar crop-dryer (a dryer in which the crop is dried by a combination of the direct absorption of solar radiation and by natural convection where air, heated by solar energy, is passed over the crop) has been designed. Two commercial dryers, based on this design and capable of handling between 1,000 and 1,500 kg of various agricultural products (such as cassava, pepper, maize, okra, etc.) have been constructed and partially tested at Agona-Asafo in the central region of Ghana. The results of these preliminary tests indicate that it takes 35 days to dry 1,000 kg of pepper from moisture content level of 78% to a safe storage level of 8%. The design, construction details and the results of the preliminary tests are presented in this paper. Ambient Press Limited 1996.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Forsythe, W., Tafur, N.",1985,"The Effect of Various Methods of Land Preparation on Soil Resistance to Penetration and Yields of Corn (Zea-Mays-L), Cassava (Manihot-Esculenta Crantz) and Sweet-Potato (Ipomoea-Batatas L) in Association .1. Effect of Cropping Systems and Land Preparation on the Soil",Turrialba,35,4,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5819/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Forsythe, W., Tafur, N.",1986,"effect of various methods of land preparation on soil resistance to penetration and yields of corn (Zea mays L.), cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) in association. I. Effect of cropping systems and land preparation on the soil",Turrialba,v. 35,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5820/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ahmad, I.",1973,Potential fodder and tuber yields of two varieties of tapioca,Malaysian agricultural journal,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/583/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Fox, R.H., Tallkeyrand, H., Scott, T.W.",1975,"Effect of nitrogen fertilization on yields and nitrogen content of cassava, Llanera cultivar",Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico,59,2,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/5832/,"Experiments were conducted on two Ultisols in the interior of Puerto Rico to determine the fertilizer N requirements of a high yielding, high root protein variety of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz cv. Llanera) from Colombia. This variety appeared to be daylength sensitive and top growth ceased from mid November to mid-February, when days were shorter than 11 1/2 hours. At Corozal (Humatas clay), the crop was grown from mid- March to mid-December and top growth responded strongly and root growth moderately to applied N. High N rates produced low root/top ratios (.67-87) but, due to the experience at the Cidra site, it is assumed that root/top ratios would have increased to higher levels had the crop continued to grow. Apparent recovery of fertilizer N was high (68-69 percent) for the 40 and 80 kg/ha rates. At Cidra (Torres clay), where the crop grew from mid-June until the following May and was dormant for the three winter months, there was no response to N, the top yields were lower but the root/top ratios were higher (average, 1.37) and were not affected by N rates. The lack of response to N was due to the high N supplying power of this soil. The maximum root yields were 23 metric tons/ha at Corozal and 33 metric tons/ha at Cidra. Plants in the highest yielding treatments contained 125-175 kg/ha N. Assuming all N was protein N, unpeeled root protein contents averaged 3.4 percent and peeled 2.3 percent on a dry weight basis and were increased only slightly by higher N rates. The N content of the 4th and 5th fully expanded leaves 4-5 months after planting was very well correlated with final root yield at Corozal (R2 = .99 for 0-160 kg/ha N rates). It appears that a minimum of 5 percent N in these leaves 2 1/2 months after planting is necessary for maximum yields.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Franzaring, J., Mbaka, G. E., Ambebe, T. F., Nkengafac, J. N., Schlosser, S., Fangmeier, A.",2017,Foliar nutrient and metal levels of crops in the Mount Cameroon area-reference values for plant nutrition and environmental monitoring,Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,189,4,10.1007/s10661-017-5896-4,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5864/,"The growing population number and traffic loads, increasing environmental pressures, agricultural intensification, and the establishment of Mount Cameroon National Park demand farsighted environmental management in the region and the definition of a favorable ecological status. Since plants grow in the interface between soils and the atmosphere they can be used as passive biomonitors for the environmental quality. At the same time, the accumulation of nutrients and pollutants in crops is linked to human health, so that foliar elemental levels can be used as an integrative measure for environmental pollution and impact assessment. In the present study, we collected leaf samples of plantain, cassava, cocoyam, and maize on 28 sites at the southern flanks of Mt. Cameroon and determined 20 chemical elements. Air pollution in the study area comes from biomass and waste burning mainly, but emissions from traffic and a large refinery were believed to also play a significant role. However, spatial patterns in foliar elemental concentrations reflected the geochemistry rather than specific sources of pollution. Significant differences in foliar metal and nutrient levels were observed between the four species, indicating a different demand and uptake of specifyic elements. The results were compared to published data on nutrient concentrations in the tested species and the so-called reference plant. The data can be used as a baseline for future studies in plant nutrition and the environmental monitoring in inner tropical regions where these crops are grown.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Fraser, James A.",2010,"Caboclo Horticulture and Amazonian Dark Earths along the Middle Madeira River, Brazil",,v. 38,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5868/,"This article examines the relationship between Amazonian Dark Earths (ADE) and Caboclo horticultural knowledge and practice along the middle Madeira River (the biggest whitewater tributary of the Amazon) in the municipality of Manicor, Amazonas State, Brazil. ADE are fertile anthropogenic (human-made) soils that are found in many areas of the Amazon region. The formation of ADE is a legacy of Amerindian settlement patterns, mostly during the late pre-Columbian period (2000-500 bp). The primary users of ADE in the Central Amazon today are Caboclos, traditional Amazonian people of heterogeneous origins. The multi-sited ethnography presented here demonstrates that Caboclos have developed a repertoire of local knowledge surrounding the cultivation of their staple crop, bitter manioc, in these soils. This revolves around a local theory of weakness and strength used to describe different sets of bitter manioc landrace traits and their responses to planting in different kinds of soil and fallow ages. This local theory has developed in the context of a regional historical ecology that has enabled the conservation and generation of such horticultural knowledge. I conclude that these notions of strength and weakness shape divergent loci of bitter manioc genetic traits and co-evolutionary dynamics between people and plants in the cultivation of bitter manioc in different soil types.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Fraser, J. A., Junqueira, A. B., Kawa, N. C., Moraes, C. P., Clement, C. R.",2011,Crop Diversity on Anthropogenic Dark Earths in Central Amazonia,Human Ecology,39,4,10.1007/s10745-011-9405-z,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5870/,"A recent archaeological survey demonstrates that one of the most durable of all forms of pre-Columbian landscape transformation, Amazonian Dark Earths (ADE; soils formed by pre-Columbian settlement), are widespread along the course of the Madeira River, Central Amazonia, Brazil. We hypothesize that processes of crop cultivation and management by human populations today in landscapes that were intensively transformed during the pre-Columbian period will diverge from those in environments where human agency has not left such a heavy footprint. In order to test this hypothesis, we compare bitter manioc fields, homegardens and secondary forests on ADE with those on non-anthropogenic soils along the lower and middle Madeira River. We demonstrate that crop species and landrace populations diverge on anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic soils as a result of the interaction between human selection and management, soil physical and chemical properties, and plant responses over time. Hence, crop species selection and abundance and therefore agrobiodiversity is contingent on anthropogenic soils in Central Amazonia.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Fresco, L.O.",1986,Cassava in shifting cultivation: a systems approach to agricultural development in Africa,Cassava in shifting cultivation: a systems approach to agricultural development in Africa,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5911/,"The background of this study forms the debate about the nature and causes of the 'African crisis', the declining food availability per head of the African population. Generalized statements on African agriculture, based on aggregated production figures, however, do not adequately reflect the diversity in performances between crops and regions and do not allow the formulation of solutions adapted to local situations. In order to gain a better understanding of the African crisis, changes in cassava production in the Kwango-Kwilu region in central Zaire are analysed in detail. This analysis involves factors of different natures and rates of change. For that reason, a framework is developed that allows the integration of technical and socio-economic aspects of crop production. This framework draws upon ecological system analysis and, to a lesser extent, on farming systems research.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Fresco, L.O.",1990,The dynamics of cassava production with special reference to Tanzania,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5912/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ahmed, B.",1988,Evaluation of some cassava varieties in Trinidad propagated by a rapid multiplication technique,Annual Seminar on Agricultural Research (Trinidad and Tobago),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/592/,"A field trial was conducted in 1985 to evaluate 25 cassava varieties (Manihot esculentus Crantz) propagated by a rapid multiplication technique. Each variety was harvested after 9 and 12 months. Tuber yields varied between 17.6-53.3 t/ha. Cultivar and period of harvest had a significant effect on yield after 12 months compared to 9 months of growth. Top yields ranged between 26.4-92.7 t/ha. Varietal differences and variety x harvest time was significant. Harvest index varied from 0.40-1.55. Cultivars such as CMC 40 VO5/72, VO7/72 and White Stick Bunk Bunk were identified as high yielding types",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Frischmuth, T., Stanley, J.",1993,Strategies for the Control of Geminivirus Diseases,Seminars in Virology,4,6,10.1006/smvy.1993.1031,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5923/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Frison, E.A. (International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, Via delle Sette Chiese 142, Rome (Italy))",1994,Sanitation techniques for cassava,Tropical Science,v. 34,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5932/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Fritschel, Heidi ed.",2012,Farming smarter: The uphill push toward conservation agriculture,Insights: Magazine of the International Food Policy Research Institute,2,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5933/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Fuenmayor Campos, F. C., Montilla, J., Albarrn, J. G., Prez, M., Vaccarino Aray, L. C., Segovia Segovia, V. F.",2012,Evaluation and selection of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) clones from National Seed Plan of INIA-Venezuela. Preliminary results,Revista Cientifica UDO Agricola,12,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5948/,"The National Seed Plan was implemented to ensure food sovereignty and security in 2004 in charge of National Agricultural Research Institute (INIA)-Venezuela. Within this Plan, the plant breeding program has been carried out, whose objective was to obtain new genetic combinations using different schemes of crossing and selection and evaluation of genotypes in different environments. In 2006, a program of selection of cultivars was established, both for use as parents for free and directed crosses and for use commercial per se. Regional trials were conducted in Anzotegui, Aragua y Barinas and fresh root yield (kg/ha), dry matter and starch were evaluated. In the case of Anzotegui, clones had the highest yields were SM 909-25 (44,163), Cacho e venado (37,971), Paiguanera (33,096), IM220 (31,867), IM225 (31,533). In Aragua, best clones were Llavitera (37,023), IM-225 (26,833), Vara de Arpn (23,750), SM-909-25 (23,583) and Sardina (21,667) and for Barinas, the best were IM- 225 (50,033), INIA-2000 (40,657), Venezuela-7 (34,600), CM 6740-7 (24,464), IM-220 (22,000). In relation to dry matter and starch, clones with the highest values for Anzotegui were CM 3306-4 (37 and 35%, respectively), Vara de Arpn (34 and 32%, respectively), Sardina (33 and 31%, respectively), SM-2000 and INIA 909-25 (32 and 30%, respectively). In the case of Barinas, all clones exceeded the required value by agribusiness, clones with the highest percentages CM-3306-4 (48 and 45%, respectively), IM-220 and INIA-2000 (44 and 42%, respectively).",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Ahohuendo, B. C., Sarkar, S.",1995,Partial Control of the Spread of African Cassava Mosaic-Virus in Benin by Intercropping,Zeitschrift Fur Pflanzenkrankheiten Und Pflanzenschutz-Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection,102,3,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/595/,"A field study on the dynamics of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, populations and the spread of the virus-induced mosaic disease, ACMV, was carried out using two cassava varieties, Manihot esculenta Crantz, in intercropping with maize (Zea mays L.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) and peanut (Arachis hypogeae L.). The investigation was carried out during the 1990's two cropping seasons at Abomey-Calavi in South-Benin. The results showed that the practice of intercropping cassava with maize, cowpea and peanut markedly reduced the population size of whitefly and, consequently, the incidence of disease development in the cassava crop. This reduction both in population size and disease incidence was considered to be an effect of the planting density, diversity as well as the feeding behaviour of the whitefly. The lowest whitefly populations were observed on the cassava plants in intercropping with cowpea and the lowest disease incidence was assessed in the cassava crop associated with cowpea and peanut.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Fuglie, K.O. (Rockefeller Fellow, International Potato Center, Ariana, Tunis, Tunisia)",1991,"""Vent-for-surplus"" as a source of agricultural growth in Northeast Thailand, 1985-1980",,v. 25,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5953/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ahohuendo, B. C., Sarkar, S.",1995,Partial control of the spread of African cassava mosaic virus in Benin by intercropping,Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz,102,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/596/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Fujisaka, S., Escobar, G., Veneklaas, E.",1998,Plant community diversity relative to human land uses in an Amazon forest colony,Biodiversity and Conservation,7,1,10.1023/A1008855612209,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5961/,"We examined numbers of plant species and individuals relative to land use in an agricultural settlement in the Brazilian Amazon. Land uses were forest, cropped after forest, fallows, cropped after fallow, and pasture. These corresponded roughly to farmers' land-use changes over time. Numbers of species and diversity indices were generally highest in forest, but we found quite similar values in older fallows as a result of both survival/re-establishment of forest species and emergence of plants not encountered in forest. The dominant species in fallows, however, were different from those in forest. Lands cropped using slash-and-burn maintained moderate numbers of species-both forest and non-forest. Trends in plant density (individuals per unit ground area) on cropped lands were mainly related to invasion of weedy species (increasing in time after slash-and-burn) and shifts in crop species (replacement of small-sized rice by larger-sized maize and cassava). Useful forest plants (e.g. for construction purposes, food and medicines) decreased with land conversion, although new species also appeared. The fewest species, tree species, and useful plants, and the greatest losses of the forest flora, were encountered in pastures. Consequently, conversion to pasture rather than slash-and-burn agriculture per se led to high biodiversity loss.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Fujisaka, Sam",1998,Farmer participatory adaptation and adoption of contour hedgerows for soil conservation,"Regional Workshop Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Farmer Participatory Research in Asia",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5962/,"From 1987 through 1992 a team of on-farm researchers worked at Claveria in northern Mindanao to improve the productivity and sustainability of the local upland rice and maize-based agroecosystems. Adaptive research goals were to improve crop productivity, control soil erosion, and improve nutrient cycling. A ""strategic"" goal was to develop methods by which research programs could work with farmers to develop locally appropriate and adoptable innovations. We used contour hedgerow systems as a general technology to control soil erosion; worked with farmers on their adaptation of the technology; and eventually our results included lessons for farmer-participatory research, technology development, and technology transfer.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Fukai, S., Wilson, G.L., Cerpukdee, U., O'Grady, D.P.S.",1989,Cassava-legume intercropping in the subtropics,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5967/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Fukai, S., Trenbath, B. R.",1993,Processes Determining Intercrop Productivity and Yields of Component Crops,Field Crops Research,34,03-Apr,10.1016/0378-4290(93)90117-6,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5968/,"This review examines how intercrop productivity is determined, by analysing several key physiological processes which affect yields of component crops. Availability of environmental resources to each of the component crops is important in determining combined intercrop productivity, and hence the analysis is based on capture of environmental resources and efficiency of conversion of captured resources into growth of harvested organs of the component crops. It is emphasized that the competitive abilities of component crops, which determine their biomass production and often yields, vary greatly according to growth environment, and hence cultural manipulation can adjust the balance of their yields. Intercrops are most productive when their component crops differ greatly in growth duration so that their maximum requirements for growth resources occur at different times. For high intercrop productivity, plants of the early-maturing component should grow with little interference from the late-maturing crop. The latter may be affected somewhat by the associated crop, but a long time period for further growth after the harvest of the first crop should ensure good recovery and full use of available resources. Compared with a sole crop, the reduced size of non-harvested organs of the late-maturing crop can result in improved assimilate partitioning to the harvested organ during the later part of the growth period and consequently a higher harvest index. Because of the differences in growth rhythm between component crops, there tends to be little interaction between relative performance of component crops and growth environment and hence productivity of this type of intercrop is often insensitive to management interventions. In contrast, when growth durations of component crops are similar the crops compete more intensely for available resources. Their relative performances can then be greatly affected by small changes in growth environment. 'Additive' intercrops of this type may nevertheless be productive, particularly where growth resources are more completely captured than in corresponding sole crops. However, if non-replenished growth resources are utilized too rapidly, the less-competitive component may suffer greatly. 'Replacement' intercrops of this type are not so productive in high-yielding environments. When the growth environment is not favourable however, their total lower plant populations compared to additive intercrops may allow yields of replacement intercrops to be less depressed. Where similar-duration crops are grown in variable environments, replacement intercrops may therefore be preferred due to their greater yield stability. Where a dominant crop uses available resources excessively and inefficiently, agronomic manipulation in favour of the usually suppressed component seems most likely to improve the productivity of the whole intercrop. Intercrop productivity depends on the genetic constitution of component crops, growth environment (atmospheric and soil) and agronomic manipulations of microenvironment. The interaction of these factors should be optimized so that the limiting resource is utilized most effectively in the inter crop. An understanding of the sharing of resources among component crops will help identify more appropriate agronomic manipulations and cultivars for intercrops.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Fukuba, H., Mendoza, E.M.T.",1984,Determination of cyanide in cassava,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5972/,"Cyanide contents of cassava tubers and leaves were determined by three different methods, namely, alkaline picrate, pyridine-pyrazolone and isotachoelactrophoretic methods, following the release of cyanide from cyanogenic glucoside by added partially purified linamarase. It was found that Lakan W78 and S.M.I. 150 belong to the sweet or edible type; Davao City 6, W236, M Mex 59, Mameya Black Twig, M Col and B.S.C. to the intermediate type (moderately poisonous), while the other cultivars tested belong to the bitter of dangerously poisonous type. The cyanide contents determined by the alkaline picrate method were higher than those obtained by the other two methods",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Fukuba, H., Data, E.S.",1984,Root crop [cassava] survey in Mindanao [Philippines],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5973/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Fukuda, Wania Maria Goncalves., Saad, Nadine.",2001,Participatory research in cassava breeding with farmers in northeastern Brazil,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5974/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Fulton, M.C., Bell, L.C., Asher, C.J.",1996,"Mineral nutrition of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) grown in replaced soil after bauxite mining at Weipa, Queensland",Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture,v. 36,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5978/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Fulton, M.C., Asher, C.J.",1997,Zinc treatments applied to cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) setts changes early growth and zinc status of plants,Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture,37,7,10.1071/EA96093,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5979/,"Zinc (Zn) deficiency limited the early growth of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in nutritional trials on a Zn-deficient lateritic red earth that was replaced after bauxite mining at Weipa (12°28""S, 141°53""E). The symptoms developed at 2 weeks after emergence, despite the band application of 0–32 kg Zn/ha and were not related to rates of Zn or other fertilisers applied to the soil. The Zn deficiency in the cassava plants was attributed to low Zn in setts before root access to soil and fertiliser Zn.
Two techniques were studied to establish if they could be used to correct Zn deficiency early in the growth of cassava: one was the fertilisation of cassava plants before cutting the stems for planting setts, and the other was soaking cassava setts in Zn solutions for various times at 101 kPa (atmospheric pressure) or 51 kPa (partial pressure). Setts, after treatments, were planted into pots of lateritic soil from Weipa.

Plants grown from setts soaked in ZnSO4 solutions varying from 17.4 to 348 mmol Zn/L did not develop Zn-deficiency symptoms, whereas, 62% of plants grown from either unsoaked setts or setts soaked in water developed symptoms. However, the prior fertilisation of cassava plants failed to decrease the incidence of Zn deficiency in plants and did not increase the Zn concentration in setts.

Several treatments in Zn solutions were found to significantly increase the Zn concentration in setts, were not detrimental to shoot emergence nor the subsequent growth of plants, and provided an adequate Zn concentration in leaf blades. These treatments were: soaking in 17.4 or 69.5 mmol Zn/L for 5 h and in 69.5 mmol Zn/L for 0.5 h at 51 kPa; and soaking in 69.5 mmol Zn/L for 5 h and in 139 mmol Zn/L for 0.5 and 5 h at 101 kPa. These treatments could be used to overcome early Zn deficiency in cassava plants where the deficiency is a problem despite the soil application of Zn fertilisers.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Furukawa, Y., Inubushi, K., Ali, M., Itang, A.M., Tsuruta, H.",2005,Effect of changing groundwater levels caused by land-use changes on greenhouse gas fluxes from tropical peat lands,Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,71,1,10.1007/s10705-004-5286-5,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5985/,"Monthly measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes in peat soils were carried out and compared with groundwater level over a year at four sites (drained forest, upland cassava,upland and lowland paddy fields) located in Jambi province, Indonesia. Fluxes from swamp forest soils were also measured once per year as the native state of this investigated area. Land-use change from drained forest to lowland paddy field significantly decreased the CO2 (from 266 to 30 mg C m−2 h−1) and N2O fluxes (from 25.4 to 3.8 μg N m−2 h−1), but increased the CH4 flux (from 0.1 to 4.2 mg C m−2 h−1) in the soils. Change from drained forest to cassava field significantly increased N2O flux (from 25.4 to 62.2 μg N m−2 h−1), but had no significant influence on CO2 (from 266 to 200 mg C m−2 h−1) and CH4 fluxes (from 0.1 to 0.3 mg C m−2 h−1) in the soils. Averaged CO2 fluxes in the swamp forests (94 mg C m−2 h−1) were estimated to be one-third of that in the drained forest. Groundwater levels of drained forest and upland crop fields had been lowered by drainage ditches while swamp forest and lowland paddy field were flooded, although groundwater levels were also affected by precipitation. Groundwater levels were negatively related to CO2 flux but positively related to CH4 flux at all investigation sites. The peak of the N2O flux was observed at –20 cm of groundwater level. Lowering the groundwater level by 10 cm from the soil surface resulted in a 50 increase in CO2 emission (from 109.1 to 162.4 mg C m−2 h−1) and a 25% decrease in CH4 emission (from 0.440 to 0.325 mg C m−2 h−1) in this study. These results suggest that lowering of groundwater level by the drainage ditches in the peat lands contributes to global warming and devastation of fields. Swamp forest was probably the best land-use management in peat lands to suppress the carbon loss and greenhouse gas emission. Lowland paddy field was a better agricultural system in the peat lands in terms of C sequestration and greenhouse gas emission. Carbon loss from lowland paddy field was one-eighth of that of the other upland crop systems, although the Global Warming Potential was almost the same level as that of the other upland crop systems because of CH4 emission through rice plants.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Makanjuola, G.A., Asoegwu, N.S.",1984,Viscoelastic properties of cassava roots,Paper - American Society of Agricultural Engineers,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5987/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"G.C., Divinagracia, N.P., Mailum",1977,"Diseases of rootcrops [sweet potato, cassava, taro in the Philippines]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5990/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"G.F., Wilson, T.L., Lawson",1982,Increased resource exploitation through intercropping with cassava - summary,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5995/,"This paper discusses cassava and its ability to exploit the tropical environment. Although cassava is grown in association with many other crops, this paper deals mainly with its association to maize and to a lesser extent cowpea. It was concluded that cassava with a long growth period, drought tolerence, and wide low plant density is an ideal crop for exploiting uncertain tropical environments. Maize/cassava combinations are efficient, but the full potential of these associations is still unknown.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"G.G., Divinagracia",1978,"Survey and control of pathogens and insect pests attacking root crops [sweet potato, taro, yams and cassava; study conducted at UPLB, Philippines]",NSDB technology journal,v. 3,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/5997/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Nair, G.M., Ravindran, C.S., Prasad, M.",1984,Cultural practices for tuber crops,Indian Farming,33,12,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6005/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"G.O., Obigbesan, A.O., Ketiku, A.A., Fayemi",1977,"Effects of age at harvest and fertilizer application on the yield, available carbohydrates and hydrocyanic acid content of cassava (Manihot palmata Pohl)",,v. 88,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6007/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"G.W., Garcia",1988,Production of Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) and cassava (Manihot esculenta) forages and their nitrogen utilisation by growing dairy cattle fed sugarcane based diets,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6017/,"The effect of time to first harvest and subsequent regrowth harvest on the forage productivity and nutritive value of cassava (Manihot esculenta) and leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) on an acid (pH-4.5) Ultisol in Trinidad during the dry season was examined. The nitrogen utilisation of cassava, leucaena and soybean meal in growing dairy cattle fed sugarcane-molasses based diets was also examined. The leucaena forage productivity studies showed that the maximum total dry matter and crude protein (CP) yields of 3892 and 798 kg/ha, respectively, were obtained with first harvest at four months after planting and second harvest three months later. For cassava, however, yields were not significantly (p > 0.05) affected by the different combinations of different ages at first and second harvest. Simulated forage harvesting models suggested that both forage crops had the potential of yielding approximately 6t/ha/annum of forage CP. In the nitrogen utilisation studies the rumen degradable protein of cassava, leucaena, and soybean meal were observed to be 40, 42 and 60 %, respectively, using the nylon bag technique. These protein sources were used also as protein supplements and compared in sugarcane-molasses based diets in a nitrogen balance study. Dry matter and organic matter digestibilities and average daily gains, using either soybean meal and/or leucaena as the CP supplement, were found to be inversely related to the acid detergent fibre content of the diets. It was estimated that post ruminal digestion of CP was 0,28, and 26 % for cassava, leucaena, and soybean meal, respectively, and the apparent total digestible CP was calculated to be 40, 70, and 86 %, respectively. Results of two Grade Holstein growth studies conducted feeding leucaena forage protein in sugarcane-molasses based diets suggested that estimated CP intakes were in close agreement with the recommendations of the NRC (1978) and the those of the ARC (1980) tended to be generally lower. Estimated digestible energy intakes generally agreed with both recommendations.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Persley, G., Terry, E.R., MacIntyre R.",1977,"Cassava bacterial blight: report of an interdisciplinary workshop held at IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 1-4 November 1976","Cassava bacterial blight: report of an interdisciplinary workshop held at IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 1-4 November 1976",,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6018/,"This is the IIth IDRC report on cassava. All but two of them have recorded proceedings of multidisciplinary meetings. This report covers the proceedings of a workshop held at the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IIT A) in Ibadan, Nigeria, in November 1976. The workshop
discussed the subject of cassava bacterial blight (CBB).",Excluded,Duplicate
"Persley, G., Terry, E.R., MacIntyre, R.",1977,"Cassava bacterial blight: report of an interdisciplinary workshop held at IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 1-4 November 1976","Cassava bacterial blight: report of an interdisciplinary workshop held at IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 1-4 November 1976",,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6019/,"This is the IIth IDRC report on cassava. All but two of them have recorded proceedings of multidisciplinary meetings. This report covers the proceedings of a workshop held at the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IIT A) in Ibadan, Nigeria, in November 1976. The workshop discussed the subject of cassava bacterial blight (CBB).",Excluded,Duplicate
"Heys, G.",1977,Cassava improvement in the Niger Delta of Nigeria,"Cassava bacterial blight: report of an interdisciplinary workshop held at IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 1-4 November 1976",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6020/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"G., Barker",1981,"Root crop investigation in the Caribbean; a bibliography [Colocasia esculenta, Xanthosoma spp., Manihot esculenta, Solanum tuberosum, Ipomoea batatas, Dioscorea spp.]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6022/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"G., Loebenstein, S., Spiegel, A., Gera",1982,Localized resistance and barrier substances [to virus diseases in plants],,v. 37,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6023/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Gomez, G., Noma, A.T.",1986,"The amino acid composition of cassava leaves, foliage, root tissues and whole-root chips",Nutrition Reports International,33,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6028/,"Extract: Samples of leaves, foliage, root tissues (parenchyma and peel) and whole-root chips from 10-month-old plants of cassava cultivars M Col 22 and M Col 1684 were analyzed for protein content and amino acid composition. Additional samples of whole-root chips from 10- to 12-month-old plants of cv. Llanera and CMC-84 were also analyzed. The average protein contents, on an air dry basis, of leaf, foliage, root parenchyma, root peel and whole-root chip samples were 22.2, 17.5, 3.2, 9.9 and 4.1 per cent, respectively. The amino acid profile of sun-dried cassava foliage compared favorably to that of sun-cured alfalfa meal. The low concentration of the sulfur amino acids and the relative high content of arginine were the common features in all cassava samples analyzed. The amino acid composition of dried whole-root chips was lower than that of cereal grains commonly used for animal feeding.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Gomez, G., Valdivieso, M., de la Cuesta, D., Kawano, K.",1984,Cyanide content in whole‐root chips of ten cassava cultivars and its reduction by oven drying or sun drying on trays,International Journal of Food Science and Technology,19,1,10.1111/j.1365-2621.1984.tb00329.x,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6034/,"The effect of sun drying on trays for 48 hr and of oven drying in an air‐forced oven at 60°C for 24 hr on the cyanide content of chips of ten cassava varieties was studied. Fresh cassava chips from whole roots of these varieties showed significantly different total cyanide contents among them with values in the range of 100–900 mg/kg on a dry matter basis; most of the varieties studied exhibited cyanide contents in the range of 200–600 mg/kg. The free cyanide proportion in the fresh chips was in the range of 30–40% of their total cyanide. Sun and oven drying reduced the cyanide content in the dried chips to approximately 15–30% of the initial cyanide content of fresh chips. In addition, the free cyanide content in dried chips accounted for approximately 60–80% of their total cyanide value.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Gabriel, L. F., Streck, N. A., Uhlmann, L. O., da Silva, M. R., da Silva, S. D.",2014,Climate change and its effects on cassava crop,Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental,18,1,10.1590/S1415-43662014000100012,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6044/,"The objective of this review is to ensemble information from the literature on the response of cassava to climate change. The growth rate of the most plants increases at elevated CO2 because it is the substrate for photosynthesis, however, the increase in temperature may offset the benefits of CO2 on crop productivity due to a shortening of the cycle and increase in respiration of maintenance. Results from greenhouse, field and numerical experiments indicate that the response of cassava crop to elevated CO2 is positive, i.e. the increase in atmospheric CO2 results in increase of storage root yield of cassava. The increase in temperature projected in future climate scenarios in general should not decrease storage root yield of cassava, mainly in Africa, where this crop has an important role on food security. Further studies should be made using the current knowledge in order to confirm previous studies on the response of cassava to elevated CO2 and temperature in regions where few studies have been conducted, like in Brazil.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Gahukar, R.T.",1991,Current approaches to cassava pest management in subtropical Africa,Agricultural Zoology Reviews,4,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6050/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Galinato, M.I.",1983,Boron and gibberellic acid for increased seed production in cassava and sweet potato,VICARP News,4,03-Apr,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6064/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Galinato, M.I.",1983,Floral biology of selected cassava and sweet potato varieties,VICARP News,4,03-Apr,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6065/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Aigbe, S. O., Remison, S. U., Bandyopadhyay, R.",2008,Root rot fungi succession during Cassava (Manihot esculenta. Crantz) tuberous root development in different ecological zones of Nigeria,Phytopathology,98,6,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/608/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ganguly, B., Raychaudhuri, S. P., Sharma, B. C.",1970,Serodiagnostic method for detecting mosaic infected cassava plants in field,Current Science,39,8,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6082/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ganotisi, N.D., Inocencio, L.G., Gappi, M.R., Romerona, C.M., Ortal, M.",2013,Increasing farmers productivity and income through soil conservation technique,Philippine Journal of Crop Science,v. 38,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6085/,"A study aimed to improve crop diversification and intensification through conservation farming in the upland was conducted in Pudtol, Apayao [Philippines] during WS [wet season] 2011 to DS [dry season] 2012. The experimental area was flat to rolling. The study specifically aimed a) To improve the cropping pattern in the uplands for increase production, b) To improve the awareness of upland farmers on soil conservation management for rice in the uplands, and c) To increase income of upland rice farmers. Two treatments were evaluated namely (1) Intervention model - Contour farming with alley cropping WS - rice as ally crop with pigeon pea + pineapple + ginger as hedge rows and DS - cowpea as alley crop with pigeon pea + pineapple + cassava as hedge rows, and (2) Farmers' practice - rice relayed with pineapple. In the second season, the intervention model was expanded in a more steep (43% slope) adjacent area of 1,544 sq m. Kakawate (Gliricida sepium) was used as hedge row. A total of 1,250 cuttings of kakawate were planted in a double row. At the intervention model, the net income derived from NSIC Rc192, despite the prolong drought at vegetative stage, was P 4,850.00/ha. Additional net income was obtained from cassava and cowpea of P 20,817.00 and P 8,972.00 per hectare, respectively. While the farmers' practice net income from Palawan traditional rice variety was P 2,420.25. The relay pineapple crop is still standing and will be harvested after 24 months from planting.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Gapasin, R.M.",1978,"Survey, pathogenicity and control of plant parasitic nematodes associated with major root crops [sweet potato, cassava, taro, yams and arrowroot] in Leyte [Philippines]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6100/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Gapasin, R.M.",1980,Reaction of golden yellow cassava to Meloidogyne spp. inoculation,Annals of Tropical Research,v. 2,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6101/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Aigbe, S. O., Remison, S. U.",2010,Minor root rot pathogens of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Nigeria,Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection,43,13,10.1080/03235400903145483,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/611/,"Many different species of fungi are often isolated from rotted cassava root tubers and pathogenicity studies have often implicated Botryodiplodia theobromae and Fusarium solani as the major causal pathogens. Consequently, more attention has often been focused on Botryodiplodia theobromae and Fusarium solani with little or no attention on the other minor pathogens. Considering the increasing importance of cassava to the Nigerian economy and the fact that minor root rot pathogens of cassava today could become major tomorrow, the aim of this research is to determine the incidence, pathogenicity and symptoms of the minor root rot pathogens in cassava from cassava fields within the derived savanna and the humid forest of Nigeria. Isolation of associated fungi was done on rotted root samples and the pathogenicity of these isolates were established by inoculating them into healthy cassava tuberous roots and subsequently reisolating them from resulting rotted tissue. The less frequently isolated fungi where Macrophomina sp., Trichoderma sp., Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Sclerotium rolfsii and Fungus 'A' (a yet to be identified fungus). Repeated experiments confirmed a constant relationship between inoculated fungus and the resulting rotted tissue colour. The root rot tissue colours associated with inoculated pathogens in the laboratory were identical with the pathogens colony colour on potato dextrose agar. 2010 Taylor & Francis.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Garcia-Roa, F.",1991,"Effectiveness of Trichogramma spp. in biological control programs in the Cauca Valley, Colombia",Colloques de l'INRA,56,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6116/,"Information is summarized on the use of Trichogramma spp. for the control of Lepidoptera, including Alabama argillacea, Anticarsia gemmatalis, Omiodes indicata, Semiothisa abydata, Erinnyis ello and Heliothis spp., on cotton, tomato, soyabean and cassava in Colombia. This paper was presented at a conference on Trichogramma and other egg parasitoids held in San Antonio, Texas, on 23-27 September 1990.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Garcia, U.V., Fukuba, H.",1984,"Root crop [cassava, sweet potato and arrow root] survey in Luzon - survey on root crops and factory visits in Luzon [Philippines]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6122/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Garcia, M. C., Franco, C. M. L., Jnior, M. S. S., Caliari, M.",2016,Structural characteristics and gelatinization properties of sour cassava starch,Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry,123,2,10.1007/s10973-015-4990-5,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6134/,"Sour cassava starch is considered a modified starch used in many countries in several food products. Understanding modified starch granule structure is important in the knowledge of its physicochemical properties. Differential scanning calorimetry has been used to evaluate the effect of modifications on gelatinization of several starches. The aim of this work was to evaluate the structural characteristics and the gelatinization properties of commercial sour cassava starches with different total titratable acidity values, and to propose a new sour cassava starch classification by principal component analysis. Total titratable acidity of cassava starches varied from 2.16 to 6.74 %, which classified almost all samples as sour cassava starch. The sour cassava starches of classes from 1 to 4 showed low in iodine affinity and consequentially in apparent amylose content. Cassava starches with acidity ranging from 2.64 to 4.92 % (classes 1-4) displayed erosions on granule surface, high relative crystallinity, and high temperature and enthalpy gelatinization. Cassava starches with acidity above 4.99 % (classes 5 and 6) showed deeper erosions on granules, lower relative crystallinity and enthalpy, which indicated the beginning of degradation of the granule crystalline areas. Principal component analysis allowed verifying that the number of total titratable acidity classes could be reduced from 6 to 3, represented by groups with similar samples in relation to the structural and physicochemical behavior. 2015 Akadmiai Kiad, Budapest, Hungary.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Aikio, S., Ruotsalainen, A. L.",2002,The modelled growth of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants under constant versus variable soil nutrient concentration,Mycorrhiza,12,5,10.1007/s00572-002-0178-5,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/614/,"We studied the response of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants to variation in soil nutrient concentration. A model for the relative growth rate (RGR) of plant biomass was constructed with soil nutrients as an explanatory variable. A literature survey was carried out to find the relative magnitudes of parameter values for mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal plants had higher RGR at low nutrient concentrations and non-mycorrhizal plants at high nutrient concentrations. The RGR of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants at constant versus log-normally distributed soil nutrient concentration were compared to see the effect of mycorrhizal status on responses to variation. Variation in nutrient concentration generally reduced RGR, especially in mycorrhizal plants. The RGR of a non-mycorrhizal plant may increase with variation where a growth function threshold exists, i.e. a soil nutrient concentration that must be exceeded to allow growth. Mycorrhizal plants appeared more sensitive to variation in nutrient concentration than non-mycorrhizal plants due to the higher affinity of mycorrhizal roots at low nutrient levels. However, this prediction may be reversed if mycorrhizal symbiosis considerably stabilises flow of nutrients to plant physiological processes, such that mycorrhizal plants experience less variation in soil nutrient concentration than non-mycorrhizal plants. Our results also attain broader significance by suggesting a general trade-off between competitive ability in a constant versus variable resource availability.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Garrett, K. A., Andersen, K. F., Asche, F., Bowden, R. L., Forbes, G. A., Kulakow, P. A., Zhou, B.",2017,Resistance genes in global crop breeding networks,Phytopathology,107,10,10.1094/PHYTO-03-17-0082-FI,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6143/,"Resistance genes are a major tool for managing crop diseases. The networks of crop breeders who exchange resistance genes and deploy them in varieties help to determine the global landscape of resistance and epidemics, an important system for maintaining food security. These networks function as a complex adaptive system, with associated strengths and vulnerabilities, and implications for policies to support resistance gene deployment strategies. Extensions of epidemic network analysis can be used to evaluate the multilayer agricultural networks that support and influence crop breeding networks. Here, we evaluate the general structure of crop breeding networks for cassava, potato, rice, and wheat. All four are clustered due to phytosanitary and intellectual property regulations, and linked through CGIAR hubs. Cassava networks primarily include public breeding groups, whereas others are more mixed. These systems must adapt to global change in climate and land use, the emergence of new diseases, and disruptive breeding technologies. Research priorities to support policy include how best to maintain both diversity and redundancy in the roles played by individual crop breeding groups (public versus private and global versus local), and how best to manage connectivity to optimize resistance gene deployment while avoiding risks to the useful life of resistance genes. Copyright 2017 The Author(s).",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Garrido Pinheiro, D., Augusto Streck, N., Leonardo Richter, G., Andreia Langner, J., Eduardo Minussi Winck, J., Osmari Uhlmann, L., Junior Zanon, A.",2014,Soil water threshold for transpiration and leaf growth in cassava plants in two water deficit periods,Revista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo,38,6,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6144/,"A cassava crop is often exposed to more than one period of water deficit during the growing season. The objective of this study was to verify if there is a difference in the FTSW (fraction of transpirable soil water) threshold for transpiration and leaf growth in cassava plants subjected to one or two periods of water deficit. Two experiments with cassava (Fepagro RS 13 cultivar) were conducted. Treatments were four soil water regimes subdivided into two periods, period 1 (P1) and period 2 (P2) water regimes WR1 and WR2 (with water deficit in both periods and without water deficit in both periods, respectively), and water regimes WR3 and WR4 (with water deficit only in P1 or P2, respectively). The FTSW approach was used to indicate the threshold for transpiration and leaf growth. The FTSW threshold was 0.35, 0.38, and 0.37 for leaf growth and 0.28, 0.26, and 0.28 for transpiration in P1 of WR2 and WR3 and P2 of WR4, respectively. In P2 of WR2, the FTSW threshold for leaf growth and transpiration was 0.09 and 0.13, respectively. It was concluded that there is a decrease in the FTSW threshold in cassava during the second period compared to the first period of soil water deficit, which can be explained by the smaller leaf area, which allowed a longer leaf turgor period, thus delaying activation of the stomata control mechanisms. The practical implication of these results is that they can be used as parameters for crop irrigation, as well as for selecting cultivars more tolerant to water deficit. 2014, R. Bras. Ci. Solo. All rights reserved.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Garriga, R. M., Marco, I., Casas-Daz, E., Amarasekaran, B., Humle, T.",2017,"Perceptions of challenges to subsistence agriculture, and crop foraging by wildlife and chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus in unprotected areas in Sierra Leone",Oryx,,,10.1017/S0030605316001319,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6148/,"The 20092010 Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project estimated there was a population of 5,580 chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus distributed across the country, with > 50% occurring outside protected areas. The census also highlighted the significance of competition between people and chimpanzees for resources in areas dominated by farming activities where wild chimpanzees forage on crops. We selected four study areas in two districts in Sierra Leone with high chimpanzee density in habitats dominated by agriculture, far from any protected areas. Our objectives were to assess farmers perceptions of the main challenges to their agricultural yields, and the wildlife involved in crop foraging, and their perceptions of chimpanzees in particular, as well as the main crop protection measures used. We conducted 257 semi-structured interviews with local farmers across the four study areas. We found that (1) farmers reported wild animals as the main challenge to their agricultural practices; (2) most complaints concerned cane rats Thryonomys swinderianus, which targeted almost all crop types, especially rice and cassava; (3) chimpanzees reportedly targeted 21 of the 23 crop types cultivated, but did so less often than cane rats, focusing particularly on oil palm, cassava and domestic fruits; (4) overall, chimpanzees were not among the top three most destructive animals reported; (5) chimpanzees were generally perceived as being more destructive than dangerous and as having declined since before the civil war; and (6) the main crop protection measure employed was fencing interspersed with traps. Our findings show the importance of investigating farmers perceptions to inform the development of appropriate conservation strategies aimed at promoting coexistence of people and wildlife in degraded landscapes. Copyright Fauna & Flora International 2017",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Gascon, C. (Southern Luzon Polytechnic College, Lucban, Quezon (Philippines))",2000,Sustainability indicators of the Hanuno Mangyan [Philippines] indigenous agroforestry systems,Highlights '99 (Philippines),v. p. 72-73,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6153/,"The Hanunuo Mangyans practice three production systems swidden or kaingin, multistorey, and home gardens. Swidden farming was the most practiced system but the least ecologically sound. Rice and corn were the major crops planted. Other crops interplanted included banana, cassava, sugarcane, and root crops. These crops were randomly planted and thus compete with the rice and corn for soil nutrients, water and sunlight resulting to low yields. Fallowing was practiced whenever the farmer noticed that the soil was no longer fertile. In multistorey farms, the upper canopy had mango, banana, anahaw, and anuling. The lower canopy was planted to coconut, the middle canopy was dominated by pineapple with some ipil-ipil at the edges. The multistorey system was found the most ecologically sound in terms of soil fertility maintenance. The erosion rates of the farming systems exceeded the tolerable range of 10-12 t/ha per year which was not sustainable in the long run. The Hanunuo Mangyans used only flower indecers for mangoes. They did not use any pesticide and commercial inorganic fertilizers. The positive impact of this practice was pollution-free soil which was ecologically-sound in the long run. The negative impacts included less soil fertility and slow nutrient build-up; longer fallow period to regain soil fertility; and low crop yield. Mangyans still observed rituals in planting and harvesting. The swidden farmers had no technical knowledge in crop production. However, most of them expressed the desire to acquire knowledge on increasing this crop yield",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Aina, P. O., Lal, R., Taylor, G. S.",1979,Effects of vegetal cover on soil erosion on an alfisol,Soil physical properties and crop production in the tropics,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/616/,"Crop canopy reduces rain-drop impact, splash, run off and erosion. Vegetal cover provided by close canopy and low-growing soy bean is effective in controlling erosion. Cassava has a slow rate of canopy development and is extremely prone to soil-erosion. - A. Young",Excluded,Cannot Access
"A., Bellotti, van, Schoonhoven A.",1978,Mite and insect pests of cassava,,v. 23,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/62/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Gerardino, E.B.",1985,Mukibat and traditional systems of growing cassava [Philippines],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6204/,"This two-treatment experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design with five replications. The data gathered included plant height, number of stems, and number, length, diameter, and weight of storage roots. The data were analyzed by the Analysis of Variance using T-test which are interpreted at both 5 percent and 1 percent levels of significance. The findings of the study showed that cassava plants grown under Mukibat system produced more number of stems (2.25 stems/hill), more number of storage roots (9.4 storage roots per hill), longer storage roots (21.86 centimeters) and heavier computed storage roots with a mean of 7.773 tons per hectare than those grown under the traditional system. The difference between means of the above measurements was significant at 1 percent level. The two systems of growing cassava however, did not differ in terms of height and storage root diameter",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Gerold, G.",2010,Soil and Water Degradation Following Forest Conversion in the Humid Tropics (Indonesia),"Land Degradation and Desertification Assessment, Mitigation and Remediation",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6209/,"Indonesia's annual deforestation rate of -1.2% is dramatic compared for example to Brazil's 0.4% loss of forest cover. Sulawesi region of Indonesia still has a forest cover of 48%, but as population has been growing by 66% over the past 2 decades, massive land cover transformations are going on that have changed the land cover pattern and consequently soil and water resources of the region are altering as well. Since 2001, we investigate the impact of forest conversion on the water balance, nutrient losses and soil erosion of a small mesoscalic tropical catchment, which is integrated into the long-term interdisciplinary collaborative project STORMA (www.storma.de). The study was conducted in a small mountainous catchment, which is located at the north-eastern border of the Lore Lindu National Park Central of Sulawesi. The Nopu catchment (51S 01757231E, 9867683 N) covers an area of approximately 2.6 km(2). Since 2001 the catchment is monitored with three weirs (automatic stage recorder), one climate station and six rain gauges. Traditional slash & burn cultivation is predominant and heavy machinery is not used. At two sub-catchments (rainforest weir 3, slash & burn weir 2) changes in river discharge and nutrient outputs with time and differences were analysed since 2002. As indicators for land degradation we studied the changes of infiltration rate, water flow path (increasing interflow and surface flow) and soil nutrient output with river discharge. In the Nopu catchment slash & burn activities increased mainly since 2003/2004 with forest reduction until 2007 in the sub-catchment weir 2 from 87% (2001) to 26% forest cover (2007). Due to forest conversion, river discharge increased from 9 to 17% for the period 2002/2003-2005/2006 mainly driven by increase in overland flow and quick interflow. Three scenarios (forest/cacao/slash & burn (corn with cassava)) were simulated with the application of the water balance model WASIM-ETH. Simulation results supported the experimental results showing an increase from 8% to 17% annual discharge for cacao and slash & burn scenario and give insight into the changing discharge components. The increase in overland flow leads to an increase in soil erosion with doubling of suspended sediment output from 2003 to 2005. Also, higher soil nutrient leaching and increase in quick interflow has caused an increase by ratios of 1.5-1.9 of the main cations (Ca, Mg, K) and nitrogen (TNb) in the sub-catchment partially deforested compared to the natural forest sub-catchment. After 2005/2006, land degradation indicators of suspended sediment output and soluted nutrient output indicate a ""stabilizing effect"" with decrease due to land use change to cacao agroforestry in the mid slopes of the catchment.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Gerson, U.",2014,Pest Control by Mites (Acari) Present and Future,Acarologia,54,4,10.1051/acarologia/20142144,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6218/,"This essay reviews advances in the systematics of mite families containing members that are acarine biocontrol agents (ABAs), including the Phytoseiidae which have several strains or races. Additions to the roster of mites that affect pests (including weeds and pathogens), and of pests that may be, or are, significantly affected by ABAs, were noted. The various pest-debilitating mechanisms used by ABAs, including predation, parasitism, parasitoidism, parasitic castration, competition as well as reductions in weed and phytopathogenic fungal growth are listed. The affected targets include agricultural, veterinary and medical pests, as well as weeds, nematodes and fungi. The effect of intra-guild predation on the ABAs' ability to affect pests is discussed, along with other organisms that increase the controlling impact of ABAs. The influence of host plants, including their architecture, leaf surfaces, domatia, pollen, genetically modified plants (GMOs) and volatiles are then reviewed. Then come mite feeding on soil-inhabiting pests and the newly-discovered effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. ABA feeding on weeds and on nematodes is briefly discussed next, along with the few known ABA diseases. The effect of plant-protection chemicals are then considered, followed by new techniques for the better implementation of ABAs. These include mass rearing, modes of distribution, long-term maintenance and the application of molecular methods to determine quantitative and qualitative feeding rates. This review ends with suggestions for further research, including more collecting and assaying of ABAs (especially indigenous species), determining the effects of secondary predators and of light regimes in greenhouses, and increasing studies on the role of volatiles of plant and nematode source, and of ABAs as vectors of pest diseases.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Aisc, Moresco, R., Uarrota, V. G., Nunes, E. C., Coelho, B., Amante, E. R., Gervin, V. M., Eduardo M Campos, C., Rocha, M., Maraschin, M.",2014,Discrimination of Brazilian Cassava Genotypes (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) According to Their Physicochemical Traits and Functional Properties Through Bioinformatics Tools C3 - Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing,,294,,10.1007/978-3-319-07581-5_7,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/622/,"Manihot esculenta currently ranks as the third most important species source of calories in the world. The most important part of the plant is the root, rich in starch. The starch fraction is basically composed of amylose and amylopectin, and different ratios of contents of these two polysaccharides determine the physicochemical traits and functional properties peculiars to genotypes. In this study, principal component analysis (PCA) and clusters analysis were applied to a set of physicochemical and functional variables of ten starch samples of M. esculenta genotypes. Moreover, a further chemometric approach was used to a FTIR spectral data set. The analytical techniques employed, associated with chemometric analyzes, allowed distinguishing and/or grouping the genotypes according to their physicochemical traits and functional peculiarities. It was also observed a good relationship between the descriptive models built using the physicochemical dataset and the FTIR dataset from the carbohydrate fingerprint region, allowing a more detailed and robust understanding of possible differences and/or similarities of the studied genotypes. Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Ghartey, N.K.T., Haizel, K.A.",1989,A summary report on a diagnostic survey and constraint analysis of farming systems in the forest and coastal thicket zones of Southern Ghana,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6224/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Gheewala, S. H., Silalertruksa, T., Nilsalab, P., Mungkung, R., Perret, S. R., Chaiyawannakarn, N.",2014,"Water footprint and impact of water consumption for food, feed, fuel crops production in Thailand",Water (Switzerland),6,6,10.3390/w6061698,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6231/,"The proliferation of food, feed and biofuels demands promises to increase pressure on water competition and stress, particularly for Thailand, which has a large agricultural base. This study assesses the water footprint of ten staple crops grown in different regions across the country and evaluates the impact of crop water use in different regions/watersheds by the water stress index and the indication of water deprivation potential. The ten crops include major rice, second rice, maize, soybean, mungbean, peanut, cassava, sugarcane, pineapple and oil palm. The water stress index of the 25 major watersheds in Thailand has been evaluated. The results show that there are high variations of crop water requirements grown in different regions due to many factors. However, based on the current cropping systems, the Northeastern region has the highest water requirement for both green water (or rain water) and blue water (or irrigation water). Rice (paddy) farming requires the highest amount of irrigation water, i.e., around 10,489 million m3/year followed by the maize, sugarcane, oil palm and cassava. Major rice cultivation induces the highest water deprivation, i.e., 1862 million m3H2Oeq/year; followed by sugarcane, second rice and cassava. The watersheds that have high risk on water competition due to increase in production of the ten crops considered are the Mun, Chi and Chao Phraya watersheds. The main contribution is from the second rice cultivation. Recommendations have been proposed for sustainable crops production in the future.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ghosh, S.P., Nair, R.G.",1986,Improving the productivity of cassava in India,"Cassava in Asia, Its Potential and Research Development Needs: Proceedings of a Regional Workshop held in Bangkok, Thailand, 5-8 June 1984",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6244/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ghosh, S.P., Nair, G.M., Pillai, N.G., Ramanujam, T., Mohankumar, B., Lakshmi, K.R.",1987,"Growth, productivity and nutrient uptake by cassava in association with four perennial species",Tropical Agriculture,64,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6245/,"Growth, nutrient uptake and productivity of cassava grown in association with four perennial species (coconut, banana, Eucalyptus sp. and Leucaena sp.) were investigated during the first two-year growth of the perennials. Dry matter production, uptake of N, P, K, Ca and Mg and tuber yield of cassava were significantly higher under banana; reduction in tuber yield was noticed under Eucalyptus and Leucaena during both seasons and was more conspicuous during the second year, mainly due to moisture stress. The growth of Eucalyptus in association with cassava was vigorous. The shade effect of the perennials on cassava was maximum under Eucalyptus. There was no marked variation in the concentration of the nutrients in various plant parts of cassava and the treatment differences in total uptake were mainly due to variations in total biomass production.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Ghosh, S. P., Nair, G. M., Pillai, N. G., Ramanujam, T., Mohankumar, B., Lakshmi, K. R.",1987,"Growth, Productivity and Nutrient-Uptake by Cassava in Association with 4 Perennial Species",Tropical Agriculture,64,3,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6246/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Ghuman, B.S. (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria)), Lal, R.",1983,Mulch and irrigation effects on plant-water relations and performance of cassava and sweet potato,Field Crops Research,v. 7,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6253/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Ghuman, B. S., Lal, R.",1984,"EFFECT OF SOIL MOISTURE REGIMES ON PLANT-WATER RELATIONS, GROWTH AND YIELD OF TROPICAL ROOT CROPS",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6254/,"Field lysimetric experiments were conducted at Ibadan, Nigeria in the dry seasons of 1980-81 and 1981-82 to evaluate the effect of soil moisture regimes on plant-water relations, growth and yield of cassava, sweet potato and cocoyam. Different soil moisture regimes were obtained by water tables (WT) maintained at different depths. Treatments were imposed on 74th day after planting of cassava, 63rd day of sweet potato, and 29th day of cocoyam. Controls received irrigation equal to mean pan evaporation. The plant height of cassava and dry shoot weight per plant of sweet potato were influenced by different soil moisture regimes, although the differences due to treatments were insignificant. In a separate greenhouse study, the effect of drought on the leaf water relations of yam were investigated. At harvest, yam yielded 400. 2 g of tubers per plant in unstressed treatment as compared to 58. 2 g in stressed.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Gibe, B.P.",1999,"""NAMI"" extract effective in protecting cassava and ubi seedpieces",,v. 27,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6258/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Gibson, R.W.",1994,Long-term absence of symptoms in heat-treated African cassava mosaic geminivirus-infected resistant cassava plants,Tropical Science,34,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6262/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Gibson, R.W., Legg, J.P., Otim-Nape, G.W.",1996,Unusually severe symptoms are a characteristic of the current epidemic of mosaic virus disease of cassava in Uganda,Annals of Applied Biology,128,3,10.1111/j.1744-7348.1996.tb07108.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6263/,"Mosaic disease (MD) is more severe in cassava plants infected within the area of the current epidemic in northern and central Uganda than to the south of the affected area. This difference in severity was recorded within a single cultivar as well as amongst the mixtures of cultivars found commonly in farmers' fields. An increase in severity also occurred as the epidemic passed through localities. Varietal or agroecological factors coincident with the area of the epidemic are therefore unlikely to cause the increased severity. The severe disease could also be graft and cutting transmitted and could super‐infect mildly diseased plants. Both mildly and severely diseased plants gave positive reactions in ELISA tests to antisera prepared against African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and an unusually severe form of ACMV or a closely related geminivirus is likely to be the cause of the severe mosaic disease. The epidemic also involves increased populations of the whitefly vector of ACMV, Bemisia tabaci, and possible hypotheses are presented as to how these phenomena may be related.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Gichuru, M.P. (International Inst. of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria))",1991,"Residual effects of natural bush, Cajanus cajan and Tephrosia candida on the productivity of an acid soil in southeastern Nigeria",,v. 134,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6270/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Giga, D.P., Canhao, J.",1992,Persistence of insecticide spray deposits different surfaces against Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) and Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.),,v. 13,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6275/,"The biological activity of pirimiphos-methyl (20% e.c.) and a chlorpyriphos-methyl/deltamethrin (20/1% e.c.) formulation applied at different concentrations to glass, jute, plywood and mud surfaces against Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) and Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.), was compared over a period of 18 weeks. The bioassays were conducted at 28 degrees C and 70% r.h., 1, 4, 7, 14 and 18 weeks after treatment. Insect mortality was significantly influenced by the type of surface, the insecticide concentration, the age of the insecticide deposit and the interactions between these factors. P. truncatus was more susceptible to chlorpyriphos-methyl/deltamethrin deposits than S. zeamais. Amongst the different surfaces, glass retained the highest persistence, followed by jute, plywood and mud against P. truncatus. The insecticide deposits on jute were the most effective in controlling S. zeamais.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Gilani, G. S., Nasim, A.",2007,Impact of foods nutritionally enhanced through biotechnology in alleviating malnutrition in developing countries,Journal of AOAC International,90,5,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6280/,"According to United Nations (UN) projections, the world's population will grow from 6.1 billion in 2000 to 8 billion in 2025 and 9.4 billion in 2050. Most (93%) of the increase will take place in developing countries. The rapid population growth in developing countries creates major challenges for governments regarding food and nutrition security. According to current World Health Organization estimates, more than 3 billion people worldwide, especially in developing countries, are malnourished in essential nutrients. Malnutrition imposes severe costs on a country's population due to impaired physical and cognitive abilities and reduced ability to work. Little progress has been made in improving malnutrition over the past few decades. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN would like to see more nutrient-rich foods introduced into these countries, because supplements are expensive and difficult to distribute widely. Biofortification of staple crops through modern biotechnology can potentially help in alleviating malnutrition in developing countries. Several genetically modified crops, including rice, potatoes, oilseeds, and cassava, with elevated levels of essential nutrients (such as vitamin A, iron, zinc, protein and essential amino acids, and essential fatty acids); reduced levels of antinutritional factors (such as cyanogens, phytates, and glycoalkaloid); and increased levels of factors that influence bioavailability and utilization of essential nutrients (such as cysteine residues) are advancing through field trial stage and regulatory processes towards commercialization. The ready availability and consumption of the biofortified crops would have a significant impact in reducing malnutrition and the risk of chronic disease in developing countries.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Gilbertson, R. L., Rojas, M., Natwick, E.",2011,Development of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Strategies for Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci)-Transmissible Geminiviruses,"The Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) Interaction with Geminivirus-Infected Host Plants",,,10.1007/978-94-007-1524-0_12,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6283/,"Worldwide outbreaks of Bemisia tabaci whiteflies, especially biotype B, have facilitated the emergence of whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses (WTG). These viruses cause economically important diseases of vegetable and fiber crops, especially in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Because small populations of whiteflies can efficiently spread WTGs, management of these diseases is more challenging than for whiteflies alone. In this chapter, we discuss (1) why WTGs have emerged worldwide, (2) key aspects of the biology of WTGs and B. tabaci, and (3) how these aspects shape the development of an integrated pest management (IPM) approach for these diseases. The generalized IPM package involves strategies for (1) before the growing season, such as the use of virus- and whitefly-free transplants and propagative stock, and resistant varieties; (2) during the growing season, such as whitefly population suppression, roguing virus-infected plants, floating row covers and reflective mulches; and (3) after the growing season, such as region-wide sanitation, weed management and implementation of a host-free period. Different combinations of strategies will be used depending on the crop, cropping system, and properties of the virus and the whitefly vector. This is illustrated with two case studies IPM for WTGs in an annual (tomato) and a perennial (cassava) crop.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Gillman, M., Erenler, H.",2009,The genetic diversity and cultural importance of cassava and its contribution to tropical forest sustainability,Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences,6,3,10.1080/19438150903090509,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6286/,"Cassava has been cultivated in Central and South America for about 8000 years. Following export to Africa and Asia in the 16th-19th centuries it is now established as a vital component of the diet of many of the world's poorest people. Growth and processing of the plant in Central and South America represents one of the few remaining expressions of indigenous knowledge. This article highlights the importance of traditional methods of cultivation and processing in contributing to a large number of varieties and maintenance of high genetic diversity. Increasingly, such diversity is being supplemented by international breeding programs with the possibility of genetically modified crops to combat plant diseases and natural enemies such as cassava mosaic virus. The article examines the issues surrounding the patenting of traditional knowledge of cassava. It concludes by exploring cassava cultivation as a contribution to the sustainable utilization of species-rich tropical forests. This combines the maintenance of high genetic diversity of the crop with traditional practices of indigenous people, thereby satisfying the requirements of article 8(j) of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Castro M., A.",1980,Cassava planting material: management practices for production,"Cassava cultural practices: proceedings of a workshop held in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 18-21 March 1980",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/63/,"Good quality planting material is the basis for high root yield. Cassava is a traditional crop that uses few improved cultural production practices and technologies. Research data have identified major biotic and abiotic problems and defined practices that avoid, reduce, or eliminate them. This paper suggests an integrated on-the-farm plot management system for the production of high-quality planting material and high root yields.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Giraldo, Faustina, Angel, Fernando, El-Sharkawy, Mabrouk A., Roca, William M.",1997,Output 2.2. Knowledge generated on mechanisms of genetic variability of plant response to biotic/abiotic stress. 2.2.6. Molecular mechanisms of cassava physiology under stress the role of glycine decarboxylase,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6300/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Aiyelaagbe, I. O. O.",2001,Productivity of an intercropped sweet orange orchard in southwestern nigeria,Biological Agriculture and Horticulture,18,4,10.1080/01448765.2001.9754895,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/631/,"At Ibadan southwestern Nigeria, juvenile Agege 1 sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) trees were intercropped with cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) + maize (Zea mays L.), egusi melon (Citrullus lanatus L.) followed by soyabeans (Glycine max (L.) Meril), or chilli pepper Capsicum frutescence L.) + amaranthus (Amaranthus caudatus L.) for four consecutive years. The aim was to determine an intercropping option which would yield high revenues without impairing the fruit yield of sweet orange. None of the intercrops significantly affected the height of sweet orange trees. However, all the intercrops significantly decreased the canopy diameter of sweet orange trees in the second year of intercropping. Intercropping with egusi melon followed by soyabeans, or cassava + maize significantly decreased the canopy volume of sweet orange trees. Intercropping with cassava + maize prevented early fruit set and significantly decreased fruit yield of sweet orange. Fruit yield of sweet orange intercropped with chilli pepper + amaranthus did not differ significantly from the yields of monocropped sweet orange trees. Intercropping with chilli pepper + amaranthus gave the highest yield efficiency of sweet orange trees. Net Present Value (NPV) of sweet orange plots monocropped or intercropped egusi melon followed by soyabeans, cassava + maize or chilli pepper + amaranthus were N-37900, N-300, N 105900 and N 154300 respectively. Since intercropping with chilli pepper + amaranthus gave the highest productivity without impairing fruit yield of sweet orange, this cropping system is recommended for adoption by citrus farmers in southwestern Nigeria. 2001 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Githunguri, C.M., Abubaker, A.S., Gitonga, W.",1989,"Cassava fertilizer trials at Msabaha Agricultural Research Centre, Kenya",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6314/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Githunguri, Cyrus M., Amata, Ruth, Lungahi, Esther G., Musili, Rhoda",2014,"Cassava: a promising food security crop in Mutomo, a semi-arid food deficit district in Kitui County of Kenya","International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology",10,3,10.1504/IJARGE.2014.064002,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6315/,"Cassava is ideal for production and provision of carbohydrates in the marginal and drought-prone areas, which comprise about 80% of Kenya. However, its potential utilisation as a food security crop remains low in these areas. A major constraint to cassava production is lack of adequate disease and pest-free planting materials greatly exacerbated by its low multiplication rate. The Kenya Agricultural Research Institute Katumani Centre has established cassava agronomic demonstrations, multiplication and distribution programmes. 18,000 cuttings of cassava cultivars, KME 990005, KME 990132, Ex-Mariakani and MM96_5280, were used to establish six multiplication and demonstration plots in the semi-arid Mutomo district in Kitui County. Cultivar MM96_5280 performed significantly better than the others, had a good stay-green ability, high tolerance to drought, cassava mosaic and brown streak virus diseases, and was vigorous.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Aiyelari, E. A., Ndaeyo, N. U., Agboola, A. A.",2001,"Effects of tillage practices on growth and yield of cassava (Manihot esculenta) and some soil properties in Ajibode, South-Western Nigeria",Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,71,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/632/,"A study was conducted in 1994 and 1995 at Ibadan, Nigeria to evaluate the productivity of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and soil properties and dynamics under some tillage practices. Results revealed that tillage practices had no significant effect on sprouting percentage in 1994 but in 1995, heap treatment was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than others. Tillage had no marked effect on cassava height in both years while number of leaves only differed significantly from 8 months after planting with HP treatment being higher than others. Stem girth showed no marked differences among treatments in both years. Similarly, in both years, cassava fresh root yield and yield components were not significantly affected by tillage practices. The No-till slash and burn treatment showed significantly higher soil bulk density at planting in both years than other treatments. Generally, soil chemical properties were not markedly affected by the tillage practices. The highest cost of production was observed under no-till slash and burn while ridge gave the highest economic returns. For successful growing of cassava under reduced tillage practices is practicable in this agro-ecological zone.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Gleadow, R. M., Evans, J. R., McCaffery, S., Cavagnaro, T. R.",2009,Growth and nutritive value of cassava (Manihot esculenta Cranz.) are reduced when grown in elevated CO2,Plant Biology,11,Suppl. 1,10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00238.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6328/,"Global food security in a changing climate depends on both the nutritive value of staple crops as well as their yields. Here, we examined the direct effect of atmospheric CO2 on cassava (Manihot esculenta Cranz., manioc), a staple for 750 million people worldwide. Cassava is poor in nutrients and contains high levels of cyanogenic glycosides that break down to release toxic hydrogen cyanide when damaged. We grew cassava at three concentrations of CO2 (Ca 360, 550 and 710ppm) supplied together with nutrient solution containing either 1mM or 12mM nitrogen. We found that total plant biomass and tuber yield (number and mass) decreased linearly with increasing Ca. In the worst-case scenario, tuber mass was reduced by an order of magnitude in plants grown at 710ppm compared with 360ppm CO2. Photosynthetic parameters were consistent with the whole plant biomass data. It is proposed that since cassava stomata are highly sensitive to other environmental variables, the decrease in assimilation observed here might, in part, be a direct effect of CO2 on stomata. Total N (used here as a proxy for protein content) and cyanogenic glycoside concentrations of the tubers were not significantly different in the plants grown at elevated CO2. By contrast, the concentration of cyanogenic glycosides in the edible leaves nearly doubled in the highest Ca. If leaves continue to be used as a protein supplement, they will need to be more thoroughly processed in the future. With increasing population density, declining soil fertility, expansion into marginal farmland, together with the predicted increase in extreme climatic events, reliance on robust crops such as cassava will increase. The responses to CO2 shown here point to the possibility that there could be severe food shortages in the coming decades unless CO2 emissions are dramatically reduced, or alternative cultivars or crops are developed.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Gómez, G., Valdivieso, M.",1985,"Cassava foliage: Chemical composition, cyanide content and effect of drying on cyanide elimination",Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,36,6,10.1002/jsfa.2740360602,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6341/,"The chemical composition and cyanide concentration in the foliage of four cassava cultivars (M Col 113, M Col 22, M Col 1684, CM 342–170) were evaluated at four plant ages (6, 8, 10 and 12 months). The effect on cyanide elimination of sun‐drying on a concrete floor and of oven‐drying at 60°C was also studied, including some observations on the tannin content of dried foliage. The proximal composition, calcium and phosphorus contents, as well as the amino acid composition of dried cassava foliage compared favourably to that of sun‐cured lucerne meal. In most cases, foliage from 6‐to 12‐month‐old plants contained 25 to 30% dry matter, and as dried foliage had 13 to 20% crude protein and 16 to 20% crude fibre. Crude protein and crude fibre were the two chemical constituents which varied the most with plant age. The average gross energy of dried cassava foliage was 4.12 kcal kg−1 with a range of 3.90 to 4.35 kcal kg−1. Sun‐drying eliminated more cyanide than oven‐drying (82 to 94% vs 68 to 76%, respectively) and in addition, most of the cyanide in sun‐dried foliage was free cyanide (62 to 77%) whereas only 24 to 36% was found as such in oven‐dried foliage. Sun‐dried foliage samples had consistently lower tannin content than the corresponding oven‐dried samples.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Gnanvossou, D., Yaninek, J. S., Hanna, R., Dicke, M.",2003,Effects of prey mite species on life history of the phytoseiid predators Typhlodromalus manihoti and Typhlodromalus aripo,Experimental and Applied Acarology,30,4,10.1023/BAPPA.0000008469.57888.82,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6349/,"The effects of prey mite suitability on several demographic characteristics of phytoseiid predators and the relationship of these effects to the potential of phytoseiid predators to control herbivorous mite populations are well documented. Evidence has also accumulated in the last 20 years demonstrating that phytoseiid predators utilize herbivorous prey mite-induced plant volatiles as olfactory cues in locating their herbivorous mite prey, but less well established is the predictability of reproductive success from the ability of the predators to utilize olfactory cues to locate their prey, and how these processes are related to the success of the predators as biological control agents of the herbivorous mite. In this study, we determined in laboratory no choice experiments, the development, survivorship and fecundity of the two neotropical phytoseiid predators Typhlodromalus manihoti Moraes and T. aripo DeLeon when feeding on three herbivorous mites, including the key prey species Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar), and the two alternative prey species Oligonychus gossypii (Zacher) and Tetranychus urticae (Koch). Intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of T. aripo was 2.1 fold higher on M. tanajoa as prey compared with T. urticae as prey, while it was almost nil on O. gossypii. For T. manihoti, rm was 2.3 fold higher on M. tanajoa as prey compared with O. gossypii as prey, while reproduction was nil on T. urticae. An independent experiment on odor-related prey preference of the two predator species (Gnanvossou et al. 2002) showed that T. manihoti and T. aripo preferred odors from M. tanajoa-infested leaves to odors from O. gossypii-infested leaves. Moreover, both predator species preferred odors from M. tanajoa-infested leaves over those from T. urticae-infested leaves. As reported here, life history of the two predatory mites matches odor-related prey preference if the key prey species is compared to the two inferior prey species. The implications of our findings for the persistence of T. manihoti and T. aripo and biological control of M. tanajoa in the cassava agroecosystem in Africa are discussed.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Godfrey-Sam-Aggre, W.",1976,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta) fertilizer and nutritional studies in Sierra Leone, West Africa",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6365/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Godfrey Sam Aggrey, W., Garber, M. J.",,Effects of phosphorus and lime on cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Zeitschrift fuer Acker und Pflanzenbau,"Jan 1978, 146 (1)",,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6366/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ajaiyeoba, D.B.",1983,Agbinla (taungya) system a simulation study,University of Ife,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/637/,"The wood and food situations in Nigerian pose serious dangers to the countrys economic growth and development. There is continuous exploitation of the timber resources without adequate replacement while acute food shortage seems a perennial problem. A lot of effort has however been made by successive Federal Governments to forestall the imminent wood and food crises in the country. One of this is the practice of agrisilviculture involving Forestry Departments and the local farmers. This study examined the possibility of increasing wood and food production and the farmers income though the practice of agrisilviculture, otherwise called Taungya or agbinla system. Two sets of data were used for the study. The first set of data provided information on the economic profile of farmers, while the second set of data was a case study of a practicing agbinla farming group, both in the area of study. A model was constructed for testing the agbinla farming system. Policy simulation runs were then carried out, using five major policy alternatives to the traditional farming system. The policies tested were those of intercropping maize and cassava only, or in conjunction with Gmelina or teak for pulp, firewood or poles end use as the case may be. The study revealed that interplanting maize, cassava and teak with teak harvested as poles at five years gives the highest income. It is recommended that farmers should be encouraged to participate in the agbinla farming system on a cooperative basis.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Godfreysamaggrey, W., Garber, M. J.",1979,Bark Analysis as a Guide to Cassava Nutrition in Sierra-Leone,Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,10,8,10.1080/00103627909366964,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6372/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Godfreysamaggrey, W., Bundu, H. S.",1979,Cassava Production in Sierra-Leone,World Crops,31,5,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6373/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Godoy, M. D. P., De Lacerda, L. D.",2014,"River-island morphological response to basin land-use change within the Jaguaribe river estuary, NE Brazil",Journal of Coastal Research,30,2,10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-13-00059.1,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6375/,"Godoy, M.D.P. and de Lacerda, L.D., 2014. River-island morphological response to basin land-use change within the Jaguaribe River estuary, NE Brazil. The Jaguaribe River drains the largest watershed of the Cear state in northeastern Brazil, which, with a catchment of approximately 75,000 km 2, comprises more than 50% of the total state area. Land use and global climate changes are altering the river morphology, making navigation in the estuary difficult. Mapping of fluvial islands using images from the Landsat 5 between 1988 and 2010 showed that the existing islands in the estuary suffered great changes during this period. Overall, there was an increase of 24.15 ha in the area of the islands, which are presently being colonized by mangrove vegetation. The period of largest growth occurred between 1992 and 2003, when there was an increase of 13 ha at a rate of 2.7 ha y-1. An estimate of the sediment loading from various land uses in the watershed showed that the main activity contributing to sediments to the estuary is agriculture (282,322 t y-1), with the main contributions stemming from plantations of beans, cassava, and corn; the second-most important source of sediments is urban runoff (115,076 t y-1), followed by shrimp farms (13,475 t y -1) and livestock (1374 t y-1). The increased rate of sedimentation in the estuary caused by land-use drivers is aggravated by the decrease in river flow caused by damming and the decrease in rainfall over the basin caused by global climate change. 2014 Coastal Education and Research Foundation.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Goergen, G. (Giessen Univ. (Germany). Inst. fuer Phytopathologie und Angewandte Zoologie), Neuenschwander, P.",1992,"A cage experiment with four trophic levels cassava plant growth as influenced by cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, its parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi, and the hyperparasitoids Prochiloneurus insolitus and Chartocerus hyalipennis",,v. 99,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6380/,"Different combinations of insects belonging to three trophic levels were released in large cages with hydrophonic cultures of cassava in a greenhouse. The cassava mealybug (CM) Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hom., Pseudococcidae) was applied at two initial infestation densities to cassava, some of which was grown at different fertilizer levels. Some cages received Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hym., Encyrtidae), the CM specific parasitoid, and/or the hyperparasitoids Prochiloneurus insolitus (Alam) (Hym., Encyrtidae) and Chartocerus hyalipennis Hayat (Hym., Signiphoridae). Plant survival and dry matter production were used to assess the hyperparasitoid's effect via the food chain. All plants infested with CM alone died, while their final dry weight was 34-65 % of the uninfested control. In the presence of E. lopezi, dry matter ranged from 59 to 100 % compared to uninfested plants and depending on the initial CM density. Adding either of the hyperparasitoids did not significantly reduce E. lopezi's efficiency in preventing plant damage. In the presence of both hyperparasitoids and at low initial CM infestation levels, however, dry matter was 58 % of the control, and plant survival was reduced from 93 % to 76 %. The generally mild impact of hyperparasitoids in the cage experiments confirms results from the field",Excluded,Duplicate
"Gold, C. S., Altieri, M. A., Bellotti, A. C.",1989,Cassava Intercropping and Pest Incidence: a Review Illustrated with a Case-Study from Colombia,Tropical Pest Management,35,4,10.1080/09670878909371398,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6390/,"Cassava is a tropical staple crop which is often intercropped. Its low market value and long growing season relegate it to marginal lands where it is grown by small farmers. Integrated pest management strategies for cassava are directed towards low input conditions and emphasize host plant resistance, biological control, and crop diversification. This paper summarizes recent research on the population dynamics of insect pests and pathogens in cassava intercropping systems, illustrated with a case study in Colombia. Since cassava is most often intercropped for only part of its cycle, it is important to consider the pest dynamics which occur in the period following removal of shorter cycle associated crops. In one case, cassava whitefly abundance remained lower in previously intercropped systems than in monocultures for up to 6 months after intercrop harvest.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Gold, C. S., Altieri, M. A., Bellotti, A. C.",1990,"Response of the Cassava Whitefly, Trialeurodes-Variabilis (Quaintance), (Homoptera, Alyerodidae) to Host Plant Size - Implications for Cropping System Management",Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology,11,1,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6394/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Gold, C. S., Altieri, M. A., Bellotti, A. C.",1990,"Response of the cassava whitefly, Trialeurodes variabilis (Quaintance), (Homoptera Aleyrodidae) to host plant size implications for cropping system management",Acta Oecologica,11,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6395/,"Manihot esculenta cropping system trials were conducted. Higher T. variablis adult populations were consistently correlated with more vigorous plants. Lower whitefly load in cassava/cowpea systems was probably due to cropping system effects on host plant growth rates, rather than direct effects on the whitefly itself. -from Authors",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Gomez, G., Valdivieso, M.",1983,"The Effect of Variety and Plant-Age on Cyanide Content, Chemical-Composition and Quality of Cassava Roots",Nutrition Reports International,27,4,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6433/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Gomez, G., Valdivieso, M.",1983,"The effect of variety and plant age on cyanide content, chemical composition and quality of cassava roots",Nutrition Reports International,27,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6437/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Gomez, G., Valdivieso, M., de la Cuesta, D., Kawano, K.",1984,Cyanide Content in Whole-Root Chips of 10 Cassava Cultivars and Its Reduction by Oven Drying or Sun Drying on Trays,International Journal of Food Science and Technology,19,1,10.1111/j.1365-2621.1984.tb00329.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6439/,"The effect of sun drying on trays for 48 hr and of oven drying in an air‐forced oven at 60°C for 24 hr on the cyanide content of chips of ten cassava varieties was studied. Fresh cassava chips from whole roots of these varieties showed significantly different total cyanide contents among them with values in the range of 100–900 mg/kg on a dry matter basis; most of the varieties studied exhibited cyanide contents in the range of 200–600 mg/kg. The free cyanide proportion in the fresh chips was in the range of 30–40% of their total cyanide. Sun and oven drying reduced the cyanide content in the dried chips to approximately 15–30% of the initial cyanide content of fresh chips. In addition, the free cyanide content in dried chips accounted for approximately 60–80% of their total cyanide value.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Gomez, G., Valdivieso, M., Cuesta, D. de la., Kawano, K.",1984,Cyanide content in whole-root chips of ten cassava cultivars and its reduction by oven drying or sun drying on trays,International Journal of Food Science and Technology,19,1,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6443/,"The effect of sun drying on trays for 48 hr and of oven drying in an air‐forced oven at 60°C for 24 hr on the cyanide content of chips of ten cassava varieties was studied. Fresh cassava chips from whole roots of these varieties showed significantly different total cyanide contents among them with values in the range of 100–900 mg/kg on a dry matter basis; most of the varieties studied exhibited cyanide contents in the range of 200–600 mg/kg. The free cyanide proportion in the fresh chips was in the range of 30–40% of their total cyanide. Sun and oven drying reduced the cyanide content in the dried chips to approximately 15–30% of the initial cyanide content of fresh chips. In addition, the free cyanide content in dried chips accounted for approximately 60–80% of their total cyanide value.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Gomez, G., Valdivieso, M., Noma, A. T.",1985,The Influence of Cultivar and Plant-Age on the Chemical-Composition of Field-Grown Cassava Leaves and Roots,Qualitas Plantarum-Plant Foods for Human Nutrition,35,2,10.1007/BF01092126,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6447/,"The chemical composition, including the proximal composition, cyanide and amino acid concentrations of leaves and root tissues, as well as the starch and sugar concentrations of root peel and parenchyma, of low-(M Col 113), intermediate-(M Col 22 and the hybrid CM 342-170) and high-(M Col 1684) cyanide-containing cassava cultivars at four plant ages (6, 8, 10 and 12 months) is presented. The local cultivar (M Col 113) showed lower leaf and root parenchyma dry matter contents, lower crude fiber and crude protein levels in root peel, a higher sugar content and lower cyanide concentration in root tissues, than the other three cultivars (M Col 22, CM 342-170 and M Col 1684). Most of the parameters studied were affected by the cultivar as well as by plant age. Less variability was observed for all criteria in the root parenchyma than in the leaves and root peel. The sulfur-containing amino acids were low in all tissues analyzed and a high concentration of arginine was found in the root tissue samples. The cyanide concentration of root parenchyma was less variable than that of leaves and root peel; the cultivar M Col 1684 showed a higher cyanide concentration in the parenchyma (900 to 1000 mg/kg DM) than the other three cultivars, which ranged from 100 to 200 mg/kg DM. The local cultivar (M Col 113) was the only one in which the cyanide concentration in leaves was higher than that of the root peel. The hybrid CM 342-170 produced roots with the highest dry matter and starch concentrations.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Gomez, G., Valdivieso, M.",1985,Foliage and Root Production of Field-Grown Cassava Cultivars as Affected by Plant-Age,Turrialba,35,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6448/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ajayi, J. O.",2015,Effects of climate change on the production and profitability of cassava in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria,Agris On-line Papers in Economics and Informatics,7,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/645/,"Nigeria is the single largest producer of cassava in the world with the bulk of the cassava coming out from the Niger Delta region. Human, economic and agricultural activities are currently threatened in the region by vagaries in climatic factors. These vagaries affect the production and profitability of cassava. The study was therefore conducted to assess the effects of climate change on the production and profitability of cassava in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The study made use of a multi-stage sampling technique to select three hundred and sixty respondents across the three highest cassava-producing states (Awka Ibom, Cross Rivers and Ondo) in the region. Data for the study were collected with the aid of well-structured questionnaires assisted with interview schedules. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics and regression model. The determinants of cassava profitability were farm size, farmers' experience in cassava cultivation, farmers' experience in adopting climate change coping strategies, number of climate change coping strategies adopted, costs of input materials in Naira and labour cost in Naira.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Gonalves, Leticia Tinoco, Pereira, Ndia Rosa, Almeida, Selma Bergara, Freitas, Silvio de Jesus, Waldman, WalterRuggeri",2017,Microwavehot air drying applied to selected cassava cultivars drying kinetics and sensory acceptance,International journal of food science & technology,52,2,10.1111/ijfs.13293,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6466/,"The effects of three cassava cultivars produced in Brazil were assessed (IAC Espeto, IAC 14 and IAC Caapora) in order to obtain chips by precooking and hot airmicrowave drying (70C, 95W). The difference in the composition of cultivars has not influenced the drying of cassava slices. The drying kinetics presented a constant drying rate period followed by a decreasing drying rate with effective diffusion coefficient of 2.83.010ms. The hedonic means of all attributes ranged from neither like nor dislike to like moderately. Therefore, the choice of the more suitable cultivar can be based on plant productivity and product yield. The IAC 14 cultivar resulted in the highest root production per plant, product mass per roots and chips yield.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Gonzaga, R.R., Hossain, M. (International Rice Research Inst., Los Banos, Laguna (Philippines). Social Sciences Div.)",1995,Productivity and resource efficiency under favorable upland environment,,v. 20,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6475/,"Upland farms which largely produce subsistence crops take the heaviest toll from increasing population pressure. Sloping areas in the Philippines have been shifted to a permanent and more intensive farming. Similarly, farmers' tendency to shift towards cash crops, cassava in particular, without the benefit of external soil nutrient usage has contributed to soil degradation. This study investigates the sustainability and productivity of intensive farming under unfavorable upland environment. This study was based on a two-part intensive household survey in Claveria, Misamis Oriental i.e. 1992 survey and record keeping data from 1986. The paper investigates farm level changes in land use patterns, the profitability of cultivating alternative crops and cropping systems, and the changes in productivity and resource use efficiency associated with changes in farming systems. While new agricultural technologies are critical to the development of a sustainable and productive upland agriculture systems, years of research effort in an acid-upland area in Claveria, Misamis Oriental to address part of the issue has yet to manifest its results. As such, farmers have yet to fully incorporate these new technologies into their present management and cultural practices, and realize higher productivity from applied resources",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Gonzal, L.R.",1980,"Effect of boron and gibberellic acid on flowering, pollen viability and seed production in cassava and sweet potato",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6476/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Gonzal, D.G., Osita, W.E. (Visayas State Coll. of Agriculture, Baybay, Leyte (Philippines) Dept. of Forestry)",1986,Production of some upland crops grown in association with Desmodium ovalifolium [Philippines],,v. 11,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6477/,"Field experiments were conducted at the agroforestry field of the Visayas State College of Agriculture [Baybay, Leyte, Philippines] to determine the effects of Desmodium ovalifolium on the growth and yield of upland rice (UPL-Ri-5) and cassava. Results showed that rice and cassava grown in association with Desmodium gave higher yield with an average of 0.79 and 9.48 tons/ha, respectively, compared to those grown in pure culture with an average yield of 0.66 and 8.49 tons/ha (marketable tubers), respectively. Possible implications of the results were discussed.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Gonzal, D.G., Valenzona, M.A.",1988,Cassava-Desmodium ovalifolium intercropping in hillyland,,13,6,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6478/,"Field experiment on cassava-Desmodium ovalifolium intercropping was conducted in Agroforestry Research and Demonstration field, Visayas State Coll. of Agriculture, Baybay, Leyte [Philippines] in 1986-87 to determine the effect of Desmodium ovalifolium on the yield of cassava, soil fertility and controlling soil loss in hillyland. Yield of cassava grown in association with Desmodium ovalifolium was significantly higher than that of the control. Highest yield of cassava was obtained when Desmodium was clipped twice. Organic matter contents and soil pH increased when Desmodium was clipped twice, while, percent nitrogen and phosphorus consistently increased with Desmodium treatment regardless of the number of clippings. Intercropping cassava with Desmodium generally decreased soil loss in hillyland.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Gonzales, P. F., Bicudo, S. J., Moraes-Dallaqua, M. A., Tanamati, F. Y., Aguiar, E. B.",2014,Yield components and morphology of cassava roots under diferent tillage,Bragantia,73,4,10.1590/1678-4499.0150,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6481/,"In order to evaluate the effect of minimum tillage, conventional tillage and no-tillage on yield components and the morphol of roots of sweet cassava cv. IAC 576-70 was conducted a field experiment in randomized blocks design with split plot six replications. The different tillages minimum tillage, conventional tillage and no-tillage plots were considered the plots the evaluation time, in days after planting, were considered the subplots. In this experiment were mensured the number, len diameter, fresh and dry weight, dry matter content and morphological characteristics of cassava roots at different samp times. From the results of these assessments it was concluded that the soil tillage influence root diameter, fresh and dry wei in the early dormancy phase and new period of vegetative growth, the soil tillage did not influence the chronological defini of the yield component as well as the morphology of cassava roots and the yield components of sweet cassava cv. IAC 576 are defined in the following order, number of roots, length, diameter, dry matter content, fresh and dry weight.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Goossens, F.",1997,Failing innovation in the Zairian cassava production system: a comparative historical analysis,Sustainable Development,5,,10.1002/(SICI)1099-1719(199703)5:1<36::AID-SD60>3.0.CO;2-D,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6507/,"Since 1954 Zairian farmers have responded to the growing urban demand for cassava, the basic staple food, only by using more land and labour. Farmers are efficient, given their factor endowment, but the intensification of cassava production without innovation, caused by population pressure, leads to a farming system that is not sustainable and is slowly destroying itself: a degrading soil fertility, decreasing yields, a growing role for cassava because of its performance on poor soils. The labour constraint limits the physical output and income per farm and also the total cassava production. As a result the farm population can only feed itself and a non‐agricultural population of the same size and has reached its boundaries.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Gopal, T.K.S., Sadasivam, R.",1973,note on the variability of cyanogenic glucoside content in cassava tuber variety Malavella at different stages of mat urity,south indian horticulture,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6508/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Gopalakrishna Pillai, K., George, C. M.",,"Studies on the response N,P,K in conjunction with Ca on the growth and yield of tapioca (Manihot utilissima Pohl) var. ""Malayan-4""",Agricultural research journal of Kerala,Sept 1978 (pub. 1979) v. 16 (p,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6511/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Gottret, Maria Veronica",1997,Output II Ex-ante impact assessment. 2.1. Trends analysis. 2.1.B. Cassava,Assessment of past and expected impact of research on agriculture and natural resource management: Annual Report 1997,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6521/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Gottret, Maria Veronica, Wood, Stanley",1997,Output II Ex-ante impact assessment. 2.2. Estimation of ex-ante impact. Cassava,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6522/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Gottret, Mara Vernica, Raymond, Melanie",2003,Analysis of cassava integrated research and development approach: Has it really contributed to poverty alleviation?,Agricultural Research and Poverty Reduction: Some Issues and Evidence,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6526/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Gottret, M. V., Patiño, B. O.",2004,"Twenty years of cassava innovation in Colombia: Scaling up under different political, economic, and social environments",Scaling Up and Out: Achieving Widespread Impact through Agricultural Research,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6527/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Government of Sierra Leone (Sierra Leone); Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Technische Zusammenarbeit, Eschborn (Germany, F.R.)",1986,"Technical recommendations for crop packages groundnuts, cowpea, cassava, sweet potato",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6532/,"This manual on groundnuts, cassava, sweet potato is the fourth and last in a series of training manuals produced by the Agronomy Department of the Bo/Pujehun Rural Development Project for its 220 extension workers. It serves as a reference guide during field work and is an integral part of the regular training courses conducted by its agricultural programmes",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Government of Sierra Leone (Sierra Leone). Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Technische Zusammenarbeit, Eschborn (Germany, F.R.).",1986,"Technical recommendations for crop packages groundnuts [Arachis], cowpea [Vigna unguiculata], cassava [Manihot esculenta] sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas]. Bo - Pujehun Rural Development Project",,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6533/,"This manual on groundnuts, cassava, sweet potato is the fourth and last in a series of training manuals produced by the Agronomy Department of the Bo/Pujehun Rural Development Project for its 220 extension workers. It serves as a reference guide during field work and is an integral part of the regular training courses conducted by its agricultural programmes.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Grace, M.R.",1977,Cassava Processing,Cassava Processing,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6545/,"This book, an updated version of an earlier FAO publication on the same subject, deals with the following aspects of cassava: cultivation, processing of roots into flour and starch, the preparation of baked tapioca products, the preparation of products for animal feeding, starch factories, utilization of products, product quality control, world production and trade of products, development of the cassava processing industry and its future. There are 6 appendices, 4 of which deal with standards for cassava products, one lists the processing equipment for a cassava starch factory producing 24 tons/day, and one gives summaries of FAO studies on cassava processing in Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Malaysia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sri Lanka and Tanzania in the period 1962-1970.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Graciano-Ribeiro, D., Hashimoto, D.Y.C., Nogueira, L.C., Teodoro, D., Miranda, S.F., Nassar, N.M.A.",2009,"Internal phloem in an interspecific hybrid of cassava, an indicator of breeding value for drought resistance",,v. 8,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6548/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Graham, G. G., Lembcke, J., Morales, E.",1988,Effects of cassava variety and processing on energy and protein digestibility and utilization by young children,Journal of Nutrition,118,7,10.1093/jn/118.7.877,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6553/,"Two varieties of cassava, processed as Nigerian fermented flour (gari) or as Brazilian flour (farinha), were fed to two groups of eight infants and young children, each group receiving both forms of one variety, with preceding, intervening and following casein control diets. The flours provided 50% of diet energy, with casein added to make 8% energy as protein, vegetable oils to make 20% as fat and corn syrup solids and sugar to make 72% carbohydrate (CHO) energy. Fecal wet weight increased (P < 0.05) from approximately 100 g/d (casein diets) to means ( SD) of 202 72, 171 58, 154 46 and 190 67 g/d; dry weights from means of 14.7-18.3 g/d to means of 22.9-24.4 g/d (P < 0.05); fecal energy from means of 50-60 kcal/d to means of 89-94 kcal/d (P < 0.01); fecal fat was generally no affected; and fecal CHO nearly tripled (P < 0.01) from approximately 4 to 12 g/d. Apparent nitrogen absorptions and retentions from the cassava + casein diets were modestly lower than from casein diets. Rates of weight gain were very variable and not significantly different by diet; serum albumin levels were essentially unchanged. The results with these flours were indistinguischable from each other and from those previously found with freeze-dried cassava flour in otherwise identical diets. Variety and processing method had no affect on the digestibility of cassava starch and oligosaccharides and on the great resistance to digestion and the waterholding capacity of cassava fiber.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Graner, E. A.",1941,Polyploid cassava - Induced by colchicine treatment,Journal of Heredity,32,,10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a105064,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6557/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Gray, V.M. (Witwatersrand Univ., Wits (South Africa). Molecular, Cell Biology School)",2003,Modelling cassava crop production under semi-arid subtropical conditions in South Africa,,v. 99,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6566/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Gregorio, Glenn B.",2002,Progress in Breeding for Trace Minerals in Staple Crops,,v. 132,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6575/,"Staples are not considered an important source of minerals in the diet. However, because of high staple consumption, any increase in mineral concentration might well have a significant effect on human nutrition and health. The nutritional quality of staple crops (rice, cassava, wheat, maize and beans) can be improved by breeding. Studies have shown the potential to exploit the genetic variation in seed concentration of iron and other minerals without the general negative effect on yield of adding new traits. The relationship between yield and mineral concentration may be positive, particularly in mineral-deficient soil. Initial evaluations have shown that some crop varieties have high Fe, Zn and carotene in their edible portions. The next step for conventional breeding will be to study the genetics of trace mineral inheritance to determine the best selection technique. Initial investigations of the genetics for high iron in rice have indicated a complex mode of inheritance, demonstrating additive and dominant gene and environmental effects. Breeding strategies have been developed based on these genetic findings. The use of biotechnological tools, such as molecular marker-assisted selection, will significantly increase the pace and prospects of success for breeding to improve the nutritional value of staple food crops.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Gregory, Avwiri O., Agbalagba, E. O.",2014,"Assessment of natural radioactivity, associated radiological health hazards indices and soil-to-crop transfer factors in cultivated area around a fertilizer factory in Onne, Nigeria",,v. 71,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6580/,"Concentration of natural radionuclides in three major staple food crops cultivated around a fertilizer plant in Onne, Rivers State Nigeria and the cultivated soil samples were determined using gamma spectroscopy operated on a Canberra vertical high purity 3 3 NaI(TI) detector. The average activity concentration of U, Th and K was determined, for cassava flour (U 19.3 5.0, Th 11.4 3.3, K 426.9 33.8) Bq kg, for yam flour (U 6.3 1.8, Th 8.4 2.6, K 227.0.9 27.3) Bq kg while for cocoyam flour (U 7.5 2.7, Th 7.1 2.3, K 195.8 25.83) Bq kg. The mean activity concentration for soil samples is 18.7 3.7 Bq kg, 18.0 3.8 Bq kg and 308.4 22.4 Bq kg for U, Th and K, respectively. These values obtained show enhanced K concentration which is attributed to the effluent discharge from a fertilizer plant and its applications to farmlands, but U, Th values are well within the global average and values reported in some regions and countries of the world. Radiation hazard indices obtained to estimate potential radiological health risk in both foodstuffs and soil samples are well below their permissible limit as set by UNSCEAR [Sources and effects of ionizing radiation (Report to the General Assembly), 2000]. The rate of radionuclides transfer from soil to crops was moderate with mean transfer factors of Th < U < K.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Grneberg, W., Mwanga, R., Andrada, M., Espinoza, J.",2009,Selection methods. Part 5 Breeding clonally propagated crops,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6593/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Groot, P. de",1992,"Cassava as a cash crop for food, fuel, fodder and chemicals: proceedings of a workshop held in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, May 1991",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6598/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Akachuku, A.E.",1985,Cost-benefit analysis of wood and food components of agri-silviculture in Nigerian forest zone,Agroforestry Systems,3,4,10.1007/BF00055714,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/660/,"Costs and revenue of agri-silviculture in Nigerian forest zone were estimated. Two crop combinations were considered: Gmelina arborea Roxb., a hardwood species was interplanted with (a) yam (Dioscorea rotundata) and maize (Zea mais) and (b) cassava (Manihot utilissima) and maize. Agri-silviculture increases the farmer's income in this zone. The ratios of total cost to revenue are 1:2.3 for yam and maize and 1:2.4 for cassava and maize. The farmer's net income is U.S. $4065.86 from yam and maize and U.S. $2790.24 from cassava and maize. When the trees are clear-cut after five years, the ratio of cost to revenue is 1:2.4. The farmer's net income from wood is U.S. $2872.95. If 5 per cent of the farm families in the area practices agri-silviculture, each family cultivating one hectare, there will be enough fuelwood after five years' growth.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Grossman, L. S.",1985,"The Cassava Economy of Java - Falcon,Wp, Jones,Wo, Pearson,Sr",Economic Geography,61,4,10.2307/144058,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6600/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Akani, G. C., Petrozzi, F., Luiselli, L.",2014,Variation in Reptile Community Composition across Different Plantation Types in South-Eastern Nigeria,Revue D Ecologie-La Terre Et La Vie,69,03-Apr,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/663/,"Despite many studies of reptile community composition in Africa, no studies document the variation of reptile assemblages across different plantation types. Here, we document the community composition (richness, taxonomic composition, dominance, evenness) in relation to seasonality in eight different plantation types (from cassava-yam to banana-plantain, and from cacao to mixed orchards), and at three distinct study areas in the River Niger Delta of southern Nigeria. Our study showed that the community composition of reptiles did not differ significantly across plantation types in terms of species diversity and richness during the wet season, but it did so during the dry season (possibly as a consequence of survey effects). A few highly dominant lizard species (Agama agama and Trachylepis affinis) constituted the great majority of the specimens encountered during field work. Some snake species, although usually not very abundant (in terms of relative number) were observed in nearly all sites. Typical forest specialists may enter plantations, but they were never abundant there. Tortoises did not occur in any plantations. Diversity indices and multivariate sets of analyses revealed minor differences among study areas and across plantation types in terms of community composition patterns. However, some types of monoculture plantations had higher dominance and lower evenness values than mixed orchards (= poly-culture farms), showing that monocultures provided least quality habitats for reptile communities than poly-culture farms, favoring few species due to the relatively homogeneous niche availability. Overall, a clear process of biotic homogenization, with increases in dominance, was clearly observed at all sites.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Guide, B. A., Soares, E. A., Itimura, C. R. B., Alves, V. S.",2016,Entomopathogenic nematodes in the control of cassava root mealybug Dysmicoccus sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae),Revista Colombiana de Entomologia,42,1,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6636/,"The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of entomopathogenic nematodes in the control of cassava root mealybug Dysmicoccus sp. Under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Cochineals were reared in Caboti pumpkin in climatic chambers at 27 1 C, with relative humidity (RH) of 70 10%, and without photoperiod. The selection test was carried out with 15 isolates, and the ones which caused the greater percentage of insect mortality were used in concentration tests (0, 5, 10, 20, 50 Infective Juveniles/cm2), in sand column displacement, in the in vivo production of Galleria mellonella larvae, and in pathogenicity tests in greenhouse. The isolates NEPET11 (Heterorhabditis sp.) and RSC05 (H. Amazonensis) showed the greatest virulence to cochineals in the selection trial, with mortality percentages of 93% and 90%, respectively, and did not differ between each other. In the concentration test, the isolate NEPET11 showed the greatest insect mortality in lower concentrations. With regard to the displacement test, both isolates showed 100% insect mortality, with no significant difference. In the G. Mellonella larval production trial of NEPET11 and RSC05 isolates, approximately 7.0 104 and 7.2 104 infective juveniles/g larvae were produced, respectively, with no significant difference between treatments. Tests in greenhouse pots did not produced significant results.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Akani, G. C., Petrozzi, F., Luiseixi, L.",2014,Variation in reptile community composition across different plantation types in south-eastern Nigeria,Revue d'Ecologie (La Terre et la Vie),69,03-Apr,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/664/,"Despite many studies of reptile community composition in Africa, no studies document the variation of reptile assemblages across different plantation types. Here, we document the community composition (richness, taxonomic composition, dominance, evenness) in relation to seasonality in eight different plantation types (from cassava-yam to banana-plantain, and from cacao to mixed orchards), and at three distinct study areas in the River Niger Delta of southern Nigeria. Our study showed that the community composition of reptiles did not differ significantly across plantation types in terms of species diversity and richness during the wet season, but it did so during the dry season (possibly as a consequence of survey effects). A few highly dominant lizard species (Agama agama and Trachylepis affinis) constituted the great majority of the specimens encountered during field work. Some snake species, although usually not very abundant (in terms of relative number) were observed in nearly all sites. Typical forest specialists may enter plantations, but they were never abundant there. Tortoises did not occur in any plantations. Diversity indices and multivariate sets of analyses revealed minor differences among study areas and across plantation types in terms of community composition patterns. However, some types of monoculture plantations had higher dominance and lower evenness values than mixed orchards (= poly-culture farms), showing that monocultures provided least quality habitats for reptile communities than poly-culture farms, favoring few species due to the relatively homogeneous niche availability. Overall, a clear process of biotic homogenization, with increases in dominance, was clearly observed at all sites.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Guimares, R. M. L., Tormena, C. A., Blainski, E., Fidalski, J.",2013,Least limiting water range for the assessment of soil physical degradation,Revista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo,37,6,10.1590/S0100-06832013000600008,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6642/,"The effects of soil use and management on soil physical quality have been largely discussed due to its environmental and agronomic impacts. The least limiting water range (LLWR) is a modern indicator of soil physical quality that can indicate processes and mechanisms linked to soil physical degradation caused by soil use and management. The aim of this work was to quantify the influence of different land uses and soil tillage on the LLWR of an Oxisol (170, 40 and 790 g kg-1 clay, silt and sand). Four areas were selected native forest; planted pasture for more than 20 years; area under citrus cultivation for more than 10 years; area with annual crops (corn, sorghum, oat, and cassava) for 15 years after 10 years of pasture. In each treatment, 48 undisturbed samples were collected in the 0-0.10 m layer. A matric potential of-10 to-15,000 hPa was applied and the soil samples were analyzed for soil bulk density (Bd), water retention curve, soil resistance curve, LLWR, and critical Bd. Bulk density was influenced by soil use and management at the following sequence commercial crops = citrus &gt; pasture &gt; native forest. The relationship between LLWR and Bd was linear and negative, except under native forest, where the Bd range (1.35-1.55 Mg m-3) had a positive relationship. In the areas under citrus and annual crops, LLWR reached zero, with a critical bulk density (Bdc) of 1.75 and 1.80 Mg m-3, respectively, with severe soil physical degradation. The ratio of these values was 21% for soil under citrus and 18% for soil under commercial crops. The loss of soil physical quality was less marked for the soil under pasture than citrus and annual crops, with a less pronounced decrease of LLWR with increasing Bd. The lowest Bd value, at which the reduction of LLWR begins, was named alert bulk density (Bda). The Bda was 1.55 Mg m-3 and can be used as a reference value for the process of soil regeneration, valid for soils with soil texture and soil use and management similar to this study.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Gunasena, H.P.M., De Silva, N.T.M.H., Martin, M.P.L.D.",1980,"Effect of spacing and nitrogen on growth and yield of manioc, Manihot esculenta Crantz, grown as an intercrop under coconut",Journal of the National Science Council of Sri Lanka,8,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6651/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Guo-Hua, M., Yun-lan, X., Mei-ru, L., Jun-yan, G. (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou (China). South China Institute of Botany)",1997,Study on cold hardiness of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad and Tobago),v. 74,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6659/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cold hardiness by low temperature treatment to plantlets, somatic embryos, and embryonic callus in vitro was studied. The study included the testing of four cassava varieties for cold-hardiness resistant status, cold-temperature injury limit, and the use of electrical conductivity to measure the cold hardiness of different cassava varieties, tissues, and organs. These were used to identify cold-resistant varieties. The effect of different low temperatures and duration of exposure to cold temperature on the cyclic somatic embryo-genesis was also studied, and a base was established for cassava somatic cold-resistant mutant selection.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Guo, J.-Y., Liu, Y.Q.",1995,Rapid propagation of cassava by tissue culture and its application in rural districts in China,"International Scientific Meeting (2, 1984, Bogor, Indonesia). The Cassava Biotechnology Network: Proceedings.",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6660/,"The rate of traditional cassava propagation by stem cuttings is rather low. Yet cultivars degenerate after long vegetative propagation. Biotechnologists from CIAT and other institutions have developed cassava apical meristem culture as a pest-free method of quick multiplication. Modern biotechnology techniques usually require expensive facilities. But in China, cassava is a low-value crop mostly grown on the dry slopes of the south by individual farmers. We needed to supply the improved, high yielding cv. Nan-Zhi, screened from the introduced CIAT clones in vitro, quickly to farmers. So we had to devise a simple, cheap way to produce 800.000 of these plantlets, in rural villages, within 2 years, and with a high survival rate (9 percent) for transplanting directly into field. We used local meteorological records and solar energy instead of electricity. As incubation chamber and greenhouse we used movable structures covered in colored or plain plastic to grow plantlets in vitro, and after removing plantlets from test-tubes, before directly transplanting to fields. We found that it was vitally important to harden plantlets during transfer for their osmotic adjustment and then to treat them in nutrient solution for vigorous root growth. These treated plantlets, wrapped in moist absorbing paper, were packed in paper cartons for transport to be directly transplanted in the field.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Guobadia, E.",1993,Analysis of the cost and return to management of small scale cassava production in the humid zone of Nigeria,Tropicultura,11,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6681/,"Cassava is a major staple food in Nigeria. Available literature showed that not much work had been done on the return to management (RTM) of this crop particularly in recent times. Crop production variables of capital, hired labour, family labour and fertilizer-use were studied. Costs and returns of cassava production in the study area were computed. The study showed that the average cost of producing an hectare of cassava is N 10,343. The total return was valued at N 45,165 with an average RTM of N 34,821. The study also revealed that labour and fertilizer are crucial variables to productivity of the farm in terms of output per hectare. It was concluded that cassava production is a profitable venture and comparable to any Government Service which the unemployed and young school leavers should be encouraged to go into.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Gupta, R.P.",1994,Physical index a guide for tillage requirements,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6685/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Gura, S.",1986,A note on traditional food plants in East Africa: their value for nutrition and agriculture,Food and Nutrition,12,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6690/,"An overview is presented on the nutritional value and economic and agricultural importance of traditional food plants in East Africa, representing daily foods of the rural communities. Data on the nutrient composition of East African food plants and on their main use as food staples are summarized and discussed. Attention also is given to the contribution of the food plants to food security (concerning their drought intolerance, high nutritional density, good keeping quality, source of income, and productivity of cassava), and to the nature of East African farming systems (including cropping patterns, shifting cultivation practices, and the importance of intercropping to enhance stable yields.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Guritno, B., Sitompul, Soetono, Bruijn, G.H. de.",1984,The agronomy of Mukibat cassava,"Proceedings, Sixth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops / hosted by CIP in Lima, Peru, 21-26 February 1983",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6693/,"The Mukibat system of cassava production in Indonesia can lead to significant yield increases as compared to ordinary cassava. Preparation of graft combinations is time consuming, but once prepared, they can be reused for repeated planting. Mukibat cassava can be planted like ordinary cassava; digging planting holes, as often practices, can be omitted. For pure stand conditions, plant density of about 8,000 plants/ha was found to be optimal. Nitrogen fertilization increases yield significantly up to a level of 100 kg N/ha. No significant response to P and K was found. High root yield is obtained after a growth period of 12 to 15 months. Mukibat cassava has a somewhat higher HCN content than ordinary cassava.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Guritno, B., Sitompul, S.M.",1986,Cassava in the agricultural economy of Indonesia,"Cassava in Asia, its Potential and Research Development Needs. Proceedings of a Regional Workshop held in Bangkok, Thailand, 5-8 June, 1984",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6694/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Gurnah, A.M., Department of Crop Production, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya (previously of the Department of Crop Production, University of Science, Tec",1974,Effects of method of planting and the length and types of cuttings on yield and some yield components of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) grown in the forest zone of Ghana,Ghana journal of agricultural science,v. 7,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6695/,"In two experiments carried out in 1970and 1971in the forest zone of Ghana, cuttings of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz cv. Ankra), with less than five nodes, produced lower yields per hectare and fewer and lighter tubers per plant than those with five or more nodes. The percentage take of cuttings was also lower in the shorter cuttings. In two other experiments in 1970 and 1971, three methods of planting horizontal, slanting and vertical, and three types of cuttings base, middle and top were used. The types of cuttings had no effect on yield or any other parameters tested. The methods of planting had no effects on yield and its components but they affected the depth and spread of tubers. Vertical planting produced deeper but more compactly arranged tubers while horizontal planting produced tubers which were shallower but more widespread. Slanting was intermediate for both depth and spread. It was concluded that cuttings from any part of the stem can be used. The cuttings must have at least five nodes and they should be planted vertically or slanting.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Guthrie, John",2003,Controlling African Cassava Mosaic Disease,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6702/,"African cassava mosaic disease (ACMD)is caused by a virus and, as its implies, appears to be confined to Africa.A similar disease caused by a closelyrelated virus occurs in India, but the virus which causes the disease known ascassava mosaic disease, found in South America, belongs to adifferent group. It follows, therefore, that the original cassava introductionsinto Africa were free of the disease and were invaded by a virus present insome other host or hosts whose identity has yet to be established.ACMD was first described in the 19th century (Warburg, 1894)and isnow found wherever cassava is grown in Africa. Ironically, it is because thedisease is widespread that its importance has received little attention-somany plantings few, if any, healthy plants that ACMD infection hasto be regarded as a normal condition of the crop. Consequently, it notgenerally realized that ACMD causes serious yield losses.Plants infected with ACMD are not killed but show pale green or yellow areason the leaves, which are commonly small and distorted. Tubers are reduced insize and number. Stem diameter and overall size are also reduced. Yieldreduction may be severe. of up to 95%have been reported and theoverall reduction in Africa may be as high as 50%.The virus which causesACMD belongs to the gemini virus group, whose paired particles are visibleonly under an electron microscope.A number of strains of the virus have nowbeen recognized (Bock and Harrison, but strain differences are not importantfor practical field control.ACMD is spread in two ways when the whitefly tabaci) feeds first ondiseased plants and then on healthy plants; or when diseased cuttings areused to establish a crop. The relative importance of the two ways depends onseveral factors, but yield losses are greatest when plants are derived frominfected cuttings (Briant and Johns, 1940).The reduction in yield caused when a previously healthy plant is infected bywhitefly depends on the stage of growth at which this occurs. There nosignificant yield reduction if infection occurs more than 120days afterplanting (Fargette et al., 1986) but of course cuttings taken from such plantswill give reduced yields in the next crop.Cassava has become the most important food crop in Africa because of itshigh yield capacity and its ability to grow in poor soils.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Gutierrez, J.",1987,"The Cassava Green Mite in Africa - One or 2 Species - (Acari, Tetranychidae)",Experimental & Applied Acarology,3,2,10.1007/BF01270477,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6704/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Gutierrez, A. P., Yaninek, J. S., Wermelinger, B., Herren, H. R., Ellis, C. K.",1988,Analysis of biological control of cassava pests in Africa. III. Cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa,Journal of Applied Ecology,25,3,10.2307/2403756,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6710/,"Examined the interactions of Mononychellus tanajoa and Manihot esculenta under West African weather and soil conditions. Field studies had demonstrated the effects of plant and leaf age and rainfall-induced mortality on M. tanajoa population growth. In the absence of effective natural enemies, a model explains, in order of importance, the effects of rainfall, drought stress via the host-plant, food availability (production and persistence of new foliage) and leaf quality (N concentration) on M. tanajoa population growth. Rainfall-induced mortality greatly reduced M. tanajoa populations in the rainy season, drought and N stresses acting indirectly via food availability being most important in the dry season. The combined effects of M. tanajoa feeding and water and N stress on cassava tuber yield were assessed. (See also 89L/09855 & 10026). -from Authors",Excluded,Duplicate
"Gutierrez, A. P., Yaninek, J. S., Wermelinger, B., Herren, H. R., Ellis, C. K.",1988,Analysis of Biological Control of Cassava Pests in Africa. III. Cassava Green Mite Mononychellus tanajoa,Journal of Applied Ecology,25,3,10.2307/2403756,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6711/,"(1) The interactions of cassava green mite, Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) s.l., cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz, under West African weather and soil conditions were examined using a simulation model. (2) Field studies had demonstrated the effects of plant and leaf age and rainfall-induced mortality on M. tanajoa population growth. In the absence of effective natural enemies, the model explains, in order of importance, the effects of rainfall, drought stress via the host-plant, food availability (production and persistence of new foliage) and leaf quality (N concentration) on M. tanajoa population growth. (3) Rainfall-induced mortality greatly reduced M. tanajoa populations in the rainy season, drought and N stresses acting indirectly via food availability being most important in the dry season. (4) The combined effects of M. tanajoa feeding and water and N stress on cassava tuber yield were assessed.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Guy, Henry, Gottret, Veronica",1996,Global Cassava Trends: Reassessing the Crop's Future,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6732/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"H.C., Ezumah, A., Knight",1977,Some notes on the mealybug (Phenococcus sp) incidence on manioc (Manihot exculenta) in Bas-Aire area,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6742/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"H.C., Nanda, S.S., Rao, B.S., Chandrakar",1996,Stability analysis in short-duration cultivars of cassava (Manihot esculenta),Indian Journal of Agricultural Research,v. 66,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6743/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"H.D., Thurston",1978,Pest management for roots and tubers [cassava],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6744/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Mutsaers, H.J.W., Ezumah, H.C., Osiru, D.S.O.",1993,Cassava-based intercropping: a review,Field Crops Research,34,03-Apr,10.1016/0378-4290(93)90125-7,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6749/,"This paper reviews intercropping research for a particular case: cassava-based crop combinations. Cassava is dominated in combination with maize while it is the dominating species in combination with low-growing species. Combinations with maize or legumes show a real biological advantage over the sole crops reflected in (modified) Area × Time Equivalency ratio (ATER) values above unity. This is not the case with sweet potatoes. Success of maize+cassava mixtures depends on time and rate of recovery of cassava after maize harvest. Biological advantage tends to disappear when maize yield exceeds about 3.5 t ha−1. Under growing conditions or practices which result in high maize yield, intercropping cassava with maize is not biologically advantageous. Biological advantage of intercropping with legumes decreases with the legumes' growth duration, which should not exceed 90 days. Physiological traits of cassava for successful intercropping with maize or with legumes are probably not the same, but their nature is not clear. Moderate early vigour and a high partitioning of dry matter to the storage roots after harvest of the associated crops seem important in both cases. Cassava breeding for sole cropping has resulted in varieties with good performance in intercropping. Whether varieties can be selected with better adaptation to intercropping cannot be concluded from the literature. Dry-matter distribution, in particular after harvest of the associated crop, seems important but more growth analytical studies are required. Usefulness of currently available crop models in the study of intercropping is doubtful.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"H.J., Dengel",1979,Methods and proposals for combatting cassava [Manihot esculenta] mosaic disease in the republic of Togo,Plant research and development,v. 10,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6750/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Herath, H.M.P.",1979,A clamp to store cassava roots,Appropriate Technology,5,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6753/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Herren, H.R.",1988,"IITA/Africa-wide biological control programme. History, achievements and prospects for sustainable pest control in Africa",Noragric Occasional Papers Series C. Development and Environment,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6756/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"H.Y., Kulkarni, V.J., Goba, F.W., Philips",1985,Research in plant pathology (Aug 1981 - Dec 1984). Interim technical report pt. 1,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6758/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Maraite, H., Meyer, J.A.",1975,"Xanthomonas manihotis (Arthaud-Berthet) Starr, causal agent of bacterial wilt, blight and leaf spots of cassava in Zaire",PANS Pest Articles & News Summaries,21,1,10.1080/09670877509411484,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6759/,"Bacterial wilt of cassava has been causing a severe reduction of tuber yield in the savanna of the southern part of Zaire since 1970. Infection of young shoots often takes place through insect punctures made mainly by Pseudotheraptus devastans Distant. Systemic colonisation of the stem leads to vascular browning, formation of bacterial pockets in the bark which extrude a yellow-white exudate and sudden drying of the leaves and necrosis of the stem tips. Angular leaf spots, accompanied by small droplets of exudate on the lower surface of the lesion, rapid blight of large areas of the lamina and defoliation, are endemic in Zaire. Epidemics develop under conditions of heavy rainfall. The cultural appearance, the morphological and biochemical characters as well as the cross-inoculation tests demonstrate that the bacteria causing wilt, leaf spotting and blight are identical. They are identified as Xanthomonas manihotis (Arthaud-Berthet) Starr and can be distinguished from a Brazilian isolate of X. manihotis only by a lower amylolytic activity. A critical analysis of the literature suggests a worldwide distribution of the disease. The recent epidemic development of bacterial wilt in Zaire and the control by resistant cultivars are discussed.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"H., Irizarry, E., Rivera",1983,"Nutrient and dry matter contents of intensively managed cassava grown on an Ultisol [Manihot esculenta, fertilizer levels, yields, Puerto Rico]",,v. 67,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6760/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"H., Mutsaers",1988,Research in the secondary forest area (Ayepe),IITA Resource and Crop Management Program. Annual Report 1986 (IITA),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6763/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Haase, S., Sciocco-Cap, A., Romanowski, V.",2015,"Baculovirus insecticides in Latin America: Historical overview, current status and future perspectives",Viruses,7,5,10.3390/v7052230,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6769/,"Baculoviruses are known to regulate many insect populations in nature. Their host-specificity is very high, usually restricted to a single or a few closely related insect species. They are amongst the safest pesticides, with no or negligible effects on non-target organisms, including beneficial insects, vertebrates and plants. Baculovirus-based pesticides are compatible with integrated pest management strategies and the expansion of their application will significantly reduce the risks associated with the use of synthetic chemical insecticides. Several successful baculovirus-based pest control programs have taken place in Latin American countries. Sustainable agriculture (a trend promoted by state authorities in most Latin American countries) will benefit from the wider use of registered viral pesticides and new viral products that are in the process of registration and others in the applied research pipeline. The success of baculovirus-based control programs depends upon collaborative efforts among government and research institutions, growers associations, and private companies, which realize the importance of using strategies that protect human health and the environment at large. Initiatives to develop new regulations that promote the use of this type of ecological alternatives tailored to different local conditions and farming systems are underway.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Hadi, A., Inubushi, K., Purnomo, E., Razie, F., Yamakawa, K., Tsuruta, H.",2000,Effect of land-use changes on nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from tropical peatlands,Chemosphere - Global Change Science,2,03-Apr,10.1016/S1465-9972(00)00030-1,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6774/,"Tropical peatlands could be a potential source of nitrous oxide (N2O) which has a significant impact on global warming. To reduce N2O emission and develop best management practices for peatlands, the formation and emission rates of N2O as affected by land-use management (i.e., changing peatland into agricultural land) and the factors affecting the process must be understood. Therefore, one field and three laboratory incubation experiments were carried out during 1998-99 using peatland soils from 12 sites in South Kalimantan (Indonesia) and one site in Sarawak (Malaysia) to quantify the N2O emission and the factors affecting it. The results from the field experiment showed that land-use managements, changing water table and locations had a significant impact on N2O emission. Changing peatland into cultivated lands (cultivated upland and paddy field) enhanced the N2O emission. For example, cultivated upland Cassava crop resulted in the highest amounts of N2O emission (1.04 mg N m-2 h-1) compared to other treatments. The N2O emission during 1998 was higher than those during 1999 because of the changing water table and dry season in 1998. The laboratory experiments showed that the N2O emission was also strongly influenced by land-use management, soil moisture contents, addition of ammonium fertilizer or rice straw and soil depths. For example, the flooded conditions stimulated the N2O emission compared to that at 60% moisture contents. Similarly, the addition of ammonium fertilizer suppressed the N2O emission compared to control treatments because of the high ammonium contents that inhibit nitrification. Nevertheless, incorporation of rice straw to soil samples from 20 to 40 cm soil depth stimulated N2O emission.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Hafi, A.A.B., Ratnayake, W., Rupasinghe, R.",1990,User's perspective with agricultural research and development with special reference to root and tuber crops in Sri Lanka,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6777/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Haggblade, S.",2004,Building on successes in African agriculture,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6783/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Hagvar, E. B.",1991,Ecological problems in the establishment of introduced predators and parasites for biological control,Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca,88,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6791/,"Reviews aspects of the establishment of introduced predators and parasitoids favourable climate, temporal and spatial synchronisation, presence of alternate host or prey, biotypes, hyperparasitism or predation by natural enemies, interspecific competition and genetical problems. The cassava project in Africa is an example where several of these ecological factors are involved.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Hahn, S.K.",1976,Improvement of cassava at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture,"The International Exchange and Testing of Cassava Germ Plasm in Africa: Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Workshop held at IITA, lbadan, Nigeria, 17-21 November 1975",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6792/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Hahn, S.K., Howland, A.K.",1977,Breeding for resistance to cassava bacterial blight [duplicate],,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6793/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Hahn, S. K.",1978,Breeding cassava for resistance to bacterial blight,Pans,24,4,10.1080/09670877809414141,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6794/,"It is noted that cassava bacterial blight (CBB) has been reported in several African countries and that heavy infection with CBB can lead to total crop failure as most local varieties are very susceptible. The best control method is through varietal resistance. IITA has made progress in breeding for resistance to both CBB and cassava mosaic disease (CMD) incorporating simultaneously other desirable agronomic qualities. The cassava breeding work at IITA since 1972 is then discussed covering tests on a total of 583 cassava families from CIAT, East Africa and IITA for sources of high resistance to CBB, further tests on 748 IITA clones for CBB resistance in a given ecological setting of high rainfall, sandy and acid soil from which the cultivar 58308 emerged highly resistant. Other aspects of the breeding work treated are conditions affecting varietal selection, namely genetic mechanism resistance stability of resistance to CBB over time and in different areas in Africa; high heritability; genetic correlation between resistance to CBB and CMD; correlation of CBB resistance with other characteristics such as tuber yield and leaf defoliation; and finally some factors affecting CBB field scores which are time of planting, age of plant and time of observation. It is noted that the sources of high resistance to CBB identified have been quickly and successfully incorporated into promising cassava clones.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Hahn, S. K., Terry, E. R., Leuschner, K., Akobundu, I. O., Okali, C., Lal, R.",1979,Cassava improvement in Africa,Field Crops Research,2,,10.1016/0378-4290(79)90024-8,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6795/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important staple food crop in tropical Africa. Production constraints including diseases, insect pests, weeds, soils, cultural practices and socio-economic factors are discussed. Research findings to overcome these constraints are reviewed, with particular emphasis on pest control, varietal improvement and cultural practices. Significant progress has been made in breeding improved clones resistant to cassava mosaic and bacterial blight (Xanthomonas manihotis Starr) with desirable root characteristics, low HCN, resistance to lodging, high yield potential, and of a quality acceptable to the consumers of the region. Sources of resistance to cassava green mite (Mononychellus tanajoa Bondar) have also been identified. Increased benefits from cassava improvement will require growing the improved varieties under good management conditions and at low pest population pressures.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Hahn, S.K., Terry, E.R., Leschner, K.",1980,Breeding cassava for resistance to cassava mosaic disease [duplicate],Euphytica,29,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6798/,"Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) is one of the most serious and widespread diseases throughout cassava growing areas in Africa, causing yield reductions of up to 90%. Early research on breeding of cassava (Manihot esculenta CRANTZ) for resistance to CMD in Africa is reviewed. Changes in population size and in activity of the white-fly vector of CMD (Bemisia tabaci GENN.) in relation to changes in environmental conditions such as amount and distribution of rainfall, light intensity and temperature are discussed in relation to screening for resistance to CMD. Over the past eight years, significant progress has been made at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). Resistance to CMD has been successfully incorporated into high yielding cultivars of acceptable quality. The CMD resistant material has been evaluated and many promising clones have been selected in various countries in tropical Africa and India. The resistance has been effective in those countries",Excluded,Duplicate
"Hahn, S.K., Kang, B.T., Ayanaba, A.",1981,Cassava varietal response to mycorrhizal fungi in phosphate deficient soils,Proceedings ... Global impacts of applied microbiology,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6801/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Hahn, S.K. (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria))",1982,"Research priorities, techniques, and accomplishments in cassava breeding at IITA",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6802/,"The major biological constraints to cassava production in Africa are diseases, especially cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and cassava bacterial blight (CBB) and insect pests, such as the mealybug and the green mite. Thus, the primary objectives of cassava breeding at IITA have been to alleviate these constraints. Cassava-breeding techniques such as pollination, seed collection, seed germination, and screening for important agronomic characteristics are used the procedures and yield trials are described in this paper. The most promising IITA cultivars with good performance in a wide range of environments within Nigeria are TMS 30572 and TMS 30555. The most CMD- and CBB-resistant cultivar is TMS 30001, which is also low in cyanide. Sources of resistance to cassava green mite have been identified, and a mealybug-resistant Manihot species has been found. The improved populations and families of true seeds with sources of disease and insect resistance, high-yield potentials, compact roots, and low-cyanide levels are available for selection.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Hahn, S.K.",1983,Cassava research to overcome the constraints to production and use in Africa,"Cassava toxicity and thyroid: research and public health issues. Proceedings of a workshop held in Ottawa, Canada, 31 May-2 June 1982",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6803/,"In Africa, the average cassava yield of 6.4 tons/ha is low compared with the world average yield of 8.8 tons/ha. This average has declined since 1975 due to severe diseases, and particularly insect pests. As a result, the total acreage devoted to cassava has been increased to compensate for the lower yield per unit area. This paper discusses the various diseases and insect pests that affect cassava and the methods used to control them. The effects of traditional processing methods are also studied. The breeding of cassava for low cyanide content is also discussed.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Hahn, S.K. (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria))",1984,Progress on root and tuber improvement at IITA,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6804/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Hahn, S. K., Keyser, J.",1985,Cassava: a Basic Food of Africa,Outlook on Agriculture,14,2,10.1177/003072708501400207,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6805/,"Although cassava is a staple crop for one-eighth of the world's population, it is virtually unknown outside the tropics. There, however, it is very important as a subsistence crop which can be relied on to produce a reasonable yield over a very wide range of climatic conditions. Since its foundation in 1967, IITA has devoted a great deal of effort to developing improved strains of the crop and better methods of cultivation and disease control.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Hahn, S.K., Mahungu, N.M., Otoo, J.A., Msabaha, M.A.M., Lutaladio, N.B., Dahniya, M.T.",1987,Cassava and the African food crisis,Tropical Root Crops: Root Crops and the African Food Crisis,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6806/,"Cassava is the most important root crop grown in the tropics. Because of its efficient production of food energy, year-round availability, tolerance to extreme stress conditions, and suitability to present farming systems in Africa, cassava could play a major role in alleviating the African food crisis. Improvements in available varieties, cultural practices, and processing techniques would increase cassava production and utilization. The potential of, and constraints to, cassava production in Africa are discussed.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Hahn, S.K.",1988,Constraints on cassava and yam research and production in Africa,"The use of biotechnology for the improvement of cassava, yams and plantain in Africa",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6808/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Hahn, N. D.",1988,"Processing, utilization and nutritional linkages for cassava-based systems in various environments",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6810/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Hahn, S.K.",1989,Breeding cassava for pest resistance with specific reference to the cassava mealybug and green mite,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6813/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Hahn, S.K. (International Inst. of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria)), Ikotun, T., Theberge, R.L., Swennen, R.",1989,"Major economic diseases of cassava, plantain and cooking/starchy bananas in Africa",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6814/,"Cassava, plantain and cooking/starchy bananas are major staple food for more than 300 million people in sub-saharan Africa. Africa produces 44.3 and 68.5 of the world's total output of cassava and plantain/cooking bananas, respectively. Major diseases of cassava are the African cassava mosaic virus, the cassava bacterial blight and the cassava anthracnose disease. Others include the Cercospora leaf spots and root and tuber rots caused by various fungi and bacteria. Research over the years at IITA has focused on the improvement of cassava through breeding and has produced many varieties that are adaptable to various ecological zones, disease resistant and high-yielding. The major disease of plantain and cooking/starchy bananas so far reported in Africa is the black Sigatoka which was first reported in Zambia in 1073 and has since spread to nearly all the countries in Africa. Since chemical control of the disease is very expensive, IITA has started to breed for black Sigatoka resistant plantain and cooking/starchy bananas. The breeding program is supported by a worldwide collection of Musa germplasm and their screening for black Sigatoka resistance at the IITA's Onne sub-station situated in southeastern Nigeria",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Hahn, S.K.",1989,An overview of African traditional cassava processing and utilization,Outlook on Agriculture,18,,10.1177%2F003072708901800303,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6815/,"Cassava is grown in 31 African countries and consumption per capita averages just over 100 kg/year. This article reviews traditional cassava processing and utilization as now practised by small-scale farmers and processors in Africa, and examines the opportunities for improving post-harvest operations in the African continent.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Hahn, S.K.",1993,Traditional processing and utilization of cassava in Africa,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6821/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Hahn, S.K., Bai, K.V., Chukwuma., Asiedu, R., Dixion, A., Ng, S.Y.",1994,Polyploid breeding of cassava,Acta horticulturae,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6822/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Hahn, S. K., Howland, A. K.",1977,Breeding for resistance to cassava bacterial blight,"Cassava Bacterial Blight: Report of an Interdisciplinary Workshop held at IITA, lbadan, Nigeria, 1-4 November 1976",,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6824/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Haizel, K.A. (Cape Coast Univ. (Ghana)), Tetteh, J.P.",1989,Rainfall and soil characteristics of the forest and coastal thicket zones of southern Ghana in relation to cassava-based cropping systems,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6835/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Hajek, A. E., Delalibera, I.",2010,Fungal pathogens as classical biological control agents against arthropods,Biocontrol,55,1,10.1007/s10526-009-9253-6,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6837/,"Fungal entomopathogens have been used more frequently than other types of pathogens for classical biological control. Among 136 programs using different groups of arthropod pathogens, 49.3% have introduced fungal pathogens (including both the traditional fungi and microsporidia). The most commonly introduced species was Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin, with 13 introductions, followed by Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu & Soper, which was released seven times. The majority of introduction programs have focused on controlling invasive species of insects or mites (70.7%) rather than on native hosts (29.4%). Almost half of the introductions of traditional fungi targeted species of Hemiptera and 75% of the microsporidia introduced have been introduced against lepidopteran species. The United States was the country where most introductions of fungi took place (n = 24). From 1993 to 2007, no arthropod pathogens were released in the US due to the rigorous regulatory structure, but in 2008 two species of microsporidia were introduced against the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.). Establishment of entomopathogenic fungi in programs introducing traditional fungi was 32.1% and establishment was 50.0% for programs introducing microsporidia. In some programs, releases have resulted in permanent successful establishment with no non-target effects. In summary, classical biological control using fungal entomopathogens can provide a successful and environmentally friendly avenue for controlling arthropod pests, including the increasing numbers of invasive non-native species.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Halder, M., Dhar, P. P., Nandi, N. C., Akhter, S.",2015,"Arbuscular Mycorrhizal colonization in some plant species and relationship with the soil properties in the BCSIR campus of Chittagong, Bangladesh",Research Journal of Biotechnology,10,8,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6839/,"Study on the relationship between the soil properties and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization of different plant species in the BCSIR Laboratories, Chittagong campus was carried out. Fine roots and rhizosphere soil of Acacia auriculiformis, Acalypha indica, Alpinia nigra, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Averrhoa carambola, Cinnamomum tamala, Elettaria cardamomum, Ficus benghalensis, Gardenia jasminoides, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Jasminum sambac, Manihot esculenta, Mimosa pudica, Mimusops elengi, Pinus palustris, Piper longum, Rauwolfia teraphylla, Sesbania sesban, Swietenia mahagoni and Tinospora cordifolia were collected, stained, processed and analyzed by established methods. Highest AM colonization was in G. jasminoides and the lowest was in S. sesban. No AM colonization occurred in P. palustris. There were no regular correlations among the soil properties and AM properties. Negative correlation between arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization soil phosphorus was significant (r=-0.646, p<0.01%). Significant and positive correlations between soil K contents, (r=0.826, p<0.01 for percent root colonization; r=0.601, p<0.01 for vesicular colonization and r=0.572, p<0.01 for arbuscular colonization) and AM properties were remarkable. EC was significantly related with root colonization (r=-0.535, p<0.05%). Vesicular colonization was significantly positive with the colonization. Independent influence of soil properties on the AM properties of host plant species for their nutritional acquisition in the field conditions was emphasized.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Halim, R.A.",1992,Productivity and nutritive value of six fodder tree species,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6843/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Hall, M. J.",1986,Cassava Toxicity,Lancet,1,8472,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6846/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Halm, D., Gaiser, T., Stahr, K.",2002,"Seepage and groundwater recharge in sandy soils of the semi-arid region of Picos, Northeast Brazil",Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen,225,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6852/,"Since the Northeast of Brazil suffers from water scarcity and an excessive use of subfossil to fossil groundwaters, the assessment of seepage (SP) and groundwater recharge (GR) under the present semi-arid climatic conditions is important. Simulated SP-periods (in days) in two out of three investigated soils were identical compared to measured SP-periods showing that the applied soil water balance model HILLFLOW calculated realistically. Under grass vegetation (Haplic Acrisol) and under natural drought deciduous shrub vegetation (Lixi-Ferric Alisol), a distinct higher portion of precipitation is consumed by actual evapotranspiration than under cassava vegetation (Ferralic Arenosol), leading to a SP-portion, which is in both soils only the half compared to the Ferralic Arenosol. The simulated subterranean water divide in the Ferralic Arenosol lies higher (150-175 cm depth) when the vegetation cover is cassava and deeper (350-400 cm depth) when the vegetation cover is drought deciduous shrub. The rate of GR in 5 m depth under the Ferralic Arenosol was calculated at about 15 mma-1 under cassava vegetation and 7 mma-1 under drought deciduous shrub vegetation (mean 10.5 mma-1), which is highly comparable to the referenced value of 10 mma-1.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Hammond, W.",1988,Biological control project for Africa,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6869/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Hammond, W.N.O. (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou (Benin). Biological Control Programme, Benin Research Station), Neuenschwander, P.",1990,Sustained biological control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera Pseudococcidae) by Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hymenoptera Encyrtidae) in Nigeria,,v. 35,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6870/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Handayani, T.",1990,Effect of NPK fertilizer to methane value from cassava solid waste digestion,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6892/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Handayani, I. P., Prawito, P., Ihsan, M.",2012,Soil changes associated with imperata cylindrica grassland conversion in Indonesia,International Journal of Soil Science,7,2,10.3923/ijss.2012.61.70,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6893/,"Imperata grassland is recognized as environmental threats causing low land productivity. This has increased the need to assess the effect of grassland conversion to agricultural fields on soil. Undisturbed and disturbed soil samples were collected from Bengkulu Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. We used five different land management practices such as Imperata cylindrica dominated grassland as a reference, cassava field, banana field, legume field and agroforestry. Result shows that 6-year of cassava cultivation decreased 35% of soil water content at field capacity, 23% of water holding capacity, 11% of porosity, 13% of organic C and microbial biomass C, 32% of inorganic N and 10% of mineralizable C. Conversion to banana field only lowered C organic about 6% and soil microbial biomass C up to 8%. Conversion to legume fields and agroforestry significantly increased all the soil properties tested. Agroforestry system has maintained higher soil C and N levels than the other fields. On average, degradation index in cassava field was 11%. The aggradation index has increased from banana field (14%), agroforestry system (37%) and legume field (38%). In conclusion, conversion of Imperata grassland to conservative agricultural land is considered one way to improve soil ecosystem. 2012 Academic Journals Inc.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Handl, J., Sachse, R., Jakob, D., Michel, R., Evangelista, H., Gonalves, A. C., de Freitas, A. C.",2008,Accumulation of 137Cs in Brazilian soils and its transfer to plants under different climatic conditions,Journal of Environmental Radioactivity,99,2,10.1016/j.jenvrad.2007.07.017,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6894/,"The spatial distribution and behaviour of the global fallout 137Cs in the tropical, subtropical and equatorial soil-plant systems were investigated at several upland sites in Brazil selected according to their climate characteristics, and to the agricultural importance. To determine the 137Cs deposition density, undisturbed soil profiles were taken from 23 environments situated between the latitudes of 02N and 30S. Sampling sites located along to the equator exhibited 137Cs deposition densities with an average value of 219 Bq m-2. Extremely low deposition densities of 1.3 Bq m-2 were found in the Amazon region. In contrast, the southern part of Brazil, located between latitudes of 20S and 34S, exhibited considerably higher deposition densities ranging from 140 Bq m-2 to 1620 Bq m-2. To examine the 137Cs soil-to-plant transfer in the Brazilian agricultural products, 29 mainly tropical plant species, and corresponding soil samples were collected at 43 sampling locations in nine federal states of Brazil. Values of the 137Cs concentration factor plant/soil exhibited a large range from 0.020 (beans) to 6.2 (cassava). Samples of some plant species originated from different collecting areas showed different concentration factors. The 137Cs content of some plants collected was not measurable due to a very low 137Cs concentration level found in the upper layers of the incremental soils. Globally, the soil-to-plant transfer of 137Cs can be described by a logarithmic normal distribution with a geometric mean of 0.3 and a geometric standard deviation of 3.9. 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"A., Bueno",1983,"Selection in cassava seedlings [Manihot esculenta, plant genetics]",,v. 18,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/69/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Hankoua, B. B., Mbanaso, A., Banda, R., Fauquet, C., Taylor, N.",2007,Enhancement of friable embryogenic callus production and plant recovery by tyrosine in a range of agronomically important west African cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) landraces,In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Animal,43,,10.1007/s11626-007-9028-2,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6909/,"The effect of tyrosine on the conversion of somatic embryos into high quality, proliferating friable embryogenic callus (FEC) and the FEC conversion into normal plants were evaluated. All cultivars were embryogenically competent in Murashige and Skoog-based medium supplemented with 50 μM picloram. A significant difference was observed in the frequency of organized embryogenic structure (OES) induction from leaf explants between the 17 cassava cultivars. OES formation at 85% was highest in cv. TME1 and TME282 while TME127, TME117, TME2, TME1695 and TME8 was the least responsive with less than 20% of explants undergoing embryogenesis. Inclusion of the amino acid tyrosine at either 250 μM or 500 μM into OES induction medium had no positive effect on conversion of leaf lobes to OES in all the 17 cultivars. All cultivars formed FEC after cultured of OES on a Gresshoff and Doy based medium (FEC-IM). Inclusion of tyrosine at either 250 μM or 500 μM into FEC-IM significantly enhanced OES conversion into FEC in many but not all cultivars. The highest increase in FEC production was recorded with TME117 and TME1 at 1.5–3.0 fold increase with 250 μM tyrosine. A linear decrease in the FEC production was observed in cv. 60444 and TME4 with increasing tyrosine concentration. No positive correlation was observed between the ability of a cultivar to form OES and FEC. Only TME3 and 60444 proliferated significantly in FEC-medium deprive of tyrosine. FECs induced from other cultivars were only prolific on tyrosine-based FEC-IM with the greatest response at 250 μM. Recalcitrance to FEC production and proliferation in tyrosine-based media was pronounced in cv. TME1671 demonstrating the genotype-dependency of the tyrosine effect. Proliferation of FEC was significantly inhibited at 500 μM with death of FEC tissues recorded in 60444. The number of maturing somatic embryos obtained from 0.5 g of FEC varied between 27 and 245 depending on the cultivar. Normal plantlets were recovered from germinated embryos at a frequency varying between 66–94% and they established at high frequency in the greenhouse at the Danforth Center.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Hansethasuk, Jinnajar, Wongtium, P., Youngmod, Amporn, SARAKARN, S., Juthanka, S., Petcharabooranin, C., Howeler, Reinhardt H.",2008,Root quality characterization of the cassava core collection [poster],,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6918/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Hardie, J. D. M.",1982,"report II, evaluation of the Cassava Information Centre",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6935/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Hardy, B.",1993,Cassava turns to cyanide for self-defense,CIAT International,12,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6937/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Hardy, B.",1993,The freeze is on for tropical cassava,CIAT International,12,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6938/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Hardy, B.",1993,"""Friendly insects"" battle across continents to save a neglected crop",CIAT International,12,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6939/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Harich, Franziska K., Treydte, Anna C., Sauerborn, Joachim, Owusu, Erasmus H.",2013,People and wildlife Conflicts arising around the Bia Conservation Area in Ghana,,v. 21,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6947/,"Humanwildlife conflicts have drastically increased around conservation areas in Africa over the last decades. Underlying causes are similar across regions and can most often be attributed to land-use changes and increasing human populations. However, wildlife species composition involved in conflicts can vary tremendously across sites. Conflict assessment often focuses on prominent species such as elephants or other large mammals, and information on smaller wildlife species involved in conflicts is often lacking. We conducted 100 interviews in 10 communities around the Bia Conservation Area (BCA), Ghana, to address the type and extent of damage as well as possible factors influencing the risk of crop-raids. We assessed wildlife presence and relative densities through indirect observations on transects and spoor-plots in the transition zone between BCA and agricultural land. Crop-raiding was present across all communities interviewed but was more than twice as high in the north compared to the south. Squirrels (Sciuridae spp.) were the most frequent crop-raiding species (92% of farmers experienced damage), but elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis [Matschie, 1900]) were nevertheless the major conflict generating species (84% of farmers experienced damage). Squirrel signs were 75 times as frequent as any other species recorded in the farmland. Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) was most frequently raided (99%), followed by cassava (Manihot esculenta) and yam (Dioscorea spp.). Raiding might have been promoted through inappropriate agricultural practices while only few current mitigation strategies have been successful so far. Promising strategies include chili fences and buffer zones, in which less susceptible crops such as chili pepper are planted. Further education of farmers on mitigation measures is needed, including training on improved farming practices.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Akinbo, O., Labuschagne, M., Fregene, M.",2010,Embryo rescue as a method to develop and multiply a backcross population of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) from an interspecific cross of Manihot esculenta ssp. flabellifolia,African Journal of Biotechnology,9,42,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/695/,"Cassava is one of the most planted tuber crops in the tropical world. The importance of cassava is growing as a food security crop in sub Saharan Africa, where malnutrition is a menace. However, a major hindrance in the fast improvement of the crop is the long generational cycle of cassava and poor germination of the seeds, and the low multiplication rate of the stem cuttings. In vitro germination of 495 seeds from backcross population was done. Each genotype was multiplied for sufficient planting material, hardened in the green house and transplanted to the field. Percentage germination of the seeds in embryo culture was high (66%). Raising plantlets in the green house was found to be useful to select healthy plants and thus obtain a uniform stand in the field. The genotypes were planted in a single row trial and harvested eight months after planting. Transplanted plantlets gave 98.89% establishment. Yield-related traits were significantly high compare to the result from the past experiments. The high percentage of plant recovery from seed through to the field is a means of overcoming some problems associated with the traditional method of cassava breeding through direct seed planting to generate planting materials.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Harper, R.S.",1973,Cassava growing in Thailand,World Crops,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6956/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Harriso, O. A., Duah, E., Baah, R., Parks, E., Saalia, F., Steiner-Asiedu, M.",2017,"Quality Characteristics, Consumption Patterns and Nutrient Profile of Yellow Flesh Cassava Varieties and Their Products",Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism,71,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6964/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Harrison, B. D.",1985,Cassava Mosaic,New Scientist,105,1448,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6966/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Hart, R. D.",1975,"A bean, corn and manioc polyculture cropping system, 2: A comparison between the yield and economic return from monoculture and polyculture cropping systems",Turrialba,25,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6979/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Hart, R.D.",1975,"A bean, corn and manioc polyculture cropping system, 1 The effect of interspecific competition on crop yield [Phaseolus vulgaris, maize, cassava, Costa Rica]",,v. 25,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6980/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Hart, R.D.",1975,"A bean, corn and manioc polyculture cropping system. II. A comparison between the yield and economic return from Monoculture and polyculture cropping systems",,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6981/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Hart, R.D.",1975,"A bean, corn and manioc polyculture system. I. The effect of interspecific competition on crop yield [Costa Rica]",,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/6982/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Hart, R., Fitzhugh, H., Sands, M.",1982,"Mixed farming systems in western Kenya with interaction among maize, sorghum, beans, cassava with goats, hairsheep, and cattle",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6983/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
HarvestPlus,2015,Breaking ground HarvestPlus 2011 annual report,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6990/,IFPRI1; HarvestPlus,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Harvey, W.O'N.",1988,A three-machine system for mechanized production of cassava,Annual Seminar on Agricultural Research (Trinidad and Tobago),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6992/,"The design requirements for and operations of the stake preparation machine, the planter and the cassava lifter are summarized. Evaluation studies showed the stake preparation machine prepared planting stakes at about 4 times the rate normally achieved manually, and produced higher quality and more uniform stake lengths. The 2-row planter gave near perfect inter-row spacing, and variations in intra-row spacing and planting depths were comparable to those observed with manual planting. Planting rates of 4-6 hectares/day were achieved in experimental and commercial plots. The planter was more suitable for ridged planting. The mechanical harvester was fabricated in 2 versions a single row version which harvested 1 row of crop at a time and a 2-row version which harvested 2 rows of crop in a single pass. Both harvesters resulted in marked improvement in harvest labour productivity. Higher levels of tuber damage were recorded with the single row machine compared to the double row machine. The use of the single row harvester represents a cost saving of 50-300 % depending on the variety harvested",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Hasan, S.K.H.",2012,Effect of some mineral fertilization rates and harvesting dates on productivity and quality of cassava yield under sandy soil conditions,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/6993/,"The present study was performed in a newly reclaimed land at Ali Moubark Farm, South Tahrir Research Station, Horticulture Research Institute, during the two successive growing seasons of 2009/2010 and 2010/2011, to study the effect of some mineral fertilization rates and harvesting dates on the productivity and quality of cassava tuber roots (Indonesian cultivar), grown under sandy soil conditions. The treatments included 4 different rates of mineral fertilizer NPK; namely., 50%, 100%, 150% or 200% of the recommended NPK (50 kg N + 77 kg P2O5 + 96 kg K2O fed.-1), and 4 harvesting dates (8, 9, 10 or 11 months from planting). Concerning, the mineral fertilization in general, using the rate of 150% caused increases in all studied parameters with decreasing total fiber percentage and hydrocyanic acid concentration of tuber roots. Regarding, harvesting date results showed that harvesting after 10 months from planting gave the highest values for most physical and chemical characters of tuber roots as well as total yield of fresh tuber roots, starch and dry matter with reduced carbohydrates/nitrogen ratio and total fiber percentage of tuber roots. Fertilizing plants with 50% NPK and harvesting after 10 months from planting significantly increased average number of tuber roots, while adding 150% NPK and harvesting after 10 months from planting increased of the most studied tuber roots; i.e. marketable percentages of tuber roots, average weight, diameter and total yield of tuber roots, root/shoot ratio, dry matter percentage and yield of tuber roots, total carbohydrates, nitrogen, phosphorus and starch percentages in tuber roots, with decreased hydrocyanic acid concentration of tuber roots. Fertilizing plants with 200% NPK with harvesting after 11 months from planting date significantly gave the highest average length of tuber roots, potassium, total fiber percentages, starch yield of tuber roots as well as decreased carbohydrates/nitrogen ratio. Total yield of fresh tuber roots was positively and significant with each of total yield of starch and dry matter, average weight, length, number and diameter of tuber roots, dry matter and total carbohydrate percentages in tuber roots. In contrast, total yield of fresh tuber roots was negatively and significant with total fibers percentage and hydrocyanic acid concentration of tuber roots.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Backhurst, A.",1985,Farming on coastal sand dunes in Japan and Portugal: Some comparisons,Sand Dune Research,32,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/70/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Hauser, S. (International Inst. of Tropical Agriculture, Messa, Yaounde (Cameroon). Humid Forest Station), Gichuru, M.P.",1994,Root distribution of Dactyladenia (Acioa) barteri and Senna (Cassia) siamea in alley cropping on Ultisol. 2. Impact on water regime and consequences for experimental design,,v. 26,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7019/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Hayward, P.",1987,Focus on cassava in Boettcher Memorial Conservatory,The Green Thumb,44,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7037/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Hegarty, P. V., Wadsworth, G. R.",1968,The amount of iron in processed cassava (Manihot utilissima),Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,71,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7054/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Hegewald, H.-B. (Berlin (Germany, F.R.))",1990,"Screening of different tropical legumes in monoculture and in association with cassava for adaption to acid, infertile and high Al containing soil",Beitraege zur tropischen Landwirtschaft und Veterinaermedizin (German D.R.),v. 28,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7056/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Helbig, J. (Technische Universitaet Berlin (Germany, F.R.). Fachgebiet Phytomedizin), Detmers, H.B., Laborius, G.A., Schulz, F.A.",1990,"Investigations on the capability of Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera Bostrichidae) to develop on different types of wood [Poinciana regia, Leguminosae]",International working conference on stored-product protection,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7060/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Helbig, J., Schulz, F.A.",1996,The potential of the predator Teretriosoma nigrescens Lewis (Coleoptera: Histeridae) for the control of Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) on dried cassava chips and cassava wood,Journal of Stored Products Research,32,1,10.1016/0022-474X(95)00030-B,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7062/,"The potential of the predator Teretriosoma nigrescens for the biological control of Prostephanus truncatus infesting dried cassava chips and wood of cassava (Manihot esculenta) was investigated. Trials on population growth were carried out using glass jars under ambient conditions in Togo. On both substrates, the development of the population of the larger grain borer was controlled effectively. After 12 weeks, with a predator to prey relationship of 100:5, the population of P. truncatus was reduced by 64.4% on dried cassava chips and by 76.5% on wood of M. esculenta. The substrate weight losses were reduced by 32.3 and 55.7%, respectively.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Hendershott, C. H.",1972,Literature review and research recommendations on cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7072/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Hendy, H.H. (Cairo Univ. (Egypt). Faculty of Agriculture), Osman, A.A., Yengayenge, J.",1989,"Nematodes associated with vegetables, fruits and field crop in Burundi, Africa","Bulletin of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Cairo /Egipto",v. 40,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7074/,"A total number of (156) soil samples were collected from rhizoshere of Banana, Musa acuminata; coffee, Coffeae arabica; common bean; Phaseolus vulgaris; colocasia; Colocasia esculenta; Sweet potato, Ipomea batatas; cassave; Manihot utilissima to identify the associated plant parasitic nematodes in Buyenzi, Burundi, Africa. The recorded results indicate the presence of Pratylenchus, Rotylenchulus, Meloidogyne, Helicotylenchus Hoplolaimus, Trichodorus, Criconemoides, Radopholus, Criconema and Dolichodorus in the analyzed soil samples with different frequencies of occurrence and population densities according to the surveyed locality and the cultivated host",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Henman, A. R.",1982,Guaraná (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis): Ecological and social perspectives on an economic plant of the central Amazon basin,Journal of Ethnopharmacology,6,3,10.1016/0378-8741(82)90054-X,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7079/,"Guaran is considered an ideal crop for supplementing the incomes of small peasant farmers in the Amazon basin. A fast-growing perennial, guaran can be planted in the midst of manioc crops, allowing the formation of extensive orchards in the place of regenerating scrub once the manioc has been harvested. Traditional forms of guaran agriculture practised by the Sater-Maw Indians compare favourably with the plantation system favoured by government agronomists. Indigenous techniques of hand-processing guaran are also shown to produce better quality in the finished product than those practices adopted by industrial concerns. A detailed comparison of two systems of production show the Indians' implicit concern to avoid oxidization of the phenolic compounds in the seed, since this leads to the guaran becoming dark in colour, bitter in taste, and irritating to the gastrointestinal tract. The shortterm medicinal effects of guaran are commonly thought to result from a high content of caffeine and associated alkaloids, as well as from considerable amounts of tannin. Future research may well show that various saponins also play an important part in the drug's pharmacology, particularly with regard to its long-term influence as a general tonic and prophylactic.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Hennessey, R.D., Muaka, T.",1987,"Field biology of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, and its natural enemies in Zaire",Insect Science and Its Application,8,04/05/2006,10.1017/S1742758400023158,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7081/,"Three severe outbreaks of cassava mealybug (CM), Phenacoccus manihoti, have occurred in Zaire. Two were associated with droughts. The third occurred in the driest part of the country and ended only when nearly all cassava plants had been killed. Native coccinellid predators sometimes greatly reduced CM populations, but only after the cassava crop had been heavily damaged. The exotic coccinellid Diomus sp. may be an effective biological control agent in Kinshasa, where CM on a hybrid form of cassava remained common during the rainy season. CM populations in Kinshasa declined greatly in the second year after the release of the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi. In one study the number of mummies with E. lopezi increased with host densities up to 20 CM per shoot tip. Since CM populations remained low after the releases of E. lopezi it is tentatively concluded that E. lopezi, despite considerable rates of hyperparasitism, prevents CM outbreaks over the whole area of its distribution (130,000 km2) in western Zaire.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Hennessey, R.D., Neuenschwander, P., Muaka, T.",1990,"Spread and current distribution of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera Pseudococcidae), in Zaire",,v. 36,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7082/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Henriksen, J. B.",,Processing of root and tuber planting material,FAO plant production and protection paper,1982. (39),,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7083/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Henry, G.",1991,"Adoption of cassava technologies constraints, strategies, and impact",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7088/,"An attempt is made to identify and analyze cassava technology adoption constraints (multiplication, var. diffusion, institutional, political, structural) and to describe an integrated research strategy that leads toward a more successful impact. Issues that should be considered in the research agenda that will contribute to alleviate constraints are true cassava seed, specific breeding objectives, farmer participatory research, preproduction plots, and on-farm cassava stake multiplication. The efficient development of improved technology and optimization of technology diffusion help increase the area planted to new var., the no. of farmers using improved production and processing technologies, and the no. of cassava processing plants. Examples of cassava adoption and impact are detailed, namely the adoption of Rayong 3 in Thailand and the integrated cassava drying projects in Latin America. Relatively too much emphasis has been placed on production technology development and too little on alleviating basic constraints on the adoption process, resulting in reduced technology impact. The strategy used by CIAT integrates technology and adoption research. Quality of adoption research is also important; the integration of technology and adoption research is the key to successful diffusion and impact. This integrated approach must involve complete collaboration of farmer and researcher during the entire research process.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Henry, G., Iglesias, C.",1993,Problems and opportunities in cassava biotechnology,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7092/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Henry, G., Best, R.",1994,Impact of integrated cassava projects among small-scale farmers in Latin American countries,Acta horticulturae,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7093/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Henry, Guy, Howeler, Reinhardt H.",1996,Cassava in China in an era of change: a CBN case study with farmers and processors,Cassava in China in an era of change: a CBN case study with farmers and processors,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7099/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Janssen, A., Yaninek, J.S.",1993,Cassava green mites: A challenge for experts in biological control,Experimental & Applied Acarology,17,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/71/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Henry, Guy",1996,Introduction to the Vietnamese cassava benchmark study: objectives and methodology,"A Benchmark Study on Cassava Production, Processing and Marketing in Vietnam: Proceedings of a Workshop held in Hanoi, Vietnam Oct 29-31, 1992",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7100/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Akingbala, John O., Oyewole, Olusola B., Uzo-Peters, Phylis I., Karim, Ramota O., Baccus-Taylor, Gail S. H.",2005,Evaluating stored cassava quality in gari production,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/711/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Hermes, E., Vilas Boas, M. A., Gris, D. J., Frigo, E. P., Berger, J. S., Lins, M. A., Frigo, J. P.",2014,Irrigation with wastewater from cassava processing with different concentrations of suspended solids,"Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment",12,1,10.1234/4.2014.4299,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7110/,"The study aimed to evaluate the performance of drip irrigation systems with the application of wastewater from cassava processing with different concentrations of suspended solids, by determining the Christiansen's uniformity coefficient (CUC). The experiment was conducted at an agroindustry in the West of Paran, Brazil, where 6 irrigation systems were installed (varying between two hydraulic loads and three concentrations of suspended solids in the wastewater applied), operated at different time periods. Thirty trials were performed for each treatment and the flow of the drippers was collected using the methodology of Keller and Karmeli. In general, the irrigation systems demonstrated an excellent performance regarding uniformity of distribution of the wastewater, for which all the coefficients were above 90%. The increase in the process capability index showed to be directly proportional to the increase in uniformity of distribution, which enables us to check if the system is able to sustain adequate levels of uniformity.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Hernandez-Fernandez, N., Adriano-Anaya, L., Salvador-Figueroa, M., Betancur-Ancona, D., Vazquez-Ovando, A.",2016,Impact of organic fertilization on physicochemical and functional properties of cassava starch,Starch-Starke,68,05-Jun,10.1002/star.201500257,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7115/,"Organic fertilizers were applied to cassava plants and the effect on the physicochemical and functional characteristics of the starch was evaluated. We used a full-factorial design (2(3)) with three organic fertilizers as factors liquid bioferment (LB), vermicompost leachate (VL), and bacterial complex (BC, mixture of bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis, and Azospirillum spp.). The leaf area and the chlorophyll content of leaves exhibited similar behavior. BC-LB treatment promoted higher values in both variables. Tubers from BC-VL treatment had the highest moisture content (73.87%). The ash content showed no significant difference (p>0.05) among treatments. The protein content ranged from 0.87 (VL) to 2.27% (BC). The content of NFE presented negative linear correlation (R-2 = -0.746) in fiber content for all treatments, LB-VL being the treatment with higher carbohydrate content and lower crude fiber. Only the BC fertilization promoted a higher proportion (similar to 50%) of granule size between 5 and 10mm. BC-VL treatment showed significantly (p<0.05) higher swelling power, solubility, and water absorption capacity when compared to the other treatments at 80 and 90 degrees C, while syneresis was not seen to be affected. This behavior was verified by principal component analysis (PCA). The first three components showed two important associations; (i) between BC and BC-VL treatments and functional properties of starch at 90 degrees C and (ii) between the LB and BC-LB treatments and the leaf size, chlorophyll content of leaves, and starch recovered.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Hernandez, J.M. (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali (Colombia)), Laberry, R., Lozano, J.C.",1986,Observations on the effect of inoculating cassava (Manihot esculenta) plantlets with fluorescent pseudomonads,,v. 117,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7118/,"Some 136 isolates of fluorescent pseudomonads were isolated from the rhizosphere of plants growing in 5 different ecosystems. Thirty-four per cent of these isolates inhibited the causal agent of cassava stem rot, Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora in vitro. One month old plantlets, produced by rooting the shoots of 4 cultivars in distilled water, were inoculated with a suspension (1.1 x 10(9) cells/ml) of each pseudomonad. Some isolates increased root weight by 95 per cent over uninoculated controls two month after planting when inoculated at planting, and 15, and 30 days afterwards. Inoculated plants were free from symptoms of root pathogens and roots filled earlier than controls. Taxonomic studies showed that these bacterial isolates were either Pseudomonas putida (90 per cent) or P. fluorescens (10 per cent)",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Herren, H.R.",1981,Current biological control research at IITA with special emphasis on the cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti Mat-Fer),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7126/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Herren, H.R., Bennett, F.D.",1984,"Cassava pests, their spread and control","Advancing agricultural production in Africa: Proceedings of CAB's First Scientific Conference, Arusha, Tanzania, 12-18 February 1984",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7127/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Herren, H. R.",1987,Africa-Wide Biological-Control Program of Cassava Pests - A Review of Objectives and Achievements,Insect Science and Its Application,8,04/05/2006,10.1017/S174275840002302X,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7129/,"The Africa-wide Biological Control Programme of Cassava Pests (ABCP) was established in 1980, following requests for assistance by an increasing number of African countries. Its objectives in the short term are to: (1) achieve permanent, ecologically safe and economically sustainable control of the cassava mealybug (CM), Phenacoccus manihoti, and cassava green mite (CGM), Mononychellus tanajoa, throughout the African cassava belt, (2) provide specialized training in biological control techniques and (3) initiate National Biological Control Programmes (NBCPs). In the long term, the objective is to establish full-fledged NBCPs in countries requesting assistance by using the ABCP as a model. ABCP research thus far includes: exploration for natural enemies in South America, bionomic studies of the pests and their natural enemies, field ecology, modelling plant growth, and experimental ground releases and large-scale aerial releases of CM and CGM natural enemies. Epidinocarsis lopezi, a CM parasitoid, has been established in 13 countries within 2 years of its release. CM populations are being maintained mostly below the injury level in all areas of establishment where detailed surveys have been made.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Akinlosotu, T. A., Leuschner, K.",1981,Outbreak of Two New Cassava Pests (Mononychellus tanajoa and Phenacoccus manihoti) in Southwestern Nigeria,Tropical Pest Management,27,2,10.1080/09670878109413658,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/713/,"The paper reports the outbreak of two new cassava pests, the mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti and the green spider mite Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) in Nigeria. Apart from describing the outbreak areas, symptoms, spread and control recommendations are mentioned.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Herren, H. R.",1987,Africa-Wide Biological-Control Program of Cassava Pests - Introduction,Insect Science and Its Application,8,04-Jun,10.1017/S1742758400023006,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7131/,"The Africa-wide Biological Control Programme of cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, and cassava green mite, Mononychellus tanajoa, (ABCP) was started by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in Ibadan in early 1980 following the request of several African countries for help in solving this disastrous pest problem.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Herren, H.R.",1987,A review of objectives and achievements,Insect Science and Its Application,8,04/05/2006,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7132/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Herren, H.R., Bird, T.J., Nadel, D.J.",1987,Technology for automated aerial release of natural enemies of the cassava mealybug and cassava green mite,Insect Science and Its Application,8,04/05/2006,10.1017/S1742758400023122,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7133/,"An automatic insect release system (AIRS) has been developed by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture in collaboration with Firma Dieringer of Austria and Ciba-Pilatus (now Zimex Aviation) of Switzerland for the aerial distribution of natural enemies of two cassava pests—cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) and cassava green mite (Mononychellus tanajoa). The AIRS, installed in a twin turbo-prop aircraft, has undergone a series of tests to evaluate suitable packaging substrates, pre- and post-release mortality, biological performance and ground distribution of natural enemies.

Preliminary results show 25% of the mealybug parasitoid, Epidinocarsis lopezi died from packaging to release, maximum 25% died during the release and minimum 50% survived. The mortality of predatory mites released in small packages was negligible. Further work on post-release survival and dispersal is needed.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Herren, H.R., Neuenschwander, P., Hammond, W.O.N., Yaninek, J.S., Haug, T., Schulthess, F., Loehr, B., Varela, A.M., Hennessy, R.D.",1988,Cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) and green mites (Mononychellus spp.) biological control: an example of classical biological control for Africa,"VIIth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, Gosier (Guadeloupe), 1-6 July 1985",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7134/,"The cassava Mealybug (CM) and the Green Mite (CGM) complex have been first discovered in Africa in the early seventies. Having been accidentally introduced from South America into Africa, they spread rapidly over most of the cassava belt, leaving behind heavy losses, up to 80 per cent of root yield. They are now threatening the staple of 200 million people who depend for over 50 per cent of their caloric intake from this starchy crop. IITA has taken the lead in the biological control approach to solve the problems posed by these two pests and is training local entomologists in this aspect of pests control practices. Exploration in the area of the pests (South America) has yielded so far, 27 CM natural enemies species and 25 CGM predatory (phytoseiid mites). Seven CM and 3 CGM natural enemies have so far been introduced to Nigeria for detailed bionomic studies and experimental releases in the different ecological zones of the African cassava belt. One CM parasitoid, Epidinoaarsis lopezi has been established in eleven countries and is spreading rapidly. Its impact is dramatic and chances of success very high. New species of CM and CGM natural enemies are being introduced for the establishment of an equilibrium situation in the African cassava agro-ecosystem.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Herren, H.R.",1989,The biological control program of IITA: from concept to reality,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7135/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Herren, H.R. (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, B. P., Cotonou, Benin), Neuenschwander, P.",1991,Biological control of cassava pests in Africa,,v. 36,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7136/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Herren, H.R.",1996,Cassava and cowpea in Africa,Biotechnology and Integrated Pest Management,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7137/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Akinlosotu, T. A., Leuschner, K.",1981,Outbreak of two new cassava pests (Mononychellus tanajoa and phenacoccus maniboti) in southwestern Nigeria,Tropical Pest Management,27,2,10.1080/09670878109413658,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/714/,"The paper reports the outbreak of two new cassava pests, the mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti and the green spider mite Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) in Nigeria. Apart from describing the outbreak areas, symptoms, spread and control recommendations are mentioned. 1981 Taylor and Francis Ltd.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Herrmann, Laetitia, Robin, Agnès, Lesueur, Didier, Robain, Henri, Davison, John, Bräu, Lambert, Öpik, Maarja, Vasar, Martti, Jairus, Teele, Wiriyakitnateekul, Wanpen",2016,Diversity of root-associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in a rubber tree plantation chronosequence in Northeast Thailand,Mycorrhiza,26,8,10.1007/s00572-016-0720-5,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7143/,"Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is of major economic importance in Southeast Asia and for small land holders in Thailand in particular. Due to the high value of latex, plantations are expanding into unsuitable areas, such as the northeast province of Thailand where soil fertility is very low and therefore appropriate management practices are of primary importance. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) contribute to plant growth through a range of mechanisms and could play a key role in a more sustainable management of the rubber plantations. We described the diversity of AMF associated with rubber tree roots in Northeast Thailand in relation to tree age and soil parameters along a chronosequence of rubber tree plantations. Cassava fields were included for comparison. Rubber tree and cassava roots harbored high diversity of AMF (111 Virtual Taxa, VT), including 20 novel VT. AMF VT richness per sample was consistently high (per site mean 16 to 21 VT per sample) along the chronosequence and was not related to soil properties. The composition of AMF communities differed between cassava and rubber tree plantations and was influenced by soil texture and nutrient content (sand, K, P, Ca). AMF community composition gradually shifted with the age of the trees. Our results suggest that the high diversity of AMF in this region is potentially significant for maintaining high functionality of AMF communities.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Hershey, C.H., Jennings, D.L. (CIAT, Apartado Aereo 67-13, Cali (Colombia))",1992,Progress in breeding cassava for adaptation to stress,Plant Breeding Abstracts,v. 62,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7148/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Akinlosotu, T.A.",1982,"Seasonal trend of green spider mite, Mononychellus tanajoa population on cassava, Manihot esculenta and its relationship with weather factors at Moor Plantation",,v. 3,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/715/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Hershey, C.H.",1994,Manihot genetic diversity,International Crop Network Series (IPGRI),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7150/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Hicks, L.N., Fukai, S., Asher, C.J. (Queensland Univ., St Lucia (Australia). Dept. of Agriculture)",1991,Responses of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) to phosphorus fertilisation when grown on a range of soil types [south-eastern Queensland],,v. 31,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7167/,"In field trials on 5 contrasting soils (yellow podsolic, lateritic podsolic, podsol, alluvial, krasnozem) in south-eastern Queensland, the yellow podsolic soil of low initial P status was the most responsive to P application, with yield being increased by 170 percent with 120 kg P per ha, but no further significant yield increase above that rate. A strong response (96 percent yield increase with 10 kg per ha) was also obtained on the podsol. Yields of 9.0-13.6 t per ha were achieved at the optimum rate of P for each site, with the exception of the podsol where yield was only 3.0 t per ha.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Hicks, L. N., Fukai, S., Asher, C. J.",1991,Responses of Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) to Phosphorus Fertilisation When Grown on a Range of Soil Types,Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture,31,4,10.1071/EA9910557,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7168/,"Rate-of-phosphorus trials were performed concurrently on 5 contrasting soils (yellow podsolic, lateritic podsolic, podsol, alluvial, krasnozem) in southeastern Queensland, to provide information on the phosphorus (P) requirements of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). The study also examined the productivity of cassava when grown under conditions appropriate to commercial production. These conditions included the use of mainly infertile soils, with no irrigation after establishment. The yellow podsolic site of low initial P status (Colwell P of 4.1 g/g) was the most responsive to P application, with yield (dry weight of storage organs) being increased by 170% with 120 kg/ha of broadcast P. Above that rate there were no further significant increases in yield. A strong response (96% yield increase with 10 kg/ha of P) was also obtained on the podsol site (Colwell P of 3.0 g/g). For the lateritic podsolic and krasnozem sites, which were higher in Colwell-P, the responses to P were not significant, but deficiencies of other nutrients contributed to the lack of response at the lateritic podsolic site. Although the alluvial site was highest in P (Colwell P of 49 g/g), a 15% increase in yield was obtained with 20 kg/ha of P. Banded P and broadcast P were also compared over most sites, but the differences between the methods of application were generally small. Yields of 9.0-13.6 t/ha were obtained at the optimum rate of P for each site, with the exception of the podsol where yield was only 3.0 t/ha because of low availability of water and nutrients from the sandy profile. 1991 ASEG.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Hilje, L., Costa, H. S., Stansly, P. A.",2001,Cultural practices for managing Bemisia tabaci and associated viral diseases,Crop Protection,20,9,10.1016/S0261-2194(01)00112-0,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7188/,"Whiteflies (Bemisia spp.) and the viruses they vector cause extensive losses to many horticultural and agronomic crops throughout the tropics and subtropics. These losses have spurred a worldwide search for cost-effective management strategies. Cultural practices can play a significant role in integrated pest management (IPM) systems targeting whiteflies, because of their preventative nature. Yet, cultural practices have received disproportionately little attention from researchers, possibly due to the difficulty of testing by conventional methods. Practices such as crop-free periods, altering planting dates, crop rotation, and weed and crop residue disposal, perform well only if used on a regional scale and therefore are difficult to test or demonstrate experimentally. Growers may also be reluctant to adopt cultural practices such as living barriers, high planting densities, floating row covers, mulches, and trap crops., that require significant changes in conventional cropping practices. Nonetheless, we have seen adoption in recent years of some cultural practices to manage whiteflies, such as crop planning that includes host-free periods, and various forms of screened exclusion. This review focuses on research efforts, field utilization, and the potential of cultural practices to manage the whiteflies and associated viral diseases.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Hill, C. M.",2000,Conflict of interest between people and baboons: Crop raiding in Uganda,International Journal of Primatology,21,2,10.1023/A:1005481605637,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7194/,"Much has been written about insect damage to standing crops, but an area that has received little attention within agricultural development, conservation, and primatological literature is that of primates and the potential damage they can cause to farmers' fields. This is likely to become an increasingly important issue for people interested in primates, as conservation projects adopt a more integrated approach to take account of local people's perspectives and needs. The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of crop raiding by primates, particularly baboons, on farmers living around the southern edge of the Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda. I use data gathered during monthly farm surveys and informal discussion groups, along with time budget data, to demonstrate that 1) baboons can cause extensive damage to field crops, such as maize and cassava; 2) proximity of the farm to the forest edge and the presence or absence of neighboring farms affect the likelihood of any farm sustaining crop damage from baboons; and 3) in addition to the direct costs associated with crop losses attributed to baboon foraging activity, there are indirect costs of baboon crop raiding such as increased labor demands to protect crops from them and, occasionally, to replant crop stands badly damaged by baboons. These results have important implications for future primate conservation policy and practice.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Hillocks, R.J.",1997,Cassava virus diseases and their control with special reference to southern Tanzania,Integrated Pest Management Reviews,2,3,10.1023/A:1018449017411,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7196/,"Cassava is a major smallholder crop in much of Africa where it is attacked by two main virus diseases. African cassava mosaic disease (ACMD) occurs almost everywhere that the crop is grown causing severe losses in some countries. Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) is of more restricted distribution being prevalent mainly on the east African coast and shores of Lake Malawi. Although both diseases have been known for many decades and much is known about ACMD, the aetiology and epidemiology of CBSD remain poorly understood. Control measures for African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) have been recommended and in some cases implemented in a number of countries. Resistant varieties have been developed and national research programmes and international agencies are supporting phytosanitation programmes, based mainly on the distribution of ACMV-free planting material. It may be possible to use the same control measures against CBSD but the lack of basic information on the disease and difficulties of disease diagnosis are obstacles to the design of control strategies. ACMD is found in most areas where CBSD occurs and control measures must con sider the disease complex. This paper reviews the current knowledge about the two diseases in the context of possible integrated control",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Hillocks, R. J., Jennings, D. L.",2003,Cassava brown streak disease: a review of present knowledge and research needs,International Journal of Pest Management,49,3,10.1080/0967087031000101061,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7199/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is an important subsistence food crop in Africa where it is affected by two main virus diseases, cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and cassava brown streak disease (CBSD). CMD occurs in all the cassava-growing countries on the continent and it has been much researched. CBSD occurs mainly on the East African coast, and although the disease was first reported in 1936, it has received much less attention than CMD. The aetiology and epidemiology of CBSD are still not fully elucidated, and no insect vector has been identified. There is renewed interest in CBSD owing to the discovery of its widespread occurrence in southern Tanzania and Mozambique, where the associated symptom of root necrosis is a major cause of economic loss in the cassava crop. In view of the present importance of the disease in eastern Africa, it is timely to produce a review of work carried out on the disease since it was first described.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Hillocks, R. J.",2014,Addressing the yield gap in sub-Saharan Africa,Outlook on Agriculture,43,2,10.5367/oa.2014.0163,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7200/,"Increases in the production of food crops are no longer keeping pace with population growth in Africa, so the continent is increasingly relying on food imports. This would not be the case if crop yields were closer to their potential under good crop management. As climate change makes rainfall more variable, it becomes more risky for smallholders to adopt high-input technologies for crop intensification. This paper uses case studies on the yield gap in cassava, maize and cotton and examines the factors that contribute to low yields, the disincentives for technology adoption and some of the strategies required to close the yield gap. The paper argues that institutional factors are as important as technical ones in addressing the current yield gap in Africa. The main conclusions are that the yield gap is much more difficult to close in rainfed agriculture than in irrigated production where low soil fertility constrains the response to inorganic fertilizer. The combination of institutional and agronomic factors that influence the ability of farmers to improve crop yields profitably often operates at the farm or local level.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Hillocks, R. J., Raya, M. D., Mtunda, K., Kiozia, H.",,Effects of brown streak virus disease on yield and quality of cassava in Tanzania,Phytopathologische Zeitschrift,Aug 2001. v. 149 (7/8),,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7202/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Hindorf, H.",2000,Colletotrichum spp. causing anthracnose of tropical crops,Acta Horticulturae,531,,10.17660/ActaHortic.2000.531.46,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7209/,"This paper reviews taxonomy, morphological characteristics, symptoms and control measurements of anthracnose causing fungi with special emphasis to tropical fruits. The host specific species Colletotrichum musae on bananas and C. kahawae on coffee will be described as well as the polyphageous world-wide distributed species C. gloeosporioides causing typical anthracnose fruit spots on citrus, mangoes, avocados, papayas and passion fruits, leaf spots on cashew nuts and stem cankers on cassava.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Akinrinde, E. A., Iroh, L., Okeke, J., Obigbesan, G. O.",2005,Phosphorus calibration of the electro-ultra filtration (EUF) technique for potato and cassava yields in two tropical soils of Nigeria,Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science,51,6,10.1080/03650340500274078,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/722/,"Electro-ultra filtration (EUF) is seldom used for plant nutrient studies. Reproducibility of its anode extract volumes and phosphorus (P) contents was assessed in tropical Alfisols and Ultisols of Nigeria. Using quadratic regression model, relative yields (R.Y %) of potato (Solanum tuberosum) and cassava (Manihot esculenta Cranz) on the soils were related to P extracted by Bray-1 or EUF (at 10, 30 and 35 minutes desorption time). Uncertainties (coefficients of variation, CV %) in EUF extract volumes and P contents were low (0-14.6% and 0.02-18.1%, with means of 5.9% and 8.35%, respectively). R.Y % of the test crops correlated significantly (p &lt; 0.05) with EUF-P while only potato R.Y% correlated well with Bray-1. Evidently, the EUF technique could be used for fertilizer P recommendation as EUF-P30 &lt; 0.36, 0.36-0.60 and &gt; 0.60 mg P kg-1 were found to indicate low, medium and high P status, respectively. 2005 Taylor &amp; Francis.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Hirose, S., Data, E. S., Tanaka, Y., Uritani, I.",1984,"Physiological Deterioration and Ethylene Production in Cassava Roots after Harvest, in Relation with Pruning Treatment",Japanese Journal of Crop Science,53,3,10.1626/jcs.53.282,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7220/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Hirose, S., Data, E. S., Quevedo, M. A., Uritani, I.",1984,Relation between Respiration and Post-Harvest Deterioration in Cassava Roots,Japanese Journal of Crop Science,53,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7221/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Hirose, S., Data, E.S., Quevedo, M.A.",1984,Changes in respiration and ethylene production in cassava roots in relation to postharvest deterioration,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7222/,"Rapidly reaching a peak one day after harvest and another maximum peak 4 or 5 later. The respiratory rate of the intact roots was lower than that of the injured root pieces. Varietal difference in respiratory rate was observed. Root pieces with a high degree of physiological deterioration (PD) showed higher respiratory rates than the intact roots with a low degree of PD. Cultivars with both a higher respiratory response and weight loss seemed to develop slightly greater deterioration than others. Ethylene production, enhanced by ethrel treatment, seemed to have little effect on the occurrence and development of PD",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Hirose, S., Data, E.S., Maturan, E.",1984,Relation of respiration and ethylene production to postharvest deterioration in cassava roots from pruned and unpruned plants,Tropical root crops: Postharvest physiology and processing,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7224/,"The respiratory rate and ethylene production of cassava roots from pruned and unpruned plants were compared in relation to physiological deterioration (PD) occurrence and the effects of endogenous ethylene on the occurrence of PD also examined in relation to the pruning treatment. In addition, a varietal differences in relation to PD, respiration rate and ethylene production were also investigated",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Hirose, S. (Nihon Univ., Tokyo (Japan). Coll. of Agriculture, Veterinary Medicine)",1986,Physiological studies on postharvest deterioration of cassava [Manihot esculenta] roots,JARQ (Japan),v. 19,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7226/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Hirose, S.",1986,Physiological studies on postharvest deterioration of cassava roots,"JARQ, Japan agricultural research quarterly",19,4,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7227/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Hirose, S., Data, E. S., Quevedo, M. A., Uritani, I.",,Relation between respiration and post-harvest deterioration in cassava roots,Nihon Sakumotsu Gakkai kiji = Japanese journal of crop science,June 1984. v. 53 (2),,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7229/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Akinsanya, K., Afolami, S. O.",2016,Response of Seven Elite Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) Varieties to Infection by Meloidogyne Incognita and Other Nematodes,Journal of Nematology,48,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/724/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Hoang, Vu Tuyen",1995,National program for Viet Nam on food crops research and development,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7242/,"Rice farming is an integrated process where one must consider land fertility, irrigation, seed varieties, fertilizers, plant protection, crop systems, agricultural mechanization, rice storage and processing, environmental and product protection, and economic efficiency. All of these topics have been studied within the national program on food crops for rice as well as for such other crops as maize, sweet potato, cassava, white potato, and beans. The Vietnam-IRRI cooperation program has brought effectiveness to the national program on food crops, which is greatly appreciated. At present, national policy for agricultural production is aimed at diversifying agricultural products for food security and environmental protection. However, rice will continue to play a major role on food production in Vietnam. In 1993, the total paddy production of Vietnam reached 22.3 million t with an average yield of 3.4 t/ha, which is not very high. Rice yield must, and can, be increased to meet the unceasing growth in Vietnam's population, which when estimated will reach 100 million in the year 2015. To achieve the objective of increasing yield, quality, and production of rice, research in all the scientific and technological fields must be strengthened.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Hodge, W. H.",1947,The plant resources of peru,Economic Botany,1,2,10.1007/BF02859223,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7252/,"Cotton, sugarcane, rice, maize, yuca, bananas, flax and olives grow on the coastal lowlands; oca, ullucu, au, quinua and temperate climate fruit trees in the mountains; cinchona, coffee, mahogany, Spanish cedar, palms, bamboo and cub in the forested montana. 1947 The New York Botanical Garden.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Hoeweler, R.H. (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali (Colombia)), Edwards, D.G., Asher, C.J.",1981,Application of the flowing solution culture techniques to studies involving mycorrhizas on cassava (Manihot esculenta),,v. 59,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7261/,"A technique to study mycorrhizal effects on growth and P-uptake of cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) grown in flowing solution culture is described. Phosphorus concentrations were carefully maintained constant at 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 micro-M by daily analyses and adjustment of the nutrient solutions. Inoculations with mycorrhizal roots had a positive effect on P content of plant tissue and/or plant growth only at the two lowest P-concentrations in solution. These concentrations are two to three orders of magnitude lower than those normally used in conventional nutrient solution cultures.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Hofstee, S.K., Pijls, J.W.A.M., Alphen, J.J.M. van",1993,The attractiveness of Cassava infested with different Phenacoccus -(Cassava mealybug) species to two Epidinocarsis-species,Mededelingen - Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen. Universiteit Gent,58,2b,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7262/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Hohnholz, J. H.",1980,Manioc cultivation in South-East Asia an agricultural geographical survey,Applied Geography and Development,16,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7265/,"There is a tendency to overlook the importance of manioc (tapioca) to SE Asian small farmers; certainly the potential is not fully explored. Examines the potential and the cultivation, processing etc., of manioc in Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia. -C.Barrow",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Hokkanen, H.",1985,Exploiter-victim relationships of major plant diseases: Implications for biological weed control,"Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment",14,01-Feb,10.1016/0167-8809(85)90085-4,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7269/,"The most serious or threatening plant diseases were generally found to involve pathogens originating from another host in a different geographical area, rather than from the cultivated crop plant within its native area. A crop-wise assessment similarly showed that of the important diseases of coffee > 60%, of maize > 40%, and of cassava > 25% do not even occur in the native continent of the crop plant. Lack of evolved interspecific homeostasis between the host plant and its newly-acquired pathogen appears to explain the destructive nature of these exploiter-victim relationships. Evolutionarily new relationships could be utilized in biological weed control to improve the present success rates and also to increase the array of possible control agent species, particularly for the control of pests within their native area.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Holden, S.T.",1993,Peasant household modelling farming systems evolution and sustainability in northern Zambia,,v. 9,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7271/,"Chitemene slash-and-burn cultivation continues to be a dominating cropping system in northern Zambia even after the introduction of modern technologies such as hybrid maize and fertilizer. The rationale of farming systems evolution in northern Zambia where labour markets have been absent or highly imperfect, has been analyzed by goal programming based on the theories of Chayanov (1966) and Nakajima (1986). Carrying capacity estimation is incorporated in the models and discussed in relation to the sustainability of land use systems in the area.

The major changes in agricultural technologies in northern Zambia during this century has been the introduction of cassava, maize and fertilizer technologies. Cassava has had the most significant impact since the land could support much higher population densities and since the dependence on the chitemene system no longer was critical for the survival of peasants. By switching from finger-millet to cassava as the main staple the peasants could reduce their total labour requirement to meet their basic food needs by as much as 40%. The results also show that the maize-fertilizer technology has been unable to replace the chitemene system because economic incentives to continue the system exist as long as there is suitable woodland available. Nevertheless, the introduction of the maize-fertilizer technology may have resulted in reduced chitemene cultivation. The rapid expansion of maize production in northern Zambia from the late 70s to the late 80s depended critically on the government policy of equity pricing and input subsidisation. The models predicted that the removal of fertilizer subsidies would result in a dramatic reduction in maize production.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Hong, Y. G., Harrison, B. D.",1995,Nucleotide-Sequences from Tomato Leaf Curl Viruses from Different Countries - Evidence for 3 Geographically Separate Branches in Evolution of the Coat Protein of Whitefly-Transmitted Geminiviruses,Journal of General Virology,76,,10.1099/0022-1317-76-8-2043,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7292/,"The coat protein (CP) gene-containing circular DNA molecule of an isolate of tomato leaf curl geminivirus (ITmLCV; 2749 nt) obtained from southern India, and the CP genes of tomato yellow leaf curl geminivirus isolates from Nigeria and two regions of Saudi Arabia were sequenced. ITmLCV DNA had the same arrangement of ORFs, and the same pattern of repeats in the large intergenic region as is found in DNA-A of other whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses (WTGs) from the Old World. However, the sequence of ITmLCV DNA and the sequences of its predicted translation products differed substantially from those of other WTGs, including one isolate obtained from a tomato plant in northern India. Comparison of the four CP sequences deduced here with those of 18 WTGs previously studied indicated that their relationships can be represented by a tree with three branches that are unrelated to plant host species but which contain viruses from the Americas, Africa to the Middle East, and Asia to Australia, respectively. It is suggested that WTG CP evolution has proceeded along different paths in these three main regions, and that WTGs have adapted freely to new hosts in each region. Indeed, the virus isolates causing similar diseases of tomato plants in the different continents are, with few exceptions, not closely related and warrant recognition as separate species.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Hong, Y., Stanley, J., Van Wezel, R.",2003,Novel System for the Simultaneous Analysis of Geminivirus DNA Replication and Plant Interactions in Nicotiana benthamiana,Journal of Virology,77,24,10.1128/JVI.77.24.13315-13322.2003,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7301/,"The origin of replication of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and a gene expression vector based on Potato virus X were exploited to devise an in planta system for functional analysis of the geminivirus replication-associated protein (Rep) in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana line pOri-2. This line contains an integrated copy of a tandem repeat of the ACMV origin of replication flanking nonviral sequences that can be mobilized and replicated by Rep as an episomal replicon. A Rep-GFP fusion protein can also mobilize and amplify the replicon, facilitating Rep detection in planta. The activity of Rep and its mutants, Rep-mediated host response, and the correlation between Rep intracellular localization and biological functions could be effectively assessed by using this in planta system. Our results indicate that modification of amino acid residues R2, R5, R7 and K 11, or H56, L57 and H58 prevent Rep function in replication. This defect correlates with possible loss of Rep nuclear localization and inability to trigger the host defense mechanism resembling a hypersensitive response.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Hopkinson, D., Rukandema, M.",1985,Some farming systems in the North-Western Province of Zambia: their constraints and the potential for development,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7327/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Hopkinson, D. (Department of Agriculture, Solwezi (Zambia). Adaptive Research Planning Team)",1988,Adaptive plant species for the high rainfall region of Zambia 1-Cassava (Manihot Esculenta),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7328/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Horgan, Finbarr G.",2009,Invasion and retreat shifting assemblages of dung beetles amidst changing agricultural landscapes in central Peru,,v. 18,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7329/,"This study examines the effects of deforestation, and the habitat value of coffee and regenerated forest for tropical dung beetles, a functionally significant insect group. Pitfall trapping was conducted at 22 sites in a montane region of central Peru during April and November/December of 2002. Sites included primary and secondary forest, shade-coffee, regenerated forest and open farms (mainly with banana, yuca, and corn). Ordination techniques indicated that beetle assemblages in forests, regenerated forest and coffee were relatively similar. However, assemblage compositions in forested areas differed even at similar altitudes under the influence of biogeographical factors, and the assemblages at disturbed sites (farms/coffee) were influenced by beetle dispersal from adjacent forests. During dry months, when beetle activity is low, communities at all habitat types tended to converge because fewer unique species were recorded in forests at that time and habitat/season generalists were dominant. Preliminary results also indicate that beetles in shady crops such as bananas responded to plant growth as the banana canopy closed-in, producing more shade, open-habitat specialists retreated and forest/shade specialists invaded the sites. Chronosequence data at two of the sites demonstrate the rapid and dramatic changes in species richness and assemblage composition caused by deforestation. As forests become increasingly fragmented, and open farms continue to expand, dung beetles will become more restricted to the remaining fragments and reserves. In the mosaic landscape studied here, shade crops, like coffee, act as habitat and corridors for many dung beetle species. Small farm size and the consequent magnitude of edge effects, likely contributed to beetle movement between habitat types and determined the apparent generalist nature of many of the dung beetle species in this study.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Horowitz, A. R., Antignus, Y., Gerling, D.",2011,Management of Bemisia tabaci Whiteflies,"The Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) Interaction with Geminivirus-Infected Host Plants",,,10.1007/978-94-007-1524-0_11,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7338/,"This review presents and discusses the merits of the methodologies available for implementing integrated pest management (IPM) of B. tabaci populations namely, chemical control with selective insecticides, biological control, crop plant resistance and physical/mechanical methods. Insecticides, by their poisonous nature, are often harmful to natural enemies and therefore, disruptive to overall pest management. However, the more modern materials that are effective for B. tabaci control are relatively specific to the target pests, and therefore are less harmful to natural enemies and the environment; consequently, they are also more suitable for integrative combination with other methods. Natural enemies, by themselves, usually do not form a suitable solution of B. tabaci- caused problems. However, their occurrence and use greatly reduces the pest's populations. Since viral plant diseases transmitted by B. tabaci are not curable, the principal tactics for their management should be based on prevention of transmission by physical-mechanical methods and/or on utilization of host-plant resistance. The correct implementation of natural enemies will help to reduce whitefly numbers, which can then be more readily managed using cultural and, only if necessary, chemical countermeasures. Thus, adopting IPM will alleviate the numerous concerns that accompany the use of chemicals, including those associated with environmental pollution and the widespread resistance that plagues B. tabaci management.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Akinyemi, S. O. S., Tijani-Eniola, H.",2001,Intercropping plantain systems with crops of different maturities and population densities,Tropical Agriculture,78,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/736/,"Field experiments were conducted during the 1992 and 1994 cropping seasons to determine the optimum population densities of melon, maize, and cassava that are compatible with plantain in a plantain-based cropping system. Plantain at a density of 1666 plants ha-1 was intercropped with three densities of melon (5000 plants ha-1, 10 000 plants ha-1, and 20 000 plants ha-1), maize (13 000 plants ha-1, 26 000 plants ha-1, and 53 000 plants ha-1), and cassava (5000 plants ha-1, 7000 plants ha-1, and 10 000 plants ha-1). All crops were also planted in monoculture at their recommended spacing of 20 000 plants ha-1, 53 000 plants ha-1, and 10 000 plants ha-1 for melon, maize, and cassava, respectively. There were 13 treatments replicated four times in a randomised complete block design. The results of the experiment showed that intercropping melon up to 20 000 plants ha-1 had no significant effect on plantain, but maize and cassava at the densities of 53 000 plants ha-1 and 10 000 plants ha-1, respectively, significantly delayed the days to shooting of plantain by 34 days and 159 days, respectively. Plantain bunch yield was also reduced by 28% and 46% in intercrop with maize and cassava, respectively, when compared with sole plantain. The total relative yield of all population mixtures was greater than one land equivalent ratio [(LER) > 1] but the contribution of plantain to the LER was reduced as the population of maize and cassava increased in the intercropping system. The economic returns of each intercrop showed that intercropping plantain with melon at 20 000 plants ha-1 gave a higher return than the other combinations. Generally, productivity of plantain in these intercropping systems was in the order of melon > maize > cassava.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Houngnandan, P., Sanginga, N., Okogun, A., Vanlauwe, B., Merckx, R., Van Cleemput, O.",2001,Assessment of soil factors limiting growth and establishment of Mucuna in farmers' fields in the derived savanna of the Benin Republic,Biology and Fertility of Soils,33,5,10.1007/s003740100347,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7361/,"Mucuna pruriens was been used to control Imperata cylindrica and improve soil fertility in maize and cassava cropping systems in the derived savanna of the Benin Republic, West Africa. However, field observations showed that Mucuna had poor establishment in some farmers' fields. This could be due in part to the poor symbiotic effectiveness of Mucuna and/or its poor nutrition because of mineral deficiencies in the soil. A short-term survey was carried out in 34 farmers' fields located in four different sites (Zouzouvou, Eglime, Tchi, and Niaouli) in the derived savanna to assess the natural nodulation and mycorrhizal infection of Mucuna. This survey was followed by a nutrient-omission trial conducted in a pot experiment using soil collected from two groups of farmers' fields at Zouzouvou where Mucuna had poor establishment. Mycorrhizal infection ranged from 2 to 31% and correlated positively with nodulation and shoot dry matter production of plants grown only in one site at Zouzouvou. The number of rhizobia ranged between &lt;0.05 (near the detection limit) and 15 cells g-1 soil depending on the plot history and the fields. Nodulation occurred in 79% of the fields with numbers of nodules ranging from 0 to 135 plant-1. The nutrient-omission trial showed that when N and P were absent in the complete fertilizer treatment, biomass production decreased significantly, on average by 69% (N) and 33% (P). Mg, S, K and micronutrient deficiencies did not reduce significantly the biomass production in the two groups. However, N fertilizer applied additionally each week to some treatments drastically reduced Mucuna nodulation. Strategies to enhance Mucuna establishment and growth are discussed.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Hountondji, Fabien Charles Cossi, Hanna, Rachid, Cherry, Andy J., Sabelis, Maurice W., Agboton, Bonaventure, Korie, Sam",2007,Scaling up tests on virulence of the cassava green mite fungal pathogen Neozygites tanajoae (Entomophthorales Neozygitaceae) under controlled conditions first observations at the population level,,v. 41,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7366/,"Virulence of entomopathogens is often measured at the individual level using a single host individual or a group of host individuals. To what extent these virulence assessments reflect the impact of an entomopathogen on their host in the field remains largely untested, however. A methodology was developed to induce epizootics of the cassava green mite fungal pathogen Neozygites tanajoae under controlled conditions to evaluate population-level virulence of two (one Beninese and one Brazilian) isolates of the entomopathogen--which had shown similar individual-level virulence but different field impacts. In unrepeated separate experiments we inoculated mite-infested potted cassava plants with either 50 or 25 live mites (high and low inoculum) previously exposed to spores of N. tanajoae and monitored the development of fungal infections for each isolate under the same conditions. Both isolates caused mite infections and an associated decline in host mite populations relative to the control (without fungus) in all experiments, but prevalence of the fungus varied with isolate and increased with inoculum density. Peak infection levels were 90% for the Beninese isolate and 36% for the Brazilian isolate at high inoculum density, and respectively 17% and 25% at low inoculum density. We also measured dispersal from inoculated plants and found that spore dispersal increased with host infection levels, independent of host densities, whereas mite dispersal varied between isolates. These results demonstrate that epizootiology of N. tanajoae can be studied under controlled conditions and suggest that virulence tests at the population level may help to better predict performance of fungal isolates than individual-level tests.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Hountondji, Fabien C. C.",2008,Lessons from interactions within the cassava green mite fungal pathogen Neozygites tanajoae system and prospects for microbial control using Entomophthorales,,v. 46,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7367/,"Most fungal pathogens lack the capacity to search for their host but rather develop sit-and-wait strategies that favour contact with them. The success of these strategies depends upon the interactions of the pathogen with its host, the host plant and the environmental conditions, which altogether determine its transmissibility. Given the limited success that has characterized application of sustainable microbial control, particularly using Entomophthorales, interaction studies have been conducted with the entomophthoralean fungus Neozygites tanajoae, pathogenic to the cassava green mite (CGM), Mononychellus tanajoa, to help understand differences observed between laboratory and field performances of this pathogen. Reciprocal pathogen-host interactions as well as tritrophic interactions involving the host plant were studied. It was found that herbivory triggers the release of volatiles that promote sporulation of isolates of N. tanajoae, whereas the host mite avoids haloes of spores of this pathogen. However, the host mite does not avoid the pathogen when inside the mummified fungus-killed cadaver. The status of microbial control of CGM in Africa is reviewed and implications of these interactions are discussed for prospective application of microbial control using Entomophthorales.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Howeler, R. H.(Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Apartado Aereo 67-13, Cali (Colombia))",1980,Soil-related cultural practices for cassava,"Cassava Cultural Practices. Proceedings of a workshop held in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 18-21 March 1980",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7379/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Howeler, R. H.",1981,Mineral nutrition and fertilization of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7380/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Howeler, Reinhardt H.",1983,"Mycorrhizal inoculation, a cultural practice with potential in cassava cultivation",Cassava Newsletter (CIAT),v. 7,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7386/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Howeler, R. H., Kawano, K.",1988,Cassava breeding and agronomy research in Asia,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7389/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Howeler, R.H.",1992,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Utilization Research in Asia: Proceedings of the Third Regional Workshop held in Malang, Indonesia, Oct. 22 -27 1990","Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Utilization Research in Asia: Proceedings of the Third Regional Workshop held in Malang, Indonesia, Oct. 22 -27 1990",,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7392/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Howeler, R.",1992,Soil conservation and fertility maintenance for cassava production in Asia,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7393/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Howeler, R.H., Ezumah, H.C., Midmore, D.J.",1993,Tillage systems for root and tuber crops in the tropics,Soil and Tillage Research,27,01-Apr,10.1016/0167-1987(93)90069-2,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7394/,"Although limited information is available on tillage practices for root crops, published results show that tillage methods vary widely depending upon the specific root crop, the soil type, the previous vegetation, as well as the socio-economic conditions of farmers. These aspects are discussed in this review.

In general terms, it has been found that root and tuber crops are sensitive to soil compaction, inadequate aeration or poor drainage and therefore respond favorably to intensive tillage, followed by ridging or mounding. However, large differences exist between crops, with potato, sweet potato and yam requiring more intensive cultivation than cassava and taro. On light-textured soils, cassava can be grown without or with minimum tillage as long as weeds are controlled; in heavy or compacted soil cassava responds favorably to tillage and yields tend to increase when grown on ridges. In order to reduce erosion as well as production costs, cassava should be grown with as little tillage as possible as long as high yield can be maintained. Contour ridging and mulching are other practices that not only tend to increase yields but also reduce erosion losses.

Organized data for use in a classification of the tillage requirements of different soils for the various root crops is lacking. We suggest that research efforts should be directed towards the characterization of the physico-chemical and biological factors which determine the tillage requirements of a given soil for a given root crop.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Howeler, R.H.",1995,Agronomy research in the Asian cassava network - towards better production without soil degradation,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy Research and Technology Transfer in Asia: Proceedings of the Fourth Regional Workshop held in Trivandrum, Kerala, India, Nov 2-6, 1993",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7395/,"Since 1987 cassava agronomy research has been conducted by scientists from national cassava programs in Asia in collaboration and with small financial assistance from the CIAT cassava program. This paper summarizes and pulls together the results obtained, mainly corresponding to the period of 1490 to 1993. Research on cultural practices concentrated on determining the best time of planting and harvest, optimum planting methods and plant spacing as well as intercropping systems that increase farmers' financial returns. Planting cassava stakes in a vertical or inclined position generally increased yields compared with horizontal planting, but differences were not large and depended to some extent on the variety and on soil moisture conditions during planting. Vertical planting always resulted in quicker sprouting and canopy formation, which helps to reduce weed competition and erosion. Among various intercropping systems used in Asia, the interplanting of cassava with peanuts usually produced highest net incomes. A normal square planting arrangement often produced higher total net incomes than the wide-row or double-row arrangements. Long-term fertility trials have now been conducted for 3-5 years in nine locations in four countries. Significant responses to N were observed in seven locations and to P and K in four locations each. Responses to fertilizer application, especially to that of K, have been increasing over time. Only in Hung Loc Centre in south Vietnam no significant responses to fertilizer application were observed even after three years of continuous cropping. In most other locations the combined application of N, P and K more than doubled cassava yields. Erosion control trials have been conducted in 12 locations in six countries. The most effective practices to reduce erosion varied somewhat among locations, but generally included contour ridging, closer plant spacing, fertilizer application, mulching and reduced tillage. Other practices, such as the planting of leguminous tree hedgerows, grass contour barriers or intercropping, will have long-term benefits in terms of erosion control, soil fertility maintenance and improving soil moisture conditions. Since the effect of these practices are rather site-specific and depend to a great extent on the socio-economic conditions of farmers, the choice of the best components of the technology, aimed at increasing farmers' income while preventing soil degradation, will need to be done on farmers' fields and through more active farmer participation in the research.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Howeler, R.H. (ed.)",1995,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy Research and Technology Transfer in Asia: Proceedings of the Fourth Regional Workshop held in Trivandrum, Kerala, India, Nov 2-6, 1993","Cassava Breeding, Agronomy Research and Technology Transfer in Asia: Proceedings of the Fourth Regional Workshop held in Trivandrum, Kerala, India, Nov 2-6, 1993",,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7396/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Howeler, R.H.",1995,Results of soil analyses in Asia,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy Research and Technology Transfer in Asia: Proceedings of the Fourth Regional Workshop held in Trivandrum, Kerala, India, Nov 2-6, 1993",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7397/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Howeler, R. H.",1996,Mineral nutrition of cassava,Aciar Proceedings Series,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7398/,"Although cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is more productive than most other crops when grown on acid infertile soils, it is also very responsive to better soil fertility and may require high levels of fertilisation to reach its yield potential. In moderately acid soils, cassava generally does not respond to the application of lime except as a source of calcium and/or magnesium. High rates of liming often induce zinc deficiency. When grown on infertile soils cassava seldom shows clear symptoms of nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium deficiencies, but instead produces small and weak plants while root yields are reduced. Diagnosis of major nutrient deficiencies is best done through soil or plant tissue analysis. The paper therefore describes both deficiency (or toxicity) symptoms as well as critical levels or ranges of each nutrient in soil and in cassava leaves. When grown on light textured and low organic matter soils, cassava tends to respond mainly to N application; however, due to the relatively large removal of K in the root harvest continuous cassava cultivation on the same soil may lead to K exhaustion, and K will eventually become the most limiting nutrient. Under normal soil conditions cassava roots become readily infected with mycorrhizal fundi, which help the plant absorb P even at low external P concentrations in soil solution. Thus, in most cassava soils in Asia the crop does not respond much to P application.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Howeler, R. H.",1996,Diagnosis of nutritional disorders and soil fertility management of cassava,"Tropical Tuber Crops: Problems, Prospects and Future Strategies",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7399/,"Cassava can be cultivated better than most other crops even on acid infertile soils, however, the crop is highly responsive to good soil fertility conditions and may require fairly high levels of fertilisation to reach its high yield potential. Cassava is particularly well adapted to grow on acid tropical soils because of its tolerance to high levels of Al in soil solution. Cassava leaves tend to have relatively high concentrations of major and minor nutrients; they are particularly high in nitrogen (N). The roots, on the other hand are quite high in potassium (K). Thus, if both roots and plant tops are removed from the field at harvest, this may result in a rapid exhaustion of soil nutrients. If only the roots are removed it may lead to K exhaustion. If cassava is to be grown continuously on the same soil it is important to apply annually about 80-120 kg K2O ha(-1) in order to maintain soil fertility and sustain high yields. In Asia, where cassava is generally grown on rather low-organic matter soils, the crop responds principally to the application of N. Because of a very effective association with mycorrhiza, cassava can grow well on very low phosphorus (P) soils. P application is required in soils with less than 4-5 ppm of available P. The crop responds to K mainly in low K soils with less than 60 ppm exchangeable K. However, due to its high extraction of K most soils become K deficient if cassava is grown continuously without adequate K applications. Severe Mg deficiency symptoms are often observed when cassava is grown on acid low Mg soils. This can be overcome by the application of dolomitic lime or magnesium sulfate. Among the micro-nutrients, Zn is most important for cassava. Severe Zn deficiency is often observed in both acid and alkaline soils. The plants tend to recuperate from an initial Zn deficiency without needing any Zn application. Application of other micronutrients are seldom required, except under special circumstances, such as on peat soils, where Cu applications are often required to obtain high yields.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Howeler, Reinhardt H",1996,"Cassava agronomy research in Asia, 1987-1992","A Benchmark Study on Cassava Production, Processing and Marketing in Vietnam: Proceedings of a Workshop held in Hanoi, Vietnam Oct 29-31, 1992",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7400/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Howeler, R.H., Wargiono, J.",1996,Cultural practices and crop barries for erosion control,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7401/,"Cultural practices and crop barries for erosion control are summarized. Arable land of farmer in Java island. Indonesia mostly limited therefore, upland food crops grown at mountainous areas. Soil loss due to erosion of these areas are relativelly high. The erosion can be reduced substantialy by terracing, however this is quite expensive. Minimum tillage that could reduced erosion by 30 percent is not often used by farmer because it make weed control more difficult. Milch that could reduced erosion by 84 percent us seldom available, since crop residues are usually consumed by animals. Intercropping system is one of the method to control erosion. Intercropping cassava with upland rice or legumes+maize reduced erosion by 43 percent, while gross return higher than that monoculture. Other method to control erosion like ridging, fertilization and crop barries could reduced erosion by 33, 28 and 30 percent, respectively. Elephant grass to be important animals feeding during dry season, since most farmer have oxes and goats. The ox is for flowing, while for sale when they need cash money. As elephan grass can be harvested more often most farmer grow this grass on contour hedges at slope areas and on raised path at flat areas. Growing elephant grass four rows (50 m length) enough to feed 2 to 3 oxes and 3 to 1 goats during dry season.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Howeler, R.H.",1996,Farmer participatory selection of vetiver grass and the most effective way to control erosion in cassava-based cropping systems in Vietnam and Thailand,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7402/,"Research has identified various effective ways to reduce erosion in cassava-based cropping systems, including the use of vetiver grass. However, few of these practices are presently used by farmers. To enhance the adoption of soil conservation practices by cassava farmers, a Farmer Participatory Research (FPR) methodology was used in two pilot sites each in Thailand, Vietnam, China and Indonesia to test and select the most effective practices. Farmers in Thailand and Vietnam selected vetiver grass contour barriers as one of 4-5 treatments they wanted to test on their own fields. After harvesting all trials and discussing the results, farmers in all three villages in Vietnam selected the vetiver grass treatment as the most effective in increasing income and reducing erosion. Although the trials in Thailand have not yet been harvested, farmers already observed that the vetiver grass treatment was the most effective in reducing erosion. In both countries, participating farmers, after seeing the benefits of vetiver grass, requested additional planting material to plant in their fields.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Howeler, Reinhardt H.",1997,Output 2. Integrated technology and management options for production systems. Integrated soil conservation and soil improvement strategies. Adoption of improved management practices for cassava production in Asia. NIPPON project - improved sustainability of cassava-based cropping systems,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7403/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Howeler, Reinhardt H.",1997,Output 2. Integrated technology and management options for production systems. New cassava options for Asia. NIPON project - improved sustainability of cassava-based cropping systems,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7404/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Howeler, Reinhardt H., Henry, Guy",1998,Farmer participatory research for cassava technology transfer in Asia constraints and opportunities,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Farmer Participatory Research in Asia, Proceedings of the Fifth Regional Workshop Held in Danzhou, Hainan, China",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7405/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Howeler, Reinhardt H.",1998,Cassava agronomy research in Asia - an overview 1993-1996,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Farmer Participatory Research in Asia: Proceedings of the Fifth Regional Workshop held in Danzhou, Hainan, China, Nov 3-8, 1996",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7406/,"During the past three years (1993-1996), cassava agronomy research, conducted by national programs in collaboration with CIAT and with financial support from the Nippon Foundation in Japan, continued as before but at a slightly lower level of activity. Major emphasis remained on soil fertility maintenance and erosion control with the objective of enhancing the sustainability of cassava production in Asia. Long-term fertility trials have been conducted in 14 locations in four countries. Some of these trials are now in the 8th or 9th cycle of continuous cassava production. During the latest crop cycle there was a significant response to N in ten sites, to P in six sites and to K in eleven sites, indicating the importance of adequate fertilization of cassava with K and N and a lesser need for P. Especially the response to K increased with successive cassava cropping cycles. Various types of erosion control trials were continued in 13 sites in five countries. Research in Thailand indicate that time of planting has a strong influence on erosion, with greatest soil lasses occurring when cassava is planted in the beginning of the rainy season. For cassava monoculture the planting on contour ridges, at closer spacing and with adequate fertilization increased yields and reduced erosion losses. Among various intercropping systems the interplanting of peanuts is generally most effective in reducing erosion, while also providing a good additional income. Intercropping with pumpkin or squash was also quite effective, but watermelons, cucumbers or muskmelon were more difficult to establish. Among various contour barriers tested, the most suitable were hedgerows of Flemingia congesta and Gliricidia sepium in Malang, E. Java, Gliricidia and Leucaena leucocephala in South Vietnam, Thephrosia candida in North Vietnam, and vetiver grass in Nanning, China, and in Leyte, Philippines; application of grass mulch was even more effective at the latter location. The efficiency of hedgerows of many other grass species are presently being investigated in Thailand. Maintaining soil fertility with no or little chemical fertilizers is being investigated in South Vietnam, Indonesia and Thailand. A crop rotation of cassava with peanut/pigeon pea was found to be effective in northeastern Thailand. Green manuring with Crotalaria juncea or Canavalia ensiformis before planting cassava (cassava harvested after 18 months for a 2-year cycle), or interplanting these same two species and cutting and mulching the legumes at 2 MAP for a 12- month cassava crop, were found to be most effective in maintaining high yields when only small amounts of fertilizers were applied. A similar intercropping/mulching treatment with Tephrosia Candida was also effective in South Vietnam, although intercropping and mulching with cowpea was even more effective. Weed control trials have been conducted in Thailand and are being initiated in South Vietnam. The preemergence herbicide Metolachlor seems effective in both locations and can also be used when cassava is intercropped with mungbean or peanut. The frequency and cost of weeding was markedly reduced when cassava was planted at the end rather than the beginning of the rainy season in Thailand. More efficient methods of weed control, both chemical and mechanical, need to be further investigated as labor for hand weeding is becoming more and more expensive.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Howeler, Reinhardt H.",1998,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Farmer Participatory Research in Asia: Proceedings of the Fifth Regional Workshop held in Danzhou, Hainan, China, Nov 3-8, 1996","Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Farmer Participatory Research in Asia: Proceedings of the Fifth Regional Workshop held in Danzhou, Hainan, China, Nov 3-8, 1996",,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7407/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Howeler, Reinhardt H.",2000,Cassava production practices in Asia – Can they maintain soil productivity?,"Cassava, starch and starch derivatives: Proceedings of the International Symposium held in Nanning, Guangxi, China. Nov 11-15, 1996",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7410/,"Cassava production practices in Asia vary greatly, depending mainly on farm size, labor availability, soil and climate, socio-economic conditions and local traditions. On larger farms in Asia, especially in Thailand, Malaysia, Mindanao island (Philippines) and Hainan island (China), cassava is grown in monoculture. In Guangdong and Guangxi provinces of China, in parts of Vietnam, the Philippines, and especially in Indonesia, cassava is normally intercropped with peanut, maize, upland rice, soybean, mungbean or watermelon. Cassava is usually grown continuously on the same fields year after year, but in some areas the crop is rotated with maize, sugarcane or bush fallow to prevent a decline in soil fertility. In China, Vietnam, India and Indonesia, soil productivity is usually improved through the use of pig or cow manure, sometimes augmented with wood ash or chemical fertilizers. Fertilizer use is increasing among farmers in Thailand, albeit at low application rates, while in Malaysia application rates are quite high. Maintaining soil fertility in cassava fields depends largely on the rates at which manure and chemical fertilizers are used, and whether the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (N, P and K) applications correspond with the local soil characteristics and crop requirements. In most Asian countries, fertilizer recommendations are not based on soil analyses, often leading to the application of excessive amounts of P and inadequate amounts of K. While cassava in Asia is seldom grown on very steep slopes (except in parts of China, Indonesia and Vietnam), even on gentle slopes the crop can cause severe erosion when grown on light-textured soils with low levels of organic matter. Erosion-induced soil losses of over 100 t/ha/year have been recorded in trials conducted in Hainan island (China), Leyte island (Philippines) and East Java (Indonesia). Research has shown that erosion can be reduced markedly by simple agronomic practices, such as application of fertilizers, zero or reduced tillage, closer plant spacing, mulching, intercropping, or the planting of contour barriers of various grasses, legumes or fast-growing tree species. However, few of these practices are currently used by cassava farmers. By involving farmers directly in the testing and selection of soil conservation practices on their own land, more suitable practices may be developed, and hopefully this will lead to increased adoption of management practices that not only increase cassava yields but also maintain the soil's productivity.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Howeler, Reinhardt H., Tan, Swee Lian",2001,Cassava's potential in Asia in the 21st century: present situation and future research and development needs,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7411/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Howeler, R. H.",2001,Nutrient inputs and losses in cassava-based cropping systems examples from Vietnam and Thailand,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7412/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Howeler, Reinhard H., Watananonta, Watana, Tran, Ngoc Ngoan",2003,Farmers decide A participatory approach to the development and dissemination improved cassava technologies that increase yields and prevent soil degradation,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7415/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Howeler, Reinhardt H.",2004,"A participatory and inter-institutional projects to enhance the sustainability of cassava production in Thailand, Vientam and China: Its impact on soil erosion and farmers' income","Paper presented at International Conference on Interdisciplinary Curriculum and Research Management in Sustainable Land Use and Natural Resource Management – held in Bangkok, Thailand. Aug 17-19, 2004",,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7417/,"Farmers in Asia like to grow cassava because the crop will tolerate long dry periods and poor soils, and will produce reasonable yields with little inputs. Most farmers realize, however, that cassava production on slopes can cause severe erosion, while production without fertilizer inputs may lead to a decline in soil productivity. Research has shown that cassava yields can be maintained for many years with adequate application of fertilizers, and that there are various ways to reduce erosion. Adoption of erosion control practices, however, has been minimal as farmers generally see little short-term benefits of these practices. To enhance the adoption of soil conserving practices and improve the sustainability of cassava production, a farmer participatory research (FPR) approach was used to develop not only the best soil conservation practices, but also to test new varieties, fertilization and cropping systems that tend to produce greater short-term benefits. The FPR methodology was initially developed in 2-3 sites each in China, Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam, but has now extended to about 99 villages in Thailand, Vietnam and China. The methodology includes the conducting of RRAs in each site, farmer evaluation of a wide range of practices shown in demonstration plots, FPR trials with farmer-selected treatments on their own fields, field days with discussions to select the best among the tested practices, scaling-up to larger fields, and farmer participatory dissemination to neighbors and other communities. Based on the results of these trials, farmers have readily adopted better varieties, fertilization and intercropping practices, and many farmers have now adopted the planting of contour hedgerows to control erosion. The resulting increases in cassava yields in Asia over the past eight years have increased the annual gross income of cassava farmers by an estimated 250 million US dollars.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Howeler, R. H., Watananonta, W., Wongkasem, W., Klakhaeng, K., Tran, N. N.",2006,Working with farmers: The key to achieving adoption of more sustainable cassava production practices on sloping land in Asia,Acta Horticulturae,703,,10.17660/ActaHortic.2006.703.8,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7419/,"In order to enhance the adoption of soil conserving practices and improve the sustainability of cassava production under a wide range of socio-economic and biophysical conditions, a farmer participatory research (FPR) approach was used to develop not only the most suitable soil conservation practices, but also to test new cassava cultivars, fertilization practices and cropping systems that tend to produce greater short-term benefits. The FPR methodology was initially developed in 2-3 sites each in China, Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam. The methodology includes the conducting of Rapid Rural Appraisals (RRAs) in each site, farmer evaluation of a wide range of practices shown in demonstration plots, FPR trials with farmer-selected treatments on their own fields, field days with discussions to select the best among the tested practices, scaling-up of selected practices to larger fields, and farmer participatory dissemination to neighbors and neighboring communities. Based on the results of these trials, farmers in the pilot sites have readily adopted better cultivars, fertilization and intercropping practices, and many farmers have adopted the planting of contour hedgerows to control erosion. In the second phase of this Nippon Foundation supported project, the farmer participatory approach for technology development and dissemination was further developed in a total of 99 pilot sites in Thailand, Vietnam and China. The testing by farmers on their own fields of new cassava cultivars and fertilization practices in addition to soil conservation practices was found to be of crucial importance for the adoption of more sustainable production practices. The resulting increases in cassava yields over the past 10 years have increased the annual gross income of cassava farmers in Asia by an estimated 325 million US dollars.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Howeler, Reinhardt H.",2006,Cassava in Asia,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7420/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Howeler, Reinhardt H.",2007,Achievements and lessons learned in the Nippon Foundation cassava project in Asia,"Cassava Research and Development in Asia: Exploring New Opportunities for an Ancient Crop. Proceedings of the Seventh Regional Workshop held in Bangkok, Thailand. Oct 28-Nov 1, 2002",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7422/,"Towards the end of the first phase (1994-1998) of the Nippon Foundation project on ""Enhancing the Sustainability of Cassava-based Cropping Systems in Asia"", many farmers in the 2-3 project's pilot sites in China, Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam had adopted the use of new cassava varieties, more balanced fertilization, planting of contour hedgerows of vetiver grass, Tephrosia candida, pineapple, Leucaena leucocephala or Gliricidia sepium to control erosion, while in Vietnam many farmers had started to intercrop cassava with peanut or black bean. The adoption of these practices, however, was still limited to rather small areas. Towards the end of the 4th year of the second phase (1999-2003) of the project, adoption of the farmer selected improved practices is spreading like wildfire in the 50-plus pilot sites in China, Thailand and Vietnam, and beyond. In Thailand more than 865 farmers have now planted about 130 km of vetiver grass contour hedgerows in their cassava fields to control erosion in over 900 ha. Several communities have set up their own vetiver grass nurseries to supply planting material to those farmers that want to expand their hedgerows. Most farmers in those sites are applying chemical fertilizers high in N and K, and some are planting green manures or applying animal manures in addition to chemical fertilizers. Practically all cassava farmers are now planting new varieties, mainly KU 50, Rayong 5 and Rayong 90. In Vietnam, new high-yielding varieties are now planted in about 1,244 ha in the 25 pilot sites, and in an estimated 90,000 ha nationwide. In addition, at least 689 farmers in the pilot sites are intercropping cassava with peanut or black bean in north Vietnam and mainly with maize in south Vietnam. Most farmers in the pilot sites have started to apply chemical fertilizers high in N and K, in addition to the traditional practice of applying pig manure. Moreover, 222 farmers have planted about 100 ha with contour hedgerows of Tephrosia candida, vetiver grass, pineapple or Paspalum atratum to reduce erosion. In China, farmers are concentrating on the adoption of new varieties, but in some sites in Hainan, farmers have also adopted the planting of vetiver hedgerows to reduce erosion. During the process of developing the methodology and implementing the project the following lessons were learned: -Farmers base decisions about the adoption of new practices mainly on the ability of those practices to increase net income. Thus, soil conservation practices are seldom adopted by themselves, but only in combination with other practices that increase income. Trial results should thus be expressed in terms of realistic estimates of gross and net income. -Some incentives in kind may be necessary and justified to achieve more widespread adoption of soil conservation practices that benefit both farmers and society at large. -Farmers must first become aware of the extent of soil erosion and its impact on soil productivity before they will invest in soil conservation practices. The conducting of FPR erosion control trials on their own fields allows them to observe the extent of soil erosion and the effectiveness of various simple production practices in reducing soil losses by erosion. -Farmers like to experiment with new varieties and new practices and are more than willing to help disseminate the improved practices to other farmers in their community and beyond. -Local officials and community-based self-help groups should be active partners in the project. -Training of researchers, extensionists and key farmers in the FPR approach is essential, and is a highly effective way to expand the project to new sites in order to reach more people.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Howeler, Reinhardt H. (ed.)",2007,Cassava Research and Development in Asia: Exploring New Opportunities for an Ancient Crop,"Proceedings of the Seventh Regional Workshop held in Bangkok, Thailand. Oct 28-Nov 1, 2002",,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7424/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Howeler, Reinhardt H.",2007,Results of soil analysis in Asia 2001-2006,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7425/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Howeler, Reinhardt H.",2007,Sustaining cassava farmers and our earth,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7426/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Howeler, Reinhardt H., Aye, Tin Maung",2009,Working with Farmers: The key to achieving adoption of more sustainable cassava production on sloping land in Asia and their impact on farmers' income [poster] [on line],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7427/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Howeler, R., Lutaladio, N., Thomas, G.",2013,Save and Grow Cassava. A guide to sustainable production intensification,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7429/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Akobundu, I.O.",1980,Weed control in cassava cultivation in the subhumid tropics,,26,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/743/,"Field trials were carried out over a three year period in an alfisol in a subhumid tropical environment to evaluate the effectiveness of hand-weeding frequencies and several herbicides for weed control in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Uncontrolled weed growth caused 40% reduction in root yield of short, profusely branching cassava cultivar while a 68% reduction in root yield was observed in separate studies involving a tall non-branching cultivar. Two or three properly timed hoe weedings gave crop yields that were as good as keeping the plots weed free throughout the growing season. Although pre-emergence application of fluometuron at 2.0 to 3.0 kg a.i./ha or diuron at 2.0 kg a.i./ha used singly gave good weed control and crop yield, the efficacy of these herbicides was greatly improved by tank mixing each of them with alachlor or metolachlor at 3.0 and 2.0 kg a.i./ha respectively. Excellent crop yield was also observed where atrazine and metolachlor was applied pre-emergence at 2.5 kg a.i./ha. At current labour rates in Nigeria, it is cheaper to practise chemical weed control in cassava than to rely on hand-weeding even if the labour is readily available and the weeding can be carried out on time.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Howeler, R. H.",,Mineral nutrition of cassava,"Mineral nutrient disorders of root crops in the Pacific proceedings of a workshop, Nukualofa, Kingdom of Tonga, 17-20 April 1995 /",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7430/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Hoy, M. A.",2011,Classical Biological Control of the Cassava Green Mite in Africa,Agricultural Acarology: Introduction to Integrated Mite Management,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7435/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Hridya, A. C., Byju, G.",2014,Effect of chemical fertilizers and microbial inoculations on soil properties in cassava (Manihot esculenta) growing Vertisols of Tamil Nadu,Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,84,7,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7440/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important subsidiary food and industrial raw material in the tropics. Considering the importance of the crop, an on farm experiment was conducted to study the effect of NPK fertilizer rate and biocontrol agents (Trichoderma and Pseudomonas fluorescens) and biofertilizers (Azospirillum, AM fungi and phosphorus solubilising bacteria) on soil chemical, biochemical and microbial biomass carbon in cassava growing Vertisols of Tamil Nadu during 2008 and 2009. The study was conducted in split plot design with two levels of NPK fertilizer as main plot treatments and eight microbial inoculations as subplot treatments. Azospirillum with Trichoderma (170.58 kg/ha), AM fungi with Trichoderma (57.85 kg/ha) and Trichoderma alone (473.70 kg/ha) significantly increased available nitrogen, phosphorus and exchangeable potassium by reducing the amount of NPK. Pseudomonas fluorescens with Trichoderma at 50 per cent recommended NPK rate increases the available iron in soil. The AM fungi with Trichoderma significantly increased available manganese and zinc compared to other inoculations at 50 per cent recommended NPK rate. Azospirillum with Trichoderma at the recommended NPK rate increased the urease enzyme activity (835.21 mg urea hydrolysed/g soil/h) compared to other treatments. The soil application of all cultures at 50 per cent recommended NPK rate increased soil dehydrogenase and ?glucosidase enzyme activities. Interaction effect showed significantly higher microbial biomass carbon in AM fungi with Trichoderma at 50 per cent recommended NPK rate (3792.45 g/g soil) and was on par with soil application of all cultures at 100 per cent and 50 per cent recommended rate. In general microbial inoculations at 50 per cent recommended rate gave on par or significantly higher results compared to uninoculated control at recommended NPK rate.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Hruska, A.J.",1987,Weedy groundcover increases damage to cassava by white grubs in Costa Rica,Tropical Agriculture,64,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7441/,"Experiments in Costa Rica showed that cassava plants grown in weedy ground suffered more severe plant stunting than plants grown in less weedy ground. The damage to cassava was due to root-feeding by white grubs. Phyllophaga spp, (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). A significant correlation (P < 0.05) was found between the amount of groundcover and plant damage due to grub feeding at two plant population densities. The correlations were highly significant (P < 0.01) in pure stands of wither of two varieties of cassava, but were not significant in mixed stands. Possible biological mechanisms responsible for the results are discussed.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Huang, J., Bachem, C., Vermeesch, A., Suurs, L., Jacobsen, E., Visser, R.G.F.",2000,Analysis of postharvest deterioration in cassava,"Cassava biotechnology: Proceedings IV International Scientific Meeting Cassava Biotechnology Network, Nov. 3-7, 1998, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7465/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Huang, J., Li, K. M., Ye, J. Q., Liu, G. D., Liu, Y. H., He, Y.",2004,Studies on soil and water conservation in Chinese cassava field,"Proceedings of the China Association for Science and Technology, Vol 1, No 2",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7468/,"In the present paper, the water and soil erosion or conservation in cassava field all over the world was described. Since 1989 in China, there are international cooperative researches on soil and water conservation in cassava field in Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science (CATAS)and International Center of Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), then Japanese Nippon Foundation supported it from 1994 to 2003. In the experiment, it was found that zero-tillage, chemical weeding, contour ridging, rational close planting and fertilization, intercropping and green hedgerow etc. are very effective both for reducing erosion and increasing yield. The experimental results on soil and water conservation in cassava field in 1997-2001 showed that the hedgerow of Vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides (Linn.) Nash) was the best effectiveness for reducing soil erosion (dry soil loss decreased by 68.3%) and increasing cassava yield (cassava yield increased by 2.7%) than CK.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Huang, L., Ye, Z., Bell, R.W., Dell, B.",2005,Boron nutrition and chilling tolerance of warm climate crop species,Annals of Botany,96,,10.1093/aob/mci228,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7469/,"BACKGROUND Field observations and glasshouse studies have suggested links between boron (B)-deficiency and leaf damage induced by low temperature in crop plants, but causal relationships between these two stresses at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels have yet to be explored. Limited evidence at the whole-plant level suggests that chilling temperature in the root zone restricts B uptake capacity and/or B distribution/utilization efficiency in the shoot, but the nature of this interaction depends on chilling tolerance of species concerned, the mode of low temperature treatment (abrupt versus gradual temperature decline) and growth conditions (e.g. photon flux density and relative humidity) that may exacerbate chilling stress. SCOPE This review explores roles of B nutrition in chilling tolerance of continual root or transient shoot chills in crop species adapted to warm season conditions. It reviews current research on combined effects of chilling temperature (ranging from >0 to 20 C) and B deficiency on growth and B nutrition responses in crop species differing in chilling tolerance. CONCLUSION For subtropical/tropical species (e.g. cucumber, cassava, sunflower), root chilling at 10-17 C decreases B uptake efficiency and B utilization in the shoot and increases the shoot root ratio, but chilling-tolerant temperate species (e.g. oilseed rape, wheat) require much lower root chill temperatures (2-5 C) to achieve the same responses. Boron deficiency exacerbates chilling injuries in leaf tissues, particularly under high photon flux density. Suggested mechanisms for B x chilling interactions in plants are (a) chilling-induced reduction in plasmalemma hydraulic conductivity, membrane fluidity, water channel activity and root pressure, which contribute to the decrease in root hydraulic conductance, water uptake and associated B uptake; (b) chilling-induced stomatal dysfunction affecting B transport from root to shoot and B partitioning in the shoot; and (c) B deficiency induced sensitivity to photo-oxidative damage in leaf cells. However, specific evidence for each of the mechanisms is still lacking. Impacts of B status on chilling tolerance in crop species have important implications for the management of B supply during sensitive stages of growth, such as early growth after planting and early reproductive development, both of which can coincide with the occurrence of chilling temperatures in the field.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Huang, H., Cui, Z. D., Xue, Z., Zhang, Y.",2013,Development of 4UMS-2700 Cassava Harvester,Applied Mechanics and Materials,268-270,,10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.268-270.1253,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7478/,"This paper describes 4UMS-2700 cassava harvester's overall structure and working principle, introduces its structural designs and main technical parameters, and explains the methods and basis to design its main working parts' structures. Field experiments on its prototype was conducted and the experimental results show that the unit was reasonably designed with high productivity, low fuel consumption, and high operating reliability and can meet the agronomic requirements to harvest cassava.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Akobundu, I. O.",,Weed control in no-tillage cassava in the subhumid and humid tropics,"No-tillage crop production in the Tropics proceedings, symposium held Aug 6-7, 1981, Monrovia, Liberia",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/748/,"Weed control was evaluated in no-tillage cassava, with a previous application of paraquat in an Alfisol that had been fallowed for 2 yr. A split-plot design was used with tillage as the main plot and weed control treatments as subplots. Treatments were replicated 3 times and weed dry wt. and cassava root yield were determined. In another expt. conducted on an Ultisol, glyphosate (3.0 kg/ha) was applied to bush regrowth (fallowed for 2 yr) at the onset of rains. Land preparation (main plots) consisted of no- tillage; plowing and harrowing; plowing, harrowing, and ridging. Treatments were replicated 5 times and cassava plant height was taken at 10 wk. after planting, weed wt. at 16 wk. after planting, and cassava root yield at 12 mo. after planting. Cassava root yield was found to be lower in no-tillage plots compared with conventional tillage (on the flat and in ridges). The need to reduce erosion makes it necessary to use tied ridges rather than planting cassava on the flat in conventionally cultivated fields. Within each tillage method, yield reduction caused by weeds was not significantly lower when weeds were not controlled than when weeds were controlled by herbicides or by hoe weeding. However, the yield difference between unweeded plots and those treated with insecticides (and conventional tillage) suggest that the herbicides effectively reduced weed interference during the early growth period of the plant. Plant height measurements showed that there were significant differences among planting cassava on the flat, ridges, and in no-tillage plots.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Hudson, C.",1988,Integrating other crops with sugar cane - Part 2,Barbados Sugar Review,57,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7487/,"Deals with the integration of crops including yams, sweet potatoes, cassava, cotton, pulses, maize, eddoes and vegetables with sugar cane. Reference is particularly made to recent work in Barbados on mechanization and partial mechanization of integrated crops with sugar cane.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Akond, T. P., Leihner, D. E., Steinmller, N.",1996,"Alley cropping on an Ultisol in subhumid Benin. Part 1: Long-term effect on maize, cassava and tree productivity [duplicate]",Agroforestry Systems,34,1,10.1007/BF00129628,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/751/,"In southern Benin, West Africa, two alley cropping systems were studied from 1986 to 1992. Yield development was followed in a maize and cassava crop rotation vs. intercropping system, with alleys of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit and Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. vs. a no-tree control, with and without NPK fertilizer. Without alleys, NPK fertilization maintained high yield levels of 2-3 t maize dry grain plus 4-6 t ha-1 cassava root DM in intercropping 3-4 t ha-1 maize and 6-10 t ha-1 cassava in solecropping. Without NPK, final yields seemed to stabilize at about 1 t maize plus 2 t cassava in intercropping and twice as much in each solecrop. Alley cropping induced significant yield increases by about 50% with both tree species in unfertilized, intercropped maize, and with Cajanus in fertilized, solecropped cassava. In monetary terms, the NPK-fertilizer response of stabilized yields was significant lot all treatments except the solecropped Leucaena alleys. It is concluded that on Ultisols with low nutrient status in the upper rooting zone, alley cropping with low competitive tree species may improve food crop yields but the greatest monetary output is achieved by intercropping with mineral fertilizer independent of the presence or absence of an agroforestry component.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Hular-Bograd, Johazel, Ed Sarobol, Chareinsak Rojanaridpiched, Klanarong Sriroth",2011,Effect of supplemental irrigation on reducing cyanide content of cassava variety Kasetsart 50,Kasetsart Journal (Natural Science),45,6,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7520/,"Cassava's cyanogenic potential, exacerbated during drought, remains a challenge to optimizing its production and consumption. This research investigated how supplemental irrigation during the dry season could reduce the cyanide content in the highly-cyanogenic cassava variety Kasetsart 50 (KU50). KU50 stakes were planted in May 2009 at Khao Hin Son Research Station, Inseechandrastitya Institute for Crop Research and Development, Kasetsart University, Chachoengsao province. A split-plot in a randomized complete block design was used, with three harvest periods (6, 9, 12 mth after planting; MAP) as main plots, three irrigation treatments (T0, rain-fed only; T1, 30mm.mth -1, split into three applications; and T2, 60mm.mth -1, split into three applications) as subplots, and four field replications. Root samples harvested at 6, 9 and 12 MAP were analyzed for total cyanide, non-glucosidic cyanide (NGC), and bound cyanide contents in the whole root, peel and parenchyma. Roots harvested at 9 MAP had the lowest bound and total cyanide, and the highest starch content. T2 yielded the lowest NGC, bound and total cyanide, and the highest starch content. Thus, irrigating with 60mm and harvesting at 9 MAP produced the lowest cyanogenic content and highest starch percentage in cassava roots. No significant effect was observed on the number of bulking roots, the plant height and plant top weight. However, supplemental irrigation significantly (P < 0.05) increased the starch content and root yield, but reduced the protein content.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Akonde, T. P., Kuhne, R. F., Steinmuller, N., Leihner, D. E.",1997,"Alley cropping on an Ultisol in subhumid Benin Part 3: nutrient budget of maize, cassava and trees",Agroforestry Systems,37,3,10.1023/A1005863818511,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/754/,"An alley cropping experiment was conducted from 1986 to 1992 near Cotonou, Benin Republic on a field previously used as four-year bush-fallow. A no-tree control was compared with Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit and Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. grown in 4 m distant hedgerows. In the same experiment, application of 90-39-75 kg ha(-1) NPK fertiliser vs. no fertiliser and maize-cassava intercropping vs. rotation of sole crops was also tested. Topsoil samples (0-30 cm) were taken initially and again after four and six years. Alley cropping enhanced nitrogen recycling relative to the no-alley control by 253 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) for Leucaena and 131 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) for Cajanus in the overall average but a maximum of 22 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) was recovered in total crop exports. Apparent fertiliser-N recovery increased from a low average of 14% in the first year to 66% in the second year up to a maximum of 109% in the no-tree control in the last year. Soil nutrient depletion during the six years was significant for all nutrients except P, K falling from 0.5 to 0.1 cmol(c) kg(-1) soil and N from 0.08 to 0.05%. Hedgerow accumulation of N in the topsoil-plant system calculated as difference to a no-tree control was only 18 to 37 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) during the first four years after clearing, increasing to 208 kg in Leucaena and 111 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) in Cajanus without NPK during the last two years. During the first four years, average N, K, Ca and Mg losses from the topsoil-plant system of 223 kg, 160 kg, 176 kg and 80 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) were high but probably stored in the subsoil because corresponding leaching losses were only 10, 1, 15 and 6 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) at 150 cm depth during the second to fourth cropping year. Beyond the fourth year, markedly reduced nutrient losses from the topsoil and stable food crop yields in no-tree plots suggest that continuous maize-cassava cropping using balanced rates of mineral fertiliser is producing sustainable yields with almost closed nutrient cycles of the soil-plant system on our site.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Hussain, Khelikuzaman M",1982,Effects of plant population in cassava,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7547/,"The effects of two planting methods (20 cm cutting planted horizontally and 60 cm cuttings planted vertically) and plant populations ranging from 5,000 to 40,000 plants per hectare on the performance of two cassava varieties were investigated. The relationships of yield and components with plant populations were examined by fitting linear and quadratic regression equations to each planting method and variety. Results showed that in both varieties, the horizontal planting yielded better than vertical planting in terms of root and starch yields. Harvest index was greater in horizontal planting than in vertical planting while plant height was not markedly affected by planting methods",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Hussaini, S.H.",1990,"Pest, disease and weed control in crops, Eastern Province, Sierra Leone",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7554/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Hy, Nguyen Huu, Pham, Van Bien, Dang, Nguyen The, Phien, Thai",1998,Recent progress in cassava agronomy research in Vietnam,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7563/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Hyman, G., Bellotti, A., Lopez-Lavalle, L. A. B., Palmer, N., Creamer, B.",2012,Cassava and overcoming the challenges of global climatic change: report of the second scientific conference of the Global Cassava Partnership for the 21st century,Food Security,4,4,10.1007/s12571-012-0209-9,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7565/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Ike, I.F., Thurtell, G.W.",1981,"Water relations of cassava: water content, water, osmotic and turgor potential relationships",Canadian Journal of Botany,59,6,10.1139/b81-131,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7569/,"The water content, water potential, osmotic potential, and turgor pressure relationships of two cultivars of indoor-grown cassava (Manihot esculenta) were examined. The two cultivars (CMC9 and MCOL113) represent low and high starch yielding varieties, respectively.Leaf water potentials were measured insitu with a dew-point hygrometer. A pressure chamber was used to estimate ψL in excised leaves. Relative water content (RWC) of intact leaves was measured with a beta-gauge but was calculated from the pressure chamber data for excised leaves. Osmotic potentials at water contents between 0 and 100% were calculated and the corresponding turgor pressures were obtained by difference.At low soil moisture tension, RWC and ψL dropped to minimum values during the day but recovered considerably at night. Osmotic potentials of turgid leaves were −970 kPa in cv. CMC9 and −1000 kPa in cv. MCOL113. Diurnal variations ψπ were small in both cultivars. However, daily fluctuations in ψP were larger and paralleled changes in ψL. A marked hysteresis was evident in the water content-potential and the water content-turgor pressure data obtained during the drying cycle. However, when water potentials and turgor pressures were changed rapidly by switching the lights off and on at short-time intervals, no hysteresis was observed in the data.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Akoroda, M.O., Oyinlola, A.E., Gebremeskel, T.",1987,Plantable stem supply system for IITA cassava varieties in Oyo State of Nigeria,,v. 24,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/757/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Nitis, I. M., Sumatra, I.G.N.",1976,"The effect of fertilizers on the growth and yield of cassava (Manihot esculenta var. gading) undersown with stylo (Stylosanthes guyanensis cv. schofield) at Penebel, Bali",Bulletin Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan dan Peternakan Universitas Udayana,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7571/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"I.M., Nitis",1979,Stylosanthes aftermath as companion crop to cassava and its subsequent effect on the pasture production,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7572/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Akobundu, I.O.",1983,Weed control in no-tillage cassava in the subhumid and humid tropics [Manihot esculenta],,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7574/,"Weed control was evaluated in no-tillage cassava, with a previous application of paraquat in an Alfisol that had been fallowed for 2 yr. A split-plot design was used with tillage as the main plot and weed control treatments as subplots. Treatments were replicated 3 times and weed dry wt. and cassava root yield were determined. In another expt. conducted on an Ultisol, glyphosate (3.0 kg/ha) was applied to bush regrowth (fallowed for 2 yr) at the onset of rains. Land preparation (main plots) consisted of no- tillage; plowing and harrowing; plowing, harrowing, and ridging. Treatments were replicated 5 times and cassava plant height was taken at 10 wk. after planting, weed wt. at 16 wk. after planting, and cassava root yield at 12 mo. after planting. Cassava root yield was found to be lower in no-tillage plots compared with conventional tillage (on the flat and in ridges). The need to reduce erosion makes it necessary to use tied ridges rather than planting cassava on the flat in conventionally cultivated fields. Within each tillage method, yield reduction caused by weeds was not significantly lower when weeds were not controlled than when weeds were controlled by herbicides or by hoe weeding. However, the yield difference between unweeded plots and those treated with insecticides (and conventional tillage) suggest that the herbicides effectively reduced weed interference during the early growth period of the plant. Plant height measurements showed that there were significant differences among planting cassava on the flat, ridges, and in no-tillage plots.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Ruhendi, I., Prasadja, I.",1983,Impact of cropping systems in changing insect control recommendation in Indonesia,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7576/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ibeawuchi, I. I.",2007,"Landrace legumes Synopsis of the culture, importance, potentials and roles in agricultural production systems",Journal of Biological Sciences,7,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7581/,"Most landrace legumes originated in Africa and Asia and their cultivation is as old as the existence of man's discovery of farming. Landrace legumes found in the humid and sub humid tropics with diverse climatic differences come from different groups and are found among wide range of species. Depending on the species, some are food/grain legumes, shrub or tree legumes. The major ones include mucuna pruriens, Phaseolus lunatus, Sphenostylis stenocarpa, Mucuna sloanei, Pentaclethra macrophylla, Tetrapleura tetraptera and Anthonata microphylla. They have potentials for man in his food and nutrition, soil fertility improvement through nitrogen fixation and mineralization of the decayed shoots and roots in the soil. They are important in soil conservation, farming systems and in medicine, agro forestry, for erosion control purposes and in culture of the people. Legumes are important crops and their nodules interact with rhizobia species of bacteria to fix nitrogen in the soil. They have high economic potentials when intercropped with yam/maize/ cassava and as sole crops. 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Ibeawuchi, II, Obiefuna, J. C., Ofoh, M. C., Edna, M. N., Ajaero, J. O.",2008,Productivity of yam-cassava based/land-race legumes in intercropping systems,Life Science Journal-Acta Zhengzhou University Overseas Edition,5,1,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7584/,"Raising and sustaining the productivity of smallholder tuber based crop mixture is the major problem facing tropical agriculture. This problem is connected with the development of low input technologies, which is the sure and noble alternative of which the tuber/land race legume mixture is the answer. However, the more the component crops In the mixtures the lower, the individual crop yields. Crop mixtures involving lima bean and African yam bean were most efficient judged by the higher LER and gave the highest monetary returns which is the satisfaction of the smallholders farmer who produce majority of our foods. [Life Science Journal. 2008; 5(1) 80 - 86] (ISSN 1097 - 8135).",Excluded,Duplicate
"Ibrahim, H., Bello, M., Ibrahim, H.",2009,Food security and resource allocation among farming households in North Central Nigeria,Pakistan Journal of Nutrition,8,8,10.3923/pjn.2009.1235.1239,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7598/,"The study determined the food security status of farming households as well as an optimal farm plan that can enhance the food security status of farming households in Nasarawa State. Data was collected from 180 farming households using random sampling. A food security line and linear programming model were used for data analysis. Majority of the farming households (58.9%) were food insecure. The optimal farm plan recommends the production of Cassava, Maize/Cowpea, and Benniseed and Groundnut/Yam enterprises at 0.64, 0.34, 0.35 and 0.22 ha respectively to yield a net return of 141692.89 Naira. The major food security crops were identified to be Maize, Cassava and Yam. It was concluded that an effective allocation of resources can enhance the food security status of farming households. The study recommends the encouragement of the production of Cassava, Yam and Maize and the introduction of participatory family planning techniques among the food insecure households. Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2009.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Akoroda, M. O., Ocitti-P'Obwoya, C., Hahn, S. K.",1997,Screening cassava genotypes for field establishment ability,Discovery and Innovation,9,01-Feb,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/760/,"Mature stem cuttings (25-30 cm long) of 86 genotypes of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) were dipped in watertrough in a screenhouse, and also planted in nursery beds but only 21 chosen out of the 86 clones were planted in field plots. The distal third part of each cutting was immersed in water or buried in soil. Growth components representing the ability of clones to establish were recorded weekly or monthly in the nursery. Data were unified into an index of establishment (IE). The IE values showed a high concordance among the media for the top and bottom ranking clones. Overall, establishment ability correlated well with root and shoot growth components, and seemed to be expressed within the first two weeks after planting stems. The utility of IE is discussed in relation to the reduction of workload in plant breeding and selection programmes.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Idowu, A. B., Sonde, O. A.",2003,"The contribution of food plants to the growth, development and fecundity of Zonocerus variegatus (L)",African Journal of Biotechnology,2,10,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7611/,"The performance of the variegated grasshopper, Zonocerus variegatus (L) fed on different food plants namely cassava (Manihot esculenta), pawpaw (Carica papaya) and acalypha (Acalypha wilkesiana) and a mixture of these plants (mixed diets) from 5th nymphal instar to adult was investigated. Survivor and longevity of nymphs and as well as the reproductive performance of adult Zonocerus was greater and better for insect fed on cassava and mixed diets, as compared to those fed only on Acalypha and pawpaw. Adults emerged between the 5th to 16th week in cages containing 5th instars fed on cassava and mixed diets, while it took between 7-23 weeks for those fed on acalypha and pawpaw to emerge as adult. There were significant differences in the measurements of the body parameters of insects fed on the four different food plants. Ranking was cassavamixturepawpawacalyhpa. Sex had no significant effect on the measurement of body parameters regardless of the food plants. Feeding assay showed that there was a significant difference between the amounts of leaves consumed by Zonocerus fed on the different food plants. Of all the diets, cassava was the most preferred and most consumed food plant. This had a corresponding effect on the weight gained by the insects. The results of the proximate analysis showed significant differences in the dry matter, crude protein and fat content of Z. variegatus fed on the different food plants. A positive correlation existed between the body weight, protein and fat content of Z. variegatus fed on the different food plants.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Idris, O.A. Amel, Ahmed, H. Sirelkhatim",2012,Phosphorus Sorption Capacity as a Guide for Phosphorus Availability of Selected Sudanese Soil Series,,v. 20,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7616/,"La rponse des cultures lapplication du phosphore est souvent imprdictible dans beaucoup de types de sols du Sudan suite la nature alkaline de laplupart des sols dans ce pays. Les isothermes dadsorption du phosphore et la capacit tampon sont des outils les plus efficaces pour prdire la rponse de diffrents types de sols lapplication des engrais phosphats. Cette tude tait conduite pour valuer la capacit dadsorption du phosphore dans quelques sols du Sudan et ses effets sur le phosphore disponible. Un essai au laboratoire tait conduit sur six chantillons de sol slectionns des sries de diffrent sites au Sudan. Ces chantillons taient quilibrs avec diffrentes concentrations de P avant lvaluation du potentiel dadsorption et lintensit dadhsion. Les rsultats ont indiqu qu une certaine concentration spcifique de P, la quantit de P fix par les Entisols tait plus leve que celle des autres sols. Sur base de lEquation de Freundlich, lordre de sols en rapport avec leur capacit dadsorption tait de 917, 330, 315, 269, 214 et 80 mg P kg-1 de soil pour les bordures de la rivire Nile (Entisols), Dongola 2 (Aridisols), la jachre permanante (Vertisols vierge), Remitab (Vertisols cultivs), Khashm elgirba (Vertisols) et Dongola 1 (Aridisols), respectivement. La capacit du sol fixer P augmente suite laugmentation des sites daffinit dargile et de la teneur en fer.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Iglesias F., Carlos Ariel, Hernandez Romero, Luis Alfredo",1997,Methodology development issues for participatory plant breeding of root and tuber crops,"International Seminar on Participatory Research Gender Analysis for Technology Development (1996, Cali, Colombia). New frontiers in participatory research and gender analysis: Proceedings",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7629/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Iglesias F., Carlos Ariel, Chaves, Alba Lucia, Calle, Fernando",1997,Output 2.2. Knowledge generated on mechanisms of genetic variability of plant response to biotic/abiotic stress. 2.2.4. Exploring the genetic potential and stability of carotene content in cassava roots,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7630/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Iglesias F., Bonierbale, M., El-Sharkawy, M., Lozano, C., Bellotti, A., Wheatley, C.",1995,Focusing basic research for cassava varietal improvement,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy Research and Technology Transfer in Asia: Proceedings of the Fourth Regional Workshop held in Trivandrum, Kerala, India, Nov 2-6, 1993",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7631/,"Cassava is an important energy-rich food for millions of people in tropical developing countries. The crop has reached that status after thousands of years of evolution under diverse agro-ecosystems, movement of germplasm within and across continents, and more recently, through scientific genetic enhancement. Understanding that process will help in focussing the strategy for the development of basic research toward varietal improvement. This review analyzes the potential of genetic improvement as a tool for socio-economic development, briefly covering some of the basic breeding objectives and how they relate to constraints and challenges in cassava production and utilization. An analysis on cassava genetic resources, the assembly, maintenance and characterization of existing genetic diversity is presented. It also refers to methodologies for the creation of new genetic diversity, selection from within that diversity, and some of the progress made from a multi-disciplinary and multi-institutional approach to gene-pool development in cassava. Finally, some of the major challenges and opportunities in basic research to sustain cassava genetic improvement are discussed and a continued and increased emphasis on broad-based breeding programs for cassava in developing countries, combined with the use of biotechnology when appropriate, is advocated.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Iglesias, C.A., Hershey, C.H.",1991,True cassava seed: research for a production alternative,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7632/,"The overall objective of the proposed strategy is to develop True Cassava Seed (TCS) as an alternative commercial production system to traditional vegetative reproduction of cassava. The specific objectives are to generate exptl. results determining the potential for TCS as a viable production system; to study different alternatives to overcoming the presently recognized constraints for TCS; and to formulate an inter-disciplinary research approach supporting the new cropping system. The components of this strategy are a) Socioeconomic studies to define potential acceptability and impact in different regions, farming systems, markets, and economic strata of farmers. b) Research on alternatives for genetic structure of cassava varieties produced via TCS. Apomixis induction, double-haploid production, and selection for TCS related traits will be studied. c) Development of TCS crop management alternatives that enhance crop establishment and production. d) Supporting research in the areas of seed production, conservation, germination, and phytosanitary management. Highest benefits would accrue to farmers in regions where vegetative propagation of cassava is especially problematic. This included much of Africa, where African Cassava Mosaic Virus is a major yield constraint, and is passed from one cycle to the next by planting cuttings; and the drier cassava producing regions, where stem storage is difficult due to long storage periods. High potential is also likely in more intensively managed systems, as are commonly found in Asia. Due to the interinstitutional nature of the research, this project would strengthen linkages among a wide range of institutions in both the developed and developing world. The research will also provide spin-off results applicable in improvement of cassava for traditional vegetative reproduction.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Iglesias, C. A., Calle, F., Hershey, C., Jaramillo, G., Mesa, E.",1994,Sensitivity of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) clones to environmental changes,Field Crops Research,36,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7635/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Iglesias, C.A., Hershey, C.H.",1994,Cassava breeding at CIAT: heritability estimates and genetic progress in the 1980s,Acta Horticulturae,380,,10.17660/ActaHortic.1994.380.23,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7636/,"Broad-sense heritability (H) estimates were obtained from regression analysis of data sets of cassava clones evaluated in 8 consecutive years. Estimates were obtained for the two main edapho-climatic zones (seasonally dry and acid soil savannas), two semesters (A and B), and two stages of selection: single row observational trials (OT); and preliminary or advanced yield trials, (PYT/AYT). Pooled estimates had high values of H (0.4–0.6) for traits such as harvest index, reaction to super-elongation disease, and root dry matter, and HCN content; HI values were intermediate (0.2–0.4) for root yield, and visual evaluation of foliage; and HI were low (0–0.2) for visual evaluation of roots, and reaction to bacterial blight. HI estimates based on PYT/AYT were higher for those traits with low and intermediate pooled estimates as compared to those from OT. The realized genetic progress was not consistent with the expected genetic improvement. Improvement for individual traits is expected to be small when selecting for many traits simultaneously. Progress was obtained for root yield, the main selection criterion. For traits with high H such as harvest index or HCN content, there was no progress. Good progress was obtained for resistance to super-elongation disease and dry matter (%) in the last 5 yr. Overall, foliage and root evaluation were complex and highly subjective traits but progress was most evident for foliage evaluation.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Iglesias, C., Bedoya, J., Morante, N., Calle, F.",1996,Genetic diversity for physiological deterioration in cassava roots,"Tropical Tuber Crops: Problems, Prospects and Future Strategies",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7637/,"Cassava roots are characterized by rapid post-harvest deterioration (PHD). Improving root storability could expand cassava markets. The objectives of this work were to assess the available genetic variability among a group of elite cassava clones in different ecosystems and to select parental material for future studies. The evaluation was conducted at three experimental sites in Colombia (Palmira, Villavicencio and Media Luna). Non-damaged roots were evaluated each day between the second and eighth day after harvest (DAH). For each root the extremes were cut to get a 14-cm piece. The distal part was covered with plastic, and percentage deterioration was evaluated in each of the seven transversal sections (2 cm). Root to root variability was relatively large, and depended on the clone being evaluated and the site. The majority of the clones evaluated at Media Luna and Villavicencio showed a linear trend when relating PHD to DAH, whereas at Palmira about half of the varieties adjusted to a quadratic model. Genetic variability on the last day of evaluation (8 DAH) accounted for 52 per cent of the total observed variability, indicating the possibility of genetic progress in a selection programme. Clones with high levels of deterioration (CM 3306-4 and CM 5253-4) will be crossed with those presenting reduced levels (CM 4484-2 and MCOL 1505) to build up genetic stocks to study intrinsic biochemical process responsible for PHD. The clone MCOL 2215 presented differential performance across evaluation sites, and represents a valuable material studying environmental effects on PHD.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Iheagwam, E.U.",1981,"The influence of temperature on increase rates of the cassava mealybug Phenococcus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae)",Revue de Zoologie Africaine,95,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7645/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ike, I. F., Thurtell, G. W.",1981,Response of indoor-grown cassava to water deficits and recovery of leaf water potential and stomatal activity after water stress,Journal of Experimental Botany,32,5,10.1093/jxb/32.5.1029,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7664/,"Wilting of the leaves occurred in acropetal succession at leaf water potentials between -0.9 and -1.1 MPa. Only severe water stress caused the discoloration and abscission of the basal leaves. Leaf resistance was independent of leaf water potential above -0.5 MPa but increased as the potential dropped below this value. When the stressed plants were rewatered, leaf water potentials recovered rapidly within the first 2-Jan h. Subsequently, the rate of recovery declined gradually. The maximum value of leaf water potential after rewatering was dependent on the severity of the water stress. 1981 Oxford University Press.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ike, I. F., Thurtell, G. W.",1981,Osmotic adjustment in indoor grown cassava in response to water stress,Physiologia Plantarum,52,2,10.1111/j.1399-3054.1981.tb08502.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7665/,"The water contentwater potential relation in stressed and unstressed cassava (Manihot species) was examined to ascertain (i) the magnitude of osmotic adjustment in response to water stress and (ii) the mechanisms of such adjustments. Water stress resulted in a displacement of the water contentpotential relation such that at any leaf water potential the water content was higher in the stressed plants. The osmotic potentials of turgid leaves (100% relative water content) were 0.97 and 1.00 MPa in the unstressed cultivars CMC 9 and MCOL 113 respectively. In the stressed plants, the values were1.13 MPa (CMC 9) and1.14 MPa (MCOL 113). The 0.14 to 0.16 MPa osmotic potential difference between the stressed and unstressed plants suggests that a stressinduced osmotic adjustment occurred in both cultivars. The biiSk volumetric elastic moduli at turgor pressures above 0.10 MPa were 9.84 MPa (CMC 9) and 13.58 MPa (MCOL 113) in the unstressed plants. Tbe higher values found in the stressed plants, 14.56 MPa in CMC 9 and 16.91 MPa in MCOL 113, suggest a stressinduced decrease in cell wall elasticity. Hence, the observed shift in the wafer contentpotential relations in the cassava involved both an osmotic adjustment and a decrease in cell wall elasticity. Increasing the number of stress cycles per plant did not cause a further displacement of the water contentpotential curves. Copyright 1981, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ike, I.F., Thurtell, G.W.",1981,Osmotic adjustment in indoor grown cassava in response to water stress,Physiologia Plantarum,52,2,10.1111/j.1399-3054.1981.tb08502.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7666/,"The water content-water potential relation in stressed and unstressed cassava (Manihot species) was examined to ascertain (i) the magnitude of osmotic adjustment in response to water stress and (ii) the mechanisms of such adjustments. Water stress resulted in a displacement of the water content-potential relation such that at any leaf water potential the water content was higher in the stressed plants. The osmotic potentials of turgid leaves (100 per cent relative water content) were -0.97 and -1.00 MPa in the unstressed cultivars CMC9 and MCOL 113 respectively. In the stressed plants, the values were -1.13 MPa (CMC9) and -1.14 MPa (MCOL 113). The 0.14 to 0.16 MPa osmotic potential difference between the stressed and unstressed plants suggests that a stress-induced osmotic adjustment occurred in both cultivars. The bulk volumetric elastic moduli at turgor pressures above 0.10 MPa were 9.84 MPa (CMC9) and 13.58 MPa (MCOL 113) in the unstressed plants. The higher values found in the stressed plants, 14.56 MPa in CMC9 and 16.91 MPa in MCOL 113, suggest a stress-induced decrease in cell wall elasticity. Hence, the observed shift in the water content-potential relations in the cassava involved both an osmotic adjustment and a decrease in cell wall elasticity. Increasing the number of stress cycles per plant did not cause a further displacement of the water content potential curves.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ike, I. F.",1982,"Effect of water deficits on transpiration, photosynthesis and leaf conductance in cassava",Physiologia Plantarum,55,4,10.1111/j.1399-3054.1982.tb04520.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7667/,"Transpiration, net photosynthesis and leaf conductance decreased when leaf water potential dropped below 0.30 MPa. Both transpiration and net photosynthesis rates were considerably reduced before the leaves were visibly wilted at 0.95 MPa. Consequently, visual symptoms are unlikely to provide a useful index for characterizing water deficits in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz cv. Llanera). Decreases in net photosynthesis closely followed decreases in transpiration and this suggests that stomatal closure controls both processes. Copyright 1982, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Akparobi, S. O., Togun, A. O., Ekanayake, I. J., Dris, R.",2002,Low temperature effects on dry matter partitioning and yield of cassava clones,"Plant Physiology Characteristics, Breeding and Genetics",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/767/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ikeorgu, J.E.G. (National Root Crops Research Inst., Umudike (Nigeria). Igbariam substation)",1988,"Cassava-based cropping systems at the National Root Crops Research Inst., Igbariam substation",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7681/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ikeorgu, J.E.G.",1988,Intercropping cassava and three groundnut species in the derived savanna zone of Nigeria,Tropical Grain Legume Bulletin,35,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7682/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ikeorgu, J. E. G., Wahua, T. A. T., Ezumah, H. C.",1989,Effects of melon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.) and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) on the soil moisture and leaf water status of intercropped cassava/maize in Nigeria,Tropical Agriculture,66,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7684/,"A two-year trial was conducted at Ibadan to determine the effects of okra and melon on the soil moisture and leaf water status of cassava/maize intercrops. Inclusion of melon into a cassava/maize mixture, especially where the cassava had sparse canopy, appeared to be an effective means of conserving soil moisture, increasing leaf water status and yield. From the diffusive resistance values of cassava in a cassava/maize/melon mixture at seven weeks after planting (WAP), there were, however, strong indications that melon might be competitive during periods of prolonged drought or low rainfall. Where and when reduction in soil temperature, soil moisture stress and a complete soil cover to check erosion are of great importance, melon could be a better intercrop than okra. -Authors",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Ikeorgu, J.E.G., Unamma, R.P.A. (National Root Crops Research Inst. - NRCRI, Umuahia (Nigeria)), Ezumah, H.C. (International Inst. of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria))",1989,Effects of fertilizer and time of introduction of cassava or maize on the productivity of yam and cassava-based intercrops in a humid ultisol,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7685/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ikeorgu, J.E.G., Odurukwe, S.O. (National Root Crops Research Institute, Umuahia, Imo State (Nigeria))",1990,Increasing the productivity of cassava/maize intercrops with groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.),,v. 67,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7686/,"Studies were initiated in 1983 to investigate the effects of intercropping cassava, maize and groundnuts in a low fertility soil on the yields of component crops and total land productivity of the cassava/maize/groundnuts cropping system. Cassava tuber yield was decreased by 12 %' in cassava/maize/groundnuts intercrops where groundnut population was 100 x 10**3 plants ha**-1 or more. Cassava yields were not reduced in Cassava/maize and cassava/groundnuts bi-specific mixtures. Grain yield of maize at 50 % of sole crop optimum population tended to be higher in mixtures than under sole cropping at equivalent populations. Percentage yield reduction of groundnuts in groundnut/cassava/maize were groundnut populations were 50, 100 and 200 x 10**3 plants ha**-1 were 39, 14 and 78, respectively. This study indicated that cassava/maize/groundnuts is more productive than cassava/maize or cassava/groundnuts. Highest intercropping advantage, based on LER, was achieved where the cassava/maize system (mean LER = 2.08) included groundnuts at 100 x 10**3 plants ha**-1 (mean LER = 2.88).",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ikeorgu, J. E. G.",1991,Effects of maize and cassava on the performance of intercropped egusi melon (Citrullus lanatus (L.) Thunb.) and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.) in Nigeria,Scientia Horticulturae,48,03-Apr,10.1016/0304-4238(91)90134-K,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7688/,"The effects of combinations of maize, cassava and egusi melon and/or okra on the economic yields of the vegetable crops were studied in Ibadan, Nigeria in 1981-1982. Intercropping significantly reduced the seed yield of egusi melon by 66%, 75%, 78% and 78% in melon/cassava, melon/cassava/okra, melon/cassava/maize and melon/cassava/maize/okra intercrops, respectively, where a high leaf area index (LAI) cassava was used. Similar decreases in the fruit yield of okra under the high LAI cassava were 72%, 90%, 69% and 91% in okra/cassava, okra/cassava/maize, okra/cassava/melon and okra/cassava/maize/melon intercrops, respectively. On average, seed yield of egusi melon and fruit yield of okra were consistently higher where a low LAI cassava was used. The maize component significantly reduced the yields of the vegetable crops. Linear correlation between egusi melon seed yield and LAI (r = 0.889**) was highly significant and higher than that between okra fruit yield and LAI (r = 0.644*). This study suggests that high LAI cassava morphotypes would not be suitable for intercropping if the farmer expects reasonable intercrop yields from the vegetable components. Cassava cultivars with low LAI and high root yield characteristics and maize varieties that permit sufficient light to the middle and bottom canopy layers would enhance higher intercrop yields of the vegetable components. 1991.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ikeorgu, J.E.G., Odurukwe, S.O.",1994,Productivity of Nigeria's elite cassava cultivars grown in mixture with contrasting maize genotypes,Acta horticulturae,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7689/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Akparobi, S. O., Akoroda, M. O., Ekanayake, I. J.",2003,Effect of different temperature regimes on physiological changes associated with early growth of cassava stem cuttings,Discovery and Innovation,15,03-Apr,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/769/,"A growth chamber study was undertaken to measure the effect of different temperature regimes on physiological changes associated with sprouting of cassava stem cuttings. Four improved IITA clones (TMS 30555, TMS 91934, TMS 4(2)1425 and TMS 30572) were studied in controlled environments, set at 10/6C, 15/10C, 25/15C and 35/25C day/night temperatures, respectively and ambient conditions (32/22C) as a control at IITA, Ibadan. All cassava stem cuttings grown below 15C did not sprout. The growth of radicles and plumules were delayed at 25/15C. Also, results showed that fresh weight of the mother sett gradually decreased within the first one month after planting and thereafter increased with the onset of tuberization in all the clones. High temperature regimes of 35/25C and 32/22C had significant (P<0.05) higher tuberous root number, tuberous root dry weight, leaf area and total biomass as compared to low temperature of 25/15C. At low temperature of 25/15C, the interaction with TMS 30572 and TMS 30555 had the highest values for the traits measured when compared to other clones. The reduction in fresh weight of mother sett in TMS 30572 and TMS 30555 was less compared to other clones. These two clones produced a higher leaf area, tuberous root number, tuberous root dry weight and total dry matter than other two clones across the temperature regimes. This result revealed that TMS 30572 and TMS 30555 performed better at low temperature regime of 25/15C. The mother sett serves as a source of energy for the establishing new plants. And also, large-size mother sett at planting may result in high yield among improved IITA clones in low temperature.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ikotun, T.",1977,Survival of Xanthomonas manihotis in cassava tissues,Nigerian Journal of Plant Protection,3,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7692/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ikotun, T. ",1977,"Survival of Xanthomonas manihotis, the cassava bacterial blight pathogen",,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7693/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Ikotun, T.",1982,The survival of Xanthomonas manihotis (Arthaud-Berther) Starr in the soil,Fitopatologia Brasileira,7,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7698/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ikotun, T., Adekunle, F.",1990,Inhibition of growth of some plant pathogenic fungi by some antagonistic microorganisms isolated from soil,,v. 30,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7702/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ikotun, T., Hahn, S.K.",1994,Screening cassava for resistance to the cassava anthracnose disease (CAD),Acta horticulturae,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7703/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Ikotun, T.",1982,The survival of Xanthomonas manihotis (Arthaud-Berther) Starr in the soil,Fitopatologia brasileira,7,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7706/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ikpi, A., Gebremeskel, T., Hahn, N.D., Ezumah, H., Ekpere, J. (International Inst. of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria))",1988,Cassava - a crop for household food security; a case study in the Oyo local government area of Nigeria,IITA Resource and Crop Management Program. Annual Report 1986,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7708/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ilag, L.L.",1974,Occurence of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin contamination in cassava,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7717/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Iloka, A. (Agricultural Development Project, Anambra State (Nigeria)), Ikeorgu, J.E.G. (National Root Crops Research Inst., Umuahia (Nigeria))",1989,"On-farm evaluation of productivity and farmers' acceptability of four improved cassava cultivars intercropped with yam and maize in Nzukka and Awka ADP zones of Anambra State, Nigeria",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7719/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ilona, Paul",2014,Delivery of vitamin A cassava in Nigeria,Biofortification Progress Brief,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7720/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Imai, K. (Tsukuba Univ., Sakura, Ibaraki (Japan)., Inst. of Agriculture, Forestry), Colema, D.F., Yanagisawa, T.",1984,Elevated atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide and dry matter production of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),,v. 53,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7732/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Imoh, V.D.",1982,Comparative evaluation of crop performance in two cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars in Trinidad,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7736/,"Growth analysis was employed to evaluate the performance of a local cassava cultivar Maracas Black Stick (MBS) and an introduced cultivar M Coll 22. Response to plant density, N application, daylength, and hormone treatments were compared in 2 greenhouse and 4 field trials. M Coll 22 was the higher yielding cultivar and responded positively to high plant density. GA3/SADH treatment alone decreased yield in both cultivars. Nitrogen application led to improved yield on Cunupia silty clay soil but only 25 % of that obtained on a good soil, River Estate loam. Surplus assimiliate and efficiency of storage root production (ESRP) values measured early in the growth cycle significantly correlated with final tuber yield. These growth indices are therefore suggested as possible selection tools for use in genetic improvement of cassava. Recommendations for the cultivation of both cultivars are outlined",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Inasi, K. A., Philip, J., Antony, A., Sreekumar, K., Nair, R. R., Kunju, U. M.",1996,Crop production strategies of tuber crops intercropped with coconut in reclaimed alluvial soils,"Tropical Tuber Crops: Problems, Prospects and Future Strategies",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7744/,"Different crop production strategies suited for intercropping in coconut gardens of Kuttanad were adopted in three separate experiments for maximising production. In experiment I, seven short duration cassava were tested for three seasons. There was significant differences in tuber yield between varieties. Cv.4/84 (26.40 t ha(-1)), Sree Prakash (20.06 t ha(-1)) and Cv. 3/84 (19.47 t ha(-1) were on par and superior to others. Five tuber crops (sweet potato, greater yam, lesser yam, amorphophallus and coleus) were screened for yield performance for three seasons in experiment 2. Greater yam and elephant foot yam were the most suitable and profitable crops for intercropping. Effect of the time of planting and irrigation on the yield of elephant foot yam, was studied in experiment 3 for two years. The time of planting had a significant influence on growth and yield parameters. Early planting by the middle of February was the optimum time and a delay in time of planting beyond the middle of April significantly reduced the growth and yield of the crop. Irrigating the crop during the dry spell periods of crop growth was uneconomic under Kuttanad conditions.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Indira, P., Maini, S.B., Mandal, R.C.",1972,Effect of growth on the cyanoglucoside content in Manihot esculenta Crantz,Current Science,41,9,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7750/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Indira, P., Mandal, R. C., Maini, S. B.",1972,Effect of Growth on the Cyanoglucoside Content in Manihot esculenta Crantz,Current Science,41,9,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7751/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Indira, P.",1978,Salinity effects of plant growth and tuberization in cassava,,v. 4,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7752/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Indira, P., Ramanujam, T.",1982,Note on potassium sodium ratio in cassava grown under salt and moisture stress,Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,v. 52,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7753/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Indira, P., Ramanujam, T.",1984,"Proline accumulation, relative water content and dry matter in cassava under moisture stress",Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,v. 54,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7754/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Indira, P., Ramanujam, T.",1985,Response of cassava (under salt stress) to ascorbic acid and growth regulators,Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,12,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7755/,"Two cassava cv. (M-4 and H-97) were subjected to salt stress, after pretreating the planting material with ascorbic acid, chlormequat chloride, GA, IBA, NAA, and adenine. Survival percentage was increased by the chemical treatments. Quicker germination, higher proline and lower Na contents, higher stomatal closing, and increased dry biomass were also observed in the treated plants over the control.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Indira, P., Ramanujam, T.",1987,Distribution of hydrocyanic acid in a high-cyanide and a low-cyanide variety of cassava in relation to the age of the plant,Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,57,6,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7756/,"The present findings clearly indicate that HCN content in cassava is influenced by the age of the crop. The varieties differ in this respect. In the low-cyanide variety the leaf HCN decreased with maturity of the crop, followed by a reduction in the tuber HCN. But the high-cyanide clone did not show any significant decrease in the tuber HCN, and increase in the leaf HCN with the advancement of age was noticed. The present findings indicate the possibility of partial transportation of glucosides from the leaves to the tubers. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the factors involved in the change in the cyanoglucoside content of leaves in relation to the age of the plant",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Indira, P.",1996,Leaf area index and tuber yield in cassava as influenced by the time of application of nitrogen,"Tropical Tuber Crops Problems, Prospects and Future Strategies",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7758/,"Response of cassava to the time of application of nitrogen (N) on leaf area index (LAI) and yielding behaviour was studied under field condition selecting two high-yielding and two low-yielding cultivars. The application of N half as basal and half at one month after planting (tuber initiation phase) showed a higher LAI than the other two treatments (1) application of N whole as basal (pre-tuberization phase) and (2) half as basal and half at the third month (tuber development phase). Tuber yield also increased significantly, when half N as basal and half at one month was applied. However, irrespective of the varieties and treatment combinations, leaf area index showed a peak between four to six-and-a-half followed by a decline during the later period of growth. The high-yielding varieties maintained a higher LAI than the low-yielding ones throughout the growth phase. The crop growth rate bid not show a smooth curve, but showed peaks and depressions.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Indira, P., Ramanujam, T.",,Influence of the month of planting on flower initiation in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Journal of root crops,1981. v. 7 (1/2),,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7759/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ingram, J.S., Humphries, J.R.O.",1972,Cassava storage--a review,Tropical science,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7770/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Iniodu, P. U.",2002,"Appropriate Technology for Sustainable Agriculture in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria",Discovery and Innovation,14,01-Feb,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7773/,"Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria is characterised with compact land mass and traditional farming practices with rudimentary farm tools and implements. Bush fallowing, constitutes the main farm management technique. Expansion of production can only be achieved through agricultural intensification rather than through expansion of land holdings. But chemical inputs for intensification are scarce and costly and therefore unaffordable by the millions of small farmers. This study has found that with improved varieties of cassava cuttings and maize seeds provided by various agricultural agencies in the state, the application of organic manure together with farmers' education, crop yield can significantly improve. The paper, therefore, calls for an integrated farming system so that farmers can use the animal manure for their crops for increased yields.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Inokawa, S.",1960,"Studies on the Mucilage of the Root of Tororo-Aoi (Abelmoschus-Manihot, Medic) .2. Effect of Heating on the Colloidal Characteristics of the Mucilage",Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan,33,11,10.1246/bcsj.33.1476,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7776/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Inoue, T. (Hokkaido National Agricultural Experiment Station, Sapporo (Japan). Agro-enviromental Management Dept.)",1993,Soil-related constraints to development of sustainable agriculture in the sub-humid tropics,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7779/,"There are many soil constraints to agriculture development in the sub-humid tropics, among which mineral stress, water stress and erosion hazard are thought to be major constraints. In order to insure sustainable crop production in the tropics, where there are distinct wet and dry seasons with annual rainfall in most of the year ranging from 1,100 to 1,500 mm, the soil should be well managed in such ways (1) that the soil nutrients removed by crops be replenished in soil and (2) adequate organic matter levels and suitable soil physical conditions be maintained and (3) that soil erosion be controller. However, recent continuous cultivation of some upland crops such as cassava, sugarcane and corn, does not appear to satisfy such conditions, leading to cause deterioration of soil productivity. Long-term experiments on plant mulch farming, crop rotation and organic matter recycling are required for introducing low-input technology in view of analysing short-term and long-term effects of soil management, which may provide some economic answers to sustainable crop production in the sub-humid tropics.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Akwag, A. A., Berchie, J. N., Echavez, M. L., Dapaah, H. K., Kebede, T, Njue, S. W., Paraoan, I., Labrada, H. R.",2000,Sustainable farming practices. Towards reducing the expansion of the Forest Savanna Transition Zone of the Sekyere-West and Ejura-Sekyedumase districts of the Ashanti Region of Ghana,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/778/,"The Sekyere- West and Jura-Empyreuma districts of the Ashantii Region of Ghana which were formally covered under tropical rainforest with cash crops such as cocoa, oil palm and citrus dominating the cropping system, are changing into the Forest Savanna Transition Zone (FSTZ). Food crops like cassava, maize, plantain, cocoyam and vegetables are taking over, as well as livestock farming. With the threat of this FSTZ moving further south, there is the need for updated information for decision-makers in the region regarding the new interactions and the changes occurring in the farming systems. Using the Agricultural Research for Development (ARD) procedure, this study analyses the new interactions and changes in the farming systems and identifies constraints and opportunities for sustainable farming practices in these systems. Plausible research and development options for reducing the expansion of the FSTZ are suggested and analysed in detail. The study concludes by describing some guidelines for developing interdisciplinary research proposals and how this study can be used to formulate research proposals targeted at reducing the expansion of the FSTZ.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Institute of Agronomic Research, Yaounde (Cameroon). National Root Crop Improvement Programme",1985,"Annual technical report 1985 [of the Institute of Agronomic Research, Yaounde, Cameroon]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7781/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
CIAT,1992,Cassava physiology and crop management,Cassava Program Annual Report 1990,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7782/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Institute, CSIR-Crops Research",1997,Research proposals for increased and sustainable production of root and tuber crops in Ghana under the Agricultural Sector Services Investment,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7783/,"In Ghana, cassava (Manihot esculenta), yam (Dioscorea spp.), sweet potato (Ipomea spp.) and cocoyam (Xanlhosoma and Colocasia spp.) fonn the major root and tuber crops. They contribute more than 60 percent of the daily caloric intake of majority of Ghanaians (Ofori, 1991). Root and tuber crops especially cassava have been playing significant role in ensuring food security in Ghana (Dapaah, 1991). Fanners who cultivate these important food crops are faced with the problem of getting high and stable yields of good quality roots/tuber per unit of area, time and labour input. These crops have less resistance to pests and disease pressures such as viruses, anthracnose, nematodes, tennites, beetles and millipedes. These therefore contribute to both major preharvest and postharvest losses of food from susceptible varieties of root and tuber crops (Asiedu, 1997, Mercer et al., 1993, Afuakwa, 1996). The project has an overall goal of improving root and tuber crop production in Ghana. It consist of four main sections~ these are 1. Varietal breeding and gennplasm collection, 2. sustainable crop production, 3. Integrated pest management and 4. socioeconmics.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Integrated Rural Development Project, Serenje-Mpika-Chinsali (Zambia)",1980,"hybrid maize, finger millet, beans, groundnuts, sunflowers, sorghum, cassava",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7793/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Terry, E. R.",1976,Germination and pollination,"The International Exchange and Testing of Cassava Germ Plasm in Africa: Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Workshop held at IITA, lbadan, Nigeria, 17-21 November 1975",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7794/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
IDRC,1976,Cassava research brings results,IDRC News,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7795/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
IDRC,1977,"Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Sciences Division: the first five years",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7796/,"Paper on the first five years of operation of the Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Sciences Division - describes the work programme and research programme of the Division, with specific examples of agricultural research projects undertaken in developing countries; liaison with other research centres. Bibliography.",Excluded,Cannot Access
IITA,1987,IITA/IDRC on-farm research project progress report for 1986-87,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7801/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"International Inst. of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria)",1987,Strategies for classical biological control of cassava green mites,Rapport annuel et point de la recherche de l'IITA 1986,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7803/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
IITA,1987,A strategy to initiate and develop National Biological Control Programs (NBCPs) in Africa: Africa-wide biological control project,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7804/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
IITA,1987,TMS 4(2) 1425 is the outstanding variety in 3-year cassava trial,Rapport annuel et point de la recherche de l'IITA,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7805/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
IITA,1987,"Update on release, establishment, and impact of Epidinocarsis lopezi and other natural enemies of the cassava mealybug",IITA Annual Report and Research Highlights 1986,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7806/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
IITA,1988,"The use of biotechnology for the improvement of cassava, yams and plantain in Africa. Contributions from a meeting of African research institutions",,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7809/,,Excluded,Duplicate
IITA,1988,Working with nature: progress in biological control of cassava pests in sub-Saharan Africa,IITA Annual Report and Research Highlights 1987/88,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7810/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"International Inst. of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria)",1988,Agricultural production and research in the region,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7811/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
IITA,1988,Cassava-Based Cropping Systems Research I: Contributions from the First Annual Meeting of the Collaborative Group in Cassava-Based Cropping Systems Research,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7813/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
IITA,1988,Generating and evaluating cassava production and utilization technologies,IITA Annual Report and Research Highlights 1987-1988,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7816/,"A brief description of yield ability, eating quality, and resistance to diseases (CAMV, CBB, anthracnose) and the green mite, is given for 6 IITA- improved cassava var. (TMS 50395, TMS 91934, TMS 63397, TMS 30555, TMS 4(2)1425, and TMS 30572). These var. were adopted by Nigeria after 3 yr of field tests at 9 locations in 3 agroecological zones (forest, savanna, and the transitional zone).",Excluded,Cannot Find
IITA,1988,Nigeria adopts improved cassava varieties,IITA Annual Report and Research Highlights 1987/88,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7819/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"International Inst. of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria)",1988,National research priorities identified at the Lome meeting (April 1988) Cameroon,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7821/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"International Inst. of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria)",1988,National research priorities identified at the Lome meeting (April 1988) Liberia,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7823/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"International Inst. of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria)",1988,New alternative technique for sprouting cassava without soil for rapid multiplication,IlTA Annual Report and Research Highlights I987/88,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7825/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"International Inst. of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria)",1988,Subcommittee reports biological control,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7827/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
IITA,1989,"Cassava-based Cropping Systems Research II: Contributions from the Second Annual Meeting of the Collaborative Group in Cassava-based Cropping Systems Research, Ibadan, 7-10 November 1988",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7832/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"International Inst. of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria)",1990,On-farm research (on cassava),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7834/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"International Inst. of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria)",1990,Production constraints (on cassava),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7838/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
IITA,1990,Strategies for overcoming constraints: Unit 6: Agronomy,Cassava in Tropical Africa: A Reference Manual,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7839/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"International Inst. of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria)",1990,Strategies for overcoming constraints crop protection,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7841/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"International Inst. of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria)",1990,Strategies for overcoming constraints morphology and physiology,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7842/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
IITA,1990,Strategies for overcoming constraints: rapid multiplication,Cassava in Tropical Africa: A Reference Manual,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7843/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria); International Development Research Centre, Ottawa (Canada)",1982,Root Crops in Eastern Africa,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7846/,"The Eastern Africa root crops workshop was concerned with cassava, sweet potato, yams, and cocoyams, with particular emphasis on the first two crops. None of these crops are indigenous to the area; however, cassava and sweet potato were quickly and widely adapted as important staple-food crops. At present, yields of the root crops in the region are far too low to meet the demand and do not reflect the potential. Researchers have demonstrated that yields can be increased substantially through improved cultural practices and improved varieties. Although opportunities to exchange research findings and views among researchers and policymakers are few, this workshop did prove useful. The areas of research that were considered high priority by the participants were defining the relevant environmental, socioeconomic, and agronomic constraints to optimum productivity; developing viable cropping systems based on well-defined criteria; establishing economic models to determine the investment potential of different cropping systems; developing and testing improved cultivars with high-yield potential, pest and disease resistance, and good consumer acceptability and storability; designing storage systems appropriate for local conditions; and formulating a wider range of processing techniques for more efficient utilization of present production.",Excluded,Duplicate
"International Plant Genetic Resources Inst., Rome (Italy)",1994,"International network for cassava genetic resources. Report of the first meeting of the International Network for Cassava Genetic Resources held at CIAT, Cali, Colombia, 18-23 August 1992",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7848/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"International, Hawaiian Agronomics, Company, Porter International, Corporation, FMC, Fund, Entente Council",1968,Manioc starch project for the Ivory Coast,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7850/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Irikura, Y., Cock, J. H., Kawano, K.",1979,Physiological-Basis of Genotype-Temperature Interactions in Cassava,Field Crops Research,2,3,10.1016/0378-4290(79)90025-X,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7876/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Irikura, Y. (Tropical Agriculture Research Center, Yatabe, Ibaraki (Japan)), Cock, J.H., Kawano, K.",1979,Physiological basis of genotype-temperature interactions in cassava (Manihot esculenta),,v. 13,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7877/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Irina Alean, C., Anuar Morales, R., Claudia Mara Holgun, A., Bellotti, A. C.",2004,Pathogenicty of different fungal entomopathogens for the control oAleurotrachelus socialis (Homoptera Aleyrodidae) under greenhouse conditions,Revista Colombiana de Entomologia,30,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7879/,"A complex of eight whitefly species associated with cassava exists in Colombia. The predominant species Aleurotrachelus socialis Bondar, which constitutes 92% of the total population and causes yield losses of up to 79% in field experiments. In order to offer cassava growers an alternative to chemical control to reduce costs and environmental degradation we assessed the pathogenicity of various strains of the entomopathogenic fung Beauveria bassiana (Blsamo) Vulllemin, Verticillium lecanii (Zmm.) Viegas and Paecilomyces fonosoroseus (Wize) Brown fie Smith on different nymphal stages and eggs of A. socialis in order to determine the most susceptible developmental stage, select the most promising isolate and identify the lethal concentration (CL 50). We also evaluated different commercial formulations of entomopathogenic fung on the most susceptible developmental stage of A. socialis. We observed differences in mortality between the fungal species used and the control treatment. The V.lecanii strain CIAT 215 was selected as the most promising because it presented the highest mortality to A. socialis developmental stages (67,3%). The most susceptible stage were eggs cise to hatching. We tested the strain CIAT 215 in seven concentrations on this stage and determinated that the CL 50 was 1,410 7 conidia/ml with a confidence interval of 3,610 5-1,510 9 conidia/ml. The evaluated commercial formulations caused mortality of less than 50%, however, they were still statistically different than the control treatment. 2011 Sociedad Colombiana de Entomologa.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Irulappan, I., Rajappan, P. V., Parthasarathy, V. A., Ayyar, K., Sathiyanandam, V. K., Anand, N.",,Tapioca--a new crop for Madurai district,Farm and factory,"Mar 1974, 8 (5)",,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7887/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Isabirye, M., Ruysschaert, G., linden, L. van, Poesen, J., Magunda, M.K., Deckers, J.",2007,Soil losses due to cassava and sweet potato harvesting A case study from low input traditional agriculture,,v. 92  issue 1-2,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7888/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Islam, A.K.M.S., Edwards, D.G., Asher, C.J.",1980,pH optima for crop growth: Results of a flowing solution culture experiment with six species,Plant and Soil,54,,10.1007/BF02181830,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7911/,"Ginger, cassava, maize, wheat, french bean and tomato were grown for periods up to six weeks in continuously flowing nutrient solutions at seven constant pH values ranging from 3.3 to 8.5. All species achieved maximum or near-maximum growth in the pH range 5.5 to 6.5. However, there were substantial differences in the ability of species to grow outside this range. Ginger and cassava were the most tolerant species to low solution pH, while ginger and tomato were the only species to show no yield depression at the highest solution pH. Roots of all species at pH 3.3 and some species at pH 4.0 exhibited symptoms of hydrogen ion injury. In addition, the concentrations of magnesium in the tops of all six species, of nitrogen in the tops of tomato and cassava, and of manganese in the tops of maize at these pH values were inadequate for optimal growth. Growth depression at high solution pH was associated with iron deficiency in maize and wheat and with nitrogen and/or copper deficiency in cassava.

The relevance of the present results to crop growth under field conditions is discussed. The complex interplay of plant and soil characteristics militates against precise definition of an optimum pH range for the growth of a particular crop unless the soil is also specified.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Islami, T., Kurniawan, S., Utomo, W. H.",2013,Yield stability of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) planted in intercropping system after 3 years of biochar application,American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture,7,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7916/,"Field experiment was carried out to study the yield stability of cassava planted in cassava + peanuts intercropping systems after 3 years of biochar application was carried out from September 2009 to September 2012. The crops were treated with 5 organic amendment, i.e. (i) without organic amendment, (ii) farm yard manure (FYM) applied once at the first year only, (iii) FYM applied at every planting year, (iv) biochar made from FYM, and (v) biochar made from cassava stem. To calculate land use efficiency, additional treatment of monoculture cassava and monoculture peanuts were planted without organic amendment. The treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with 3 replications. The experimental result showed that addition both FYM and biochar improved soil quality and increased crop yield. The increase of cassava yield due to FYM addition was only occurred for the first year cassava, whereas that of for biochar still occurred until the third year cassava. The yield of the first yield peanuts did not significantly influenced by organic amendment application. To maintain the beneficial effect of FYM, it should be applied at every planting. Application of biochar increased and stabilized land use efficiency of cassava + peanut intercropping.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Ismail, B. S., Quirinus, L.",2000,Mobility and persistence of metolachlor in two common Malaysian agricultural soils,Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,65,4,10.1007/s001280000156,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7920/,"The acetanilide herbicides such as metolachlor are soil-active herbicides. In Malaysia, metolachlor is used to control weeds in corn (Zea mays L.), peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), sugarcane (Saccharum sp.), and cassava (Manihot esculenta L.). Since the herbicide is directly applied to the soil, its performance is highly dependent on soil characteristics (Ashton and Monaco 1991). The primary factors affecting soil degradation of acetanilide herbicides are adsorption while microbial degradation is the most important factor in determining their overall fate in the environment (Stamper and Tuovinen 1998). It has been reported that metolachlor was readily leached in the soil column with 34% of metolachlor found in the leachate (Kim and Feagley 1998). There have been several reports on the degradation of metolachlor and alachlor in temperate regions (Zimdahl and Clark 1982; Peter and Weber 1985), however, information pertaining to the influence of soil properties on degradation of these herbicides is still limited, especially under tropical conditions. Generally the degradation rate decreases and adsorption increases with increasing soil organic matter and clay content. Ninety percent of all acetanilide loss is due to microbial degradation (WSSA 1989). As acetanilide herbicides are degraded rapidly by microbes, the soil half-life is relatively short. Kontchou and Gschwind (1998) suggested that variations in the rates of herbicide degradation in different soil types at different temperatures and soil moisture levels arise from the variations in microbial activity and herbicide availability in the soil solution. For instance, Gaynor et al. (1998) reported that the half-life of metolachlor decreased during the dry season when the soil moisture content was low. The half-life of metolachlor has been estimated as 30 to 50 days in the northern areas and 15 to 25 days in the southern areas of the United States (WSSA 1989), and between 31 to 66 days in Ontario soil, in Canada (Gaynor et al. 1998). More information on the behaviour and fate of metolachlor in different soil types under tropical conditions is needed in order to avoid adverse effects on subsequent crops and soil fertility. The aim of the present study waste examine the persistence and mobility of metolachlor, in two common agicultural soils in Malaysia, namely the Sungai Buluh series and the Holyrood series. We chose these soils because of their different soil texture, the Sungai Buluh series containing a higher amount of organic matter than the Holyrood series.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Issahaku, Z. A., Maharjan, K. L.",2013,Climate change impact on revenue of major food crops in Ghana Structural ricardian cross-sectional analysis,Communities and Livelihood Strategies in Developing Countries,,,10.1007/978-4-431-54774-7_2,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7932/,"This chapter analyzes the impact of climate change on net revenues of five major food crops in Ghanaian using Structural Ricardian method. First, a multinomial logit regression is used to evaluate crop selection among food crop farmers. The results of this regression show that warming is likely to prompt farmers to switch from the cultivation of cassava and maize to the planting of sorghum, rice and yam. Reduced rainfall is expected to decrease the selection of maize among farmers, and increase the planting of other food crops (cassava, sorghum, rice and yam). Taking into account crop selection bias, warming increases revenues of cassava and sorghum whiles additional rainfall increases sorghum revenue and decreases revenues of cassava and maize. As a long-term phenomenon, climate change is projected to reduce expected revenue from cassava and maize, but the losses in revenue can be minimized through adaptation by switching among crops. Climate change is expected to positive impact on revenues of sorghum and yam, which is expected to be maximized through crop switching (climate change adaptation). This study suggests public investment in research on high-yielding, heat-tolerant and flood-prone varieties of the above mentioned food crops in order to make crop switching a more beneficial exercise for farmers. 2014 Springer Japan. All rights reserved.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Itani, J. (Utsunomiya Univ. (Japan). Coll. of Agriculture), Oda, T., Numao, T.",1999,Studies on mechanisms of dehydration postponement in cassava [Manihot esculenta] leaves under short-term soil water deficits,,v. 2,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7935/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Izumi, Y. (University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone (Japan)), Yuliadi, E., Sunyoto, Iijima, M.",1999,Root system development including root branching in cuttings of cassava [Manihot esculenta] with reference to shoot growth and tuber bulking,,v. 2,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7977/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Izumi, Y. (Shiga Prefectural Univ., Hikone (Japan)), Yuliadi, E., Sunyoto, Iijima, M.",2004,Maize-soybean-cowpea sequential cropping as a sustainable crop production for acid-infertile clay soils in Indonesia,,v. 7,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7980/,"At mid-elevation terraces in the southern part of Sumatra Island, Indonesia, cassava is widely cultivated as one of the most important cash crops for farmers. However, the prominent cassava cultivation system includes the intercropping of cereal crops and rapidly depletes soil fertility. Hence establishment of a sustainable foodcrop production s ystem without cassava cultivation is required. A three-way experiment with maize-soybean-cowpea sequential cropping was designed to investigate the following main effects tillage or no-tillage, mulching or no-mulching and government recommendation or farmers' traditional fertilization. Crop productivity and soil erosion were used as indicators of sustainability. At the end of the experiment, root system development of soybean was assessed to elucidate the cumulative effects of treatments on the soil environment for root growth. Fertilization treatments increased yields in all years, whereas mulching significantly increased only from the third year. The no-tillage treatment tended to reduce yields. Soybean root growth at surface level was markedly reduced by no-tillage and slightly improved by mulching. Erosion was reduced by mulching, no-tillage, and fertilization by the government recommendation. Because of its cumulative effect on increasing soil fertility and reducing erosion, the practice of mulching was highly recommended. A sufficient amount of fertilization (government level) was also recommended to maintain the fertility and to support sufficient plant growth to minimize erosion. The no-tillage practice was not recommended because it reduced crop yields, although the treatment efficiently controlled soil erosion.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"J.A., Boza, W., Van H",1979,"A cassava shoot fly, Neosilba perezi Romero and Ruppel; notes on biology and effect on cassava yield [Manihot esculenta]",,v. 49,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7981/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"J.A., Palta",1983,"Photosynthesis, transpiration, and leaf diffusive conductance of the cassava leaf in response to water stress",,v. 61,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7986/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Jos, J.A., Bai, K.V., Nair, N.G.",1984,Unreported symptoms associated with mosaic disease in cassava,Indian Phytopathology,37,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7987/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Lozano, J.C., van Schoonhoven, A.",1975,Danger of dissemination of diseases and pests through the introduction of material for the propagation of cassava,"The International Exchange and Testing of Cassava Germ Plasm: Proceedings of an interdisciplinary workshop held at CIAT, Palmira, Colombia, 4-6 February 1975",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7989/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"J.C., Rosas",1975,Peru [report on cassava],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7990/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Lozano, J.C., Byrne, D., Bellotti, A.",1980,Cassava/ecosystem relationships and their influence on breeding strategy,International Journal of Pest Management,26,2,10.1080/09670878009414391,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7996/,"The influence of ecosystems on cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars and the possible reasons for this are discussed, as well as the effect of distinct negative production factors, i.e., edaphic and climatic constraints, and disease and pest stresses, on regional and introduced varieties. Decentralised improvement programmes in different ecosystems based on 10 years research are suggested, and are selected according to socioagro-economic studies related to actual andlor potential production of cassava.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"J.C., Lozano, R., Laberry",1982,"Screening for resistance to cassava bacterial blight [Manihot esculenta, Xanthomonas campestris]",,v. 66,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/7998/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Lozano, J.C.",1986,Cassava bacterial blight: a manageable disease,Plant Disease,70,2,10.1094/PD-70-1089,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/7999/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"J.D., Doll, C.W., Piedrahita",1978,Methods of weed control in cassava [Manihot sculenta Crantz],,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8005/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Alabi, O. J., Mulenga, R. M., Legg, J. P.",2015,Cassava Mosaic,Virus Diseases of Tropical and Subtropical Crops,3,,10.1079/9781780644264.0056,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/801/,"Although cassava shows resilience against a myriad of pests and diseases, including several of viral aetiology, two virus disease complexes, cassava brown streak disease and cassava mosaic disease (CMD), are the major yield-limiting biotic constraints to its production in sub-Sahara Africa. Subsequent studies have recorded the occurrence of many virus species, all of which belong to the genus Begomovirus (family Geminiviridae), in CMD-affected plants. This chapter presents the symptopms, causative viruses, epidemiology, economic impact, monitoring and management of CMD. The genome structure, function and diversity, host range, transmission, detection and distribution of the causal agent are also described. An integrated approach that takes into consideration 'traditional' versus 'novel', 'ancient' versus 'modern', and 'conventional' versus 'unconventional' solutions will hold better promise for a comprehensive ecologically friendly and economically sustainable CMD management effort in sub-Saharan Africa. In line with this, largely neglected components of the CMG-cassava pathosystem such as volunteer cassava plants and alternative hosts of CMGs, abundance of natural enemies of Bemisia tabaci and the use of transgenic resistance will need to form part of an overall CMD management strategy.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Pereira, J. F., Seigler, D. S., Splittstoesser, W. E.",1981,Cyanogenesis in sweet and bitter cultivars of cassava,HortScience,16,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8011/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"J.H., Villachica, C.E., Lopez, P.A., Sanchez",1976,Continuous cropping experiment,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8013/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Cock, J.H.",1979,Cassava research,Field Crops Research,2,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8014/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"J.H., Cock, D., Franklin, G., Sandoval, P., Juri",1979,The ideal cassava plant for maximum yield,Crop Science,19,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8015/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"J.H., Sanders, J., Lynam",1979,"New technology production and small farmers some experience with beans and cassava [Phaseolus vulgaris, Manihot esculenta]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8016/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"J.H., Hohnholz",1980,Manioc [Manihot esculenta] cultivation in South-East Asia. An agricultural geographical survey,Applied Geography and Development,v. 16,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8018/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Sanders, J.H., Lynam, J.K.",1981,Evaluation of new technology on farms: methodology and some results from two crop programmes at CIAT,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8020/,"This paper reviews the methodological development and results of three years of farm testing of new technology in the bean and cassava programs of the Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT). Farm testing is the logical extension of the research evaluation process once a technology has been identified on the experiment station and regionally tested for adaptation. Farm testing is an especially important component of the research process in developing countries, where communication links between farmers and researchers are weak and farmers often do not have the information or management experience to combine and modify various technology components adapting experiment station observations to their own environments and production systems. The research problems at the farm are different from those at the experiment station or in regional trials so there are important distinctions in design and analysis in the farm trials. The evaluation process developed here successfully identified the technology adopted by farmers. For the unsuccessful technologies information was provided from the farm trials to the breeders and other scientists on further design requirements. The results of the farm trials substantially modified the policy recommendations, derived from utilizing the results of the experiment.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"J.H., Cock",1986,The agronomic potential of cassava for the upland areas of tropical Asia. Proceedings,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8021/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"J.H., Cock",1986,Cassava production. Proceedings of a regional workshop,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8022/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"J.H., Cock",1986,Rapid propagation techniques for cassava. Proceedings of a regional workshop,"Global Workshop on Root and Tuber Crops Propagation: Proceedings of a Regional Workshop held in Cali, Colombia, 13-16 September, 1983",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8023/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Cock, J.H., Lynam, J.K.",1991,Cassava in the economy of Latin America,Integrated Cassava Projects,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8025/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"J.K., Lynam",1982,Methodology in the cassava on-farm trials [Manihot esculenta],Seminarios Internos. Serie SE (CIAT). no. 2.,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8028/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"J.K., Lynam",1986,A comparative analysis of cassava production and utilization in tropical Asia. Proceedings,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8029/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"J.L.L., Dantas, da, Cunha M.A.P.",1981,Harvest and post-harvest of cassava in Brazil a case study [Manihot esculenta; Cultural practice; Stock; Flour],,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8030/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Teri, J.M., Thurston, H.D., Lozano, J.C.",1980,Effect of brown leaf spot and Cercospora leaf blight on cassava productivity,Tropical Agriculture,57,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8037/,"The cassava lines which included different levels of resistance and susceptibility to the two diseases were planted in split-plot experiments in Colombia. They were observed under natural epidemics with half the plots being protected by spraying with benomyl. While the diseases had no significant effects on plant height or number of nodes per plant, they had significant adverse effects on fresh and dry matter root yields. Root sugar content and starch content were only lightly reduced in diseased plants.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Thresh, J.M., Otim Nape, G.W., Jennings, D.L.",1994,Exploiting resistance to African cassava mosaic virus,Aspects of Applied Biology,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8042/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"J.S., Hawker, G.M., Smith",1982,Salt balance and regulation of enzymes of starch synthesis in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),,v. 9,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8049/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Yaninek, J.S., Schulthess, F.",1993,Developing an environmentally sound plant protection for cassava in Africa,Agriculture and the Environment,46,,10.1016/B978-0-444-89800-5.50026-9,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8055/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Sykes, J.T., Harney, P.M.",1974,Cassava propagation: the effects of rooting medium and IBA on root initiation in hardwood cuttings,Tropical Agriculture,51,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8056/,"The beneficial effects of IBA at 8000 p.p.m. in promoting rooting are described. Different types of fully mature, hardwood cuttings of three cassava clones were rooted in sphagnum peat and in perlite under mist. Treatment with IB had an adverse effect on initial shoot development, especially on cuttings inserted in perlite. In peat, root length was stimulated particularly during the second week after insertion. Whether this was due to higher temperature or differences in the rooting medium characteristics, compared with perlite, requires further investigation. Shoot length increase in peat was also considerable, especially when cuttings were completely covered with peat. The presence of live, healthy buds was found to be essential for complete regeneration. With viable buds present, more than 90 per cent of all the cuttings produced roots and shoots within two weeks. Young rooted plants established from multi-bud, single bud or eye cuttings could serve as stock plants to provide a lasting source of non-lignified shoots. As cuttings these shoots may be readily rooted to give a rapid multiplication rate of selected cassava clones, either of new genotypes or virus tested plants.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"J.V.B., Erpe, E.S., Data",1987,Post-storage behavior under ambient condition of soil-stored cassava roots [Philippines],Philippine Journal of Crop Science,v. 12,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8058/,"Soil storage of cassava roots prolonged shelf-like of the roots to as long as 4-8 weeks at ambient condition as against the freshly harvested roots which is as short as 3-7 days. Vascular streaking, decay incidence and respiration rate under ambient condition were significantly reduced by storing the roots in the soil before ambient storage. Moreover, soil-stored roots gained weight after the three months of soil storage. However, during post storage at ambient condition there was a continuous decrease in the weights of the root both from freshly harvested and soil-stored roots with the freshly harvested roots having a significantly higher weight loss than the soil-stored roots. Percent dry matter and starch contents of soil-stored roots decreased after soil storage while moisture and sugar contents increased. During storage at ambient condition, soil-stored roots had a slighter rate of increase in percent starch and dry matter contents and slower rate of increase in percent moisture and sugar contents compared to the freshly harvested roots. In addition, soil stored roots were noted to have thicker periderm layer than the freshly harvested roots. The results therefore suggest that the soil storage of cassava roots minimizes streaking and decay when roots are subsequently stored at ambient condition before processing.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"J.W.A.M., Pijls, L.M., Poleij, van, Alphen J.J.M.",1993,"Interspecific interference between Epidinocarsis lopezi and Epidinocarsis diversicornis, parasitoids of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti",Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen. Universiteit Gent,58,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8059/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Hadi, J. W., Sutjihno, Pr., Gozallie, D. M.",1975,Effect of spacing and NK fertilizer on the yield of gading cassava variety,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8061/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Marriott, J., Been, B.O., Perkins, C.",1979,The aetiology of vascular discoloration in cassava roots after harvesting: Development of endogenous resistance in stored roots,Physiologia Plantarum,45,1,10.1111/j.1399-3054.1979.tb01662.x,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8066/,"The susceptibility of cassava roots, Manihot esculenta Crantz, to vascular discoloration beneath two types of injury site, transverse cuts and periderm injuries, was compared for freshly harvested and stored roots. Susceptibility beneath transverse cuts changed rapidly, so that roots stored at ambient temperature for 5–9 days were largely resistant to vascular discoloration beneath this type of injury. Susceptibility to localized deterioration beneath periderm injuries changed more slowly, but significant decreases were observed in roots stored at ambient temperature for 10–16 days. Changes in susceptibility were observed in all cultivars tested, seven in Colombia and one in Jamaica. These changes were retarded but not prevented by storage at 2°C and by storage in sealed polyethylene bags. Pruning plants 1 to 3 weeks prior to harvesting, which has been shown to reduce the rate of post‐harvest deterioration of roots, was also found to reduce the susceptibility of roots to vascular discoloration beneath injuries made immediately after harvesting. Water loss through injuries caused a respiratory response as well as vascular discoloration. This respiratory response was as large in stored (resistant) roots as in freshly harvested (susceptible) ones. The potential of cassava roots to develop endogenous resistance to vascular discoloration either before or after harvesting is discussed in relation to the problems of storage of harvested cassava roots.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Wargiono, J., Gozali, D.L.",1979,"Effect on spacing and N, K fertilizer on the yield of gading cassava variety",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8067/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Woge, J.",1989,So much hangs in the balance: biological control and cassava,Journal of Pesticide Reform,8,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8070/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Madeley, J.",1994,Breeding for the tough spots,Ceres,26,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8072/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Alagianagalingam, M.N., Ramakrishnan, K.",1969,Studies on a virus disease of tapioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz). I. Water relations and mineral metabolism,Madras Agr J,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/808/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Jackson, G., Breen, J.",1985,"Collecting, describing and evaluating root crops",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8080/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Alagianagalingam, M.N., Ramakrishnan, K.",1970,Studies on a virus disease of tapioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz.). II. carbohydrate metabolism,Madras Agr J,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/809/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Jacobsen, E., Hutten, R.",2006,Stacking of resistance genes in potato by cisgenesis instead of introgression breeding,Potato Developments in a Changing Europe,,,10.3920/978-90-8686-582-6,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8095/,"Potato breeding is an important activity to improve potato production for different applications. There are two ways of potato breeding 1. selection of new varieties which are based on a cross breeding program and 2. improvement of existing varieties. Until recently, the improvement of existing varieties could only be obtained by classical mutation breeding. Nowadays, existing varieties can also be improved by genetic modification with transgenes. Examples are, the introduction of virus resistance by coat protein genes or insect resistance by Bt genes. This way of breeding by transgenes has not been accepted in the potato market and is, therefore, not used by potato breeders. The opposition of the non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the complicated regulation for genetic modification (GM-regulation) in the different countries are the main bottle neck. The GM-regulation in the past has been based on risk assessments using transgenes coming from other organisms like bacteria or viruses which are not belonging to the natural gene pool of the plant breeder. Sequence information combined with the development of efficient gene isolation techniques enable breeders to use plant own genes and genes of crossable species to produce new varieties. We call these natural plant genes cisgenes to distinguish them from transgenes. These cisgenes belong to the same gene pool as those which are available to the classical plant breeder. However, because new gene transfer techniques are used, this way of breeding has been placed under the EU-legislation for GMOs which hampers the use of this advantageous approach. For resistance breeding, this very efficient cisgenic approach could replace and/or complement introgression breeding which is normally used for stacking of resistance genes in case single resistances are easily overcome by the pathogen as in the case of, for example, Phytophthora infestans. Introgression breeding has a number of disadvantages in comparison with cisgenesis. The most important ones are 1. multiple (back) cross generations are needed to come to domestication and stacking of resistance genes by introgression breeding, 2. this process is always accompanied by linkage drag with hundreds of other genes of the wild species, and 3. existing varieties cannot be improved by introgression breeding. If the genes of interest are cloned, the cisgenic (or intragenic) approach is for complex crops like potato, banana and cassava an alternative for introgression breeding. It enables 1. single step domestication and stacking of resistance genes without linkage drag, and 2. improvement of existing varieties. Because of the use of genes from the breeders gene pool and the parallel with introgression breeding, exemption of the Directive 2001/18/EC for the cisgenic approach is strongly recommended if marker-free cisgenes are used. Wageningen Academic Publishers. The Netherlands, 2006. All rights reserved.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Jagannathan, R., Nadanam, M.",1999,Herbicide residues in Cassava,Pestology,23,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8099/,"The pre-emergence herbicides, viz, pendimethalin and metolachlor, post-emergence herbicides, viz, paraquat and glyphosate were estimated in the soil, plant and tuber of cassava field subjected to Integrated Weed Management. The metolachlor residue was not detectable in either soil or plant or tuber, while pendimethalin could be detected in soil and tuber. Paraquat residues could be seen in the soil and not in plant parts while in the case of glyphosate, residue could be detected in soil where it was applied twice.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Alagianagalingam, M.N., Ramakrishnan, K.",1974,Effect of cassava mosaic virus on the nitrogen metabolism of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Madras Agricultural Journal,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/810/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Jain, S.M.",2005,Major mutation-assisted plant breeding programs supported by FAO/IAEA,,v. 82,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8103/,"Under the Joint FAO/IAEA programme, radiation-induced mutations are used for genetic improvement of both seed and vegetatively propagated plants. The FAO/IAEA programme maintains a database of officially released mutant varieties worldwide (http//www-mvd.iaea.org/). Currently, over 2300 mutant varieties are registered in our database. Coordinated Research Projects (CRPs) and Technical Co-operation Projects (TCP) are two major activities at IAEA that serve Member States at the national, regional and interregional levels. This article highlights CRPs on banana, underutilized and neglected crops, and tropical and subtropical fruits. CRPs on banana and underutilized and neglected crops have already been concluded. TCPs in South East Asia (Thailand, and Malaysia), Africa (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Ghana), and the Middle East (Yemen) are discussed. The main projects in South East Asia are on genetic improvement of ornamental plants, fruits and cereals. In Africa, projects are on cassava, date palm, salinity and drought. In the Middle East, funded projects are related to salinity, and drought. In this article, major achievements are highlighted through CRPs and TCPs on low cost tissue culture, banana, underutilised and neglected crops, tropical and subtropical fruits.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Alagianagalingam, M.N., Ramakrishnan, K.",1974,Studies on a virus disease of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) III. respiration and enzyme activity,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/811/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Jalloh, A., Dahniya, M.T., Ezumah, H.C.",1994,Production of cassava-rice intercrop as influenced by cassava variety and time of introducing rice into cassava,Acta horticulturae,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8116/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Jalloh, A.",1998,Cassava plant population and leaf harvesting effects on the productivity of cassava-rice intercrop on the upland in Sierra Leone,Tropical Agriculture,75,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8117/,"An experiment was conducted to determine the appropriate cassava plant population to be intercropped with rice and the time of first harvesting of the cassava leaves for improved productivity of the intercrops. The cassava variety 80/40 was planted at four plant populations in mid-May of 1996 on the upland in Sierra Leone. The cassava was intercropped with the rice variety Rok16 at a spacing of 25 cm x 25 cm one month later. For each of the cassava populations, there were four leaf harvesting regimes no leaf harvesting and first leaf harvesting at two, three, and four months after planting (MAP). Subsequent leaf harvesting was done after every two months. A total of three leaf harvests were carried out for each regime. Root and leaf yield of cassava did not significantly increase after 10 000 plants ha**-1. Grain yield of rice decreased as intercropped cassava plant population was increased from 6666 to 13 333 plants ha**_1. Harvesting the cassava leaves at 2 and 3 MAP which was at mid-vegetative stage and panicle initiation stage of intercropped rice, respectively, resulted in similar rice grain yield which was at late flowering stage of the rice. Tuberous root yield of cassava increased as the time of first leaf harvesting was delayed from 2 to 4 MAP. The highest net return was obtained when rice was intercropped with 10 000 cassava plants and leaf harvesting started at 3 MAP.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Jama, B., Getahun, A.",1991,"Fuelwood production from Leucaena leucocephala established in fodder crops at Mtwapa, Coast Province, Kenya",Agroforestry Systems,16,2,10.1007/BF00129743,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8118/,"Fuelwood production from a high density leucaena-based fodder production experiment at Mtwapa, Coast Province, Kenya is reported. Leucaena with and without other fodder crops namely, Cassava, Bana and Napier grass, formed the main-plot treatments while leucaena densities ranging from 6,250 to 100,000 ha-1 planted in single- or double-line planting arrangements formed the sub-plot treatments of the split-plot design used. Each treatment was replicated four times. The experiment was established and maintained without the use of fertilizer, pesticides, irrigation. Hand weeding was done only during the first year. After 2.7 years growth, height and diameter measurements were taken before cutting back the leucaena stems to 0.5 m above ground. Utilizable fuelwood (twigs greater than 0.5 mm diameter) was then sun-dried for 3 months and dry weights taken. Fuelwood yields were significantly reduced by the fodder intercrops. Yield from leucaena intercropped with fodder crops were, on average, 30% lower than yield from sole stands of leucaena. Mean yields of the single-line plantings ranged from 13.7 to 21.2 tons ha-1. Yield from the double-line plantings were lower (on average 10%) than that of single-line plantings and were as well highly variable. Unlike tree heights, diameters in the single-line planting arrangement were not affected significantly by the fodder intercrops. In the single line plantings, yield of fuelwood from sole stand of leucaena was higher at all in-row spacings than the yield from intercropped leucaena. Increase in in-row spacing of leucaena generally led to reduced yield of fuelwood. Fodder yields of intercropped Cassava, Bana and Napier grasses were near normal in the first year but zero or negligible in the remaining 1.7 years. Implications of the prolonged tree establishment period on fodder yields after opening of the canopy are discussed.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"James, Cock, J.A., Reyes",1985,"Cassava research, production and utilization. Prelim. ed",,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8125/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"James, B. D.",1987,The cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat‐Ferr (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Sierra Leone: A survey,Tropical Pest Management,33,1,10.1080/09670878709371117,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8126/,"The cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat‐Ferr is new to Sierra Leone where it has quickly achieved key pest status. It is firmly established in the Western Area of the country and is progressively extending to the provincial areas. All available cassava varieties are susceptible to the insect, and the damage is especially significant on the late planted crop. Biological control, for example by ground release of exotic hymenopteran parasitoids in the dry season, is recommended as a long lasting strategy to undermine the pest's status as a limiting factor to food production.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"James, B.D.",1988,Tetranychid mites on cassava in Sierra Leone,Insect Science and Its Application,9,2,10.1017/S1742758400006068,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8127/,"The green cassava mite, Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) and the red spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch infest all varieties of cassava in Sierra Leone. Both tetranychid species are widely distributed in the country and are causing severe damage to the crop mainly in the major cassava producing areas in the north-western regions. M. tanajoa caused chlorosis and 91° loss in photosynthetic area of the attacked leaves and defoliation of the plant either by acting alone or in concert with T. urticae. Late planted crop was particularly vulnerable to the infestation. M. tanajoa and T. urticae appeared to avoid severe interspecific competition on the plant by habitat stratification.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ekanayake, J. I., Bokanga, M.",1995,A review on production agronomy and cyanogenesis,"The Cassava Biotechnology Network: Proceedings of the Second International Scientific Meeting: Bogor, Indonesia, 22-26 August 1994",2,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8136/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) has been grossly underresearched and underdeveloped in terms of the use of a production agronomy approach to manage its cyanogenic potential (CNP) to safe dietary levels. Most of the preharvest management efforts to date have been on breeding for low CNP genotypes and including such low CNP genotypes in the cropping systems. The use of low CNP genotypes alone is insufficient due to the strong genotype x environment interaction effect on CNP. In a holistic approach to reduce CNP levels, agronomic management alternatives offer strengthening tools to the use of low CNP genotypes, use of processing technologies and other nutritional aspects. This paper aims to analyze the agronomic research information based on reducing CNP levels through cultural management practices and the noted complexities of cyanogenesis viz-a-viz crop growth patterns. This includes limitations on the use of agronomic approaches, and investigating the potential areas where low levels of CNP at field level can be achieved with reduced abiotic and biotic stresses. Indirectly the identification of morphological, physiological and biochemical traits associated with low CNP can enhance biotechnological approaches to CNP amelioration. Some of the preharvest agronomic practices that alter CNP levels are planting date, with respect to cropping season and rainfall in particular; crop age at harvest; use of organic manure, soil additives and nutrients; plant density and spacing; mulching, wounding, and water management practices. Because of the perceived insect and macro-pest resistances associated with high CNP levels and drought tolerance, an educated manipulation of cultural and management practices can offer the plasticity required to use both low and high CNP genotypes in different environments. There are large variations in cassava agroecological and socio-economic factors, and a dependence on cassava as a drought-related, famine-relief food. These factors require agroecology and site specific recommendations on the use of various management practices rather than global recommendations to change current farming practices in order to achieve safe CNP levels.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Janssen, A., Hofker, C.D., Braun, A.R., Mesa, N., Sabelis, M.W., Bellotti, A.C. (Depaprtment of Population Biology, University of Leiden (Netherlands))",1990,Preselecting predatory mites for biological control the use of an olfactometer,,v. 80,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8151/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Jantawat, S., Vichukit, V., Putthacharoen, S., Howeler, R.",1991,Cultural Practices for Erosion Control in Cassava,Development of Conservation Farming of Hillslopes,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8161/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Jantawat, S., Tongglume, A., Putthacharoen, S., Poolsanguan, P., Howeler, R.",1994,Conservation Practices for Sustainable Production of Cassava on Sloping Land,Sustaining Environmental Quality: The Erosion Control Challenge,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8162/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Alamu, E. O., Maziya-Dixon, B., Dixon, A. G.",2017,Evaluation of proximate composition and pasting properties of high quality cassava flour (HQCF) from cassava genotypes (Manihot esculenta Crantz) of β-carotene-enriched roots,LWT - Food Science and Technology,86,,10.1016/j.lwt.2017.08.040,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/817/,"Cassava farmers are yet to fully exploit its full potential in terms of improvement of livelihood. Forty-five genotypes of cassava genotypes were processed into High Quality Cassava Flour (HQCF). These genotypes were planted in two sets, set 1 comprised 22 clones of β-carotene enriched roots and 3 check clones of white roots and set 2 comprised 18 clones and 2 check clones. The effects of variety on the proximate composition and pasting profile of the flour were investigated. The starch content ranged between 67.1 g/100 g (for 01/1663) and 82.4 g/100 g (for 30572) in set 1 and between 69.6 (01/1560) to 77.8 g/100 g (for Z97/0474) in set 2. Peak viscosity values ranged between 295.6 RVU (rapid visco unit) (30572) and 467.0 RVU (01/1115) across clones in set 1 while for set 2, it ranged from 271.9 RVU (for 01/1404) to 471.3 RVU (for 01/1417). Significant differences (P < 0.05) existed in the proximate composition and pasting properties of the flour from different cassava genotypes investigated. The high peak viscosity exhibited by most genotypes is indicative that the flour may be suitable for products requiring high gel strength and elasticity. The proximate composition compares competitively with values obtainable from conventional clones.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Jarupat, Thanakorn",1980,"Development and improvement of cassava production, 4 diseases of cassava",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8173/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Jarupat, Thanakorn, Thaveechai, Niphone, Sutabutra, Thira",1982,Studies on the diseases of cassava [in Thailand],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8174/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Jatala, P. (International Potato Center, Lima (Peru). Dept. of Nematology, Entomology)",1987,Nematodes in tuber and root crops and their management,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8178/,"The role of nematodes in causing crop losses is well documented for Irish potatoes, cassava, yams, and sweet potatoes. Although over 60 nematode species attack potatoes, Globodera pallida, G. rostochiensis, Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp., and Nacobbus aberrans are considered as limiting factors for potato production on the global scale. A considerable yield reduction of cassava (Manihot esculenta) is attributed to the infection by M. incognita and M. javanica. The same nematodes are also known to cause economic losses to sweet potatoes and yams. Additionally, Scutellonema bradys and Rotylenchulus reniformis are also considered as the major constraints to production of yams and sweet potatoes, respectively. Although several nematode species attack Xanthosoma sagittifolium, Colocasia esculenta, Oxalis tuberosa, Ullucus tuberosus and Tropaeolum tuberosum, their importance is of regional concern. However, since many of the nematode species that attack these crops also parasitize other crop species, their important role in harboring these pests cannot be overlooked. Pratylenchus species are known to attack most of the tuber and root crops and can become a limiting factor in the production of some of these crops under certain conditions. There are several methods of control for reducing the nematode populations to the level below the damage-threshold densities. Utilization of resistant cultivars, nematicides, cultural methods, and biological control in an integrated system would be the most sensible means of utilizing resources to combat these nematodes.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Javier, R.R.",1976,The effect of growth regulators on root and shoot production and yield of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8180/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Javier, R.R., Mamicpic, N.G.",1978,"The effect of growth regulators on root and shoot production and on yield of cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz)",Philippine Journal of Crop Science,3,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8181/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Jayawardena, S.D.G.",1986,Cassava in the agricultural economy of Sri Lanka,"Cassava in Asia, its Potential Research and Development Needs: Proceedings of a Regional Workshop held in Bangkok, Thailand, 5-8 June, 1984",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8194/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Alaux, Jean-Pierre, Fauquet, Claude",1990,African cassava mosaic disease: from knowledge to control,African cassava mosaic disease: from knowledge to control,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/820/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Jennings, D. L.",1970,Cassava in East Africa,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8213/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Jennings, D.L., Hershey, C.H.",1985,Cassava breeding: a decade of progress from international programmes,Progress in Plant Breeding,1,,10.1016/B978-0-407-00780-2.50008-4,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8217/,"The advances in the improvement of cassava during a decade until 1985 by CIAT and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (Nigeria) are reviewed. The topics covered cover germplasm resources in the genus Manihot; cytogenetics in Manihot spp .; collection and conservation of germplasm; flowering behavior, hybridization technique and seed management; breeding strategies in Africa, Latin America and Asia; and the physiological basis of high yield, with special reference to the importance of plant growth habit and criteria / procedures for selecting high yield genotypes. The different uses of cassava require that improvement be concentrated on 1) root quality (HCN, starch content and quality, post-harvest deterioration and protein content); 2) tolerance to stress conditions (soil acidity, low P, drought and low temp.) And 3) resistance to diseases and pests, with special reference to CAMD, Xanthomonas campestris pv. Manihotis, fungal diseases (Colletotrichum spp. And Elsinoe brasiliensis, among others), mites (Mononychellus tanajoa and M. Mcgregori, Tetranychus urticae and Oligonychus peruvianus), mealybugs (Phenacoccus spp.) And thrips. Aspects about the distribution and multiplication of germplasm are discussed. Data indicate that the prom. of cassava have increased in the areas of impact of both programs. (CIAT) spa The advances in cassava breeding over a decade up to 1985 by CIAT and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (Nigeria) are reviewed. Topics include with germplasm resources in the genus Manihot; cytogenetics of Manihot spp .; germplasm collection and conservation; flowering behavior, hybridization technique, and seed management; breeding strategies in Africa, Latin America, and Asia; and the physiological basis of high yield with special reference to the significance of plant habit and criteria for selecting high-yielding genotypes. The different uses of cassava require breeding to be focussed on (1) root quality (HCN, starch content and quality, postharvest deterioration, and protein content); (2) tolerance to stress (soil acidity, low P, drought, and low temp.), And (3) resistance to diseases and pests with special reference to CAMD, Xanthomonas campestris pv. Manihotis, fungal diseases (Colletotrichum spp. And Elsinoe brasiliensis, among others), mites (Mononychellus tanajoa and M. mcgregori, Tetranychus urticae, and Oligonychus peruvianus), mealybugs (Phenacoccus spp.), and thrips. Germplasm distribution and multiplication aspects are discussed. Data indicate that av. cassava yields have increased in the impact areas of both programs.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Jennings, D.L.",1994,Breeding for resistance to African cassava mosaic geminivirus in East Africa,Tropical Science,34,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8218/,"The history of breeding cassava for resistance to African cassava mosaic bigeminivirus in East Africa is given for the period from the 1920s to 1956. Particular attention is given to interspecific breeding at Amani in Tanzania, where most emphasis was placed on transferring resistance to cassava from the tree species Manihot glaziovii. In this work, 3 backcrosses to cassava restored root quality and a further generation of intercrossing between resistant hybrids gave very high levels of resistance, apparently by concentrating recessive genes for resistance. No immunity from the virus was found, but in resistant cultivars the virus appeared to pass to the base of the plant with or without causing mild or transient symptoms. It is suggested that the host-virus interaction has important implications for the procedures used for deploying resistant cultivars.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Jennings, D. L.",1976,"Cassava, Manihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae)",Evolution of Crop Plants,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8219/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Jeon, Y.W., Bockhop, C.W., Halos, L.S.",1984,A warehouse dryer using non-conventional energy sources,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8221/,"A warehouse dryer which uses non-conventional energy sources, a center-tube furnace fuelled with combustible agricultural residues as a heat source for drying and a vortex wind machine as the power source for moving air inside a warehouse has been developed. Alternative construction materials such as soil bricks for the furnace, soil-straw blocks for the warehouse wall, and water-proofing finish for the wall were adopted. A vertical tray was also utilized for higher energy efficiency and maximum space utilization. The drying system was evaluated using paddy, corn, coconut meat, fish, abaca, peanut, and cassava. Results of the evaluation presented describe the drying phenomena in a warehouse drying system and the characteristics of the dried product. Cost analysis showed that by using this dryer a ton of paddy can be dried from 25 to 14 percent moisture content at a cost of $0.98 to 1.05. The annual cost is covered by drying at least 540 to 610 tons of paddy per year. At this rate, the initial investment can be recovered in less than four years.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Jeon, Y.W., Halos, L.S.",1991,Performance of IITA-developed cassava postharvest technologies,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8223/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Jerome, A.T., Lyonga, S.N. (Institut de la Recherche Agronomique, Ekona (Cameroon)), Agboola, A.A., Hahn, S.K.",1989,Performances of cassava-maize intercrop in Cameroon,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8227/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Jessamy-Benjamin, A., Bowen-O'Connor, C., Rouse-Miller, J.",2012,In Vitro Hardening of Manihot esculenta Crantz (Cassava) Using the Triozole Ancymidol,In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Plant,48,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8230/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Albuquerque, M.D. (Brazilian Agricultural Research Inst., Belem (Brazil). Humid Tropical Agricultural Research Centre)",1977,"Mealy bug attack on cassava in Amazonia [Phenacoccus sp., Brazil]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/825/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Jibiri, N. N., Agomuo, J. C.",2007,"Trace elements and radioactivity measurements in some terrestrial food crops in Jos-plateau, north central, Nigeria",Radioprotection,42,1,10.1051/radiopro:2006026,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8263/,"Some crops of important nutritive requirements have been collected from farmlands located in Bitsichi an old tin mining town in north central region of Nigeria. The food crops were analyzed in order to determine trace element concentrations level using Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA). The activity concentrations due to natural radionuclides in the food samples and soil samples collected within the root zone of the crops were also determined using gamma-ray spectrometry (GRS). The NAA results obtained showed higher concentration of Potassium among the essential elements in all the crops. Calcium concentration in both maize and Guinea corn was below detection limit and also Zn in Green beans, sweet potato and cassava. The trace elements; Sc, Hf, Sm, and Th, were below detection limit in all the crops except in Green beans. Rubidium (Rb) and lanthanum (La) were below detection limits only in Cabbage. The activity concentrations of the natural radionuclides in the food samples were found to vary between 83 and 129 Bq kg-1 for 40K, 19 and 30 Bq kg-1 for 226Ra and 27 to 41 Bq kg-1 for 232Th. In the soil samples the activity concentrations varied between 177 and 271 Bq kg-1 for 40K, 53 and 96 Bq kg-1 for 226Ra and 73 to 176 Bq kg -1 for 232Th. Results of activity concentration levels of the radionuclides obtained in similar crops collected for control measurements were found to be very low compared to those from the study area. The effective dose due to intake of the food crops considered in the study area was estimated based on the measured activity concentrations of 226Ra and 232Th in the food crops. It was found to vary between 0.01 mSv y -1 (Acha) and 1.35 mSv y-1(Cassava) with a cumulative total dose estimated as 2.5 mSv y-1. The mining activities in the area are seen to have influenced the concentration of these trace elements and radionuclides in the food crops. However, they are seen not to pose any serious internal health burden due to ingestion given the realities of food choice by individuals in the study area.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Albuquerque, J. A. A., Sediyama, T., Silva, A. A., Alves, J. M. A., Finoto, E. L., Neto, F. A., Silva, G. R.",2012,Weed interference in the development of the cassava plant,Planta Daninha,30,1,10.1590/S0100-83582012000100005,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/827/,"One of the factors affecting the development of the cassava plant is the inadequate control of weeds. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the development of the cassava plant under weed interference during different coexistence periods. Two experiments were installed in adjacent areas, in Viosa, Minas Gerais - Brazil. In the first experiment, the treatments consisted of different periods of coexistence between the cassava culture and the weeds (25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 days after planting). In the second experiment, the cassava plants remained weed-free for the same pre-established periods. For both experiments, the 1.0 x 0.5 m spacing was adopted, being the useful portion area constituted by the two central lines, with 1.0 m being left at each extremity as front borders, adding 8.0 m2 up. Plant height and stem diameter were evaluated twelve times after planting at 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325 and 350 days. Plant number, root length and diameter evaluations were carried out 12 months after planting. Coexistence equal or superior to 50 day interval after planting caused drastic reduction in the stem diameter and height of the cassava plants. Weed control in cassava crop should be initiated around 25 days after planting.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Albuquerque, J. A. A., Evangelista, M. O., Mates, A. P. K., Alves, J. M. A., Oliveira, N. T., Sediyama, T., Silva, A. A.",2014,Occurrence of weeds in cassava savanna plantations in Roraima,Planta Daninha,32,1,10.1590/S0100-83582014000100010,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/828/,"A phyto-sociological survey is the first step to implement integrated weed management in crops. In this study, weed occurrence was evaluated in cassava plantations in the savannah of Roraima in northern Brazil. Harvest was performed randomly 80 times in 10 crops over four seasons (January, February, March, and April 2012). The harvested plants were cut at ground level, sorted out per species, identified, quantified, and weighed on a 0.01 g precision scale. A descriptive analysis was conducted of the phyto-sociological parameters (frequency, density, abundance, total number of individuals per species, relative frequency, relative density, relative abundance and importance value index) for the collected species. A description was also made of the botanical classes, families, species, type of propagation, life cycle, growth habit, total number of species and dry weight ha-1. The community in the surveyed area was considered to have a heterogeneous composition, comprising 27 species. The species presenting the highest density per hectare were Digitaria sanguinalis (210,500), Brachiaria brizantha (111,000), Brachiaria decumbens (86,500) and Brachiaria humidicola (69,000). Digitaria sanguinalis had the highest relative density (28.08), relative abundance (26.16) and importance value index (65,34). Most weeds had herbaceous growth habit.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"John Olusola, Akingbala, Babatunde Adebiyi, Olunlade, Riyaad, Khan",2015,Evaluation of new cassava varieties for adhesive properties,Starke =,67,07-Aug,10.1002/star.201400239,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8300/,"Cassava varieties Red stick, Butter stick, Maracas Black stick, and M Col 22 were evaluated for pulp yield, starch yield, amylose, and protein contents in a screening exercise of new cassava varieties. Starch content of the tubers was determined. Starch was extracted from freshly harvested ninemonthold tubers using standard method. The starch paste was air dried before final drying at 50C for 8h in an oven. Amylose and protein contents of the starch were determined by approved methods. Adhesive was made by heating 10% starch slurry in 0.1M KOH solution to 70 and 80C, respectively. Color, pH, viscosities, adhesive force, adhesiveness, stickiness, and storage properties of the adhesives were determined. Pulp yields (74.183.1%), starch yields (11.820.3%); starch amylose (23.526.5%) and protein contents (0.340.82%) of cassava tubers differed. Also peak viscosity (297393 RVU), breakdown viscosity (195263 RVU), and set back viscosity (4352 RVU) of the starches were significantly different. Similarly the adhesive force (77 to 146 and adhesiveness (1952gs to 3075gs) varied significantly. Adhesive from variety M Col 22 resolved into two fractions at two weeks of storage and completely broke down by week three. Pastes produced at 80C were less viscous, had lower adhesiveness and adhesive force and were darker than pastes produced at 70C. Storage reduced the adhesive force and adhesiveness of the adhesives. The adhesive pastes were alkaline (pH10.6911.58). The Maracas Black Stick and Butter Stick varieties produced the best adhesives in terms of stickiness and resistance to degradation than the other two varieties.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Johnson, S. H., Charoenwatana, T.",1981,Economics of rainfed cropping systems: Northeast Thailand,Water Resources Research,17,3,10.1029/WR017i003p00462,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8324/,"Using a computer model to simulate effective rainfall, it is shown that a flexible rainfed cropping system based on a legume crop planted before rice has a greater expected return than present subsistent rainfed cropping systems. Combining a legume crop intercropped with cassava or kenaf further increases the expected returns yet maintains the stability of the new system. Further research is required to bring the farmer's yields up to match experiment station results and to facilitate effective transfer policies.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Alcober, D.L.",1999,"Rice-based farming systems a case in Tabango, Leyte [Philippines]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/834/,"Simeon Manriquez of barangay [village Omaganhan, Tabango, Leyte is the respondent of the study. He is a model upland farmer in his barangay as well as in the whole province of Leyte. In 1985, he was the province's second outstanding farmer of the year for the hillside farming category. Manong Simeon has a total land area of 6.3 ha, of which only 5.3 ha is cultivated. He grows lowland rice, corn, sweet potato, mungbean, coconut, cassava, peanut and banana. He also raises three swine, eight carabaos, two sheep, a goat, a cow and several chickens. On his contoured farm, he constructed a pig pen and a small poultry house. Since these are located on one of the contour strips, the waste of the animals is utilized by the crops planted below. During the first cropping season in 1993, his gross returns of P32,432.00 was lower than the one obtained in the second cropping season (43,575). He realized net returns of P14,906 and P21,330 for the first and second cropping seasons, respectively. The highest net income during the first and second cropping seasons was derived from lowland rice and sweet potato, respectively. These constituted 68% of the total income from the first cropping season, and 67% of the second. Estimated costs and returns from the production of specific crops in the last two croppings show that Manong Simeon grossed P37,752.0. In the same year, he was able to obtain total gross returns of P21,000.00 from his sweet potato in only one cropping. Production cost, however, was higher in lowland rice than in sweet potato. For this reason, benefit cost ratio (BCR) foo sweet potato (31) was higher than that for rice (21). Sensitivity analysis indicates that among the enterprises of the farmer, only lowland rice, sweet potato, mungbean and coconut are quite stable while cassava and corn are very much sensitive to price changes. According to Manong Simeon, fear and faith in God are very important to be successful in any endeavor in life. His belief in God helped him shun vices and to be hardworking. Moreover, his and his wife's vision for their children is another reason for all their work. They want to generate enough income to give their four children a bright future",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Joint FAO/IAEA Div. of Isotope, Radiation Applications of Atomic Energy for Food, Agricultural Development, Vienna (Austria). Final research co-ordination meeting on the improvement of vegetatively propagated crops, tree crops through induced mutations. Coimbatore (India). 11-15 Feb 1980.",1982,"Induced mutations in vegetatively propagated plants II. Proceedings of the final research co-ordination meeting on the improvement of vegetatively propagated crops and tree crops through induced mutations organized by the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Isotope and Radiation Applications of Atomic Energy for Food and Agricultural Development and held in Coimbatore, India, from 11 to 15 February 1980",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8344/,"A Co-ordinated Research Programme on the Improvement of Vegetatively Propagated Crops and Tree Crops Through Induced Mutations was sponsored by the IAEA between 1972 and 1980. It was based on the recommendations of an FAO/IAEA panel of experts who met in September 1972 and concluded that mutation induction was an appropriate tool for improving genetically crop plants that are not easily improved by cross breeding. Research has been carried out to develop techniques for induction, selection and utilization of mutants in various vegetatively propagated crops. The programme has included a wide variety of plant species in tropical and temperate climates, such as sugarcane, potato, cassava, mulberry, citrus, bananas, apple, cherry, peach, grape, forage grasses, as well as a group of ornamental plants. The present book contains the reports presented by the project leaders at the final Research Co-ordination Meeting organized by the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Isotope and Radiation Applications of Atomic Energy for Food and Agricultural Development, and held in Coimbatore, India, from 11-15 February, 1980. It also includes a review of the programme with conclusions and recommendations.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Jones, R.A.D., Tucker, E.S., Tarawali, G., Johnson, S.D.",1977,The effect of defoliation of the yield (leaf and tuber) of cassava at four different levels of nitrogen application,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8351/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Jones, M.T. (Ministry of Agriculture, Lands, Food Production, Centeno (Trinidad, Tobago). Central Experiment Station)",1984,"Insect, mite and rodent pest problems of cassava",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8353/,"Lists general pest control measures, then briefly outlines symptoms and control measures for 17 types of pests of Manihot esculenta in Trinidad and Tobago",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Alene, A.D., Manyong, V.M., Coulibaly, O.",2006,Responding to food supply shocks through global partnerships in technology development and transfer the case of the IITA-led biological control of cassava mealybug in Sub-Saharan Africa,,v. 35,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/837/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Alene, A. D., Abdoulaye, T., Rusike, J., Manyong, V., Walker, T. S.",2015,"The Effectiveness of Crop Improvement Programmes from the Perspectives of Varietal Output and Adoption: Cassava, Cowpea, Soybean and Yam in Sub-Saharan Africa and Maize in West and Central Africa","Crop Improvement, Adoption, and Impact of Improved Varieties in Food Crops in Sub-Saharan Africa",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/838/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Jorgensen, K., Sorensen, C., Jensen, S., Morant, M., Fregene, M., Moller, B. L.",2007,Biofortification of cassava using molecular breeding,Biotechnology and Sustainable Agriculture 2006 and Beyond,,,10.1007/978-1-4020-6635-1_66,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8388/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Jos, J.S., Hrishi, N., Maini, S.B., Nair, R.G.",1980,Two high yielding hybrids of cassava,Journal of Root Crops,6,01-Feb,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8394/,"In trials at 11 locations in Kerala the new cassava hybrids H-2304 and H-1687 and several local cv. gave cv. tuber yields of 44.99, 44.05 and 30.43 t/ha, resp. DM content in tubers of hybrids H-2304 was higher than in those of hybrids H-1687 and local cv., while carotene content was highest in H-1687. The 2 hybrids have been released for general cultivation under the names of Sree Vishakham (H-1687) and Sree Sahya (H-2304).",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Jos, J. S., Nair, R. B., Sreekumari, M. T.",1990,Stigma Receptivity and Seed Set in Cassava,Tropical Agriculture,67,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8399/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Aafors, M.",1990,"Small farms - big weeds. Weeds and weed problems in a hoe cultivation system in Luapula Province, Zambia",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/84/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Jose, R.L.",1984,Organic fertilizer of golden yellow cassava [Philippines],,v. 5,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8403/,"Three organic fertilizers, chicken, carabao and cow manures were used in the study. No significant differences were observed on height of plants, number and weight of marketable roots and root yield per plot",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Jose, J. J. S., Orihuela, B., Yepes, B.",1984,Response of Cassava(Manihot Esculenta Crantz) to Water Stress of a Savanna Climate,Plant Physiology,75,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8404/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Joseph, J.L.",1989,Studies on cassava bacterial blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv manihots) in Trinidad,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8408/,"Studies on Cassava Bacterial Blight indicated the presence of the disease in all cassava growing areas of Trinidad. The incidence of the disease was found to be related to total rainfall and its distribution during the wet season. Highly specific antiserum produced to the pathogen was used to confirm the identity of CBB samples collected throughout fields in Trinidad. The antiserum was also used in studies on the dissemination of the pathogen in irrigation and flood waters. Using this technique, Xanthomonas campestris pv manihotis was located as far as 300m from an infected field and specifically in a water catchment area. This finding could be used to explain the local spread of the disease. Field, greenhouse and tissue culture trials were conducted to determine the degree of resistance in several local and imported cassava materials. Results indicated that several varieties particularly Point Fortin Fine Leaf and CMC 40 showed high levels of resistance and gave good yields under prevailing environmental conditions. On screening for resistance using tissue culture, a new method of testing by determining the depth of penetration of the pathogen in callus tissue was investigated. By this method it was possible to separate the varieties as early as two days after inoculation. The method appears promising and is recommended for further study.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Joseph, B.",1996,Growth trends of a cereal substitute in a food-deficient state An analysis of cassava in Kerala,"Tropical Tuber Crops Problems, Prospects and Future Strategies",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8411/,This paper is an attempt towards understanding the growth performance of cassava in Kerala and analysing the factors responsible for the observed growth trend during 1962-63 to 1983-89. On the basis of the growth trends the whole period of analysis was divided into two periods period 1 covering 1962-1963 to 1972-1973 recorded a significant positive growth in area production and yield. Period 2 recorded a significant negative growth in all the variables. The results of the decomposition analysis showed that the major factor that led to the decline in production is the area effect. The underlying factors behind the decline in the area under cultivation was analysed with a multiple regression model. The result of the model showed that the two major factors responsible for the decline in area are (a) the rate of growth in the yield of cassava has not kept pace with its competing crop (rubber) and (b) the relative price of cassava visa-vis its competing crop has been unfavourable to cassava. These two factors inter alia have contributed to make the cultivation of cassava less remunerative and to convert area under cassava to rubber cultivation.,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Jr., Strong D.R.",1982,Harmonious coexistence of hispine beetles on Heliconia in experimental and natural communities [Costa Rica],,v. 63,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8429/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Jr., Villamayor F.G., E.A., Abenoja",1983,Role of missing hills in root crop production,VICARP [Visayas Coordinated Agricultural Research Program] News,v. 3,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8431/,"Varying plant population up to 22,222 plants/ha with varying percent missing hills up to 20% did not significantly affect the yield of cassava. There was no interaction between population and missing hill levels in cassava. On the other hand, there was an interaction between sweet potato population and missing hill levels during the first season. During the second season, the yield of sweet potato at all levels of population was not affected by missing hills up to 40%. There was also no interaction between population and missing hill treatments. At all fertilizer treatments, the yields of Kadabao and BNAS-51 were not significantly affected by missing hill treatments. There was no interaction between missing hills and fertilizer levels. Expressed on plot basis, the yields of Kadabao and BNAS-51 were not significantly affected by the time of planting.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Yinong, Tian, Jun, Lee",1998,Cassava varietal improvement and dissemination in Guangxi,"Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Farmer Participatory Research in Asia: Proceedings of the Fifth Regional Workshop held in Danzhou, Hainan, China, Nov 3-8, 1996",,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8440/,"Guangxi Subtropical Crops Research Institute (GSCRI) began their cassava varietal introduction and improvement program in 1981. Science 1985, GSCRI has introduced cassava hybrid seeds as well as promising clones by tissue culture from CIAT/Columbia and from the Thai-CIAT program, as well as from other institutes. Through continuous selection and experiments, several promising clones, such as SM1113-1, SM1600-1, CM5443-1, SM1741-8 etc. have been identified, and these have been tested to a certain extent in on-farm trials. Since their release and dissemination these clones have awakened great interest by both farmers and starch factories. Some of them have now spread to other provinces. In China, high yield and high starch content of cassava varieties are still the most important factors in raising the comprehensive benefits resulting from cassava production. This is also the only way to change the stagnated position of cassava production, which in the past increased mainly by increasing the area planted. At the moment, many local governments of the principal cassava growing areas are conscious of this and have started to spend money on the introduction and dissemination of new higher-yielding varieties.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Junsiri, C., Panpoom, A.",2014,The study of cassava root conveying equipment attached to a truck,Advanced Materials Research,931-932,,10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.931-932.1555,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8448/,"The objective of this study was for development of cassava transporting equipment installed on a truck. The study process was divided into 2 steps 1) The study of cassava harvesting and transporting to the truck pattern by farmers practice today and 2) preliminary study of transporting cassava by using additional conveying device in order to reduce time and labor for the overall harvest system. Results in step 1 indicated that the pattern of cassava harvesting consisted of four main steps tillage, heap compiling, stem cutting and cassava transporting to the truck. The most time consuming step was the transporting of cassava to the truck. The cassava's transporting to the plant normally had to be completed within one day. The consequently, cassava transporting was considered to be the bottle-neck problem of cassava harvest system. Result from the study in step 2, which was preliminary study of using a conveying device attached to the truck to reduce time and labor indicated that a working capacity of 1.44 rai/hour was obtained, being 3.13 time higher than the usual manual labor method.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Juo, A. S. R., Lal, R.",1977,The effect of fallow and continuous cultivation on the chemical and physical properties of an alfisol in western Nigeria,Plant and Soil,47,3,10.1007/BF00011027,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8449/,"Soil properties under continuous cropping were compared with those under planted fallows and natural bush regrowth for three years after forest clearing. The cropping treatments consisted of continuous maize with and without stover returned as surface mulch, continuous soybean, and maize and cassava intercropped. The fallow treatments included pigeon pea, leucaena, Guinea grass and natural bush regrowth. In the continuous soybean and unmulched maize plots, soil organic matter and pH declined rapidly; whereas the mulched maize plots maintained a soil organic matter level comparable to the fallow treatments. To maintain soil organic matter in the surface soil at a level comparable to soil under secondary forest, two to three applications of a total amount of 16 MT/ha/annum of dry plant materials (maize stover or grass) are required when the material is applied as surface mulch. In the cropped plots, favorable physical characteristics in the surface soil were also maintained when sufficient plant residue was returned; whereas the deterioration of subsoil structure of the forest soil occurred in all cropping treatments. Guinea grass fallow has a distinct advantage in recycling mineral nutrients and maintaining soil physical properties and organic matter. It is suggested that soils may be planted with a combination of Guinea grass and pigeon pea fallow for one or two years after three or four years of arable cultivation.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Juo, A.S.R. (Texas A, M Univ., College Station, TX (USA). Dept. of Soil, Crop Sciences), Ezumah, H.C.",1992,Mixed root-crop systems in wet sub-Saharan Africa,Ecosystems of the World (Netherlands),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8450/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Juo, A.S.R., Franzluebbers, K., Dabiri, A., Ikhile, B.",1995,Changes in soil properties during long-term fallow and continuous cultivation after forest clearing in Nigeria,"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment",56,1,10.1016/0167-8809(95)00635-4,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8451/,"Changes in soil chemical properties under natural bush regrowth, planted fallows (i.e. Guinea grass (Panicum maximum), Leucaena leucocephala, and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan)) and under continuous cropping with minimum tillage (i.e. maize (Zea mays L.)/cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) intercrop and maize monoculture with residue returned or removed), were monitored for 13 years after clearing of secondary forest on a kaolinitic Alfisol in Nigeria, West Africa. Under bush fallow, soil organic C (SOC) decreased during the first 7 years, then increased to the original level of approximately 20 g kg−1 at 12 years, whereas soil pH, exchangeable Ca and Mg and ECEC remained relatively constant. Chemical soil properties under Guinea grass and leucaena fallows compared favorably to those under bush fallow, whereas chemical properties of the surface soil under pigeon pea fallow deteriorated. Under continuous maize cropping, soil organic C decreased during the first 7 years, then reached a steady-state at about 65% of the level maintained by bush fallow. The surface soil under continuous maize also became acidified. Maize grain yields of the first season declined from 6.0 t ha−1 to 2.5 t ha−1 during 7 years of cropping. Relative yield sustainability of the three cropping systems was maize/cassava intercrop > maize monoculture with residue returned > maize monoculture with residue removed.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Justamante Hndel Schmitz, G., Gonalves Peroni-Okita, F. H., Oliveira do Nascimento, J. R., Bombarda Campanha, R., Losada Valle, T., Landi Franco, C. M., Cordenunsi-Lysenko, B. R.",2017,Selected physicochemical properties of starches isolated from ten cassava varieties reveal novel industrial uses,Starch/Staerke,69,07-Aug,10.1002/star.201600272,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8456/,"Although cassava is of great importance as a starch source for industrial purposes or food consumption, the evaluation of different varieties is an under-investigated topic. Thus, in order to contribute to the identification of cassava starches more suitable for use and application in the food industry, this study aimed to analyze and compare the physicochemical properties of starches from ten different cassava varieties of household consumption, industrial use, and mixed use. In order to accomplish this goal, analyses were performed into the thermal and pasting properties, granule size, and amylopectin branch-chain-length distribution and amylose and phosphorus contents, as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the starches. In addition, a principal component analysis (PCA) biplot was generated, as one of the most useful methods to analyze multidimensional datasets with quantitative variables. Significant differences in phosphorus and amylose contents, branch-chain-length distribution of amylopectin, starch granule diameter, gelatinization and retrogradation temperatures, and pasting properties were obtained. Therefore, this study adds to the literature regarding the physicochemical properties of starches of these cassava varieties, contributing to improving their uses in the food industry by novel applications these starches, and adding and corroborating uses of some varieties studied. 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim",Excluded,Duplicate
"Justusson, Christer",1991,"Yield and Productivity Assessment and Cultural Practices of Cassava, Manihot Esculenta, Crantz, in Luapula Province, Zambia: A Minor Field Study",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8457/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Justusson, C.",1991,"Yield and productivity assessment and cultural practices of cassava, Manihot esculenta Cranz, in Luapula province, Zambia","Working Paper - Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, International Rural Development Centre",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8458/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Alexander, T.G.",1987,"Taungya and soil management during the establishment phase of forest plantations in Kerala, India",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/846/,"Taungya has been widely used as a low-cost means for establishing forest plantations in Kerala, India. The site shock, including accelerated erosion, generated during the establishment phase by land clearing and preplanting operations can be counteracted through protective and ameliorative measures provided by ground cover. Taungya provides an early soil cover with trees and annual crops badly needed under the highly erosive rains, thus minimizing nutrient loss. However, its effectiveness depends on the nature of crops and cultural practices. Among the common Taungya annual of rice, tapioca, ginger, turmeric, and sesame, site disturbance is least for rice. A case study involving rice, tapioca, rice-rice, and rice-tapioca sequences reveals that changes in soil properties are minimum under the first crop of rice.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Mwanze, K. F.",1977,"Biology of the cassava mealybug, Phenococcus sp. in the Republic of Zaire",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8489/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Nwanze, K.F., Leuschner, K., Ezumah, H.C.",1979,"The cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus sp. in the Republic of Zaire",PANS,25,2,10.1080/09670877909411685,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8490/,"The occurrence of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus sp. in Zaire is reported. Data on its biology, particularly oviposition, female fecundity and nymphal development are presented. Most of the insects settle on the leaf midrib and secondary veins and the growing points of cassava. The first instar nymph (crawler) is vary important in the spread and survival of the species, the latter being within dormant leaf buds during the wet season. Dispersal is by movement of infested planting material (passive) and airborne populations of crawlers (active). Treatment of cuttings with an appropriate insecticide before planting, manipulation of planting time and soil moisture conservation may aid in reducing damage to the crop. The occurrence of Spalgis lemolea Druce, a predator of the pest is also reported.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"K.G., Pillai, C.M., George",1979,"Quality of tubers in tapioca (Manihot utilissima Pohl) var ""Malyalam-4"" as influenced by N, P, K and Ca fertilization [India]",,v. 16,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8492/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Kartha, K. K., Gamborg, O. L.",1975,Elimination of cassava mosaic disease by meristem culture,Phytopathology,65,7,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8493/,"The cassava mosaic agent was eliminated from two cultivars of Indian and Nigerian origin by culturing shoot apical meristems on a Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with benzyladenine (5 × 10–7 M), naphthaleneacetic acid (10–6M) and gibberellic acid (GA3 10–7 M). Plant regeneration averaged 90 to 95% and 60% of the regenerated plants were mosaic symptom-free when explants of up to 0.4 mm in length were cultured. Growing diseased cuttings at 35 C for 30 days resulted in the production of plants without symptoms and from such plants meristem tips of up to 0.8 mm were cultured and mosaic disease-free plants regenerated. Results of graft transmission experiments demonstrated the absence of the causal agent in the plants regenerated by meristem culture technique.",Excluded,Duplicate
"K.M., Rajan, J.S., Raj",1977,"Relation of certain chemical constituents of tapioca to the leaf spot disease [cassava, India]. Note",Journal of Root Crops,v. 3,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8494/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Lema, K.M., Hahn, S.K.",1988,A project for community action to control the variegated grasshopper,IITA Root and Tuber Improvement Program. Annual report 1986,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8496/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"K.M., Mueller Saemann, D.E., Leihner",1996,Innovative soil conservation technology for sustainable cassava production on Andean hillsides,Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft fuer Pflanzenbauwissenschaften,v. 9,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8497/,"Intercropping with Chamaecrista rotundifolia, the planting of ""Mott"" dwarf elephant grass barriers and 2-3 year grass/legume ley-farming elements are effective components for sustainable cassava production and are recommended for tropical subhumid mid altitudes.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"K.Y., Baguma",1991,Some considerations about cassava agronomy in Uganda,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8500/,"Discusses cassava agronomy and gives recommendations on its cultivation giving special consideration to planting date, spacing and soil-crop interactions.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Kawano, K.",1975,Cassava germ plasm collection and advanced genetic material at CIAT,"The International Exchange and Testing of Cassava Germ Plasm in Africa: Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Workshop held at CIAT, Palmira, Colombia 4-6 February 1975",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8501/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"K., Kawano, P., Daza, A., Amaya, M., Rios, W.M.F., Goncalves",1978,"Evaluation of cassava germplasm for productivity [Yield, cultivars]",,v. 18,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8502/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"K., Kawano",1978,Genetic improvement of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) for productivity,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8504/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"K., Kawano, C., Tiraporn, S., Tongsri, Y., Kano",1982,Efficiency of yield selection in cassava populations under different plant spacings [Genotypes],,v. 22,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8509/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Kawano, K., Thung, M.D.",1982,Intergenotypic competition and competition with associated crops in cassava,Crop Science,22,1,10.2135/cropsci1982.0011183X002200010013x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8510/,"The competitive ability (defined as root yield in mixture/root yield in monoculture) of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genotypes in monoculture, mixed populations and in multiple cropping systems was studied in the field. Strong competitors produced more roots and stems in genotypic mixtures than in monoculture and did so at the expense of weak competitors. Competitive ability was positively correlated with spacing response and stem and leaf-weight at harvest, but negatively correlated with harvest index (proportion of root weight to total plant weight) and root yield in monoculture. Because of the negative correlation of competitive ability with root yield in monoculture, improvement in the productivity of cassava cultivars will likely occur through improvements in plant efficiency and at the expense of competitive ability. It is therefore recommended that in selecting high yielding genotypes potentially adapted to productive environments, strong competitors should be eliminated from segregating populations.

Modest yield reductions (9 to 13%) occured when cassava was planted in association with beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) or soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]. Beans, planted in association with cassava, had non-significant reductions in yields whereas yields of soybeans were severely reduced. Yields of beans and soybeans were negatively correlated with vegetative vigor of the associated cassava genotype, but were not correlated with yield or intergenotypic competitive ability of the cassava genotype. Cassava can be planted in association with short-duration crops without sacrificing much in the yields of either crop. High-yielding cassava genotypes with low vegetative vigor would bring about high combined yields of cassava and the associated crop.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"K., Kawano, Ch., Tiraporn, S., Sinthuprama, R., Soenarijo, S.L., Tan, A.M., Mariscal, E., Apilar",1986,CIAT germplasm in Asian cassava research program,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8511/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"K., Kewano",1989,CIAT cooperation in cassava varietal improvement in Asia,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8512/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Varughese, K., Meerabai, M., Babu, K.S.",1994,Evaluation of multi-season intercropping in cassava (Manihot esculenta),Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,64,7,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8514/,"A multi-season intercropping study based on cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) was conducted at Sadanandapuram during 1988-89 and 1989-90. The mean of land-equivalent ratio + area-time equivalent ratio proved superior in measuring the efficiency of the intercropping system than land-equivalent ratio, land-equivalent coefficient or area-time equivalent ratio. It could assess both the area and duration of each crop. Was free from problems of overestimation or underestimation of resource utilization and was able to record not only the agronomic  advantage but also the economic advantage in the intercropping system.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Kabeerathumma, S., Mohankumar, C.R., Nair, G.M., Nair, P.G.",1993,Effect of continuous cropping of cassava with organics and inorganics on the secondary and micronutrient elements status of an ultisol,Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science,41,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8524/,Long term application of fertilizers and manures to cassava (tapioca) on an acid Ultisol decreased exchangeable calcium and magnesium in the soil. The decrease was not much marked in plots receiving superphosphate. Application of wood ash increased significantly the level of the above two cations. Foliar deficiency symptoms of calcium and magnesium appearedfrom the 10th year onwards. especially in the plots receiving Nand NK treatments. The available Zn and Cu of the soils declined under continuous cropping of cassava with fertilizer nutrients alone whereas inclusion of FYM had the reverse effect. Visual foliar symptoms of zinc was noted in N and NP treatments. Copper deficiency symptoms did not appear at any stage of the crop growth in spite of the decreased availability of Cu in soil.,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Kabeerathumma, S., Ghosh, S. P., Nair, G. M.",1996,Runoff losses as influenced by planting methods of cassava,"Tropical Tuber Crops Problems, Prospects and Future Strategies",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8525/,"Runoff plot studies were conducted in an acid ultisol (CTCRI Farm) on a sloppy terrain (8-9% slope) to assess the runoff losses as influenced by different planting methods of cassava. The runoff losses in different methods of planting cassava viz. staggered mounds, flat beds, ridges and with grass strips were compared with that of bare fallow. It was observed that about 61 -73 per cent of the rainfall received during the period was more than 10 mm per day and 22-27 per cent of it was lost through runoff. The runoff losses had reduced to 5.7-17.0 per cent by growing cassava under different planting methods. Among the various methods, the lowest runoff and soil loss were recorded for ridge method followed by strip cropping with grass, Between the staggered mounds and flat bed method, the staggered mound was found to be effective in soil conservation and increased tuber yield of cassava.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Kabonyi, Sebasigari, Ezunah, H.C.",1977,A note on relative reduction of yield of a manioc cultivar (02864S) due to mealybug attack [in Zaire],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8527/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Kaddour, U.A.K.",1994,A study on developing the machine of cassava tubers preparation,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8531/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Kaewwinud, N., Khokhajaikiat, P., Boonma, A.",2017,Effect of moisture and region of cut on cassava stalk properties in biomass applications,Research in Agricultural Engineering,63,1,10.17221/70/2015-RAE,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8545/,"In an attempt to investigate the potential of using cassava stalk as a biomass material and determine the design requirements for developing a cutting machine, this study aims to investigate physical and mechanical properties of cassavas stalk, under the influence of moisture content and region of cut using statistical techniques. Moisture contents were ranged into three different levels; 54.19, 43.05 and 24.93% wet basis (w.b.) while cutting regions were classified as top (tip of cassava stalk), middle and bottom. Mechanical properties were represented by shearing stress. Physical properties, on the other hand, were represented by length, diameter, and mass. By decreasing moisture levels, all parameter values were reduced, except shearing stress. Moreover, it was found that shearing stress increased when lowering the cutting line. Maximum and minimum shearing stress occurred at bottom and top regions of the stalk, respectively. Most importantly, moisture content and region of cut both had a significant influence (P < 0.05) on shearing stress, although the latter had much larger impact.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Kaihura, F., Schlingloff, S.",2016,Experiences with Adopting the Catchment Approach in Sustainable Land Management: The Case of Kagera TAMP Tanzania,Climate Change and Multi-Dimensional Sustainability in African Agriculture,,,10.1007/978-3-319-41238-2_21,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8551/,"A regional project as part of the Transboundary Agroecosystems Management Project (Kagera TAMP) was implemented in the Kagera River basin covering Burundi, Rwanda Tanzania and Uganda. The project was implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations with financial support from the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the governments of the riparian countries. In Tanzania, the project was conducted in four districts (Bukoba, Karagwe, Missenyi and Ngara) in the Kagera region. The project was implemented to address the causes of land degradation, restore ecosystem health and function and generate a range of global environmental benefits across the Kagera basin. In Tanzania, 10 micro-catchments were selected for project implementation involving 14,282 farmers covering about 3500 ha of land. The type, degree and direct and indirect causes of land degradation in the basin were assessed for different land use systems. Similarly, good practices of sustainable land management and their extent, effectiveness and trends were evaluated. A range of maps were developed and used to select land degradation priority areas for project intervention (hotspots). Successful sustainable land management (SLM) practices were introduced into the curriculum of the Farmer Field School (FFS), and a holistic catchment approach was adopted to address SLM in an integrated and multi-sectoral way. Through adopting this catchment approach (see also a long version of the definition on p. 15), drying water sources were regenerated that provide a reliable water supply for domestic and livestock use. Furthermore, training of extension staff and facilitators for the farmer field schools improved smallholder farmers knowledge and skills in applying sustainable land management practices. Cropland management increased the crop yield of bananas, maize, beans, and cassava from 20 % to sometimes more than 60 %. Planting of Cajanus cajan and other types of agroforestry technologies, application of farmyard manure and contouring were superior for improving soil quality and reducing soil erosion by more than 20 % of the covered area. Construction of physical contours and their strengthening with vegetative materials, such as fruit trees, grasses and shrubs, including Cajanus cajan, pineapples, vetiver and lemon grass, improved the soil quality. Improved soil quality also increased household income and improved household and community nutrition, which are short-term SLM benefits. These benefits were powerful incentives that led to wider adoption of SLM practices in all catchments. Soil organic carbon sequestration exceeded 20 %. Grassland carrying capacity was improved from 2.5 to 0.7, 5.0 to 0.4 and 3.3 to 0.7 ha/tropical livestock units (TLU). Grassland biodiversity regenerated with the reappearance of endangered trees, shrubs and grasses that have medicinal, socio-economic and cultural value. A total of 31 technical and three policy recommendations were developed and submitted to policy and decision makers for inclusion in development plans. The main challenges included the low priority given by national and local governments to land degradation issues and the lack of financing for and investment in upscaling of sustainable land management practices, limited attention given to land use conflicts and their management, and land tenure and addressing SLM on a sector basis instead of a multi-sector basis. With the benefits demonstrated in implementing the Kagera TAMP project, communities have been empowered to demand further improvement of their natural resources base.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Kailasam, C., Selvaraj, K.V., Selvarangaraju, G., Kaliappa, R., Muthuswamy, P.",1977,Influence of soil moisture regimes under different fertilizer treatments on the HCN content of tapioca,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8553/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Kailasam, C., Selvaraj, K. V., Selvarangaraju, G., Kaliappa, R., Muthuswamy, P.",1977,Influence of soil moisture regimes under different fertilizer treatments on the HCN content of tapioca,Madras Agricultural Journal,64,6,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8554/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Kaiser, W.J., Teemba, L.R.",1979,Use of tissue culture and thermotherapy to free East African cassava cultivars of African cassava mosaic and cassava brown streak diseases,Plant Disease Reporter,63,9,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8560/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Kaiser, W. J., Teemba, L. R.",1979,Use of Tissue-Culture and Thermotherapy to Free East-African Cassava Cultivars of African Cassava Mosaic and Cassava Brown Streak Diseases,Plant Disease Reporter,63,9,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8561/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Kalenga Saka, J.D.",1993,Reduction of cyanide content during cooking and sun-drying of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaves,Tropical Science,33,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8574/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Kalyaeva, M.",2010,Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Agricultural Varieties of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Animal,46,,10.1007/s11626-010-9339-6,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8579/,"Cassava is sub-Saharan African’s second most important food crop. Our goal is to genetically enhance cassava for increased resistance to various diseases and for enhanced nutritional value of starchy tuberous roots. Transgenic technologies hold promise for stacking such beneficial traits within germplasm already preferred by farmers in this outcrossing, vegetatively propagated crop. While robust Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation systems are in place for the variety 60444, this cultivar is not longer grown by farmers in West Africa. Improved systems for the genetic transformation of a range of East and West African cultivars have been developed based on transgene integration into friable embryogenic callus and subsequent regeneration of plants. Factors that produced significant differences in frequencies of cassava transformation included duration of Agrobacterium co-cultivation, medium composition, type, and concentration of antibiotics in the medium used to control Agrobacterium. Information will be presented for the transgenic cultivars recovered.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Kamal, M., Hadi, M.S., Hariyanto, E., Jumarko, Ashadi",2014,"Grain yield and nutrient and starch content of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) genotypes as affected by date of intercropping with cassava in Lampung, Indonesia",J. ISSAAS,20,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8583/,"Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is one of the cereal crops utilized as source of food, feed and bioethanol production. Intercropping with cassava is a promising means of developing sorghum plants in Lampung province of Indonesia. However, little information on sorghum intercropped with cassava has been documented. The study sought to evaluate the effect of planting dates on grain yield and content N, P, K and seed starch of several sorghum genotypes intercropped with cassava. A field experiment was conducted in Waway Karya of East Lampung, Lampung Province-Indonesia in 2009-2010. The treatments were arranged factorially with split-plot in randomized block design with three replications. The main plot was planting dates consisting of three levels, that was, 0, 2 and 4 weeks after planting cassava. Sub-plot was sorghum genotypes including Kawali, Mandau, B-76 and B-92. Fertilizers used were urea, SP-36 and KCl. Sorghum plants intercropped with cassava and planted in interrows of cassava, while cassava was planted with row spacing at 2 and 4 weeks-after planting cassava resulted in lower grain yield and content of nutrient and seed starch compared to that planted at the same date of cassava planting. The highest reduction occurred at the planting date of 4 weeks after planting cassava, that was, 72.9% for sorghum grain yield. The reduction in N, P and K content of sorghum plants caused by 4-weeks delayed planting was 14.5, 26.7 and 41.9%, respectively, while the reduction of seed starch content was only 6.0%.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Kamalam, P., Rajendran, P. G., Hrishi, N.",1977,New Technique for Rapid Propagation of Cassava (Manihot-Esculenta-Crantz),Tropical Agriculture,54,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8586/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Kamara, S.V.",1993,Effect on the yield of groundnut intercropped with maize and cassava in farmers' fields in Liberia,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8595/,Groundnut is grown as a separate crop by 11-25% of the agricultural households in Liberia. Groundnut sown as a sole crop produced higher yields than groundnut intercropped with maize and cassava. Groundnut intercropped with maize gave a yield advantage of 50.75 kg/ha over groundnut intercropped with cassava. The 1989 cropping season produced more groundnuts than the 1988 season when they were sown as a sole crop,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Aalbersberg, W.G.L., Limalevu, L. (University of the South Pacific, PO Box 1168, Suva (Fiji))",1991,Cyanide content in fresh and processed Fijian cassava (Manihot esculenta) cultivars,,v. 31,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/86/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Kanagarasu, S., Sheela, M. N., Ganeshram, S., John Joel, A.",2014,"The physicochemical, biochemical and pasting properties of forty one cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) Landraces",Vegetos,27,1,10.5958/j.2229-4473.27.1.013,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8615/,"Forty one cassava landraces received from CTCRI, Thiruvanathapuram were evaluated for their physicochemical, biochemical and pasting properties to find their industrial applications. In the present study, amylose content ranged between 15.2-32.4 per cent and starch content between 10.8-38.52 per cent. Among the 41 landraces studied, paste clarity was high for nineteen landraces. Swelling of cassava flours increases with increasing temperature and was measured from 50-80C. Correlation study revealed that the amylose content was positively correlated to starch content and peak viscosity while it was negatively correlated to paste clarity suggesting its importance in food, textile and paper industries. Peak viscosity showed significant positive correlation with BDV, HPV, CPV and SBV. The identified two landraces viz., Manjettan and Thukkuvella 6 possess low amylose content with high paste clarity. The landraces Mysore and Kavaram Kutty recorded high swelling power with high amylose and starch content and the landrace Attukomban had low final viscosity, pasting time with acceptable amylose and starch content. These genotypes are selected for their suitability to food based industries.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Kananji, B.",1992,Prospects for using Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. in mixture with agriculture crops,South African forestry journal,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8616/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Kanaujia, R. S.",,Notes on an unrecorded fungal disease of Manihot esculenta,Indian phytopathology,Sept 1979. v. 32 (3),,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8618/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Kang, B. T., Islam, R., Sanders, F. E., Ayanaba, A.",1980,Effect of phosphate fertilization and inoculation with VA-mycorrhizal fungi on performance of cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) grown on an alfisol,Field Crops Research,3,C,10.1016/0378-4290(80)90009-X,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8626/,"Field and greenhouse investigations were carried out in southern Nigeria to study the effects of phosphate fertilization and inoculation with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza on performance of the local cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivar Ishinukakijan grown on Egbeda soil series (Oxic Paleustalf). Field-grown cassava appears to have a low P requirement. At 3.4 ppm Bray P-1 or about 0.01 ppm P soil solution tuber yield was still reasonably high at 35 t/ha. Eight ppm Bray P-1 or 0.04 ppm P in the soil solution were required for maximum tuber yield, about 49 t/ha. Sampled at 3 months after planting, a P concentration of above 0.5% and 0.38% in leaf blades and leaf petioles, respectively, were considered adequate. Percentage mycorrhizal fungal infection of cassava fibrous roots depended on extractable soil P levels, being low at high soil P levels and high at low soil P levels. Inoculation with mixed native VA-mycorrhizal fungi or with Glomus mosseae significantly improved growth, lowered P response and increased P uptake in plant tops of pot-grown cassava in sterilized soil. Mycorrhized cassava to utilize phosphorus better from the more available Morocco rock phosphate than one from Togo. Inoculation with Glomus mosseae reduced plant growth and P uptake in unsterilized soil. The results of the pot trials lend support tha the observation that the low P requirement of field-grown cassava may be related to its association with VA-mycorrhizal fungi. 1980.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Kanto, U., Jutamanee, K., Jattupornpong, S.",2009,"Effect of pig manure extract as foliar application on plant growth, chlorophyll contents, leaf expansion and yield of cassava (Manihot esculenta Cranz) cv. Hauybong 60",Journal of ISSAAS [International Society for Southeast Asian Agricultural Sciences],15,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8653/,"Pig manure is a problematic farm waste but containing all nutrients required by plants. This study sought to utilize pig manure extract (PME) as a source of nutrient for cassava production. The plants were subjected to five treatments as follows 1. No fertilizer, 2. Chemical fertilizer 21-10-10 at 40 kg/rai applied at 45 days after planting, 3. Foliar application of PME, 4. Soil application of PME and 5. Foliar and soil application of PME. PME as foliar or soil application was done every month from 45 until 245 days after planting and harvested after 10 months. The plants with foliar and soil application of PME had the highest yield of 12.73 ton/rai. Chlorophyll contents in all fertilizer applications decreased in the first 4 months, increased until 6 months and decreased again at 8 months after planting. There were significant differences in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content at 4 months after planting where foliar and soil application of PME showed the highest chlorophyll contents. Leaf expansion (LAI) gradually increased from 3 to 6 months after planting but was reduced after 6 months due to the reduction of leaf canopy except those on chemical fertilizer application. There were no significant difference in plant height and stem diameter of the plants. Soil and foliar applications of PME provided higher starch content of roots. The difference in soil strength was 39%. The higher yield always found in the low soil strength plots. The application of PME as a soil and foliar fertilizer could provide higher roots yield than chemical fertilizer application.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Kardell, O.",1993,A theoretical study for North Vietnam of alternative agroforestry systems to pure cassava,Agroforestry Systems,21,3,10.1007/BF00705244,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8683/,"Cassava is recognized in the region as the second most important crop after paddy rice. In Vinh Phu province of Vietnam, it is usually grown on highly erodible slopes of the small hills surrounding paddy fields. Cassava crop land is generally in annual use until the yield is less than 3–4 t fresh tubers/ha. This constant cropping system rapidly depletes the soil as fertilizers are infrequently used and crop residues are usually removed from the fields. Erosion is a major problem as the soil is exposed through hand cultivation and regular weeding during a cropping season which coincides with the wet season. Sustainable and productive cropping systems are needed.

In order to take a first step towards sustainability, this paper presents several possible agroforestry systems in which cassava could be intercropped with a number of nitrogen fixing trees and shrubs. Several theoretical combinations have been examined assuming a critical lower production limit of 3–4 t fresh tubers/ha. Those with sustained high potential yields are recommended for future field experimentation.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Karikari, S.K.",1981,"Intercropping of plantains, cocoyams, and cassava","Tropical Root Crops: Research Strategies for the 1980s. Proceedings of the first triennial root crops symposium of the international society for tropical root crops Africa branch, 8-12 September 1980, Ibadan, Nigeria",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8688/,"At the University of Ghana, Agricultural Research Station, Kade, the yields of marketable products obtained from pure stands of plantains, cocoyams, and cassava were compared with those from mixed stands. There were four mixed groups plantains-cocoyams-cassava; plaintains-cocoyams; plantains-cassava; and cassava-cocoyams. The plaintain-cocoyam intercrop showed a slight increase in yield (5 percent) for the plantains, but in all other mixes the intercrop yielded less than did the pure stands. The decline in yields when plantains were one of two intercrops (with either cocoyams or cassava) was not significant. However, when plantains, cocoyams, and cassava and when cocoyams and cassava were intercropped together, the decline in yields compared with pure stands was very highly significant. The results of this work provide useful agronomic considerations for the design of plantains, cocoyams, and cassava cropping patterns.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Karnik, A. R., Apte, U. B., Jadhav, B. B., Wagh, R. G.",1993,Intercropping of Legumes and Vegetables with Rain-Fed Cassava (Manihot-Esculenta),Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,63,5,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8696/,"An experiment was conducted during rainy seasons of 1986-88 to find out the most profitable cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)-based cropping pattern for Konkan region. Cassava 'H 2304' was intercropped with 6 popularly grown crops, viz 'Sel 2-2' okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.), 'Sindhkheda' blackgram (Phaseolus mungo L.), 'Pusa Naubahar' clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taubert], 'C 152' cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], 'Contender' french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and 'M 13' groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Cassava monoculture gave significantly highest tuber yield (26.16 tonnes/ha), followed by cassava + cowpea (23.26 tonnes/ha) and cassava + blackgram intercropping (22.66 tonnes/ha). The intercropping systems reduced the tuberyield of cassava than monoculture. Among various intercrops, okra (2 967 kg/ha), clusterbean (1 729 kg/ha) and french bean (1 886 kg/ha) performed better than blackgram (369 kg/ha), cowpea (560 kg/ha) and groundnut (862 kg/ha). Cassava + groundnut intercropping showed the highest cost benefit ratio (1 1.44), followed by cassava monoculture (1 1.42) and cassava + okra combination (1 1.39).",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Kartha, K.K., Gamborg, O.L., Constabel, F., Shyluk, J.P.",1974,Regeneration of cassava plants from apical meristems,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8698/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Kartha, K.K., Gamborg, O.L. (National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Prairie Regional Laboratory)",1975,Potential value of a tissue culture technique for producing mosaic symptom-free cassava plants,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8699/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Allem, A.C., Hahn, K.",1991,Cassava germplasm strategies for Africa,"International Workshop on Crop Genetic Resources of Africa (1988, Nairobi, Kenya)",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/870/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Kartha, K. K., Gamborg, O. L.",1975,Elimination of Cassava Mosaic Disease by Meristem Culture,Phytopathology,65,7,10.1094/Phyto-65-826,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8700/,"The cassava mosaic agent was eliminated from two cultivars of Indian and Nigerian origin by culturing shoot apical meristems on a Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with benzyladenine (5 × 10–7 M), naphthaleneacetic acid (10–6M) and gibberellic acid (GA3 10–7 M). Plant regeneration averaged 90 to 95% and 60% of the regenerated plants were mosaic symptom-free when explants of up to 0.4 mm in length were cultured. Growing diseased cuttings at 35 C for 30 days resulted in the production of plants without symptoms and from such plants meristem tips of up to 0.8 mm were cultured and mosaic disease-free plants regenerated. Results of graft transmission experiments demonstrated the absence of the causal agent in the plants regenerated by meristem culture technique.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Allem, A.C.",1994,origin of Manihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiaceae),,v. 41,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/872/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Allem, A.C.",1999,new species of Manihot (Euphorbiaceae) from the Brazilian Amazon,,v. 160,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/874/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Katz, J. M., La Frano, M. R., Winter, C. K., Burri, B. J.",2013,Modelling potential -carotene intake and cyanide exposure from consumption of biofortified cassava,Journal of Nutritional Science,2,,10.1017/jns.2012.30,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8751/,"Vitamin A (VA) deficiency causes disability and mortality. Cassava can be crossbred to improve its -carotene (BC) content; typical white cassava contains negligible amounts of BC. However, cassava contains cyanide and its continued consumption may lead to chronic disability. Our objective was to estimate the risk-benefit of consuming BC-enhanced cassava to increase VA intake. A total of ten American women were fed white and BC-enhanced cassava. BC and cyanide data from the feeding study were combined with African cassava consumption data to model the potential daily BC, VA and cyanide intakes of African women. If BC-enhanced cassava replaced white cassava in the diets, it could theoretically meet recommended VA intakes for the following percentages of individuals from six African countries that consume cassava as a staple crop Angola (95 %), Central African Republic (95 %), Congo (about 100 %), Ghana (99 %), Mozambique (99 %) and Nigeria (92 %). Cyanide intake after minimal preparation of cassava could be thirteen to thirty-two times the reference dose (RfD), a toxicological exposure reference, but could be completely removed by extensive soaking. This study demonstrates that consumption of BC-enhanced cassava, processed to maintain BC and remove cyanide, theoretically increases VA intakes for African populations and other areas of the world where cassava is a staple crop. The Author(s) 2013.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Kaunda, L.J.",1997,Biological control of the cassava greenmite monomychellus tinajoa in Malawi,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8754/,"The project started in August 1987 with the aim of (a) reducing casssava losses caused by the CGM and the cassava mealybug Phenococcus manihoti, Mat. Ferr., Malawi (b) reducing food grain losses caused by storage pest (moulds, insects,rodents) It consisted of three basic biological control strategies namely (a) Introduction of ecologically adapted natural enemies from outside the target area.( b) Conservation of natural enemies present in the system through cultural practises which enhance their activity. (c) augumentation where local natural enemies are multiplied and released to increase impact.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Kawano, K., Daza, P., Amaya, A., Rios, M., Goncalves, W. M. F.",1978,Evaluation of Cassava Germplasm for Productivity,Crop Science,18,3,10.2135/cropsci1978.0011183X001800030006x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8770/,"A yield evaluation in single-row plots were made in Colombia of approximately 1,900 accessions of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), collected throughout Latin America and 4,700 hybrid lines from crosses within the same germplasm. Superior genotypes were selected on the basis of harvest index (proportion of root weight to total plant weight) and root yield in single-row plots and then evaluated in replicated yield trials under diverse environments. With a rainfall of less than 800 mm well distributed throughout the year on a fertile soil, root dry-matter yield of 21 metric ton/ha/year (average of top 10 genotypes) was obtained without irrigation or fertilization. Yields of 12 metric ton/ha/year dry matter were obtained without irrigation in a climate with a 5 monthd ry season. Yields of 8 metric ton/ha/year dry matter were obtained on acid oxisols of the tropical savanna, with a moderatef ertilizer application. Several genotypes showedc onsistently superior performanceo ver the wide range of environments, and their yields exceeded those of correspondinglo cal strains by 50 to 150%. These results confirm that cassava is an efficient carbohydrate producer adapted to a wide range of environments, is tolerant of drought and acid soils, and offers a great opportunity for genetic improvement. Present farm yields of 3 to 5 metric ton/ha/year (dry matter) could be increased to 10 to 15 ton/ha/year through simple selection and improved cultural practices. Largescale carbohydratep roductioni n tropical savanna o xisols is possible by planting improved cassava genotypes.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Kawano, K.",1980,Cassava,Hybridization of Crop Plants,,,10.2135/1980.hybridizationofcrops.c13,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8771/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Kawano, K., Tiraporn, C., Tongsri, S., Kano, Y.",1982,Efficiency of yeild selection in cassava populations under different plant spacings,Crop Science,v. 22,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8772/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Kawano, K., Thung, M. D.",1982,Intergenotypic Competition and Competition with Associated Crops in Cassava,Crop Science,22,1,10.2135/cropsci1982.0011183X002200010013x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8773/,"The competitive ability (defined as root yield in mixture/root yield in monoculture) of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genotypes in monoculture, mixed populations and in multiple cropping systems was studied in the field. Strong competitors produced more roots and stems in genotypic mixtures than in monoculture and did so at the expense of weak competitors. Competitive ability was positively correlated with spacing response and stem and leaf-weight at harvest, but negatively correlated with harvest index (proportion of root weight to total plant weight) and root yield in monoculture. Because of the negative correlation of competitive ability with root yield in monoculture, improvement in the productivity of cassava cultivars will likely occur through improvements in plant efficiency and at the expense of competitive ability. It is therefore recommended that in selecting high yielding genotypes potentially adapted to productive environments, strong competitors should be eliminated from segregating populations.

Modest yield reductions (9 to 13%) occured when cassava was planted in association with beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) or soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]. Beans, planted in association with cassava, had non-significant reductions in yields whereas yields of soybeans were severely reduced. Yields of beans and soybeans were negatively correlated with vegetative vigor of the associated cassava genotype, but were not correlated with yield or intergenotypic competitive ability of the cassava genotype. Cassava can be planted in association with short-duration crops without sacrificing much in the yields of either crop. High-yielding cassava genotypes with low vegetative vigor would bring about high combined yields of cassava and the associated crop.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Kawano, K., Umemura, Y., Kano, Y.",1983,Field Assessment and Inheritance of Cassava Resistance to Superelongation Disease,Crop Science,23,2,10.2135/cropsci1983.0011183X002300020002x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8775/,"Effects of superelongation disease, caused by the fungus Elsinoe Brasiliensis Zeigler and Lozano, on cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) clones (different genotypes) were studied in fields under high natural disease infection to assess value of genetic resistance and efficiency of field selection. The disease caused 20 to 70% yield reduction on susceptible clones relative to resistant clones depending on planting time and presence of cassava bacterial blight. Susceptible clones could not produce good planting stakes for next plantings. On resistant clones, the disease spread slowly while on susceptible ones it spread rapidly causing abnormal stem elongation and leaf death. Resistance was a quantitative trait controlled largely by additive genetic factors and not negatively correlated with yielding ability per se. Cultivar order of resistance was stable over 8 years of observation. Use of resistant parents in hybridizations combined with simple phenotypic field selection under high natural disease pressure should effectively improve resistance of cassava cultivars.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Kawano, K., Tiraporn, Ch., Sinthuprama, S., Soenarijo, R., Tan, S.L., Mariscal, A.M., Apilar, E.",1986,CIAT germplasm in Asian cassava research program,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8776/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Kawano, K., Tiraporn, C., Sinthuprana, S., Soenarjo, R., Lian, T.S., Mariscal, A.M., Apilar, E.",1986,CIAT germplasm in Asian cassava research programs,"Cassava in Asia, its Potential Research and Development Needs: Proceedings of a Regional Workshop held in Bangkok, Thailand, 5-8 June, 1984",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8777/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Allemann, J., Schumann, J.P., Allemann, A.",1993,Current and future initiatives in cassava research in South Africa,"Proceedings of the First International Scientific Meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology Network, Cartagena, Colombia, 25-28 August 1992",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/878/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Kawano, K. (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali (Colombia))",1992,Twenty years of cassava varietal improvement for yield and adaptation. Process of CIAT collaboration with national program,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8780/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Kawano, K., Narintaraporn, K., Narintaraporn, P., Sarakarn, S., Limsila, A., Limsila, J., Suparhan, D., Sarawat, V., Watananonta, W.",1998,Yield improvement in a multistage breeding program for cassava,Crop Science,38,2,10.2135/cropsci1998.0011183X003800020007x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8783/,"The role of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is rapidly changing from a traditional fresh human food commodity to an efficient crop for agro-industrial processing in many parts of Asia. Varietal improvement for higher yield and root dry matter content is bringing additional cash income to a great number of small farmers. We documented the yield component data of breeding populations through five evaluation stages with and without selection. We define a best selection scheme based on the genetic, interaction, and error parameters obtained. Important conclusions are (i) broad-sense heritability and phenotypic correlations obtained at a given selection stage may lead to erroneous selection schemes, (ii) regression across evaluation stages gives the most useful information, (iii) in early evaluation stages, eliminating inferior phenotypes is more beneficial than selecting superior phenotypes, (iv) selection for root dry matter content can be conducted without serious effects on other yield components, (v) harvest index has consistently high heritability at each evaluation stage, while biomass and yield have low heritability, (vi) genotype X evaluation stage interaction for yield is greatest between single-row and plot trials, while that of harvest index is much smaller [selection at single-row trials (SRT), usually the second stage of evaluation, is most crucial to the final success of selection for higher yield], and (vii) indirect selection for yield through harvest index is more effective than direct selection by yield itself especially in the early evaluation stages. Realized selection confirmed the conclusions. Actual cultivar dissemination testifies the usefulness of this methodology.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Kawilaves, Prayuth, Supattanakul, Winai, Somchai Anusontpornperm(Thailand Institute of Scientific, Technological Research, Bangkok (Thailand). Agro-Technology Dept.)",1996,"Effects of vetiver grass and leucaena for soil erosion control in sugarcane, maize and cassava crop practices",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8793/,"Four experiments on the effects of vetiver grass and leucaena in sugarcane, maize and cassava (grown early and at nearly the end of rainy season) crop practices were conducted during 1993-1995 in a farmer field at Tambon Huai Bong, Amphoe Dan Khun Thot, Changwat Nakhon Ratchasima. The experimental plots were in a soil with sandy loam surface on three, four, five and six percent slope respectively. The experimental design of all experiments was randomized complete block with four replications. Each replication consisted of four treatments one and two-rows of vetiver grass strip, one-row of leucaena strip and the control. Results obtained from the experiments revealed no significant difference among treatments in the amount of soil loss due to erosion in the first and second year in sugarcane. On the other hand, in maize, the control treatment showed the highest amount of soil loss with an average of 7.236 ton/ha which was significantly higher than that of the one-row of vetiver grass strip treatment in the first year. In the second year, the control still showed the highest amount of soil loss with an average of 16.753 ton/ha. This was highly significant different from all other treatments. For cassava grown in early rainy season, the different treatments did not show any significant difference in the amount of soil loss in the first year. However, in second year the amount of soil loss obtained from the control was 44.107 ton/ha which was about six times higher than that from the other treatments. In another cassava plot grown near the end of rainy season, the data showed no significant difference in the first year, however, in the second year the control gave the highest soil loss with an average of 23.03 ton/ha. This was significantly higher than that of the two-row of vetiver strip treatment. In these experiments it was found that the yields of sugarcane, maize and cassava in different treatments were not significantly different.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Allemann, J., Laurie, S.M., Thiart, S., Vorster, H.J. (Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria (South Africa). Roodeplaat Vegetable, Ornamental Plant Inst.)",2004,"Sustainable production of root and tuber crops (potato, sweet potato, indigenous potato, cassava) in southern Africa",South African Journal of Botany,v. 70,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/880/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Keating, B. A., Evenson, J. P., Fukai, S.",1982,Environmental Effects on Growth and Development of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) I. Crop Development,Field Crops Research,5,4,10.1016/0378-4290(82)90030-2,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8808/,"Morphological development of serial plantings of the cassava cultivar M Aus 10, made over a year and each grown for 1 year duration, were studied with sequential harvests in the relatively high latitude (27° 37′S) environment of S.E. Queensland, Australia under favourable moisture and nutritional conditions. The extent and timing of storage root initiation was relatively unaffected by the different temperature, solar radiation and photoperiod conditions associated with the different planting dates. Likewise, main stem and lateral branch number showed little variation either between planting dates or with time in any one planting. The time to first flowering and forking was substantially reduced for mid-summer planting dates, an effect being most likely related to the longer photoperiods of these months.

Canopy development was also highly seasonal with leaf area indices ranging from above 10.0 in March and April for early planted crops to zero in the cooler months of August and September for all planting dates.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Keating, B. A., Evenson, J. P., Fukai, S.",1982,Environmental effects on growth and development of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) II. Crop growth rate and biomass yield,Field Crops Research,5,4,10.1016/0378-4290(82)90031-4,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8809/,"Frequent harvests of serial plantings of cassava (cv. M Aus 10) in S.E. Queensland, Australia (latitude 27° 37′S) were used to examine the effect of environment on dry matter growth and biomass yield.

Maximum crop growth rates (CGR) calculated from fitted logistic curves ranged from 23.8 to 2.4 g m−2 day−1 for the various planting dates and occurred in late summer to autumn, becoming progressively smaller and later for plantings made later in the growth season. Crop growth rate declined to zero or near zero for all planting dates in late winter. Maximum CGR's were higher than those reported for cassava at lower latitudes but, because of the restricted growing season, annual biomass yields from early planting times were similar and of the order of 30 t ha−1 year−1.

Multiple regression models were developed which could account for 89% of the variation in CGR in terms of mean air temperature or solar radiation and leaf area index (LAI). Temperature and solar radiation were highly correlated at this experimental site and it was not possible to distinguish their separate effects on CGR.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Allen, G.H.",1979,"Cassava, a new look at an old crop",Queensland Agricultural Journal,105,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/881/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Keating, B. A., Evenson, J. P., Fukai, S.",1982,Environmental effects on growth and development of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) III. Assimilate distribution and storage organ yield,Field Crops Research,5,4,10.1016/0378-4290(82)90032-6,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/8810/,"Assimilate distribution and storage organ (storage roots plus swollen planting piece) yield of serial plantings of the cassava cultivar M Aus 10, made throughout a year, and grown for one year duration were studied with sequential harvests in S.E. Queensland (latitude 27° 37′S), Australia.

Seasonal differences in the proportion of total dry matter assimilation partitioned to storage organs over a given time period (referred to as distribution ratio, DR) were observed with low DR over the mid-summer (January to March) period (0.1 to 0.3) when crop growth rate (CGR) was at a maximum compared with 0.4 to 0.5 in November to December and 0.5 to 1.0 in late autumn to winter (April to July). This period of low DR restricted storage organ yields which were generally lower (6–9 t DW ha−1 year−1) than those reported for adapted germplasm at lower latitudes.

Multiple regression models were developed which accounted for much of the variation in DR in terms of mean air temperature or photoperiod and leaf area index (R2 = 0.73). High temperatures, long photoperiods and high leaf area indices were associated with reduced DR. Mean air temperature and photoperiod are highly correlated in this environment and their separate effects on DR could not be distinguished. This model of distribution ratio was combined with earlier published models of CGR, and storage organ growth rate predicted.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Keating, B. A.",1983,Environmental-Effects on Cassava,Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science,49,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8813/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Keating, B.A., Wilson, G.L., Evenson, J.P.",1985,Effect of photoperiod on growth and development of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Australian Journal of Plant Physiology,12,6,10.1071/PP9850621,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8814/,"Effects of photoperiod on growth and development of cassava were studied in controlled environments. Plants of cultivars M Aus 7 and M Aus 10 were grown under short (10-h) and long (16-h) photoperiods and harvested at approximately weekly intervals for a period of 13 weeks. Long photoperiods resulted in large increases in leaf area through increases in both number (both cultivars) and size of leaves (M Aus 7 only). The timing, extent and anatomical characteristics of storage root initiation were similar for both cultivars under 10-h and 16-h photoperiods but the subsequent balance between shoot and storage root growth strongly favoured shoot growth in long days. Dry matter partitioning followed a simple allometric pattern with the proportionality between the relative growth rate of shoots and the relative growth rate of storage roots remaining constant with time but being altered by photoperiod.

Distribution to storage roots was quantitatively reduced in another experiment using M Aus 10 with each additional 1-h increment from 10-h to 16-h photoperiods. A treatment consisting of a short day (10 h) plus a 1-h night break in the middle of the dark period produced growth similar to long day treatment. Differences in cultivar response (Ceiba, CMC 84 and M Aus 7) to a range of photoperiods (11, 12, 13 and 14 h) were detected in a third experiment. The possible mechanisms and significance of these responses are discussed.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Kekeunou, S., Anyeng, M. V., Konyal, E., Bapfubusa, B., Bilong, C. F. B.",2014,"Morphology, development and reproduction of Zonocerus variegatus (L.) (Pyrgomorphidae) feeding on Vernonia amygdalina (Asteraceae) and Manihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae) in the laboratory",Pakistan Journal of Zoology,46,6,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8822/,"Vernonia amygdalina (Asteraceae) and Manihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae) are food sources for human and hosts plant of the African pest Zonocerus variegatus (L.) (Orthoptera Pyrgomorphidae). In this study, survival, larval development, morphology and reproduction of Z. variegatus on M. esculenta and V. amygdalina were investigated in the laboratory. The experiments were conducted in 180 cages and in each, a couple of stage 4, 5 or 6 larvae were introduced. Larvae and adults were nourished with leaves of M. esculenta or V. amygdalina. The experiments were monitored every two days, from November 2010 to September 2011, until the death of all the individuals. The results revealed that Z. variegatus survivorship was more than 83% and was not affected by diet change. The development proceeded normally and no supernumerary larval stage was noticed. Adult lifespan and the number of ootheca per female were higher on M. esculenta than on V. amygdalina. When the breeding started with the stage 4 and 5 larvae, the dimensions of the eggs were not affected by the diet variation; but when breeding started with stage 6 larvae, eggs were larger on V. amygdalina than on M. esculenta. The diet variation did not affect the body dimensions of Z. variegatus, except for the abdomen of adults derived from the larvae which were monitored since stages 5 or 6. The sexual dimorphism was noticed on the two diets. This work has provided an important data on the advancement of ecological knowledge on Z. variegatus. Copyright 2014 Zoological Society of Pakistan.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Kestner, Jean",1974,Manioc (cassava) compiled by Jean Kestner. -,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8849/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Khajarern, Jowaman",1980,Chemical composition of Thai cassava root products in 1979,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8869/,One hundred eighteen cassava samples were analyzed to determine whether there was any significant improvement in its quality after a previous experiment. The findings show that a) quality and root pellet were still low; b) fiber and ash content were still high.,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Allison, W. F., Otero-Davila, R.",1982,Simple mechanical digger for tropical root crops,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/888/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Khalid, A., Zhang, Q., Yasir, M., Li, F.",2017,Small RNA based genetic engineering for plant viral resistance: Application in crop protection,Frontiers in Microbiology,8,JAN,10.3389/fmicb.2017.00043,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8899/,"Small RNAs regulate a large set of gene expression in all plants and constitute a natural immunity against viruses. Small RNA based genetic engineering (SRGE) technology had been explored for crop protection against viruses for nearly 30 years. Viral resistance has been developed in diverse crops with SRGE technology and a few viral resistant crops have been approved for commercial release. In this review we summarized the efforts generating viral resistance with SRGE in different crops, analyzed the evolution of the technology, its efficacy in different crops for different viruses and its application status in different crops. The challenge and potential solution for application of SRGE in crop protection are also discussed.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Khalil, A.A.M.",1995,Agronomic studies on cassava plant,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8900/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Almazan, A.M., Theberge, R.L.",1989,Influence of cassava mosaic virus on cassava leaf-vegetable quality,Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad and Tobago),66,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/892/,"People of Zaire prefer cassava mosaic virus-infected cassava leaves to the healthy leaves for vegetable use. The diseased leaves are believed to be sweeter and more tender. To investigate this claim, leaves from three cassava clones, TMS 50395, TMS 30572 and Isunikankiyan, with disease ratings of one to five, were analysed for total cyanide (free and bound), protein (N x 6.25), total soluble sugars and crude fibre. Total cyanide concentration decreased significantly in the three clones with increasing disease severity; protein also decreased as the disease progressed (P=0.001). Total soluble sugars and crude fibre content were unrelated to disease rating.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Almazan, A.M. (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria). Root, Tuber, Plantain Improvement Program)",1992,Influence of cassava variety and storage on gari quality,Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad and Tobago),v. 69,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/894/,"Gari, a partially gelatinized dry cassava meal, was prepared from 35 cassava clones and evaluated to determine whether there are varietal quality differences. Based on the analyses of variance of the various physiochemical parameters measured, swelling capacity in water at room temperature and in water initially at 90-95 deg C, crude fibre concentration, gari pH, and eba pH and stickiness were significantly different among the gari samples. Swelling capacity was influenced by crude fibre and protein contents, gel consistency in water and in KOH, and amylograph consistency of the paste. Storage of gari with moisture content of 0.10 % in sealed plastic bags at 25 +- 2 deg C for periods ranging 2-40 weeks resulted in decreased cyanide concentration and less eba stickness.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Khasa, P. (University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa X.T. (Zaire). Department of Biology), Furlan, V., Fortin, J.A.",1992,Response of some tropical plant species to endomycorrhizal fungi under field conditions,Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad and Tobago),v. 69,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8945/,"Nineteen agricultural and sylvicultural plant species cultivated in Zaire were tested under field conditions for their response to endomycorrhizal fungi. All plant species, except amaranth, showed various degrees of root colonization in non-fumigated and fumigated soil. Eight plant species (African yam bean, wild mung, acacia, leveaena, onion, sweet potato, tomato and cassava) were highly dependent on mycorrhizae for normal growth and development. The added endomycorrhizal inoculum significantly increased root fungal colonization in 16 of the 19 plant species cultivated.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Khemnark, C.",1994,Rehabilitation of degraded tropical forest land through agroforestry practices a case study in Thailand,Journal of Tropical Forest Science,7,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8956/,For many years landless farmers have illegally encroached upon the dry evergreen forest at Sakaerat for upland agriculture. A land reform project which allocated land to landless farmers was established in the area in 1981. This study reports a two-year project to promote agroforestry practices by the establishment of demonstration plots of multipurpose trees interplanted with cassava or groundnuts. Survival and growth after two years is reported. -Author,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Khor, H., Tan, H.",1981,"lipids of young cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) leaves",Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,v. 32,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8975/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Khush, G. S.",2002,The promise of biotechnology in addressing current nutritional problems in developing countries,Food and Nutrition Bulletin,23,4,10.1177/156482650202300406,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8987/,"To meet the nutritional needs of a rapidly growing world population, which is likely to reach 8 billion by 2030, 50% more food grains with higher and more stable yields must be produced. Biofortification is considered the most effective way to increase micronutrient intakes. It is low cost and sustainable and does not require a change in eating habits or impose recurring costs. A research project to improve the iron and zinc content of rice was initiated at the International Rice Research Institute in 1992. Several experimental lines of rice with increased iron and zinc content have been produced. In another experiment rices with β-carotene have been produced. Other experimental efforts aim at raising the micronutrient content in wheat, maize, cassava, sweet potatoes, and beans. Maize with improved amino acid balance is being grown in several African countries.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Khush, G. S.",2008,Biofortification of crops for reducing malnutrition,Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy,74,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8988/,"Micronutrient deficiencies affect three billion people worldwide. Malnutrition hinders the development of human potential and nation's social and economic development. The World Health Organization (WHO) and Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) have made fighting the hidden hunger (i.e. micronutrient deficiencies) a high priority. The micronutrients, iron, zinc and vitamin A have been targeted for intervention due to immense magnitude of the problem amongst the world's poor. Emphasis of WHO is on supplementation and fortification. CGIAR efforts focus on Biofortification through its Harvest Plus Program. Micronutrient content of the staples of the poor (rice, wheat, maize, beans, cassava and sweet potatoes) is being improved through breeding and biotechnological approaches. Excellent example of application of biotechnology application is the development of so called ""golden rice"" with adequate levels of -carotene as all the existing rice varieties lack -carotene. Africa Harvest program is developing ""supersorghum"" with the aim of improving digestibility, and increasing the level of Vitamin A and E and iron and zinc.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Khush, G., Lee, S., Cho, J. I., Jeon, J. S.",2012,Biofortification of crops for reducing malnutrition,Plant Biotechnology Reports,6,3,10.1007/s11816-012-0216-5,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/8989/,"Micronutrient deficiencies affect approximately 3 billion people worldwide. Malnutrition hinders the development of human potential and social and economic development in developing countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) have made fighting micronutrient deficiencies, known as hidden hunger, a high priority. Deficiencies of the micronutrients, such as iron, zinc, and vitamin A, are the most devastating among the world's poor. WHO emphasizes nutrient supplementation and food fortification to address the malnutrition. CGIAR has placed a greater emphasis on biofortification through the HarvestPlus challenge program, and improved micronutrient content of the staple crops (rice, wheat, maize, beans, cassava, pearl millet, and sweet potato) through breeding and biotechnological approaches. An excellent example of biotechnology application is the development of 'golden rice' with adequate levels of a provitamin A, beta-carotene. The Africa Harvest and the BioCassava Plus programs, respectively, are developing sorghum and cassava with improved nutritional quality. Here, we summarize current strategies of crop biofortification and future prospects towards the development of biofortified crops.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"A.C.A., Lages, S.R., Tannenbaum",1978,Production of glucose from tapioca (cassava starch) and Farinha de mandioca (cassava meal),Food Science,v. 43,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Kigotho, A. W.",1997,... But cassava may be safer in future,Lancet,350,9084,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9006/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Almendras, A.S.",1982,"Effect of liming, fertilization and mycorrhizal inoculation in NPK uptake and growth of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/901/,"The response of cassava (cv. Lakan) to liming, NPK fertilization and mycorrhizal inoculation was evaluated through a pot experiment using an acid infertile soil (Luisiana clay). Fertilization significantly increased the degree of mycorrhizal infection, tuber dry weight and total dry matter yield regardless of inoculation and liming treatments. In unlimited but fertilized soils, inoculation significantly increased P uptake. Among fertilized treatments, no significant growth response was obtained from liming and inoculation. Using Lipa clay loam and Luisiana clay, the response of cassava to NPK fertilization and mycorrhizal inoculation was further investigated. The application of 45-60-60 in both soil types significantly increased tuber dry weight and total dry matter yield. A significant increase in P uptake over the 0-60-60 treatment was observed in Lipa clay loam and Luisiana clay applied with 45-60-60 and 90-60-60, respectively. Nitrogen and potassium uptakes were not significantly affected by NPK level in both soil types. Mycorrhizal inoculation apparently increased the degree of mycorrhizal infection in Luisiana clay but not in Lipa clay loam. In both experiments, results of correlation analyses showed that the degree of mycorrhizal infection was not related to shoot uptakes of N, P and K, dry weight of tubers, and total production correlated best with shoot nitrogen uptake.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Kim, Hoang, Ngoan, Tran Ngoc, Loan, Trinh Phuong, Viet, Bui Trang, Tuan, Vo Van, Khanh, Tran Cong, Quyen, Tran Ngoc, Ceballos, Hernan",2007,Genetic improvement of cassava in Vietnam: Current status and future approaches,Cassava Research and Development in Asia: Exploring New Opportunities for an Ancient Crop,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9022/,"Cassava breeding and varietal dissemination in Vietnam has made continuous progress. During the past decade (1991-2000) the Vietnam Cassava Program (VNCP), in cooperation with CIAT, Vedan and other cassava processing factories, has developed and disseminated six new high-yielding varieties: KM60, KM94, SM937-26, KM95, KM95-3 and KM98-1. In the crop year 2001/02, the area planted to KM94 and other new improved varieties reached about 94,500 ha or close to 33% of the total cassava area in Vietnam. Cassava yield and production in several provinces has doubled, brought about by the construction of new large-scale cassava processing factories, especially in the south of Vietnam. Currently, the cassava breeding program in Vietnam is evaluating annually about 12,000 hybrid seeds introduced from CIAT/Colombia, and is producing itself more than 3,000 hybrid seeds from 9-15 cross combinations. At Hung Loc Agricultural Research Center there are ten cassava breeding experiments conducted every year, and 18-24 Regional Trials are conducted in different cassava producing regions in collaboration with various institutions, universities and provincial extension offices. New clones, like KM98-5 (early harvestability, high-starch content, high fresh root yield) and KM98-1 (early harvestability, high fresh yield, low cyanogenic potential) are rapidly being multiplied to provide planting material for various purposes. More than 780 promising new clones have been selected, of which KM140, KM146 and KM 163 will be further tested and possibly selected for release. The objectives of further genetic improvement of cassava varieties in Vietnam are: 1) to increase the yield potential and starch content, and obtain early harvestability; 2) to improve quality and the nutritional value, especially the carotene and micronutrient content of cassava, in order to reduce blindness and Fe and Zn deficiency in people living in marginal environments.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Kim, Hoang, Ngoan, Tran Ngoc, Van Nagai, Nguyen, Howeler, Reinhardt H., Ceballos, Hernn",2008,New progress of cassava research and extension in Vietnam [poster],,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9025/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Almy, S.W., Besong, M.T.",1988,Cassava in the farming systems of Cameroon's high-rainfall coast,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/903/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Kimball, Bruce A.",2016,"Crop responses to elevated CO2 and interactions with H2O, N, and temperature",Current Opinion in Plant Biology,31,,10.1016/j.pbi.2016.03.006,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9041/,"About twenty-seven years ago, free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) technology was developed that enabled the air above open-field plots to be enriched with CO2 for entire growing seasons. Since then, FACE experiments have been conducted on cotton, wheat, ryegrass, clover, potato, grape, rice, barley, sugar beet, soybean, cassava, rape, mustard, coffee (C3 crops), and sorghum and maize (C4 crops). Elevated CO2 (550 ppm from an ambient concentration of about 353 ppm in 1990) decreased evapotranspiration about 10% on average and increased canopy temperatures about 0.7 °C. Biomass and yield were increased by FACE in all C3 species, but not in C4 species except when water was limiting. Yields of C3 grain crops were increased on average about 19%.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Kiyindou, A., Le Rue, B., Fabres, G.",1990,The numerical response of two coccinellids preying on the cassava mealybug to changes in the nature and abundance of the preys,Entomophaga,35,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9067/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Kizito, E.B., Bua, A., Fregene, M., Egwang, T., Gullberg, U., Westerbergh, A.",2005,The effect of cassava mosaic disease on the genetic diversity of cassava in Uganda,Euphytica,146,,10.1007/s10681-005-2959-3,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9071/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a tropical crop that is grown in Africa, Latin America and Southeast Asia. Cassava was introduced from Latin America into West and East Africa at two independent events. In Uganda a serious threat to cassava's survival is the cassava mosaic disease (CMD). Uganda has had two notable CMD epidemics since the introduction of cassava in the 1850s causing severe losses. SSR markers were used to study the effect of CMD on the genetic diversity in five agroecologies in Uganda with high and low incidence of CMD. Surprisingly, high gene diversity was detected. Most of the diversity was found within populations, while the diversity was very small among agroecological zones and the high and low CMD incidence areas. The high genetic diversity suggests a mechanism by which diversity is maintained by the active involvement of the Ugandan farmer in continuously testing and adopting new genotypes that will serve their diverse needs. However, in spite of the high genetic diversity we found a loss of rare alleles in areas with high CMD incidence. To study the effect of the introgression history on the gene pool the genetic differentiation between East and West Africa was also studied. Genetic similarities were found between the varieties in Uganda and Tanzania in East Africa and Ghana in West Africa. Thus, there is no evidence for a differentiation of the cassava gene pool into a western and an eastern genetic lineage. However, a possible difference in the genetic constitution of the introduced cassava into East and West Africa may have been diminished by germplasm movement.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Klein, Clarissa",2016,"Handbook on Cassava: Production, Potential Uses and Recent Advances",,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9078/,"Cassava produces about 10 times more carbohydrates than most cereals per unit area, and are ideal for production in marginal and drought prone areas. Cassava, which originated from tropical South America, is a perennial woody shrub with an edible root, which today is grown in tropical and subtropical regions of the world where it provides energy food and serves as a veritable source of food and income for over a billion people. This handbook provides new research on the production, consumption and potential uses of cassava.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Klein, C.",2017,"Handbook on cassava: Production, potential uses and recent advances","Handbook on Cassava: Production, Potential Uses and Recent Advances",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9079/,"Cassava produces about 10 times more carbohydrates than most cereals per unit area, and are ideal for production in marginal and drought prone areas. Cassava, which originated from tropical South America, is a perennial woody shrub with an edible root, which today is grown in tropical and subtropical regions of the world where it provides energy food and serves as a veritable source of food and income for over a billion people. This handbook provides new research on the production, consumption and potential uses of cassava.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Knapp, E. Bronson, Beltran G, Jorge Alonso",1994,Project 1 Effect of soil degradation and of practices for soil conservation or regeneration on the potential productivity of cultivated hillsides. II. Soil quality appraisal using estimates of the irreversible loss of attainable soil productivity,Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. Hillsides Program. Annual Report.,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9085/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Knoth, J.",1993,Traditional Storage of Yams and Cassava and Its Improvement,Traditional Storage of Yams and Cassava and Its Improvement,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9092/,"The book presents clearly the socio-cultural, economic and technical aspects of storage of yams and cassava. In the same time some findings on handling, storage and use without losses of these perishables are summarized",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Kobayashi, H.",1996,Current approach to soil and water conservation for upland agriculture in Thailand,JARQ,30,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9100/,"The economic orientation of agricultural production in Thailand during the past two or three decades through rapid conversion of forest land into farm land for the cultivation of cash crops such as cassava, sugarcane, etc. has resulted in severe soil erosion, land degradation and decrease of the soil moisture content due to the lack of implementation of appropriate soil and water conservation measures. Under these circumstances, the authorities concerned in Thailand have addressed the above-mentioned problems in terms of effective use of land resources and environmental conservation. In this paper, (1) soil and water conservation measures for upland areas that have been implemented in the project promoted by the authorities concerned in Thailand and (2) the results of the study on evaporation control of farm pond that was carried out from January 1994 to May 1994 in East Thailand were reported",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Koch, B.M., Sibbesen, O., Swain, E., Kahn, R.A., Liangcheng, D., Bak, S., Halkier, B.A., Moller, B.L.",1994,Possible use of a biotechnological approach to optimize and regulate the content and distribution of cyanogenic glucosides in cassava to increase food safety,Acta horticulturae,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9106/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Kochert, Gary",1995,Report of the working group on Manihot genome and genetic improvement,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9107/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Kogram Chamlong, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok (Thailand). Field Crops Research Institute. Ubon Ratchathani Field Crops Research Centre, Maneekao Sorasak, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok (Thailand). Field Crops Research Institute. Ubon Ratchathani Field Crops Research Centre, Poosri Bonguer, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok (Thailand). Field Crops Research Institute. Ubon Ratchathani Field Crops Research Centre",2002,Influence of chicken manure on cassava yield and soil properties,17th world congress of soil science held in bangkok thailand august 2002,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9113/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Kojima, M., Iwatsuki, N., Data, E. S., Villegas, C. D. V., Uritani, I.",1983,Changes of Cyanide Content and Linamarase Activity in Wounded Cassava Roots,Plant Physiology,72,1,10.1104/pp.72.1.186,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9117/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Kolawole, P. O., Agbetoye, L., Ogunlowo, S. A.",2010,Sustaining world food security with improved cassava processing technology The Nigeria experience,Sustainability,2,12,10.3390/su2123681,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9127/,"Cassava is a very important food crop that is capable of providing food security. However, a lot of problems prevent the development and use of modern equipment for its production. Most of the cassava produced still comes from peasant farmers who depend on manual tools for their field operations and these farmers have made Nigeria the world's largest producer of the crop. An increase in production of cassava to sustain the world food security needs improved machinery to allow its continuous cultivation and processing. Reasons for the low success recorded in the mechanization of cassava harvesting and processing were traced, and the attempts that have been made in the recent past by various engineers in Nigeria researching towards achieving mechanized harvesting and processing of cassava are well explained. The machinery required for cassava production in Africa, the development of new machines, and the need for more research and development in harvesting and processing machineries, which can reduce poverty worldwide and make food available and accessible for all, are also discussed. Research efforts made and the challenges facing the engineers, farmers, scientists and food processors towards achieving mechanical harvesting and processing of cassava are presented. Breeding a cassava variety with a regular shape for easy mechanization is one solution that could help the engineers worldwide. 2010 by the authors.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Kombiok, J.M. (CSIR, Accra (Ghana). Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, Tamale)",1996,Sustaining crop production in the savannah zone of northern Ghana the role of cereal/legume based cropping systems,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9134/,"The results of research from the Savannah zone conducted to assess the contributions of some legumes to soil fertility improvement for increased crop yield in cereal-based systems are reviewed. Groundnut [Arachis hypogaea] and cowpea have been identified as excellent preceding crops for the production of maize. Maize [Zea mays] yielded 3 tons more when cropped after groundnut or cowpea than after itself or sorghum. Cassava [Manihot esculenta] and maize yields were found to be 2.0 tons/ha and 1.5 tons/ha respectively more when intercropped or rotated with legumes than in their sole situations. The contribution of N by bambara groundnut, groundnut, cowpea and soybean in rotation, incresed maize yields by 2.9, 3.7, 3.1, and 3.3 tons/ha respectively. Other results and their impact at the farm level and suggestions for further research into different cropping systems should enable us sustain crop production with minimum use of external inputs",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Konan, N.K., Schopke, C., Carcamo, R., Beachy, R.N., Fauquet, C.",1997,efficient mass propagation system for cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) based on nodal explants and axillary bud-derived meristems,,v. 16,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9141/,"Nodes from 3- to 5-week-old in vitro plants of different cassava cultivars were cultured for 2-3 days or solid Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with cytokinin to induce the enlargement of auxillary buds. Subculture of these buds on the same medium resulted in multiple shoot formation within 4-6 weeks. Of the four cytokinins tested (6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), thidiazuron (TDZ), zeatin, and kinetin), BAP induced shoot development most efficiently. The best results were obtained with cultivar TMS 30555, in which 63% of the explants each produced at least 25 shoots on medium with 10 mg/l BAP. In cultivars that did not produce shoots, the addition of the surfactant Pluronic F-68 (2% wt/vol) raised the percentage of explants forming at least 5 shoots from 0 to 20-60%. Axillary buds were also used to dissect meristems and test their ability to regenerate into shoots. Shoot formation from meristems of six different cultivars was observed after preculture on medium with 5 mg/l BAP followed by transfer to 10 mg/l BAP.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Kongsil, P., Kittipadakul, P., Phumichai, C., Lertsuchatavanich, U., Petchpoung, K.",2016,Path analysis of agronomic traits of Thai cassava for high root yield and low cyanogenic glycoside,Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science,39,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9158/,"Most high-yielding cassava cultivars have high cyanogenic glycoside (CNglcs) content in their roots and the CNglcs content of &lt; 50 ppm in fresh root is considered safe for consumption. The root yield and CNglcs content which are agronomic traits involving several genes and environmental interactions can be evaluated only during the harvest time. In this study, 83 breeding lines and parents were evaluated for the variation and correlation between root yield and CNglcs content with 17 agronomic traits root weight, leaf weight, stem weight, starch content, harvest index, root number, plant type, plant height, the first branch height, cyanide-equivalent contents in root and in leaf, chlorophyll content, carotenoid contents in leaf and in root, and cassava bacterial blight, fibrous and tuberous root-knot symptom scorings that may affect root yield and CNglcs content. The multiple regression and path analysis indicated that a) harvest index, leaf weight and stem weight, and b) stem weight, starch content, CNglcs content in leaf, the first branch height and leaf weight could produce root weight with predicted R2 = 86.03 and 47.05%, respectively. Also, a) chlorophyll content, CNglcs content in leaf, and root-knot symptom scoring, and b) carotenoid content in leaf and CNglcs content in leaf could be used in screening for low CNglcs content in root with predicted R2 = 52.20 and 55.06%, respectively. However, CNglcs content in leaf and root did not show any correlation with cassava bacterial blight and fibrous root-knot symptom scorings. Further evaluation and trial in other locations are required for the verification. Universiti Putra Malaysia Press.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Korang-Amoakoh, S., Cudjoe, R.A., Adjakloe, R.K.",1987,Biological control of cassava pests in Ghana,Insect Science and Its Application,8,04/05/2006,10.1017/S174275840002316X,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9164/,"Cassava is one of the most important staple crops in Ghana. Losses from the cassava mealybug (CM), Phenacoccus manihoti, and cassava green mite (CGM), Mononychellus tanajoa, infestations in 1983 were estimated at 0.8 m metric tons of tubers. An integrated control programme with biological control playing a key role has been established within the Plant Protection and Quarantine Unit of the Ministry of Agriculture. Of the five beneficial insect species released, only the parasitoid, Epidinocarsis lopezi has so far been established against the CM over the greater part of Ghana. Damage caused by the CM has been reduced quite remarkably, largely due to E. lopezi, with local beneficial insects playing some contributory role. The activity of hyperparasitoids is high and reduces the overall efficiency of E. lopezi. The effect of CGM is prominent now, perhaps because of the reduction in CM. Exotic phytoseiid mite species were released but no establishment could be documented.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Kotto-Same, J., Woomer, P.L., Appolinaire, M., Louis, Z.",1997,Carbon dynamics in slash-and-burn agriculture and land use alternatives of the humid forest zone in Cameroon,"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment",65,3,10.1016/S0167-8809(97)00060-1,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9176/,"One of the environmental consequences of slash-and-burn farming is the loss of forest system carbon which in turn contributes to atmospheric change and impacts upon global climates. International attention has become focused upon the development of alternatives to slash-and-burn agriculture to alleviate poverty, protect biodiversity and reduce climate change. Before alternative land use systems can be evaluated in terms of carbon sequestration, baseline measurements of carbon dynamics resulting from current practices are required. We have characterized the carbon stocks in six slash-and-burn chronosequences in the humid forest zone of Cameroon. Each chronosequence consisted of original forest, two year-old cropland, a cacao plantation, bush fallow, tree fallow and secondary forest. Four, nine and seventeen years, respectively, had passed since the original forest was cleared for the latter three land uses. At each of 36 site × land use combinations, tree, understorey, litter, root and soil (0–50 cm) carbon were measured in five 100 m2 quadrates. The original forest contained 308 t C ha−1 and lost 220 t C ha−1 upon conversion to agriculture. The most vulnerable carbon pool was the above ground tree biomass and the most stable was soil organic matter. Carbon reaccumulated in the recovering fallows at a rate of 9.4 t C ha−1 yr−1 (r = 0.83). When these results were extrapolated using a geographic information system, deforestation rates in Southern Cameroon were estimated to be 1,355 km−2 yr−1 between 1973 and 1988 resulting in annual forest system carbon losses of 13.5 million t C. During the course of this study, three alternatives to slash-and-burn were identified: commercial cassava cultivation, improved forest conversion, and stratified agroforestry. These alternative land uses have the potential to reduce C losses over current practices by 10, 55 and 75 t C ha−1, respectively, and also differ greatly in their potential to alleviate rural poverty, protect biodiversity and deflect additional deforestation.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Alphen, J.J.M. van., Neuenschwander, P., Dijken, M.J. van., Hammond, W.N.O., Herren, H.R.",1989,Insect invasions the case of the Cassava Mealybug and its natural enemies evaluated,Entomologist,v. 108,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/918/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Koutika, L.-S., Sanginga, N., Vanlauwe, B., Weise, S.",2002,Chemical properties and soil organic matter assessment under fallow systems in the forest margins benchmark,Soil Biology and Biochemistry,34,6,10.1016/S0038-0717(02)00005-6,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9193/,"Fallow management plays a key role in supplying nutrients to the growing crop, suppressing weeds, reducing pests and diseases, and improving the sustainability of cropping systems in the humid forest zone of West and Central Africa. We evaluated soil nutrient concentration, soil acidity and soil organic matter status under natural Chromolaena fallow, fallow without Chromolaena (where Chromolaena was removed by hand), and planted Pueraria fallow in three different sites with different soil physico-chemical properties in southern Cameroon. Human population pressure is high and fallow length is short in the northern site, while an intermediate position and the contrary were observed in the central and southern sites, respectively. The highest nutrient concentrations (Ca2+ and Mg2+), and effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) were found in the sandy clayey soils in the northern site. The lowest Al saturation and soil acidity were noticed in the sandy soils in the central site, while in the clayey soils in the southern site the lowest nutrient concentration, ECEC, and the highest soil acidity and Al saturation were found. Pueraria decreased soil acidity and increased nutrient concentration relative to Chromolaena in the northern site. The beneficial effects of Pueraria on soil acidity and nutrient concentration became less pronounced in the central site and were absent in the southern site. In the northern and central sites, the highest maize yield was observed under Pueraria, showing the responsiveness of maize to N. In the soils of the southern site with the smaller weight (< 1.50 mg per g of soil) of particulate organic matter (POM) (53-4000 m) and greater chemical constraints (high soil acidity and Al saturation), higher in N content in medium (250-2000 m) and fine (53-250 m) POM was found under Pueraria compared to natural fallow. N content in medium POM under Pueraria was greater by 47% compared to the natural fallow. The N content in fine POM under Pueraria was greater by 59% relative to the natural fallow. In the southern site, chemical constraints induced very low maize yields under all fallow types. It appears that POM quality, i.e. N content, was more important for maize than POM quantity, i.e. weight, while groundnut and cassava were more sensitive to POM quantity. Pueraria have a beneficial ecological and environmental sustainability in the soil with low acidity, while Chromolaena seems to be more sustainable than Pueraria in the acidic soils. However, crop yields found in this study were low. Maize yield was lower than 2000 kg ha-1, groundnut grain dry matter yield was lower than 600 kg ha-1 and cassava was lower than 400 tuber dry matter kg ha-1 Therefore, to attain, highest productivity levels it is necessary to combine fallow management (primarily planted such as Pueraria which can increase N content even where there are chemical constraints or soil degradation) with the use of fertilisers (organic and mineral).",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Abaka-Ewusi, K.",1977,The effect of intercropping on the performance of maize (Zea mays) and cassava (Manihot esculenta),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/92/,"La Posta, a hybrid maize variety was intercropped with Ankra, an early maturing cassava variety in Ghana. Intercropping reduced vegetative growth and tuber yield of cassava. Decline in performance increased with increasing proportions of maize and when cassava was introduced late in the mixture. Intercropping appreciably reduced lodging when maize was grown at the conventional population of 40,000 plants/ha though this was not significantly different from corresponding pure stand treatment. Cassava and maize showed decline in yield in the mixtures but total cash values were higher than the pure stands",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Kpemoua, K., Boher, B., Nicole, M., Calatayud, P., Geiger, J.P.",1996,Cytochemistry of defense responses in cassava infected by Xanthomonas campestris pv. manihotis,,v. 42,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9206/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Kraaijeveld, A.R., Alphen, J.J.M. van (Rijksuniversiteit, Leiden (Netherlands))",1986,"Host-stage selection and sex allocation by Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hymenoptera; Encyrtidae), a parasitoid of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera; Pseudococcidae)",Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent,v. 38,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9208/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Kreuze, J. F., Valkonen, J. P.",2017,"Utilization of engineered resistance to viruses in crops of the developing world, with emphasis on sub-Saharan Africa",Current Opinion in Virology,26,,10.1016/j.coviro.2017.07.022,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9215/,"Viral diseases in crop plants constitute a major obstacle to food security in the developing world. Subsistence crops, including cassava, sweetpotato, potato, banana, papaya, common bean, rice and maize are often infected with RNA and/or DNA viruses that cannot be controlled with pesticides. Hence, healthy planting materials and virus-resistant cultivars are essential for high yields of good quality. However, resistance genes are not available for all viral diseases of crop plants. Therefore, virus resistance engineered in plants using modern biotechnology methods is an important addition to the crop production toolbox.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Krochmal, A., Krochmal, C.",1985,Non-traditional agriculture for the Caribbean,Proceedings of the Caribbean Food Crops Society,20,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9228/,"Non-traditional agriculture is a multi-phased approach to the production of farm crops, and their marketing. Here we refer only to plant crops, not animal. There are parallel approaches required to insure maximum possibility of a successful and containing program. Rather than being compartmentalized, techniques required include information on production possibilities, market needs, packing and grading standards, shipment to markets and subsequent sales. Best results usually follow from using a crop somewhat familiar in cultural requirements to those grown by local farmers, and one for which there is an existing market. Packaging and grading must be uniform and are often best served by being done at one central point. One of the promising areas of production is the harvesting of marketable forest understory plants concurrently with planting of small plots of the same plant to produce a marketable volume.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Krochmal, A., Krochmal, C.",1990,Tapioca,The Bulletin - National Tropical Botanical Garden,20,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9229/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Alvarez, M.N., Mulindangabo, J.",1987,Cassava production in Rwanda: state of the art,Tropical Root Crops: Root Crops and the African Food Crisis: Proceedings of the Third Triennial Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops - Africa Branch,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/923/,Cassava plays an important role as a carbohydrate source and food resource in Rwanda. It fits well into the farming system and tolerates various environmental stresses. Our survey of cassava production in Rwanda provided an insight into production practices and the limitations of the existing genetic pool. The establishment of a multiplication system for the supply of healthy planting material is recommended.,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Krochmal, A.",,Propagation of cassava,World crops,"July/Aug 1969, 21(3)",,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9230/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Alvarez, M.N. (International Inst. of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria))",1988,Rwanda national root crops improvement program,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/924/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Kulakow, Peter",2015,Vitamin A cassava,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9250/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Kulkarni, H.Y., Goba, V.J., Philips, F.W.",1985,Research in plant pathology (Aug 1981 - Dec 1984),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9254/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Kullaya, A., Mtunda, K., Masumba, Esther Andrew, Kulembeka, Heneriko P., Ferguson, Morag E., Ospina, Csar, Hurtado Lpez, Paula Ximena, Gutirrez A., Janeth Patricia, Barrera Sabogal, Edgar, Marn, Jaime Alberto, CASTRO, C., Morillo, Alfredo, Alzate, Adriana Mercedes, Morante, Nelson, Ceballos, Hernn, Tohme M., Joseph, Fregene, Martin A.",2006,Molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) for improvement of local cassava germplasm in Tanzania for pest and disease resistance [poster] [on line],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9256/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Alvarez, R.C.",2001,"Cassava, rootcrop of many uses",Greenfields,16-19,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/926/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Kumar, B.M., Mandal, R.C., Magoon, M.L.",1971,Influence of potash on cassava,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9261/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Kumar, C. R. M., Nair, P. G.",1996,Dry matter production and nutrient uptake (NPK) in a tuber crop based cropping system under upland rice situations,"Tropical Tuber Crops: Problems, Prospects and Future Strategies",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9266/,"In order to identify a suitable cropping system involving tuber crops in upland rice fields of Kerala a field experiment with ten crop sequences was carried out in the research farm attached to the Central Tuber Crop Research Institute for a period of three years. The total dry matter production in g M2-1 day(-1) and mean uptake of NPK in kg ha(-1) have shown that the crop sequence vegetable cowpea-cassava gave the maximum dry matter of 10.28 g M2-1 day(-1) whereas, the crop sequence rice-taro-vegetable cowpea had the lowest dry matter production of 2.9 g M2-1 day(-1). The crop sequence rice-cassava removed 215.4 kg N. 44.1 kg P and 340 kg K ha(-1). With respect to P and K maximum quantity was removed by the rice-cassava sequence-whereas, the maximum quantity of N was removed by the cassava-groundnut sequence, The lowest quantity of NPK was removed by the crop sequence rice-tare-vegetable cowpea.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Kumarasinghe, N., Salim, N., Wijayarathne, W.",2009,Identification and biology of two whitefly species on cassava in Sri Lanka,Journal of Plant Protection Research,49,4,10.2478/v10045-009-0058-5,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9283/,"A survey in four distant locations Anuradhapura, Madampe, Sri Jayewardenapura and Uda Walawe of Sri Lanka to identify the whitefly species related to cassava revealed two species, namely Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) and Alerodicus dispersus (Russell). The species B. tabaci was recorded in all four surveyed locations, while A. dispersus was collected only from the first three locations. The results of the study on the pest life cycle under the laboratory conditions showed that, B. tabaci and A. dispersus passed through four nymphal instars before the adult stage. The mean duration values of these stages were 7.2, 7.5, 4.7, 5.6 and 8.5, 6, 9, 9 days respectively for the two species. The total duration of the life cycle of B. tabaci ranged from 22-57 days at the temperature of 292C with a mean of 37.5 while that of A. dispersus was 27-68 days with a mean of 48 respectively (at 282C).The damage to crop plants caused by two whitefly species is discussed with a special emphasis on their ability to transmit viral diseases.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Kumari, S.S.",2003,Effect of slow release nitrogenous fertilizers on growth and yield of casssava,Andhra Agricultural Journal,50,01-Feb,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9284/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Kuntjoro, Sri Utami, Kusnadi, Nunung, Utomo, Kampto",1989,"Demand for Corn, Cassava and Soybean in Human Consumption: A Case Study of Java, Indonesia",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9299/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Abang, S. O., Agom, D. I.",2004,"Resource use efficiency of small-holder farmers / the case of cassava producers in Cross River State, Nigeria",Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/93/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Kurien, S., Kumar, P. S., Kamalam, N. V., Wahid, P. A.",2006,Relative efficiency of 32P uptake in a banana-based intercropping system,Fruits,61,6,10.1051/fruits2006035,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9306/,"Introduction. A study was conducted in India to assess the efficiency of 32P uptake and the feasibility of intercropping using land-use efficiency parameters in a banana-based intercropping system. Materials and methods. Absorption of 32P applied to plants in five-crop, two-crop and sole-crop systems involving banana Musa AAB ('Mysore'), ginger (Zingiber officinalis Rosc.), turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) and elephant yam (Amorphophallus campanulatus Blume.) was studied in field trials. The experiment was conducted for two years. During the first year, the main crop was planted during October, the main planting season for banana in India, and the intercrops were planted in early May of the next year. In the second year, both the main crop and intercrops were planted in May. Results. Radiophosphorus applied in the active root zone of one of the component species in the mixed crop system was found to be absorbed not only by the treated plant but also by the neighboring plants. Absorption by banana was prevalent. Differential effects of competition were manifested as observed by the relative uptake of 32P. Lower relative uptake of 32P was observed in the main crop banana when simultaneous planting of intercrops was done. Ginger and turmeric were not affected in relation to planting at different stages of the main crop, whereas cassava and elephant yam showed lesser relative 32P uptake when planted later, confirming that different crops in the mixed crop system react differently. Conclusions. The efficiency of different crops in terms of uptake varied with the system of planting. The higher relative efficiency of 32P uptake in a multiple cropping system points to an improved efficiency of uptake and higher dry weight on a per plant basis. It confirms the efficiency and feasibility of the cropping system. Economic analysis emphasizes the concept and proves the viability of the system. 2006 Cirad/EDP Sciences All rights reserved.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Kurika, L. M.",1996,Review of some fertilizer research on root and tuber crops and farmer adaptive strategies to the short fallow systems in lowland Papua New Guinea,Aciar Proceedings Series,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9307/,"In Papua New Guinea (PNG) while rice continues to assume greater significance as a staple food within rural communities, root and tuber crops are still important staples. The root and tuber crops grown are sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), lesser yam (Dioscorea esculenta), greater yam (Dioscorea alata), taro (Colocasia esculenta) and Chinese taro (Xanthosoma sagittifolium), cassava (Manihot esculenta) and, to a lesser extent, giant taro and swamp taro. Root and tuber crops in lowland PNG are still primarily produced by subsistence farmers under the traditional method of shifting cultivation. In the past this traditional system of cultivation with its long forest fallow (more than 15 years), could reliably sustain soil fertility lost through leaching, erosion and gardening. In the latter half of this century, however, in many lowland areas of the country, there has been a rapid shift away from the long forest fallow system toward a more sedentary and unstable short bush and grass fallow system. This change has come about due to a shortage of land caused by population pressure and in some areas the allocation of good arable land to plantation crops. The short fallow system with almost continuous cultivation of crops and meagre restorative measures has resulted in declining yields corresponding to declining soil fertility. This paper briefly discusses results of some fertilizer research conducted in lowland PNG and some adaptive strategies that have been adopted by subsistence farmers in response to declining food crop yields.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Alvarez, E., Pardo, J. M.",2014,First report of hypovirulence between a reovirus and phytoplasma 16SrIII-L associated with frogskin disease of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Phytopathology,104,11,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/932/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Kwaje, S.L. (Regional Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources, Juba (Sudan). Dept. of Plant Protection)",1984,"Studies on some cassava diseases in the ""green belt"" zone of the Sudan with special emphasis on cassava mosaic disease",Acta Horticulturae,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9341/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Kyamanywa, S., Asiimwe, P., Otim, M., Gerling, D., Legg, J. P.",2008,Within plant distribution of Bemisia tabaci and its principal parasitoids on cassava mosaic disease (CMD) resistant and susceptible varieties,Journal of Insect Science,8,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9349/,"Cassava mosaic disease CMD), caused by cassava mosaic geminiviruses and vectored by the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, has been successfully managed using resistant cassava varieties. The CMD-resistant varieties, however, are heavily infested by B. tabaci causing direct injury resulting in significant reduction in tuberous root yield. Consequently there is a need to develop a CMD control strategy that also addresses the whitefly problem. Exploiting natural enemies is one of the strategies that is being explored. Knowledge of the distribution and incidence of the existing natural enemy fauna is a prerequisite for developing effective biological control. A study was therefore carried out to establish the distribution of B. tabaci parasitoids on cassava plants in order to determine the stage of the plant at which parasitoids start colonizing B. tabaci and to develop a sampling protocol for the parasitoids. The study was conducted using the CMD-resistant cassava variety, Nase 4 and the CMD-susceptible Ebwanateraka. There were significant differences in the distribution of both the whitefly and the parasitoids between different parts of the plant. For both varieties, over 65% of the whitefly nymphs were found on leaves 10 to 17 from the shoot apex of the plant. The density of B. tabaci nymphs decreased with age of the plant with over 6o% of the nymphs occurring within 17 weeks after planting of cassava. Parasitism was highest on lower leaves (16 — 24). The level of parasitism varied with the maturity of the plant. Parasitism was least in young plants (11 weeks), highest in 19 week-old plants and thereafter dropped in plants more than 21 weeks old. Peak parasitism at a given growth stage depended on leaf position. For the susceptible variety, peak parasitism for young (11-13 week-old) cassava plants occurred on leaf number 14, while for older plants (17-19 week-old), parasitism peaked on leaves 18 and 21 respectively. The implications of the present findings for designing sampling procedures for both the whitefly and its parasitoids, and for studying the impact of the parasitoids on whitefly populations are discussed in this paper",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Kyawt, Y. Y., Imai, Y., Yara, T., Kawamoto, Y.",2014,Effect of ensiling process and additive effects of fermented juice of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria on the cyanide content of two varieties of cassava,Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology,14,3,10.5958/0974-181X.2014.01347.X,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9352/,"Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of processing method (silage making) on the hydrocyanic acid potential (HCNp) of two local varieties cassava leaves (Experiment 1) and tubers (Experiment 2). The study also ascertained the effects of fermented juice (leucaena leaves and napier grass) of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria (FJLB) as additives and their impact on the changes of HCNp content at different duration (0, 2, 7 and 14d) of ensiling. The reduction rate of the HCNp of cassava leaves and tuber ensiled with FJLB additives were significantly higher (P<0.05) than the control silage in both varieties. The reduction of HCNp in final products of FJLB treated silages ranged from 18.54 to 82.30 mg/kg DM. The lowest HCNp (Red cassava, P=0.007 and White cassava, P=0.0001) and the highest lactic acid bacteria counts (Red cassava, P=0.004 and White cassava, P=0.002) were observed after 14d ensiling period in both varieties treated with leucaena FJLB in the second experiment. As indicated by the low HCNp level and high V-score value on 14d after ensiling period, it is concluded that the addition of FJLB to cassava silages was effective in optimum reduction of HCNp besides producing a good quality silage within two weeks. Moreover, a negative correlation between HCNp reduction and pH in of ensiled cassava was observed.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"L.A., Hunt, D.W., Wholey, J.H., Cock",1977,Growth physiology of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Field Crop Abstracts,v. 30,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9354/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Manrique, Luis A.",1990,Leaf area development and dry matter production of cassava,Agronomy Journal,82,5,10.2134/agronj1990.00021962008200050008x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9356/,"Most published work on cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) plant growth and yield responses to environment has been conducted at high latitudes. Little is known of cassava responses to environment when grown at lower latitudes. A field experiment was conducted in Hawaii (21 degrees N lat) during 1986 summer and 1987 winter to study leaf area development and efficiency of dry matter partitioning of cassava when grown under seasonal regimes of temperature and solar radiation. Plants were grown under optimum moisture and nutritional conditions. A series of biomass harvests were collected throughout the growing season to examine effects of temperature and solar radiation on leaf area index (LAI), top and root dry yield, and dry matter partitioning. Maximum LAI values of about eight and six were attained by 240 d after planting (DAP) in summer and winter, respectively; maximum root growth rates of 17.1 and 13.5 g m-2 d-1 were attained at 240 and 300 DAP in summer and winter. Dry matter partitioning to roots had little seasonal variation and increased with plant age; dry matter partitioning to branches was more sensitive to environment and substantially increased during the summer months. Overall, leaf and root growth proceeded almost similarly in both summer and winter, differences in root yield between seasons were largely determined by differences in dry matter allocation to branches.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Alvarez, E., Betancourth, C., Munoz, J.",2017,Pathogenicity of a 16SrIII-L phytoplasma associated with frogskin disease of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Colombia,Phytopathology,107,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/936/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Wickham, L.D.",1988,The effectiveness of storage of cassava roots in moist media,"VIth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, Gosier (Guadeloupe), 1-6 July 1985",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9361/,"The effectiveness of storage of 3 cultivars of cassava roots in moist media is reported. Consideration is given to the type of media used, the incidence of rotting and vascular streaking, the physical condition and the cooking quality of the tubers after storage. Physical and physiological changes during storage are discussed.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"L.M., Corpuz, Z.R., Dja'far",1975,Sugar content of thirteen cultivars of Manihot esculenta Crantz [cassava],,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9363/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"L.M., Corpuz, Z.R., Dja'far",1975,Sugar content of thirteen cultivars of Manihot esculenta Crantz,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9364/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"L.N., Hicks, S., Fukai, C.J., Asher",1982,The response of cassava to phosphorus fertilizer on five soils in south-east Queensland. [Conference paper],,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9366/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Fresco, L. O.",1986,Cassava in shifting cultivation: a systems approach to agricultural development in Africa,Cassava in shifting cultivation: a systems approach to agricultural development in Africa,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9367/,"The background of this study forms the debate about the nature and causes of the 'African crisis', the declining food availability per head of the African population. Generalized statements on African agriculture, based on aggregated production figures, however, do not adequately reflect the diversity in performances between crops and regions and do not allow the formulation of solutions adapted to local situations. In order to gain a better understanding of the African crisis, changes in cassava production in the Kwango-Kwilu region in central Zaire are analysed in detail. This analysis involves factors of different natures and rates of change. For that reason, a framework is developed that allows the integration of technical and socio-economic aspects of crop production. This framework draws upon ecological system analysis and, to a lesser extent, on farming systems research.",Excluded,Duplicate
"L., Mc Pherson",1976,"Preliminary investigation into some of the properties of 12 varieties of cassava grown on two soil types [Manihot esculenta, nutritive value, Guyana]",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9371/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Shipman, L.",1977,Tapioca,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9374/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Schilde-Rentschler, L., Roca, W. M.",1986,Virus Elimination in Potato and Cassava,"Global Workshop on Root and Tuber Crops Propagation: Proceedings of a Regional Workshop held in Cali, Colombia, 13-16 September, 1983",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9375/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Alves-Pereira, A., Peroni, N., Cavallari, M. M., Lemes, M. R., Zucchi, M. I., Clement, C. R.",2017,High genetic diversity among and within bitter manioc varieties cultivated in different soil types in Central Amazonia,Genetics and Molecular Biology,40,2,10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2016-0046,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/938/,"Although manioc is well adapted to nutrient-poor Oxisols of Amazonia, ethnobotanical observations show that bitter manioc is also frequently cultivated in the highly fertile soils of the floodplains and Amazonian dark earths (ADE) along the middle Madeira River. Because different sets of varieties are grown in each soil type, and there are agronomic similarities between ADE and floodplain varieties, it was hypothesized that varieties grown in ADE and floodplain were more closely related to each other than either is to varieties grown in Oxisols. We tested this hypothesis evaluating the intra-varietal genetic diversity and the genetic relationships among manioc varieties commonly cultivated in Oxisols, ADE and floodplain soils. Genetic results did not agree with ethnobotanical expectation, since the relationships between varieties were variable and most individuals of varieties with the same vernacular name, but grown in ADE and floodplain, were distinct. Although the same vernacular name could not always be associated with genetic similarities, there is still a great amount of variation among the varieties. Many ecological and genetic processes may explain the high genetic diversity and differentiation found for bitter manioc varieties, but all contribute to the maintenance and amplification of genetic diversity within the manioc in Central Amazonia.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"La Frano, Michael R., Woodhouse, Leslie R., Burnett, Dustin J., Burri, Betty J.",2013,Biofortified cassava increases β-carotene and vitamin A concentrations in the TAG-rich plasma layer of American women,British Journal of Nutrition,110,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9384/,"Biofortification of cassava with the provitamin A carotenoid β-carotene is a potential mechanism for alleviating vitamin A deficiency. Cassava is a staple food in the African diet, but data regarding the human bioavailability of β-carotene from this food are scarce. The objective of the present study was to evaluate provitamin A-enhanced cassava as a source of β-carotene and vitamin A for healthy adult women. The study was a randomised, cross-over trial of ten American women. The subjects consumed three different porridges separated by 2 week washout periods. Treatment meals (containing 100 g cassava) included: biofortified cassava (2 mg β-carotene) porridge with added oil (15 ml peanut or rapeseed oil, 20 g total fat); biofortified cassava porridge without added oil (6 g total fat); unfortified white cassava porridge with a 0·3 mg retinyl palmitate reference dose and added oil (20 g total fat). Blood was collected six times from 20·5 to 9·5 h post-feeding. TAG-rich lipoprotein (TRL) plasma was separated by ultracentrifugation and analysed using HPLC with coulometric array electrochemical detection. The AUC for retinyl palmitate increased after the biofortified cassava meals were fed (P,0·05). Vitamin A conversion was 4·2 (SD 3·1) and 4·5 (SD 3·1) mg β-carotene: 1 mg retinol, with and without added oil, respectively. These results show that biofortified cassava increases β-carotene and retinyl palmitate TRL plasma concentrations in healthy well-nourished adult women, suggesting that it is a viable intervention food for preventing vitamin A deficiency.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Labra, J.S., Tisang, N.N.",1980,The effect of different methods of seedbed preparation and planting position on the yield and the agronomic characters of cassava (Golden Yellow variety),,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9386/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Lacerda, Fernando, Miranda, Izildinha, Kato, Oswaldo Ryohei, Bispo, Carlos José Capela, do Vale, Igor",2013,Weed dynamics during the change of a degraded pasture to agroforestry system,Agroforestry systems,87,4,10.1007/s10457-013-9607-z,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9391/,"This study evaluates weed dynamics during the first 4 years (20082011) of the implementation of an agroforestry system in the municipality of Tom-au in the state of Par, Brazil. The study was conducted in a degraded pasture of Brachiaria humidicola, and treatments (T) included mixed plantations of oil palm with short-cycle leguminous species (T1) with the inclusion of manioc in T2 and forest species and palm trees in T3. In 2008, a floristic survey was conducted in 12 plots of 2 2 m per treatment. In 2009, herbicide was applied to one half of the area in each treatment. A total of 19,367 individuals of height <1.5 m were surveyed, of which 51 % were B. humidicola and 21 % were leguminous species that had been planted. Overall, an increase in plant density was observed between 2009 and 2010, followed by a decrease over the following year in areas without herbicide and a tendency for high densities to persist in areas with herbicide. Species richness increased over the study period in all areas (with or without herbicide), which might be related to habitat availability resulting from the reduced density of B. humidicola due to the effects of the herbicide, the leguminous species planted and the development of the agroforestry system. The association of short-cycle leguminous plants with afforestation appears to be an effective method for controlling weeds in the absence of herbicides.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ladeinde, M. A., Verma, S. R., Bakshev, Vacilevish",1995,Performance of semi-automatic tractor-mounted cassava planter,"AMA, Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America",26,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9394/,"Ridge forming and planting of cassava cuttings (setts) are labour intensive operations. This necessitated the study into mechanization of the cassava crop. A single-row semi-automatic 'Ellis' transplanter was modified to plant the cassava setts. The planter was mounted on the three-point linkage of a 70-hp tractor. With easy maneuverability, it could operate at an average speed of 4.39 km/h with a field capacity of 0.39 ha/h and field efficiency of over 60%. The planter required a crew of 4 persons to operate it continuously.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ladera, J.C., Medellin, A.C., Miranda, J.L., Evangelio, F.A.",1994,Long term fertility trial on cassava in Bohol [Philippines],Philippine Journal of Crop Science (Philippines),19,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9395/,"A fertilizer trial using 12 fertility levels was started in 1989. This trial was conducted in an area with the following soil characteristics pH5.9; OM-1.0 percent; P-6.9 ppm; K-96 ppm. Results showed that for the first year there was no significant differences in cassava root yield due to fertilizer levels. Cultivar, however brought about significant yield difference in the same trial with VC-1 showing higher yield (37.5 t/ha) than Golden Yellow (23.4 t/ha). In the succeeding trials (i.e., second, third, and fourth cropping cycles) significant differences in root yield brought about by fertilizer levels were observed. The main response was to K and N applications. In the same trials no significant difference in yield was observed between the two cultivars",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ladines, A.O. (Mindoro Horticulture Center, Oriental Mindoro (Philippines))",1985,Effects of different propagation techniques on the growth and yield of cassava,Southern Tagalog Agricultural Journal,3,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9396/,"A factorial experiment in Randomized Complete Block design was used to evaluate the response of cassava to different propagation techniques. Planting materials with five and ten nodes were planted as whole, others were divided longitudinally into 1/2 and 1/4 prior to planting. Among the divisions used, 1/2 ranked first in terms of tuber yield per hectare, weight of tubers per plant, length of tubers per plant and plant height. Although the percentage germination was the same in whole and 1/2 cuttings, their mean difference is not statistically significant. On node effect, cuttings with ten nodes excelled those with five nodes in all plant characters",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Laila, F., Zanetta, C. U., Waluyo, B., Amien, S., Karuniawan, A.",2015,"Early Identification of Genetic Diversity and Distance from Indonesia Cassava Potential as Food, Industrial and Biofuel Based on Morphological Characters",Energy Procedia,65,,10.1016/j.egypro.2015.01.039,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9418/,"Diversity and genetic distance are required as initial foundations to identify germplasm Indonesian cassava potential for food, industrial, and biofuel resources. This study used 181 cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) accessions from all islands in Indonesia, i.e. Java, Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Timur and Papua Islands. The study was conducted in July 2013 to March 2014. Research experiment design was arranged in Augmanted Design with three control plants per row. There were traits of morphological rod and leaf as parameter, the number of 19 traits. The analysis was using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC). Results of this study are genetic diversity and distance cassava from Indonesia with a wide diversity level of 49.82% and from 1 to 17 genetic distance spread throughout Indonesia.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Lal, S.S.",1980,Cultural control of tetranychid spider mites infesting cassava: effect of the fertilizers,"Proceedings of the All India Symposium on Environmental Biology, December 27-29, 1977",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9426/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Lal, S. S., Pillai, K. S.",1981,Cassava Pests and their Control in Southern India,Tropical Pest Management,27,4,10.1080/09670878109413830,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9427/,"Insect pests, other arthropods and rodents causing damage on cassava crops in south India are listed comprehensively with nine photographs. Information is given on their distribution, nature of damage, economic importance and control measures. Twenty three species of pests attack cassava in the field and of these 17 are first records on cassava. Although several cause damage, tetranychid mites and rodents can be classified as key pests of cassava in India. Future research strategies should be directed towards the development and use of resistant varieties, biological control, improved agronomical and management practices, including judicious use of mineral fertilizers.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Lal, S.S.",1981,"An ecological study of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) population on cassava Manihot esculenta Crantz",Pestology,5,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9428/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Lal, S.S., Hrishi, N.",1981,Note on the relative resistance of high-yielding cassava cultivars to infestations by tetranychid spider mites and whitefly,Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,v. 51,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9430/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Lal, S. S., Pillai, K. S.",1982,"Ecological-Studies on Whitefly, Bemisia-Tabaci (Genn) Infesting Cassava in Kerala",Entomon,7,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9432/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Lal, S.S., Hrishi, N.",1983,"Effect of mite infestations and leaf fall on tuber yield in certain cassava cultivars [Eutetranychus orientalis, Oligonychus biharensis, Tetranychus spp., Kerala]",,v. 70,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9434/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Lal, S.S.",1983,"Field evaluation of certain insecticides against white grub, Leucopholis coneophora Burm, attacking cassava",Madras Agricultural Journal,70,8,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9435/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Lal, S.S., Pillai, K.S.",1984,"Relative efficacy of certain pesticides against red mites, Tetranychus neocaledonicus Andr'e and Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.) on cassava in Kerala",Indian Journal of Entomology,v. 46,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9436/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Lal, R.",1987,Response of maize (Zea mays) and Cassava (Manihot esculenta) to removal of surface soil from an Alfisol in Nigeria,International Journal of Tropical Agriculture,5,2,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9437/,"The effects of surface soil removal to varying depths and of fertilizer rates were investigated for three consecutive crops of maize and two crops of cassava. There were three depths of soil removal (20, 10 and 0 cm), and three levels of each of N (0, 60 and 120 kg/ha) and P (0, 25 and 50 kg/ha). Grain yield or maize was drastically affected by the depth of soil removed. For the 1980 first season crop, the grain yield or maize was 0.22, 0.73 and 1.199 t/ha for 20, 10 and 0 cm depth of soil removed. None of the fertilizer combinations used could compensate for the loss of soil removed. Soil moisture reserves in the 0-5 and 5-10 cm depths were greater for the undisturbed control than for soils from which 10 or 20 cm of soil had been removed. The leaf content of P and K and root weight were significantly lower for the undisturbed control. Although cassava tuber yield also decreased with increasing depth of soil removed, the effect was not as drastic as on maize. The cassava tuber yield for the 1981 crop was 14.4, 20.0 and 31.1 t/ha for 20, 10 and 0 cm depth of soil removed, respectively. At 0 level of N, cassava had a positive response to P for treatment with 20 or 10 cm depth of soil removed.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Alves, A.A.C., Setter, T.L.",2004,Abscisic acid accumulation and osmotic adjustment in cassava under water deficit,Environmental and Experimental Botany,51,3,10.1016/j.envexpbot.2003.11.005,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/944/,"Three cassava (Manihot esculenta) genotypes were grown in greenhouse conditions and subjected to water deficit treatments to (a) assess the extent to which abscisic acid (ABA) and osmotically active solutes accumulate in cassava leaves during water deficit and solute contributions to osmotic adjustment (OA), and (b) determine whether cassava leaves substantially increase their content of dehydrin-like polypeptides during water deficit. The concentration of ABA, sugars (sucrose, glucose, and fructose), proline, and potassium salts (K-salts) were determined in mature and expanding leaves. ABA content increased under water deficit, consistent with a putative role in regulating solute accumulation, and thus OA. The extent of osmotic adjustment, although modest, was higher in young folded leaves than in mature leaves. K-salts were the major contributors to total osmolyte concentration in both mature and expanding leaves, accounting for approximately 60% of osmotic potential. The concentration of K-salts increased in response to water stress and was positively correlated with the extent of OA. In contrast, total sugars (sucrose + glucose + fructose) decreased during water deficit, showing a negative correlation with OA. Although the concentration of proline in mature leaves increased in response to water stress its contribution to the total change in osmotic potential was insignificant. Thus, in the current study, cassava used K-salts as its primary osmolyte, and did not substantially adjust its osmotic solute concentration during the 6-day water deficit. Expression of dehydrins was not found in any of the genotypes or leaf stages.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Lal, R.",2009,The plow and agricultural sustainability,Journal of Sustainable Agriculture,33,1,10.1080/10440040802548555,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9441/,"Settled agriculture began about 10 to 13 millennia ago in the valleys of the Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, and other rivers. Prehistoric tools developed included a short-handled forked branch that evolved into a hoe, and a long-armed hockey-shaped stick with a curved handle called an ard. The ard, which eventually evolved into a plow, won religious sanctions in many ancient cultures such as those of Greece, China, and India. The plow-based agriculture flourished in alluvial and loess-derived soils. These soils are generally coarse-textured, less cohesive, devoid of stones and suitable for growing closely spaced cereals such as wheat (Triticum aestivum). In contrast, hoe-based agriculture dominated in regions where widely spaced roots and tuberous crops, such as cassava (Manihoc esculenta) and yam (Dioscorea spp.), were grown on sloping lands. Mechanization of plowing with the tractor during the early part of 20th century vastly expanded the land area under cultivation. However, plowing also caused erosion and exacerbated environmental problems of non-point source pollution, emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and loss of biodiversity. The environmental movement, begun in 1950s and 1960s, led to the development of no-till (NT) farming. After approximately 50 years of its introduction, NT farming is practiced only on about 6% of the global cropland area, mostly in North and South America, and in Australia. Adoption of NT farming by resource-poor farmers of South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa is constrained by removal of crop residues for fodder and animal dung as residential fuel, lack of appropriate seed drill which can sow in an unplowed soil covered by crop residue mulch, and non-availability or prohibitively high cost of herbicides. While use of the plow is unsustainable on erodible soils, its use is essential until alternative sources of residential fuels are available to rural households, efficient seed drills are developed by village blacksmiths, and herbicides become economical and effective against perennial weeds or other viable options of weed control are available.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Lal, R.",2016,Potential and challenges of conservation agriculture in sequestration of atmospheric CO2 for enhancing climate-resilience and improving productivity of soil of small landholder farms,"CAB Reviews Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources",11,,10.1079/PAVSNNR201611009,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9442/,"The projected climate change, caused by emissions from fossil fuel combustion and land use change, may adversely impact the agronomic yields and aggravate food insecurity of small landholder farms. About 500 million small landholder farms have depleted and degraded soils, while having low soil organic carbon (SOC) pools, low plant nutrient reserves, low plant-available water capacity and low agronomic yield, yet high vulnerability to changing and uncertain climate. Projected climate change may reduce rice yield by 10% for every 1 C increase in temperature, and total maize production may decline by 10% by 2050. Agronomic yield of wheat in South Asia may be adversely affected by increase in temperature during spring. Yield of other cereals (sorghum, millet) and root crops (cassava, yam) may be adversely affected by aggravation of other biotic stresses (smut, fungi, viruses, etc.). Thus, climate-resilience may be a key component of sustainable intensification of small landholder agriculture. It is in this context that conservation agriculture (CA) can be an important option. With fine-tuning for adaptation to site-specific conditions, CA has numerous benefits including erosion control, water conservation, SOC sequestration and increase in profitability and farm income. Further, CA can be implemented in synergism with other practices such as forestry and forest plantations (during early stages of tree establishment), and integrated crop-livestock (ley farming). In several farm operations, CA builds upon the traditional systems and indigenous technology. Widespread adoption of CA could sequester 1 Pg C/year globally, which could create another income stream for small landholders. Further, CA fits in with the '4 per Thousand' programme proposed at the COP-21 in Paris. 2016 CAB International.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Lal, S. S., Hrishi, N.",1983,Effect of mite infestations and leaf fall on tuber yield in certain cassava cultivars,Madras Agricultural Journal,70,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9443/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Lalaguna, F., Agudo, M. (Laboratorio de Fisiologia Postcosecha, Centro de Ecologia y Ciencias Ambientales, IVIC, Caracas 1020-A (Venezuela))",1989,Relationship between changes in lipid with ageing of cassava roots and senescence parameters,,v. 28,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9445/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Alves, A.A.C., Setter, T.L.",2004,"Response of cassava leaf area expansion to water deficit cell proliferation, cell expansion and delayed development",,v. 94,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/945/,"Background and Aims Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is an important food crop in the tropics that has a high growth rate in optimal conditions, but also performs well in drought-prone climates. The objectives of this work were to determine the effects of water deficit and rewatering on the rate of expansion of leaves at different developmental stages and to evaluate the extent to which decreases in cell proliferation, expansion, and delay in development are responsible for reduced growth. Methods Glasshouse-grown cassava plants were subjected to 8 d of water deficit followed by rewatering. Leaves at 15 developmental stages from nearly full size to meristematic were sampled, and epidermal cell size and number were measured on leaves at four developmental stages. Key Results Leaf expansion and development were nearly halted during stress but resumed vigorously after rewatering. In advanced-stage leaves (Group 1) in which development was solely by cell expansion, expansion resumed after rewatering, but not sufficiently for cell size to equal that of controls at maturity. In Group 2 (cell proliferation), relative expansion rate and cell proliferation were delayed until rewatering, but then recovered partially, so that loss of leaf area was due to decreased cell numbers per leaf. In Group 3 (early meristematic development) final leaf area was not affected by stress, but development was delayed by 4-6 d. On a plant basis, the proportion of loss of leaf area over 26 d attributed to leaves at each developmental stage was 29, 50 and 21 % in Group 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Conclusions Although cell growth processes were sensitive to mild water deficit, they recovered to a large extent, and much of the reduction in leaf area was caused by developmental delay and a reduction in cell division in the youngest, meristematic leaves.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Lam, N. T., Patanothai, A., Limpinuntana, V., Vityakon, P.",2005,Land-use sustainability of composite swiddening in the uplands of Northern vietnam Nutrient balances of swidden fields during the cropping period and changes of soil nutrients over the Swidden cycle,International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability,3,1,10.1080/14735903.2005.9684744,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9455/,"This study examined the sustainability of the swidden component of the composite swiddening system practiced by the Tay ethnic minority in Tat hamlet, Hoa Binh province in Northern Vietnam. This farming system is thought to be suitable for the uplands where land degradation is a serious problem. The common swidden rotation of two years of rice, two years of cassava and five years of bush-tall grass fallow was evaluated for the extent of land degradation during the cropping period by nutrient balance analysis, and for soil nutrient status throughout the swidden cycle through soil analysis. Four fields representing the individual years of cropping and three fields representing the first, the third and the fifth years of bush-tall grass fallow were selected for field measurements. Nutrient balance analysis indicated substantial losses of all major nutrients, particularly K, in all cropping years. Soil analysis also showed a decline in soil fertility during the cropping period and a partial restoration of soil fertility during the fallow period. However, only five years of bush-tall grass fallow was not sufficient to restore the original level of soil fertility. Thus, swidden fields in Tat hamlet are degrading, posing a serious threat to their land-use sustainability. 2005 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Lamptey, J.N.L., Okoli, O.O., Rossel, H.W., Frimpong-Manso, P.P.",2000,A method for determining tolerance of cassava genotypes to African cassava mosaic disease in the screenhouse,Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science,33,1,10.4314/gjas.v33i1.1881,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9472/,"An investigation was conducted into the primary incidence and severity of the African cassava mosaic disease (ACMD) in four exotic cassava cultivars TMS 4(2)1425, TMS 30572, TMS 50395, and TMS 91934 at Fumesua. TMS 4(2)1425, TMS 50395, and TMS 30572 showed tolerance to ACMD by expressing low primary incidence and severity, while TMS 91934 and 'Ankra' were susceptible to ACMD by showing a relatively high primary incidence and severity. It was also observed that temperature variations had an effect on virus expression of cassava seedlings in the screenhouse. The methodology developed for this screenhouse study could be a useful tool in determining tolerance of cassava genotypes to ACMD in Ghana.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Lantum, H. (Uppsala Univ. (Sweden). Inst. foer Medicinska Vetenskaper)",1998,Konzo and dietary cyanogens from cassava in Cameroon,INU Series on Nutrition. Individual Studies on Nutrition in Low-income Countries (Sweden),,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9498/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Lapidot, M., Friedmann, M.",2002,Breeding for resistance to whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses,Annals of Applied Biology,140,2,10.1111/j.1744-7348.2002.tb00163.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9503/,"Geminiviruses comprise a large and diverse family of viruses that infect a wide range of important monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous crop species and cause significant yield losses. The family Geminiviridae is divided into three genera, one of which is Begomovirus. Species of this genus are transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci in a persistent, circulative manner and infect dicotyledonous plants. Severe population outbreaks of B. tabaci are usually accompanied by a high incidence of begomoviruses. During the last two decades, there has been a worldwide spread of the B biotype of B. tabaci, accompanied by the emergence of whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses. Control measures in infected regions are based mainly on limitation of vector populations, using chemicals or physical barriers. However, under conditions of severe whitefly attack, none of these control measures has sufficed to prevent virus spread. Thus, the best way to reduce geminivirus damage is by breeding crops resistant or tolerant to the virus, either by classical breeding or by genetic engineering. A number of begomoviruses have been the subject of much investigation, due to their severe economic impact. This review considers the most severe viral diseases of four major crops (tomato, bean, cassava and cotton). The approaches taken to breed for resistance to these viral diseases should provide a perspective of the issues involved in breeding for begomovirus resistance in crop plants.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Lapidot, M., Legg, J. P., Wintermantel, W. M., Polston, J. E.",2014,Management of whitefly-transmitted viruses in open-field production systems,Advances in Virus Research,90,,10.1016/B978-0-12-801246-8.00003-2,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9504/,"Whiteflies are a key pest of crops in open-field production throughout the tropics and subtropics. This is due in large part to the long and diverse list of devastating plant viruses transmitted by these vectors. Open-field production provides many challenges to manage these viruses and in many cases adequate management has not been possible. Diseases caused by whitefly-transmitted viruses have become limiting factors in open-field production of a wide range of crops, i.e., bean golden mosaic disease in beans, tomato yellow leaf curl disease in tomato, cassava mosaic disease and cassava brown streak disease in cassava, and cotton leaf crumple disease in cotton. While host resistance has proven to be the most cost-effective management solution, few examples of host resistance have been developed to date. The main strategy to limit the incidence of virus-infected plants has been the application of insecticides to reduce vector populations aided to some extent by the use of selected cultural practices. However, due to concerns about the effect of insecticides on pollinators, consumer demand for reduced pesticide use, and the ability of the whitefly vectors to develop insecticide-resistance, there is a growing need to develop and deploy strategies that do not rely on insecticides. The reduction in pesticide use will greatly increase the need for genetic resistance to more viruses in more crop plants. Resistance combined with selected IPM strategies could become a viable means to increase yields in crops produced in open fields despite the presence of whitefly-transmitted viruses. 2014 Elsevier Inc.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Lapointe, S.L.",1995,Cassava plant protection: making it ecologically sustainable in West Africa and Brazil,Yuca Boletin Informativo,19,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9505/,,Excluded,Language Barrier
"Larbi, A., Smith, J.W., Nwokocha, H.N., Balogun, R.O.",1997,Feed from root and tuber crops for ruminants: Forage yield and quality of diploid cassava clones developed for green mite resistance,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9507/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Larbi, A., Smith, J.W., Yusuf, O.T., Dixon, A.G.O.",1998,Variations in root and foliage yields and quality among green mite-resistant cassava clones,Tropical Agriculture,75,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9508/,"The objective, to determine variations in root and foliage yields, crude protein (CP), and dry matter (DM) degradation characteristics of foliage among 25 cassava clones selected for green mite resistance at Ibadan, south-western Nigeria. Clones were sampled 12 months after planting during the 1994-95 and 1995-96 growing seasons to determine root and foliage yields. Foliage samples were analysed for CP and degradation characteristics of DM in rumen-fistulated N'dama (Bos indicus) steers using the nylon bag method. Root yield ranged from 1.26 t DM ha**-1 to 7.67 t DM ha**-1, and foliage yield from 0.18 t DM ha**-1 to 2.21 t DM ha**_1. Crude protein varied from 248 g kg**-1 DM to 303 g kg**-1 DM. Variations in the soluble and degradable fractions, potential degradability, effective degradability and rate of degradation among clones were significant. Root yield was poorly correlated with foliage yield, CP, and effective degradability of foliage quality. Using root and foliage yields and effective degradability of DM as indices for root and foliage production, some clones appeared to have higher potential than others. Both agronomic and nutritive value indices of the root and foliage should be considered as selection criteria in future cassava improvement programmes in developing countries.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Larkins, B. A.",2009,Plant Improvement and Protection,Emerging Technologies to Benefit Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9510/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Larsen, A.",1983,Recommendation of some manioc varieties for Vanuatu,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9517/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Lasco, R.D.",1986,"A comparative study of two agroforestry systems in Pagkalinawan, Jalajala, Rizal",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9524/,"The results showed that cassava with ipil-ipil strip was more effective in minimizing surface runoff (SRO) and soil loss. A total of 1.8% SRO and 0.602 tons/ha sediment loss were obtained for cassava with strip (C2) compared with 7.5% SRO and 26.137 tons/ha sediment yield for peanut alone (P1), 5.4% SRO and 8.22 tons/ha sediment yield for peanut with strip (P2) and 6.6% SRO and 207 g ton/ha sediment yield for cassava without strip (C1). With respect to economic profitability, cassava production resulted to a much higher net income than peanut production. The net income1812 for cassava was P1,754.61 per hectare while for peanut it was - P9,610.28 per hectare equivalent to 32.6% ROI and - 66.4% RO respectively. Documentation of cultural practices showed that for both cassava and peanut, the Pagkalinawan [Jalajala, Rizal, Philippines] farmers was generally practicing traditional indigenous practices in contrast to the recommended practices. Areas for probable improvement were identified. It was also observed that cassava involved simpler management practices than peanut. In view of the above, cassava with ipil-ipil strips appear to be the superior agroforestry system under the indigenous Pagkalinawan condit",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Latham, M. C.",1987,Cassava as a Food for Humans,Nutrition,3,6,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9531/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Laurense, A.A., Said, M.R., Rapp, G.",1993,Biological control activities in agricultural crops in Zanzibar,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9542/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Lavaleh, A.S. (Central Agricultural Research Inst., Monrovia (Liberia))",1989,Cassava production and its constraints in Liberia,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9549/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Lavercombe, D.P., Stone, B.J. (Queensland Dept. of Primary Industries, Indooroopilly (Australia). Soil Conservation Services Branch)",1986,Soil conservation for cassava in coastal southern Queensland a report on soil conservation in cassava based on experience at plantations at Yandaran and Torbanlea,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9550/,"The land was divided into erosion hazard zones according to its limitations, and those zones suitable for growing cassava were identified. Land management recommendations for the different zones were developed. Special problems associated with cassava growing in the area were noted. Guidelines have been drawn up and produced in a report along with special conditions imposed in the lease for the project. The soil conservation plant for the Yandaran project is reproduced.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Lawson, T.L.",1988,Characterizing the crop environment: an agroclimatic perspective,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9566/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Lawson, T.L. (International Inst. of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria))",1989,Light transmission characteristics of cassava canopies and their implications in intercropping and weed control,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9567/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Laxminarayana, K., Mishra, S., Soumya, S.",2016,Good Agricultural Practices in Tropical Root and Tuber Crops,"Tropical Roots and Tubers: Production, Processing and Technology",,,10.1002/9781118992739.ch4,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9572/,"The tropical root and tuber crops, such as cassava, sweet potato, yams and aroids, produce underground organs rich in major constituents, such as starch, sugars, and cellulose, and secondary metabolites, such as carotenoids, and vitamins. This chapter establishes the need to undertake more concerted basic studies on the good agronomic practices in order to enhance the total production to meet the growing demands for dietary energy, feed and basic resource for industry. There is a need to develop new lines in various tuber crops to perform better under biotic and abiotic stress conditions, degraded waste lands, respond to low inputs, and with short duration. Soil acidity is a major problem in most agricultural soils of the tropics and liming with materials containing calcium and/or magnesium oxides or carbonates is commonly practiced to ameliorate the acid soils. Sweet potato is an acid tolerant crop and yields are usually high in soils with a pH of 5.5-6.5.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Le Gall, P., Djihou, Z., Tchenga, G., Lomer, C.J.",2003,"Diet of Zonocerus variegatus (Linné, 1758) (Orth., Acrididae) in cassava fields in Bénin",Journal of Applied Entomology,127,,10.1046/j.1439-0418.2003.00762.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9583/,"This paper presents the results of a study on the diet of Zonocerus variegatus in cassava agro‐ecosystems at Allada, south Benin. The diet was determined by the analysis of plant fragments in the faeces of insects sampled in the fields. The grasshoppers studied consumed 21 plant species among the 81 found in the fields. Cassava, maize, Mallotus oppositifolius and Chromolaena odorata were the major food plants for Z. variegatus in this system. The presence of Z. variegatus in different fields was observed depending on the season and the presence of certain plant species. There was no relationship between plant frequency in the diet and in the field. Cassava was the preferred food resource for mature nymphs and adults. During the dry season, young nymphs stayed near the hatching sites and where good food resources were available. At this time, the grasshoppers were present in a field where cassava was not abundant but where maize and weeds were available. During the dry season, Z. variegatus had a broader diet than during the wet season. This contradicts the current hypothesis that the water content of plants and the floral diversity determines food preference. The dry season is also the time when C. odorata leaves were found in the faeces of both adults and nymphs. These observations made in West Africa are similar to those made in Central Africa, particularly for the number of plant species found in the faeces, 21 (26% of all plant species found in the fields) in Bénin and 17 (23%) in the Congo. The increase of the sample size and the great differences between the ecoregional situation of the study sites do not substantially change the number of plant species included in the diets. In the area covered by this study, C. odorata is not the major substitute for cassava during the dry season, although it remains a major food source and an especially visible food resource.",Excluded,No PICO Component
Le Khac Bo,2007,"Evaluation of alternative soil conservation measures in the upland areas of Moc Chau District, Son La province, Vietnam",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9585/,"The main objective of the study was to evaluate effects of alternative soil conservation measures on agricultural production, specifically on input use, farm productivity, and the benefits from such practices in the upland areas of Moc Chau District, Son La Province, in northern Vietnam. Specifically, the study determined the factors affecting the decision of farmers in adopting soil conservation practices which include integrated cropping, mulching, hedgerow planting and their combination into a package of technologies as well as the level of investment in these practices, the effects on input use and productivity and the benefits from soil conservation viz-a-viz the costs of soil conservation. The results of the study showed that the important factors affecting the decision of farmers in adopting soil conservation practices for maize and cassava production are size cultivated area, family size, the household gross income, experience of the household head in agricultural production, inherent practical skills of the farmer, farmer is provided credit assistance and extension training. On the other hand, the factors affecting level of investment in these conservation practices for both maize and cassava include size cultivated area, experience of the household head in agricultural production, farmer is given credit assistance and extension training, family labor availability of farmers and inherent practical skills in farming by the farmer. There are also a number of factors affecting the level of investment in these conservation practices. For maize and cassava production, the important factors include distance from the farm to the field, farm slope and gender of the household head. Input use and productivity are affected also by the adoption of soil conservation practices. Characteristics of soil, requirements of each practice, requirements of each crop, and farming practices affect input use in soil conservation shows that adopters had significantly higher yields than non-adopters in maize and cassava production. An additional 1 thousand dong worth of corn seeds invested will increase the value of marginal product by an additional 21 thousand dongs of output for all practices on soil conservation. For each additional one unit of nitrogen of cassava production, the soil conservation benefit would increase more thousand dongs of output. This study has clearly shown that soil conservation practices would greatly benefit of the upland areas of Moc Chau District. Government policies should provide education and extension training, support soil conservation innovations, and improve programs of soil conservation for the upland regions. Farmers should apply more soil conservation practices to increase productivity and economic returns in maize and cassava production.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Le R, B., Mitsipa, A.",2000,Influence of the host plant of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti on life-history parameters of the predator Exochomus flaviventris,Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,95,2,10.1023/A1003917831240,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9588/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Le Rü, B. R., Mitsipa, A.",2002,"Comparative life table statistics of Exochomus flaviventris reared on the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, fed on four host plants",Insect Science and its Application,22,3,10.1017/S1742758400012029,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9590/,"The demographic statistics of the ladybird Exochomus flaviventris Mader (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were investigated under laboratory conditions on the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), reared on four host plants with different levels of antibiotic resistance to the mealybug: two cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz, Euphorbiaceae) varieties, Incoza and Zanaga, Faux-Caoutchouc (FC) (hybrid of M. esculenta × M. glaziovii Muel. Arg.) and water weed (Talinum triangulare Jack, Portulacacae). Preimaginal mortality, mean oviposition time and total fecundity of female ladybirds were strongly affected by the host plant even though there was no linkage with antibiotic resistance. The net reproduction rates R0 of the predator were 1.5,1.7 and 2.4 times higher on Zanaga than on water weed, Incoza and FC respectively, and the generation time (T) was significantly longer on Zanaga than on the other three plants. The intrinsic rate of increase rm was not modified by the antibiotic resistance of the host plants. With the two cassava varieties, Incoza and Zanaga, it was found that antibiosis significantly affected the life history parameters of the ladybird without modifying its fitness, and provided better cassava mealybug control.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Le Ru, B.",1986,role of Neozygites fumosa in regulation of cassava mealybug populations,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9591/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Le Ru, B., Diangana, J. P., Beringar, N.",1994,"Effects of nitrogen and calcium on the level of resistance of cassava to the mealybug, P.manihoti",Insect sci.Appl,15,1,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9593/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Amatayakul, W., Azar, C.",2008,Determinants and land-use patterns of commercial cultivation of a fuel-wood crop in Thailand,Energy for Sustainable Development,12,1,10.1016/S0973-0826(08)60416-0,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/961/,"Several studies estimate that the potential contribution to global energy supplies in the long term from biomass from energy-crop plantations is large, based on assessments of global land area available for energy crops. However, there are few detailed analyses of the development of these plantations at the local level, taking into consideration land-use decisions by individual farmers and the potential competition between land uses. In this paper, we explore the characteristics of commercial farmers who grow and those who do not grow eucalyptus trees, a widely-cultivated fast-growing fuel-wood crop, in eastern Thailand, encompassing basic household, land and land-use, and farming characteristics. In addition, we analyze the determinants of, first, the farmers' decision to plant eucalyptus and, second, how large an area to plant with eucalyptus, with two econometric models. We find that while there are some similarities among the basic household characteristics of eucalyptus growers and non-growers, farm sizes of growers and non-growers are very different on average, eucalyptus growers' farms are three times as big. We find a combination of factors that increases the likelihood of planting eucalyptus large farm, the judgment that eucalyptus is less labor-intensive than alternative crops, and the availability of only a small number of workers within the family. We find that not only the potential available land area but also who cultivates a given parcel of land - several small-scale subsistence farmers or a single wealthier farmer - significantly determine the potential supply of fuel-wood. While the price of eucalyptus and that of the main alternative crop, cassava, are not main determinants for the decision to cultivate eucalyptus, for farmers who do grow eucalyptus, we find the price determines what fraction of the total land is used for this purpose. On average, eucalyptus growers allocate a third of their total area to eucalyptus and another third to cassava cultivation. We find that land quality does not affect the decision to plant eucalyptus trees or the size of the area chosen for planting. Thus, eucalyptus is grown on lands both suitable and unsuitable for food crops. About three-fourths of eucalyptus growers plant eucalyptus on land where food crops (mainly cassava) used to be planted. This implies that commercial farmers do not take only degraded or unproductive lands to grow fuel-wood crops. Thus, there is a competition between land use for food and fuel, and the increased expansion of the cultivation of fuel-wood crops could affect the production of food crops.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Lebot, V.",2008,"Tropical Root and Tuber Crops: Cassava, Sweet Potato, Yams and Aroids","Tropical Root and Tuber Crops: Cassava, Sweet Potato, Yams and Aroids",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9613/,"Most of the world's poorest smallholders depend on tropical roots and tubers crops as their principal source of food and nutrition. These species produce large quantities of dietary energy and have stable yields under difficult environmental conditions. The most important crops are cassava, sweet potato, yam and the aroids, sharing important common traits such as bulkiness, post-harvest perishability and vegetative propagation. This book compiles the most up to date information on the origin, genetics, physiology, agronomy, pests and diseases and post harvest processing of these crops, while attempting to provide ideas for further research and development.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Lecoustre, R., Fargette, D., Fauquet, C., de Reffye, P.",1989,Analysis and mapping of the spatial spread of African cassava mosaic virus using geostatistics and the kriging technique,Phytopathology,79,9,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9620/,"Theories of regionalized variables and kriging were used to assess the spatial pattern of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV). A linearlike semivariogram without a range characterizes the ACMV distribution and indicates a strongly spatially dependent structure with limited random variation. Oriented semivariograms reveal a strong anisotropy in relation to the prevailing wind direction. Further features of the semivariogram and comparisons of semivariograms between fields and between surveys provide additional information and support various hypotheses on the pattern of spread. From a sample of limited size, kriging reproduced the main characteristics of the spatial pattern of spread, including higher incidence along the wind-exposed southwest field borders, disease gradients, and other less obvious features. Up to 60% of the total variance was reconstructed from a 7% sample. Kriging was successfully applied to characterize the spatial pattern of spread in cassava fields differing in planting date, size, arrangement, orientation, and method of sampling. This technique was also efficient when the pattern of spread was heterogenous, although more intensive surveys were then required. Practical applications of geostatistics and kriging in epidemiology are discussed",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Lee, S.A. (MARDI, Klang, Selangor (Malaysia). Fruits Research Div.), Lo, N.P.",1987,"Review of wood research in field crops, 1 Root crops - Cassava, cocoyam, groundnut and sweet potatoes",Teknologi Pelbagai Tanaman,v. 3,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9624/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Amaya, O.L.",1992,Cassava,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/964/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Lefroy, R.",2004,Is science failing poor farmers? getting results into the village,JIRCAS International Symposium Series,12,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9650/,"Despite significant improvements over the last 40 years in the capacity to produce the food and fibre requirements of an increasing population, the number of rural poor is unacceptably high. Much of the improvement in agricultural production has resulted from scientific advances in germplasm, pest and disease control, and the management of soil and water resources, combined with improved transport and market linkages. Technology packages were developed to address production problems, resulting in many astounding successes. In many situations, however, there is a large gap between what farmers can achieve on their farms and the potential production, as achieved on research stations. Reducing this gap would go a long way to solving agricultural production and food security problems. There are two main reasons why some of the advances in agricultural science are not reaching a large number of farmers, particularly those with greatest needs - those marginalized poor rural communities who have limited and low quality resources. Firstly, many of the technology packages have not been developed for the more marginal situations in terms of natural and socioeconomic resources. Secondly, even when appropriate production strategies exist, the matching of these strategies to particular combinations of resources has not been effective. Significant advances have been made in addressing these issues through the use of more participatory research and extension methods that involve farmers in the development and validation of production strategies, and subsequently in the adaptation and adoption on their fields of the approaches they rank most highly. As farmers have become more involved in these developments, rural communities have been able to work together to identify approaches that suit their sets of biophysical, social, political, and economic resources. Still, the gap between potential and realized yield exists. These yield gaps need to be analysed to identify new areas of research and, perhaps more importantly, to identify those gaps that can be minimized through the appropriate application of existing technologies and strategies. Examples are provided of some of the areas of agricultural production where improvements in productivity can be achieved most easily, particularly for the marginal uplands of Southeast Asia. These examples include cassava production, livestock systems, soil erosion control, and soil fertility management. From these we can conclude that science is not failing the poor, but it could do much better.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Legg, J. P., Ogwal, S.",1998,Changes in the incidence of African cassava mosaic virus disease and the abundance of its whitefly vector along south–north transects in Uganda,Journal of Applied Entomology,122,4,10.1111/j.1439-0418.1998.tb01480.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9655/,"Surveys of the incidence of African cassava mosaic disease (ACMD) and its whitefly vector, Bemisia tabaci, were made at three-month intervals in 1992 and 1993 along two south-north transects. One was in central and the other in eastern Uganda. ACMD incidence was high within the northern localities of each transect and low towards the south. Incidence increased over the period at localities on the ACMD epidemic 'front' which was the interface between high incidence areas to the north and low incidence areas to the south. Combining data for both transects, the relationship between 'infective potential' (the product of whitefly number and the incidence of ACMD attributed to the use of infected cuttings, 'x') and the increase in proportion of' infected plants caused by whiteflies ('y', as transformed to account for multiple infection) was described by the straight line regression y = 47.8x + 9.2 (F ratio = 63.0, r2 = 0.78). This emphasises the importance for control of reducing ACMD incidence by phytosanitation and/or use of resistant varieties since reduction of whitefly numbers is not easily achieved. Possible mechanisms for the expansion of the ACMD epidemic and implications of the study findings for control of ACMD are discussed.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Legg, J. P.",1999,"Emergence, spread and strategies for controlling the pandemic of cassava mosaic virus disease in east and central Africa",Crop Protection,18,10,10.1016/S0261-2194(99)00062-9,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9656/,"During the 1990s, an epidemic of an unusually severe form of cassava mosaic virus disease (CMD) has expanded to cover virtually all of Uganda, and substantial areas in the neighbouring countries of Kenya, Tanzania, Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Losses in the generally sensitive local cassava cultivars have been so great that a common farmer response to the problem has been the temporary abandonment of cassava cultivation. As a consequence, the CMD 'pandemic' has had a significant destabilising effect on food security in East Africa. In attempting to combat the problem, vigorous efforts have been made to identify, multiply and disseminate resistant cassava germplasm. This has included cultivars obtained from the breeding programme of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), based in Nigeria, as well as local selections derived from IITA parent stock. Whilst considerable success has been realised in controlling the pandemic in Uganda, addressing the problem at the regional level remains a major challenge. This article reviews progress made in recent years, both in understanding the cause and mechanisms behind the pandemic's expansion, and in developing strategies to control it. Particular attention is drawn to the likely threat the pandemic poses to cassava production in the countries of central Africa, most notably the Democratic Republic of Congo, where insecurity currently impedes an assessment of the problem and the ready implementation of control measures. Scientists and other stakeholders with an interest in CMD management are therefore urged to explore innovative mechanisms that will allow them to develop a more comprehensive approach to CMD control in the region.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Legg, J. P., Abele, S., Obiero, H., Jeremiah, S., Bigirimana, S., Ntawuruhunga, P.",2005,The Cassava mosaic virus disease pandemic and its impact on people's livelihoods in East and Central Africa,Phytopathology,95,6,10.1094/PHYTO.2005.95.6.S120,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9662/,"The expansion of the pandemic of severe cassava mosaic virus disease (CMD) through East and Central Africa has been one of the most economically and socially important global plant disease events of the 21st century. From first reports in the late 1980s in North-Central Uganda, the pandemic has spread to affect cassava across a large area running from the Rift Valley area of East Africa across to the western part of the Congo Basin. Although CMD causes continent-wide losses of more than a billion dollars annually, the impact is most acute in pandemic-affected areas. Producers have attempted to cope with the situation through substitution of cassava with inferior crops, increasing cultivated areas, sale of household goods and laboring to provide extra cash to buy food, foregoing marketing opportunities and migration. Traders have been forced to travel greater distances to find cassava products and market shortages have had a direct negative impact on urban consumers. Significant successes have been realized in reversing negative livelihood impacts by controlling CMD, primarily through the deployment of host plant resistance. However, the continued spread of the pandemic through most of the countries of East and Central Africa and the sheer magnitude of the problem are such that a sustained commitment to its management will be required for at least a decade to come.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Legg, J. P., Owor, B., Sseruwagi, P., Ndunguru, J.",2006,Cassava Mosaic Virus Disease in East and Central Africa: Epidemiology and Management of A Regional Pandemic,Advances in Virus Research,67,,10.1016/S0065-3527(06)67010-3,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9663/,"This chapter provides a detailed description of the character, pattern of spread and impact of the pandemic and reviews management initiatives implemented to mitigate against its effects. It assesses the status of the pandemic and recommendations for its improved management. Although cassava mosaic disease (CMD) has been an important constraint to cassava production in Africa for more than a century, changes in the nature of the disease during the last two decades have led to losses on a hitherto unprecedented scale. Strategic epidemiological studies that have traced the development and spread of what is now known as the African CMD pandemic have provided vital insights into the mechanisms and pattern through which this disease is spread and the critical interactions with its whitefly vector, B. tabaci. Based on this new knowledge, an effective and wide-ranging management programme has been implemented utilizing each of the principal virus management tools, although the primary focus has been on the deployment of host-plant resistance. There has been a substantial impact in areas where management programmes have run for several years. The best example of this is Uganda, where more than a third of the cassava crop is under CMD-resistant varieties.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Legg, J. P., Owor, B., Sseruwagi, P., Ndunguru, J.",2006,Cassava mosaic virus disease in East and Central Africa: Epidemiology and management of a regional pandemic,Advances in Virus Research,67,,10.1016/S0065-3527(06)67010-3,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9664/,"In recent years, the cassava mosaic virus disease (CMD) pandemic in Africa has developed to become one of the most economically important crop diseases. By 2005, it had affected nine countries in East/ Central Africa, had covered an area of 2.6 million sq km and was causing estimated losses of 47% of production in affected countries equivalent to more than 13 million tonnes (mt) annually, out of an Africa-wide total estimated annual loss of 34 mt. Strategic research investigating the cassava mosaic geminiviruses (CMGs) responsible, their whitefly vector (Bemisia tabaci ) and interactions with their cassava host have provided the vital insights necessary to monitor the pandemic through regional epidemiological studies. Monitoring and forecasting studies have enhanced the effectiveness of host-plant resistance as a principal component of regional management efforts. Efficient movement of CMD-resistant germplasm into affected countries and regions, using an open quarantine procedure, has been key to the successes achieved to date in mitigating the effects of the pandemic. Novel control tactics, the most important of which is the use of transgenic varieties transformed for virus resistance, offer promise for the future, although transformed plants have yet to be evaluated under field conditions. Set against the promise of current and future control initiatives is the rapidly evolving nature and continued progress of the CMD pandemic. Important new threats include sustained super-abundant populations of B. tabaci  causing physical damage to cassava and the emergence of cassava brown streak virus disease (CBSD) as a serious problem in Uganda. In conclusion, it is argued that the effective deployment of the whole range of potential control tactics will be required if the CMD pandemic is to be managed effectively and that management efforts should aim to restore the largely benign equilibrium that has characterized the interaction between CMGs and their cassava host for the greater part of their more than century-old shared history.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Legg, J. P., Kumar, P. L., Makeshkumar, T., Tripathi, L., Ferguson, M., Kanju, E., Ntawuruhunga, P., Cuellar, W.",2015,"Cassava Virus Diseases: Biology, Epidemiology, and Management",Advances in Virus Research,91,,10.1016/bs.aivir.2014.10.001,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9671/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) is the most important vegetatively propagated food staple in Africa and a prominent industrial crop in Latin America and Asia. Its vegetative propagation through stem cuttings has many advantages, but deleteriously it means that pathogens are passed from one generation to the next and can easily accumulate, threatening cassava production. Cassava-growing continents are characterized by specific suites of viruses that affect cassava and pose particular threats. Of major concern, causing large and increasing economic impact in Africa and Asia are the cassava mosaic geminiviruses that cause cassava mosaic disease in Africa and Asia and cassava brown streak viruses causing cassava brown streak disease in Africa. Latin America, the center of origin and domestication of the crop, hosts a diverse set of virus species, of which the most economically important give rise to cassava frog skin disease syndrome. Here, we review current knowledge on the biology, epidemiology, and control of the most economically important groups of viruses in relation to both farming and cultural practices. Components of virus control strategies examined include diagnostics and surveillance, prevention and control of infection using phytosanitation, and control of disease through the breeding and promotion of varieties that inhibit virus replication and/or movement. We highlight areas that need further research attention and conclude by examining the likely future global outlook for virus disease management in cassava.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Legg, J. P., Kumar, P. L., Kanju, E. E.",2015,Cassava Brown Streak,Virus Diseases of Tropical and Subtropical Crops,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9672/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Leihner, D.E.",1979,Agronomic implications of cassava-legume intercropping systems,"Intercropping with cassava: Proceedings of an international workshop held at Trivandrum, India, 27 Nov-1 Dec 1978",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9678/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Ambassa-Kiki, R., IRAD. Yaounde (Cameroon), Tchienkoua, M., IRAD. Yaounde (Cameroon)",2002,"Management of crop residues and mineral fertilizers for sustainable agriculture in two villages around Yaounde, Central Cameroon",,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/968/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Leihner, D.E.",1980,A minimum input technology for cassava production,Zeitschrift fur Acker- und Pflanzenbau,149,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9680/,"The key components of the low-input cassava production technology developed at CIAT are described. The most suitable cv. were those having a high harvest index, reaching opt. LAI rapidly and maintaining it for a long period. The use of healthy cuttings from the middle or upper part of vigorous fully developed plants is recommended. Cuttings 20 cm long, with 5-7 buds, cut straight across to ensure uniform distribution of roots round the cut surface and planted vertically with 10 cm buried gave the best results. Factors influencing the opt. plant density are discussed. Generally not less than 10 000 plants/ha at harvest are needed. Adequate weed control by hand weeding during the 1st 120 days after planting or by intercropping with beans is recommended. Improved technology increased the yield of local cv. from 8 to 15-21 t fresh roots/ha. With improved technology the best selections yielded 25-35 t/ha.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Leihner, D.E.",1980,minimum input technology for cassava production,Zeitschrift fur Acker-und Pflanzenbau,v. 149,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9681/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Leihner, D.E.",1986,Current practices in the production of cassava planting material,"Global Workshop on Root and Tuber Crops Propagation: Proceedings of a Regional Workshop held in Cali, Colombia, 13-16 September, 1983",,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9685/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Leihner, D.E. (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali (Colombia))",1986,Physiological problems in the production of cassava planting material,"Global Workshop on Root and Tuber Crops Propagation: Proceedings of a Regional Workshop held in Cali, Colombia, 13-16 September, 1983",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9686/,,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Leihner, D.E. (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali (Colombia))",1986,Storage and regeneration of cassava planting material,,,,,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9687/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Ambe-Tumanteh, J.",1994,Contributions of improved cassava and sweet potato varieties to the socioeconomic changes in some rural areas of Cameroon,Acta Horticulturae,380,,10.17660/ActaHortic.1994.380.6,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/969/,"Root and tuber crops are a major staple and source of energy for more than 70% of Cameroonians. They occupy 16% of the total land area cultivated to food crops. They provide about 30% of the incomes of the growers. Cassava and sweet potato are grown in all the agroecologies of Cameroon. Constraints to their production have been identified by a research program. By 1986, research had selected varieties that are tolerant to prevalent pests and diseases, higher yielding than local cultivars, adapted to the agroecologies, and acceptable to consumers. Basic seed materials have been multiplied at the research station and distributed to farmers. Improved cassava and sweet potato varieties constitute 65% and 85% respectively of cultivated land to these crops, the remainder being local cultivars. Total production increased by 70% and 91%, sales by 68% and 83% for cassava and sweet potato, respectively. Consumers showed a high taste acceptance for local cultivars by 85% and 97% than for improved varieties in cassava and sweet potato, respectively. Cassava and sweet potato growers consume less than 20% of the total produce and sold more than 80%. These crops are, therefore, income-generating in the rural economies. Proceeds from the sale of produce are used in purchasing personal items, acquiring household property and livestock, building houses, paying children's school fees, and meeting other sociocultural obligations. Cassava and sweet potato are cash crops in the rural economies. Their production provides jobs to the unemployed. The living standards of the people who constitute more than 80% of the productive population, will be highly improved if the postharvest technology of these crops is improved through integrated research.",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Leihner, D. E., Ernst-Schaeben, R., Akond, T. P., Steinmller, N.",1996,Alley cropping on an ultisol in subhumid Benin. Part 2: Changes in crop physiology and tree crop competition,Agroforestry Systems,34,1,10.1007/BF00129629,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9690/,"From 1986-1992 alley cropping with Leucaena leucocephala (Lam,) de Wit and Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. was compared to a no-tree control, and fertilization with 90, 39 and 75 kg ha-1 N, P and K vs. no fertilization were studied in maize and cassava grown intercropped or in rotation. Light transmission measurements and row position effects on food crop yield did not indicate any decisive shading effect in tree-crop competition when trees were pruned 2-3 times a year. In the last three years, with NPK in solecropping the crop growth rates (CGR) of maize reached a peak of 100 g m-2 wk-1 around 70 days after planting (DAP). CGR in unfertilized Cajanus alleys was as high as in corresponding fertilized treatments but delayed by one month. For cassava, the highest growth rates of 60-130 gm-2 wk-1 lasted from 60 to 190 DAP with NPK in solecropping. The harvest index (HI) of cassava reached 40-55% in all intercropping and unfertilized solecropping treatments. The HI in solecropping was reduced by fertilization to 30-40% due to excessive leaf growth at 60-190 DAP. The increase in number of thickened roots starting at 30 DAP in solecropping was delayed by one month in intercropping. The reason for significantly higher cassava root yields in Cajanus alleys as compared to no trees in the fertilized solecrop was attributed to the enhanced root formation at 85 DAP due to a slower release of nutrients subject to leaching such as N and K from tree prunings than from mineral fertilizer.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Ambe, T.J., Lyonga, S.N., Agboola, A.A., Hahn, S.K.",1988,The performance of cassava with other staples in intercrops in Cameroon,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/970/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Lema, K.M., Herren, H.R.",1982,Biological control of cassava mealybug and cassava green mite: front-line release strategy,"Root Crops in Eastern Africa: Proceedings of a workshop held in Kigali, Rwanda, 23-27 November 1980",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9701/,"Biological control is one of the most promising solutions to the problems caused by the cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) and the cassava green mite (Mononychellus tanajoa). At present, however, there are no effective natural enemies in Africa; they must be identified in, and imported from, South America where the two pests are indigenous. This is the task being undertaken by entomologists at IITA, and some progress has already been made. One species of predator imported during the first phase of the efforts is being successfully mass-produced and will soon be released against the mealybug. The release may be done at the front as well as inside infested areas.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Lema, K.M., Hennessey, R.D., Herren, H.R.",1984,The cassava mealybug front hypothesis: role of indigenous natural enemies,Tropical Root Crops: Production and Uses in Africa,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9703/,"Ten years after the discovery of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, in Zaire, reports claim that damage from the pest in Bas-Zaire and Bandundu states has been decreasing since 1978 and reached a minimum in 1983. At the same time, severe outbreaks have been reported in Kivu and Shaba states where the pest has recently been introduced. We believe that cassava mealybug infestations form a ""front"" that progresses to colonize and destroy new areas, whereas in previously invaded areas the damage is gradually reduced. This phenomenon and the role that might have been played by indigenous natural enemies as well as that of other factors are discussed in this paper.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Lema, K.M. (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria)), Mahungu, N.M. (Programme national manioc (PRONAM), Kinshasa (Zaire))",1984,Effects of fertilizer application on postembryonic development and reproduction of the cassava mealybug,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9704/,"Experiments were conducted with two cassava varieties in the greenhouse to ascertain the effect of NPK, N, and K fertilizer application on the postembryonic development and reproduction of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti. Nitrogen and NPK were applied at the rates of 60, 120, and 190 kg/ha and potassium (K2O) at the rates of 15, 30, and 45 kg/ha. The results showed that none of the applications significantly (P0.05) affected either the development or the fertility of the mealybug on the two cassava varieties.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Lema, K. M., Herren, H. R.",1985,"The influence of constant temperature on population growth rates of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti",Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata,38,2,10.1111/j.1570-7458.1985.tb03514.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9706/,"Life table studies were conducted to assess the effect of constant temperature on the rate of population growth of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero. Four temperatures, between 20 and 30.5 C were tested. An inverse relationship was observed between temperature and most demographic parameters. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) increased from 0.1 at 20 C to 0.2 at 27 C and 30.5 C. The net reproductive rate varied between 426.3 at 30.5 C and 584.7 at 20 C. The mealybug population reached 50% mortality after 37.5, 21.5, 19.0 and 19.0 days respectively at 20, 23.5, 27 and 30.5 C. The results indicate that P. manihoti can persist and increase in numbers within the range between 20 and 30.5 C.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Lema, K. M., Herren, H. R.",1985,"Release and Establishment in Nigeria of Epidinocarsis-Lopezi, a Parasitoid of the Cassava Mealybug, Phenacoccus-Manihoti",Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata,38,2,10.1111/j.1570-7458.1985.tb03515.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9707/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Lema, K.M., Khan, S.K.",1987,Projection on the prospects of host plant resistance in root crops against major pests and diseases,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9709/,"Cassava, sweet potato, yam and cocoyams are major staple food in the tropics. They are however, attacked by several pests and diseases which constitute important biological constraints to production. Host plant resistance (HRP) has been successfully used as the principal control method or as an important component of integrated pest management. This paper discussed the progress made so far in the development of root crop varieties resistance to pests and diseases. For example TSM 30001, TMS 30572 and TMS 4(2)1425 are resistant to the cassava mosaic virus, cassava bacterial blight; TMS 4(2)1425 and TMS 91934 are resistant to both the cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) and the cassava green mite (Imononychellus tanajoa). Sweet potato, yam and cocoyam varieties resistant to the major pests and diseases have also been developed. Technological breakthroughs in the area of biotechnology that can be used to overcome some of the problems associated with the conventional breeding methods and enable HRP to contribute even more to effective pest management are also discussed.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Lemaire, M. E.",1950,Manioc,Journal of Geography,49,9,10.1080/00221345008982511,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9710/,,Excluded,Cannot Access
"Lenne, J. M.",2011,Management of Crop-associated Biodiversity Above-ground,Agrobiodiversity Management for Food Security: A Critical Review,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9727/,No abstract,Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Ambe, J.T.",1993,The effect of planting dates on three cassava diseases in Cameroon,International Journal of Pest Management,39,3,10.1080/09670879309371811,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/973/,"In an investigation into the response of cassava yield to different planting dates, two local cultivars (red‐ and white‐skinned) were planted on eight dates from March to October, corresponding to the wet period of the zone, from 1984 to 1986. Fresh storage root yields were evaluated 12 months after planting with the incidence and severity of the main diseases. The fresh storage root yield 12 months after planting increased from March to August plantings and began to decrease from September in both cultivars. The white‐skinned cultivar was superior to the red‐skinned with a mean yield difference of 5–0 t/ha and mean storage root number of 9.5 per 10 m2. Fresh storage root yield of both cultivars followed the same rainfall pattern but the reverse was recorded in relation to sunshine hours. Early planting produces greater marketable yields. Cassava mosaic, bacterial blight and leaf spot diseases decreased from the early to the late plantings in both cultivars. Cassava can give profitable yields if planted from March to October in the area studied. If larger roots are preferred, early planting is recommended; late planting is recommended for quality leaves devoid of disease. The choice of planting period depends on the needs of the farmer for fresh storage root, the time available and the inputs at his disposal.",Excluded,Duplicate
"Pulporn, Lertchai",1996,Test of planting vetiver grass at different vertical intervals for soil and water conservation on sloping land,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9739/,"Study of planting vetiver grass at different vertical intervals for soil and water conservation with cassava was conducted in Rayoung Land Development Station on Mab Bon soil series at 3 percent slope. It was found that there were no significant differences in soil loss when planting vetiver grass in single row with the vertical interval of 1 or 2 m and planting cassava up and down slope without any soil and water conservation measure. It was also found that when planting vetiver grass with 3 m vertical interval, soil loss would be the greatest. However there were no significant differences on cassava yield in different treatments.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Leu, L. S., Chen, C. T.",1972,Bacterial wilt of Cassava (Manihotis utilissima Pohl.) caused by Xanthomonas manihotis (Arthaud-Berthet) Starr,Plant Protection Bulletin,14,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9749/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Ambe, J. T.",1994,Effect of Harvesting Time on Cassava Fresh Root Yield in Cameroon,Discovery and Innovation,6,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/975/,"Cassava (Manihot esculenta) harvesting varies across growing regions. Root rots of cassava have been variously reported by farmers. Harvesting time of two cassava local cultivars (red and white-skinned) was investigated at 9, 12, 15 and 18 months after planting (MAP) with a view to recommending the best time for optimum and quality yield to growers. Cassava root number increased with age for both cultivars up to 12 MAP and thereafter, declined for the white-skinned cultivar due to rots while that of the red-skinned did not. Cassava root yield initially increased increasingly with age up to 12 MAP (19.6 t/ha) for the white cultivar and began to drop as from 15 MAP (17.8 t/ha) while the red-skinned cultivar increased at a fast rate up to 12 MAP (14.9 t/ha) and then increased gradually with time from subsequent harvests. While the red-skinned cassava cultivar showed increased fibre content of storage roots beyond 15 MAP, the white skinned cultivar had a lot of root rots at 12 MAP. The red-skinned cassava cultivar had optimum and good quality fresh cassava root yield at 15 MAP while the white cultivar did the same at 12 MAP, Prolongation of the harvesting time for the red-skinned cassava cultivar led to accumulation of more fibre while the white-skinned cultivar was attacked by root rots to the detriment of the quality of fresh cassava roots.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Leuschner, K. (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria))",1976,Major pests of cassava in Africa and preliminary guidelines for screening or resistance [Africa south of Sahara],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9753/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Leuschner, K., Nwanze, K. F.",1977,"International Workshop on the Cassava Mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti M'vuazi, Zaire, June 1977",PANS,23,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9754/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Leuschner, K., Nwanze, K. F.",1977,"International workshop on the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti mvuazi, Zaire, June 1977",Pans,23,4,10.1080/09670877709412489,https://www.metadataset.com/subject/cassava/publication/9755/,,Excluded,Duplicate
"Leuschner, K. (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria))",1981,Screening for resistance against the green spider mite [Mononychellus tanajoa],"Tropical root crops: Research strategies for the 1980s proceedings of the first triennial root crops symposium of the international society for tropical root crops Africa branch, 8-12 September 1980, Ibadan, Nigeria",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9756/,"After a brief introduction on the history, symptoms, yield loss, biology, and behaviour of the green spider mite, the paper outlines the methods for screening cassava varieties for resistance to the pest. In Tanzania and Zanzibar, resistant clones have been identified from local and IITA germ plasm. In Nigeria, at present all available germ plasm and the 1980 seedlings have been evaluated for resistance. For this a scoring system ranging from 1 to 5 has been developed, 1 being highly resistant and 5 highly susceptible; 27 clones from the germ plasm have been identified as less susceptible. At present, these clones are being tested more intensively. The testing program includes (a) Monitoring the mite population on each clone for 12 months; (b) Monitoring plant growth because the vigorously growing clones seem to withstand green spider mite effectively; (c) Identifying the mechanisms of resistance, such as pubescence (shaved and unshaved leaves are compared in terms of mite population development); and (d) Monitoring reproduction of the female insects (number of eggs, egg and nymph mortality, and length of time needed for each development stage)",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Leuschner, K. (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria))",1982,Pest control for cassava and sweet potato,"Root Crops in Eastern Africa Proceedings of a workshop held in Kigali, R wan da, 23-27 November 1980",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9757/,"The prevailing socioeconomic conditions of the smallholder farmer in Africa militate against the widespread use of insecticides not only because of the costs of the chemicals but because of the long-term side-effects from their misuse. Thus, other means of pest control must be sought. Agricultural researchers must concentrate on building-in host-plant resistance, identifying and introducing natural enemies of the offending pests. Progress along these lines for two important staple root crops - cassava and sweet potatoes - in Africa has been considerable over the last 10 years; the focus and accomplishments of work to date are reviewed in this paper.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Levasseur, V., Djimde, M., Olivier, A.",2004,"Live fences in Segou, Mali an evaluation by their early users",,v. 60,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9758/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Lewis, L. A.",1991,"Relations between crops, topography and degradation in western Rwanda some strategies for sustainable agriculture","Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, Supplementband",83,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9767/,"Utilizing environmental data gathered as part of the National Agricultural Survey-1984, the spatial distribution of primary crops and land use is examined in the extreme western portion of Rwanda. Topographic variables are found to be relatively unimportant in the selection process of banana and coffee fields. Fields of manioc are concentrated on the steeper slopes, the fields most susceptible to erosion. Additionally, non-cultivated fields also show a strong clustering on the steeper slopes. These patterns likely indicate that land degradation (erosion) is occurring on the steeper slopes given the scarcity of land in this area. It sustainable agricultural systems are to evolve in these areas, strategies are needed to alter the current spatial patterns of crop distribution. Unless interventions in the farming systems are introduced, there are indications that the land resource will degrade threatening agricultural sustainability. Many of the current strategies for increasing agricultural yields need to be modified in order to insure environmental stability, a prerequisite for the long-term viability of Rwandan agriculture. -from Author",Excluded,Cannot Access
"Leyva-Guerrero, Elisa, Narayanan, Narayanan N, Ihemere, Uzoma, Sayre, Richard T",2012,Iron and protein biofortification of cassava: lessons learned,Current Opinion in Biotechnology,23,2,10.1016/j.copbio.2011.12.009,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9769/,"Over two hundred and fifty million Africans rely on the starchy root crop cassava (Manihot esculenta) as their primary source of calories. Cassava roots, however, have the lowest protein:energy ratio of all the world's major staple crops. Furthermore, a typical cassava-based diet provides less than 10–20% of the required amounts of iron, zinc, vitamin A and vitamin E. The BioCassava Plus program employed modern biotechnologies to improve the health of Africans through development and delivery of novel cassava germplasm with increased nutrient levels. Here we describe the development of molecular strategies and their outcomes to meet minimum daily allowances for protein and iron in cassava based diets. We demonstrate that cyanogens play a central role in cassava nitrogen metabolism and that strategies employed to increase root protein levels result in reduced cyanogen levels in roots. We also demonstrate that enhancing root iron uptake has an impact on the expression of genes that regulate iron homeostasis in multiple tissues. These observations demonstrate the complex metabolic interactions involved in enhancing targeted nutrient levels in plants and identify potential new strategies for further enhancing nutrient levels in cassava.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
"Li, H.Q., Sautter, C., Potrykus, I., Puonti-Kaerlas, J.",1996,Genetic transformation of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Nature Biotechnology,14,,10.1038/nbt0696-736,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9774/,"Genetic engineering can be used to complement traditional breeding methods in crop plant improvement. Transfer of genes from heterologous species provides the means of selectively introducing new traits into crop plants and expanding the gene pool beyond what has been available to traditional breeding systems. The prerequisites for genetic engineering are efficient transformation and tissue culture systems that allow selection and regeneration of transgenic plants. Cassava, an integral plant for food security in developing countries, has until now been recalcitrant to transformation approaches. We report here a method for regenerating stably transformed cassava plants after cocultivation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which opens cassava for future improvement via biotechnology.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Li, Y., Ruysschaert, G., Poesen, J., Zhang, Q. W., Bai, L. Y., Li, L., Sun, L. F.",2006,Soil losses due to potato and sugar beet harvesting in NE China,Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,31,8,10.1002/esp.1304,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9781/,"The study of soil loss due to crop harvesting (SLCH) started only recently in soil erosion research. It describes the mass of adhering soil, soil clods and rock fragments that is lost from arable land during the harvesting of crops such as potato, sugar beet, sweet potato and cassava. Some research on mechanized agriculture in Europe revealed that soil loss rates due to crop harvesting can be comparable to water and tillage erosion rates. However, little is known about soil losses caused by manually harvested crops in other parts of the world. This study investigated SLCH for potato and sugar beet plots on farmer's fields spread over four regions in northeast China where harvesting is carried out by hand. Soil losses for sugar beet were on average 1.0 Mg/ha/ harvest, ranging from 0.2 to 1.9 Mg/ha/harvest, and SLCH for potato ranged from 0.2 to 3.0 Mg/ha/harvest with an average of 1.2 Mg/ha/ harvest. Soil moisture content, average root mass and plant density could explain 45 to 67 per cent of the variability of SLCH for sugar beet. The effect of soil texture was the opposite to findings of other studies, which could be attributed to the strong correlations among the variables and to the effect of the harvesting operator. SLCH variability for potatoes could best be explained by soil texture. SLCH for sugar beet was much lower than European SLCH values for this crop, which can be explained by differences in harvesting technique and agronomic practices. SLCH for potato was comparable to soil losses measured in Belgium, especially if clods are removed on the harvesting machine. However, clay contents of the soils were larger in this study and soil losses were lower than in Belgium for comparable clay contents. Although SLCH is not the dominant soil erosion process in NE China, it contributes to overall soil loss rates, which have already exceeded their critical tolerance limits in this region. Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Ameny, M.A.",1990,Traditional post-harvest technology of cassava in Uganda,Tropical Science,30,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/984/,"A study was carried out in 4 districts (Iganga, Kampala, Apach and Lira) to examine traditional methods of conservation of fresh cassava and to determine how cassava-based foods are prepared traditionally. Fresh cassava was stored mainly by reburying or placing in water for a few days. More sophisticated storage methods, using plastic bags or refrigeration, were not practised in these areas. Cassava products produced in the region included boiled cassava, cassava paste, cassava flour mixed with millet and sorghum, roasted cassava and fried cassava. The most common method of preparing cassava for immediate use was by boiling. The 4 most commonly-grown cultivars in the region (Bao, Bukalasa, Bukalasa 11 and Ebwanatereka) are described.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Lian, T.S.",1982,Utilization of genetic resources in cassava breeding programmes,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9863/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Lian, T.S., Khen, C.S.",1986,Improving the productivity of cassava in Peninsular Malaysia,"Cassava in Asia, Its Potential and Research Development Needs: Proceedings of a Regional Workshop held in Bangkok, Thailand, 5-8 June 1984",,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9865/,,Excluded,No PICO Component
"Liangcheng, D., Moeller, B.L., Halkier, B.A.",1994,The biosynthesis of cyanogenic glucosides in tubers of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz),Physiologia Plantarum,91,3,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9869/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Liao, Y., Sun, Y., Liu, S., Chen, D., Wang, G.",2012,Development and prototype trial of digging-pulling style cassava harvester,Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,28,SUPPL. 2,10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2012.z2.006,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9872/,"Aim at the complexity of cassava tuber distributing in the soil, in order to harvest cassava tuber from different soils with a variety of hard levels, referencing the basic principles and structure of potatoes, garlic, sweet potatoes and other root crops harvesting machinery, a kind of digging-pulling style cassava harvester was developed based on cassava's biological and physical characteristics, which can complete tuber's digging, transportation, separation and other work simultaneously. The digging shovel, clamping conveyor and power transmission mechanism were designed and the key parameters were determined. The key parameters of the grizzly bar-type shovel is shovel's plane angle of on more 20, the shovel's length of is 550 mm and shovel's width is 1000 mm. The total transmission ratio is 2.29, gearbox's transmission ratio is 2. The gearbox output shaft speed is 500 r/min. The chain transmission ratio is 1.15, and output speed is 435 r/min. The digging-pulling cassava harvester should be used with medium-sized tractor. Through the trial of the prototype and field test, the results showed that digging-pulling cassava harvester runs smoothly, and reaches the combination of digging and pulling to harvest cassava.",Excluded,Language Barrier
"Liao, W., Li, Y., Yang, Y., Wang, G., Peng, M.",2016,Exposure to various abscission-promoting treatments suggests substantial ERF subfamily transcription factors involvement in the regulation of cassava leaf abscission,BMC Genomics,17,1,10.1186/s12864-016-2845-5,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9873/,"Background Cassava plants (Manihot esculenta Crantz) have obvious abscission zone (AZ) structures in their leaf pulvinus-petioles. Cassava leaf abscission can be triggered by either 17 days of water-deficit stress or 4 days of ethylene treatment. To date, little is known about cassava AP2/ERF factors, and less is known regarding their roles in regulating abscission zone development. Results Here, the cassava and Arabidopsis AP2/ERF genes were compared, finding that the cassava genome contains approximately 1.54-fold more ERF subfamily than the Arabidopsis genome. Microarray analysis was used to identify the AP2/ERF genes that are expressed in cassava leaf pulvinus-petiole abscission zones by comparing the AP2/ERF gene expression profiles of ethylene- and water-deficit stress-induced leaf abscission. In total, 99 AP2/ERF genes were identified as expressed in AZs across six time points during both ethylene- and water-deficit stress-induced leaf abscission. Comparative expression profile analysis of similar SOTA (Self Organizing Tree Algorithm) clusters at six time points during ethylene- and water-deficit stress-induced leaf abscission demonstrated that 20 ERF subfamily genes had similar expression patterns in response to both treatments. GO (Gene Ontology) annotation confirmed that all 20 ERF subfamily genes participate in ethylene-mediated signalling. Analysis of the putative ERF promoter regions shown that the genes contained primarily ethylene- and stress-related cis-elements. Further analysis of ACC oxidase activity in AZs across six time points during abscission shown increased ethylene production in response to both ethylene and water-deficit stress; however, the difference was more dramatic for water-deficit stress. Finally, the expression ratios of 20 ERF subfamily genes were analysed in two cassava cultivars, 'KU50' and 'SC5', that exhibit different levels of leaf abscission when challenged with the same water-deficit stress. The analysis indicated that most of the ERF genes were expressed at higher levels in the precocious abscission 'KU50' cultivar than in the delayed abscission 'SC5' cultivar. Conclusion Ccomparative analysis of both ethylene- and water-deficit stress-induced leaf abscission shown that the ERF subfamily functions in the regulation of cassava abscission zone development.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Libetario, F.M., Litsinger, J.A.",1987,Pelletized seed coating technique using cassava flour [Philippines],,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9879/,"Cassava flour pelleting is cheap, convenient, safe and effective coating technique in seed treatment experiments. The detailed methodology in preparing cassava flour pellets was discussed.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Lima, M.I.P.M., Romeiro, R.S., Muchovej, J.J.",1990,Cassava agglutination factor against Xanthomonas campestris pv. manihotis,Fitopatologia Brasileira,15,1,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9895/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Limsila, J.",1988,Germination and survival capacity of cassava cuttings under controlled moisture and field conditions in Thailand,,,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9913/,"Results showed high germination percentage (82.5-100%) of all clones/varieties under field condition. However, differences in germination percentage were highly significant among them. The highly significant survival percentage among clones/varieties observed three months after planting ranged from 27.2 to 92.5 percent with eight clones, Rayong 1 and Rayong 3 having survival percentage of more than 80 percent. Dry matter content and specific gravity of stem cuttings had significant positive correlation with percent survival while specific gravity had significant positive correlation with percent germination. In the experiment under controlled initial soil moisture content at field capacity (FC), 75, and 50 percent FC, there was a highly significant interaction between moisture level and cassava clones/varieties on percent germination and on percent survival. Eighteen of the 23 clones/varieties were not affected by soil moisture levels while five had significantly lower percent germination when planted under reduced soil moisture level. An opposite result was observed in percent survival where the significant reduction in percent survival was noted at a higher (FC) moisture level.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Lister, R. M.",1959,Mechanical transmission of cassava brown streak virus,Nature,183,4675,10.1038/1831588b0,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9949/,"BROWN streak virus disease of cassava (Manihot utilissima Pohl.) is important in all the cassava-growing areas on the coasts of Kenya and Tanganyika, because necrosis of the starch storage tissues of the roots and stems of infected plants results in serious losses in yield1,2. Transmission of the virus by a white fly (Bemisia sp.) is suspected but has not been confirmed3 and the only reliable means of transmitting it experimentally has been by grafting. The symptoms of the disease vary greatly with variety and environmental conditions, making diagnosis difficult, particularly when plants are infected both with brown streak and cassava mosaic, another virus disease. Thus a major difficulty in studying brown streak has so far been the lack of a means of transmitting the causal virus readily and also uncontaminated with cassava mosaic virus. 1959 Nature Publishing Group.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Amnat Suwanarit (Kasetsart Univ., Bangkok (Thailand). Faculty of Agriculture. Dept. of Soil Science)",1996,Potassium fertility of Thai soils and management practices for agricultural sustainability,Warasan Din lae Pui,v. 18,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/995/,"Soils of most of the areas in Thailand have kaolinite as the dominant clay mineral suggesting that soils of most of the areas are low in K. Results of chemical analyses of sample soils also support this. Regosols and Hydromorphic Regosols generally have the lowest total-K and available-K contents and Gley Podzolic and Hydromorphic Gley Podzolic soils have the second lowest K contents. Alluvial soils generally have the highest K contents. Results of studies with different crops in most cases showed no responses in crop yields to K fertilization. This was presumably due to the farmers' selection of crops according to fertility of the soils. Results of studies showed that peanut gave the lowest critical level of K in soils (35 mg NH4OAc-extractable K/kg) whereas cotton gave the highest one (around 120 mg NH4OAc-extractable K/kg). Soybean, cassava and kenaf gave rather similar critical levels (45-55 mg NH4OAc-extractable K/kg). Rice and corn also gave similar critical levels (around 74 mg NH4OAc-extractable K/kg). Besides K status of soils, balance of nutrients, crop cultivar and time of application are shown to affect responses of crops to K fertilizer. It is also pointed out that other factors may also affect the responses. In the general fertilizer recommendations, K application is recommended for all crops grown on sandy soils. On loamy soils, K fertilization is recommended for all of the crops except corn and sorghum. On black clayey soils K fertilizer is recommended for snow pea, string bean, chili, all vegetables, tobacco and fruit trees but not for rice, corn sorghum and cotton. On red clayey soils, K fertilizer is recommended for sugarcane, cotton, snow pea, string bean, all vegetables, tobacco and fruit trees but not for rice, corn sorghum, soybean and mungbean.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Lit, I.L. Jr., Calilung, V.J., Villacarlos, L.T. (Philippines Univ., Los Banos, College, Laguna (Philippines). Museum of Natural History)",1990,"Notes on mealybugs and scale insects (Coccoidea, Hemiptera) of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)",Philippine Entomologist,v. 8,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9950/,,Excluded,Cannot Find
"Lithourgidis, A. S., Dordas, C. A., Damalas, C. A., Vlachostergios, D. N.",2011,Annual intercrops: an alternative pathway for sustainable agriculture,Australian Journal of Crop Science,5,4,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9951/,"Intercropping, the agricultural practice of cultivating two or more crops in the same space at the same time, is an old and commonly used cropping practice which aims to match efficiently crop demands to the available growth resources and labor. The most common advantage of intercropping is the production of greater yield on a given piece of land by making more efficient use of the available growth resources using a mixture of crops of different rooting ability, canopy structure, height, and nutrient requirements based on the complementary utilization of growth resources by the component crops. Moreover, intercropping improves soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation with the use of legumes, increases soil conservation through greater ground cover than sole cropping, and provides better lodging resistance for crops susceptible to lodging than when grown in monoculture. Intercrops often reduce pest incidence and improve forage quality by increasing crude protein yield of forage. Intercropping provides insurance against crop failure or against unstable market prices for a given commodity, especially in areas subject to extreme weather conditions such as frost, drought, and flood. Thus, it offers greater financial stability than sole cropping, which makes the system particularly suitable for labor-intensive small farms. Besides, intercropping allows lower inputs through reduced fertilizer and pesticide requirements, thus minimizing environmental impacts of agriculture. However, intercropping has some disadvantages such as the selection of the appropriate crop species and the appropriate sowing densities, including extra work in preparing and planting the seed mixture and also extra work during crop management practices, including harvest. The selection of an appropriate intercropping system for each case is quite complex as the success of intercropping systems depend much on the interactions between the component species, the available management practices, and the environmental conditions. Plant breeding can contribute determinedly to increase of productivity of intercropping systems by investigating and exploiting the genetic variability to intercrop adaptation. This paper provides an overall view and evaluation of annual intercropping, summarizing its main advantages supported by a number of key examples from the literature which point out its great value in the context of sustainable agriculture.",Excluded,Secondary Literature
Amnat Suwanarit,1996,Soil amendment and the environment,Warasan Din lae Pui,v. 18,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/996/,"Growing population and the existing global hunger and malnutrition have put more stress on food supply and decrease in agricultural land. Accordingly, it is necessary to increase productivity of agricultural land, especially in developing countries. Soil amendment is an important tool in maintaining and increasing productivity of agricultural land. Both chemical fertilizers and organic manures help maintaining and improving soil properties, which in turn maintain and improve productivity of the land. Though, chemical fertilizers and organic manures may result in possible pollution of the groundwater, contamination of soil with toxic substances and emission of greenhouse gases, careful management in amending the soil with these materials can help keep their environmental consequences within the save limits. Research on officient use of soil amendment materials and on minimizing their possible environmental consquences is an important key to solving the problems.",Excluded,Cannot Find
"Amnuaykanjanasin, Alongkorn, Jirakkakul, Jiraporn, Panyasiri, Cheerapha, Panyarakkit, Pairat, Nounurai, Prachumporn, Chantasingh, Duriya, Eurwilaichitr, Lily, Cheevadhanarak, Supapon, Tanticharoen, Morakot",2013,Infection and colonization of tissues of the aphid Myzus persicae and cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti by the fungus Beauveria bassiana,,v. 58,,,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/997/,"Histopathogenesis of living insects of Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera Aphididae) and Phenacoccus manihoti MatileFerrero (Hemiptera Pseudococcidae) by Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Ascomycota Hypocreales) was monitored from penetration through insect death. Important events in aphids included fungal penetration of the integument of the less-resistant leg intersegmental membrane and invasion of natural openings, formation of hyphal bodies in live aphids by threedays post-inoculation (PI), and extensive hyphal colonization of the two leg segments closest to the insect body at death of the aphids. Confocal microscopy of green fluorescent protein-labeled B. bassiana in live mealybugs indicated the fungus penetrated the host through the legs and mouthparts. The fungus was scarce in live mealybugs at 15days PI, formed hyphal bodies by six days PI, and growth was limited to parts of dead hosts at 67days PI. In dead mealybugs, hyphal bodies were near solid tissue. Blastospores were in the hemolymph.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Liu, Junguo, Zehnder, Alexander J.B., Yang, Hong",2009,Global consumptive water use for crop production: The importance of green water and virtual water,Water Resources Research,45,,10.1029/2007WR006051,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9971/,"Over the last 4 decades the use of blue water has received increasing attention in water resources research, but little attention has been paid to the quantification of green water in food production and food trade. In this paper, we estimate both the blue and green water components of consumptive water use (CWU) for a wide range of agricultural crops, including seven cereal crops, cassava, cotton, groundnuts, potatoes, pulses, rapeseed, soybeans, sugar beets, sugarcane, and sunflower, with a spatial resolution of 30 arc min on the land surface. The results show that the global CWU of these crops amounted to 3823 km3 a-1 for the period 1998–2002. More than 80% of this amount was from green water. Around 94% of the world crop-related virtual water trade has its origin in green water, which generally constitutes a low-opportunity cost of green water as opposed to blue water. High levels of net virtual water import (NVWI) generally occur in countries with low CWU on a per capita basis, where a virtual water strategy is an attractive water management option to compensate for domestic water shortage for food production. NVWI is constrained by income; low-income countries generally have a low level of NVWI. Strengthening low-income countries economically will allow them to develop a virtual water strategy to mitigate malnutrition of their people.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Liu, J., Zheng, Q., Ma, Q., Gadidasu, K. K., Zhang, P.",2011,Cassava Genetic Transformation and its Application in Breeding,Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,53,7,10.1111/j.1744-7909.2011.01048.x,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9983/,"As a major source of food, cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important root crop in the tropics and subtropics of Africa and Latin America, and serves as raw material for the production of starches and bioethanol in tropical Asia. Cassava improvement through genetic engineering not only overcomes the high heterozygosity and serious trait separation that occurs in its traditional breeding, but also quickly achieves improved target traits. Since the first report on genetic transformation in cassava in 1996, the technology has gradually matured over almost 15 years of development and has overcome cassava genotype constraints, changing from mode cultivars to farmer-preferred ones. Significant progress has been made in terms of an increased resistance to pests and diseases, biofortification, and improved starch quality, building on the fundamental knowledge and technologies related to planting, nutrition, and the processing of this important food crop that has often been neglected. Therefore, cassava has great potential in food security and bioenergy development worldwide.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Liu, B. B., Wang, F., Zhang, B., Bi, J.",2013,Energy balance and GHG emissions of cassava-based fuel ethanol using different planting modes in China,Energy Policy,56,,10.1016/j.enpol.2012.12.052,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9995/,"Cassava-based fuel ethanol (CFE) is playing an increasingly important role in renewable transportation energy in the Guangxi Province in China. Previous studies have evaluated the energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) performance of CFE, but they have largely overlooked the influences of different agricultural planting modes. In this study, five scenarios related to cassava planting modes were selected to evaluate the lifecycle energy balance and GHG emissions of the CFE system. The results show that, although all the five CFE scenarios show positive net energy values (NEV) and GHG emissions savings compared with the conventional gasoline, the planting modes have significant impacts on their energy and GliG performance. Modes that are considered intensive (i.e. high fertilizer use intensity and highly mechanized harvesting) generally show poorer performance than the extensive ones, primarily because of the intensive energy consumption and GHG emissions during nitrogen fertilizer production, the N2O emission of nitrogen fertilizer use, and higher yield loss rate caused by mechanized harvesting. This study shows that it is important to evaluate the planting modes when producing bioethanol in order to gain an understanding of the life-cycle energy use and GHG performance.",Excluded,No PICO Component
"Liu, S., Weng, S., Liao, Y., Zhu, D.",2014,Structural bionic design for digging shovel of cassava harvester considering soil mechanics,Applied Bionics and Biomechanics,11,01-Feb,10.3233/ABB-140089,http://127.0.0.1:8000/subject/cassava/publication/9999/,"In order to improve the working performance of cassava harvester, structural bionic design for its digging shovel was conducted. Taking the oriental mole cricket's paws as bionic prototype, a new structural bionic design method for digging shovel was established, which considers the morphology-configuration-function coupling bionic. A comprehensive performance comparison method was proposed, which is used to select the bionic design schemes. The proposed bionic design method was used to improve digging shovel structure of a digging-pulling style cassava harvester, and nine bionic-type digging shovels were obtained with considering the impact of soil mechanics. After conducting mechanical properties comparative analysis for bionic-type digging shovels, the bionic design rules were summed up, and the optimal design scheme of digging shovel was obtained through combining the proposed comprehensive performance comparison method with Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Studies have shown that bionic design method not only can improve the overall mechanical properties of digging shovel, but also can help to improve the harvesting effect of cassava harvester, which provides a new idea for crops harvesting machinery's structural optimization design. 2014 IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.",Excluded,No PICO Component